CN101240900B - 一种燃烧容器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
一种燃烧容器(11)，它具有一个燃烧区(12)；一个位于燃烧区下游的燃烧中止区(14)；在燃烧中止区旁有一个过热空气箱(30)，在这过热空气箱中有一个上游空气喷射器(34)和一个下游空气喷射器(36)，和一个用于将选择性还原剂喷射到燃烧中止区中的还原剂喷射器(38)，这还原剂喷射器贯穿于下游空气喷射器中。
Description
本申请是申请日为2004年6月7日，申请号为200410048516.X，发明名称为“多舱式过热空气和N-还原剂喷射系统及烟道气中氮氧化物的降低法”的发明专利申请的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明通常涉及减少来自燃烧系统例如锅炉，加热炉和焚烧炉的氮的氧化物的排放。
背景技术
由于在锅炉和加热炉中燃烧而产生的一组空气污染物含有氮的氧化物，主要是NO和NO2。由于氮的氧化物(NOx)的毒性和它们在酸雨及光化学烟雾处理中所起的前体作用，它们已成了越来越关注的课题。还原氮的氧化物已是许多技术研究工作的中心。
在新式锅炉和加热炉以及其它这类燃烧容器中，通过应用过热空气(“OFA”)技术，已极大地减少了氮的氧化物(NOx)的排放。在该项技术中，大部分燃烧空气和燃料一同进入燃烧室，但补充的一部分燃烧空气被延时输入，以便最初产生氧气贫乏状态，随后又变得便于CO和任何剩余燃料的燃烧了。
选择性非催化还原(“SNCR”)技术，通过向已燃气体中喷射氮的还原剂(“N-还原剂”)例如氨或尿素的方法，使已燃气体中的NOx还原。N-还原剂的喷射是在高温状态下和在非催化反应选择性地将NOx还原为分子氮这样的条件下进行的。NOx的还原是有选择性的，因为已燃气体中的分子氮并没有被还原，而是NOx被N-还原剂还原了。
典型地将N-还原剂释放到处在最佳温度范围或窗口内例如1700～2200
(930～1200℃)的烟道气中。这烟道气常常已含有中等浓度至高浓度的一氧化碳(CO)(0.2～1.0％)。在某些SNCR应用中，烟道气中的CO会与还原NOx所需的N-还原剂中的活性物质发生化学上的竞争。这种竞争降低了SNCR方法和还原NOx的效果，和/或使最佳温度窗移至较低的温度范围。
早期的SNCR技术通过将大的N-还原剂液滴喷射到被喷入烟道气的过热空气中的方法来防止CO问题的发生。当OFA和烟道气气流相混合时，CO被氧化，和当液滴被传输到锅炉的较冷区时液滴中的水便蒸发。这方法要求延迟释放N-还原剂直到烟道气温度已达到最佳温度窗时才释放。
大液滴N-还原剂系统有着可能会降低它们效果的困难，例如液滴在烟道气中滞留时间长，由于液滴阻碍造成的流迹扭曲，和窄的N-还原剂释放温度窗。如果这些液滴太小，它们在最佳温度窗的上游便释放N-还原剂，此处烟道气仍太热，使得N-还原剂变得不起作用。在这些条件下，N-还原剂能生成(而不是还原)NOx。另一方面，如果这些液滴太大，在已燃气体已冷却到低于最佳温度窗之后，才释放了一部分N-还原剂，从而导致在烟道气排出气流中含有浓度高的氨(氨泥浆)。最后，需要有一个较好的SNCR技术，来解决由于在液滴喷射位置附近的烟道气中CO浓度高而产生的一些问题。
发明内容
在一个实施方案中，本发明是一种降低流过容器下游的已燃气体中氮的氧化物的浓度的方法。该方法包含：在容器的燃烧区中产生烟道气，这烟道气部分地由氮的氧化物和一氧化碳组成；将来自第一过热空气源的过热空气喷射到容器的燃烧中止区中，以便至少使烟道气中的一部分一氧化碳氧化；将选择性还原剂和过热空气一起同时喷射到位于第一过热空气源下游和一氧化碳氧化区下游的燃烧中止区中；和选择性还原剂与烟道气发生反应从而还原氮的氧化物。
在第二个实施方案中，本发明是一种具有一个燃烧区的燃烧容器；一个位于燃烧区下游的燃烧中止区；一个位于燃烧中止区旁的过热空气舱，在这过热空气舱中有一个上游空气喷射器和一个下游空气喷射器，和用于将选择性还原剂喷射到燃烧中止区的至少一个还原剂喷射器，其中所述的还原剂喷射器被放置在空气喷射器中。
附图说明
图1是一种燃煤的燃烧容器的简图。
图2是图1所示容器的多舱式过热空气箱的简图。
具体实施方式
图1是诸如用于燃煤锅炉或加热炉的燃烧系统10的图解示意图。这燃烧系统10包括具有燃烧区12的燃烧容器11、燃烧中止区14和任选的再燃烧区16。燃烧区12包括在燃烧容器11的壁板20的至少一侧壁板上固定着一个或多个主燃烧器18。这些壁板形成一个立式箱，容纳燃烧区12，再燃烧区16，燃烧中止区14和系统10的烟道气气流中的其它组件。
直接地或通过燃料歧管22向主燃烧器提供主燃料例如煤，和直接地或通过空气盒24向主燃烧器提供空气。空气盒可安装在对着容器内燃烧区12的壁板20的外部。这空气盒是一个用来向每个燃烧器分配空气的歧管。
由主燃烧器18喷射的燃料和来自空气盒24的空气，在容器的燃烧区12内发生燃烧。在容器11内由燃烧产生的烟道气26向下游方向流动，即从燃烧区12向上流向燃烧容器中的燃烧中止区14。主燃烧器供给输入容器的热能。再燃烧燃料例如天然气在再燃烧区16燃烧，可释放出附加热量进入容器11中。再燃烧燃料通过再燃烧燃料喷射器28进入容器11。
再燃烧区16的下游的是燃烧中止区14，在该处过热空气通过过热空气喷射器30进入容器11。在容器11中燃烧中止区的下游，烟道气26任选地通过一系列热交换器32。遗留在烟道气中的固体微粒可利用微粒控制装置33，例如静电沉淀器(“ESP”)或微尘吸收器加以去除。
选择性还原剂(N-还原剂)和过热空气一起被喷射到燃烧中止区14中。N-还原剂喷射器(喷嘴和喷管)被放置在过热空气箱30中，并使选择性还原剂随着过热空气一道喷射到燃烧中止区14中。文中采用的术语“选择性还原剂”和“N-还原剂”可交替地使用，均指的是在燃烧系统中，在有氧存在的条件下，能选择性地还原NOx的任何种类的化学物质。通常合适的选择性还原剂包括尿素，氨，氰尿酸，肼，thanolamine，缩二脲，二缩三脲，三聚氰酸一酰胺，有机酸铵盐类，，无机酸铵盐类，等等。铵盐还原剂的具体实例包括硫酸铵，硫酸氢铵，亚硫酸氢铵，甲酸铵，碳酸铵，碳酸氢铵，硝酸铵等等。还可应用这些选择性还原剂的混合物。提供的选择性还原剂呈溶液形态，优选呈水溶液形态，或呈粉末形态。一种选择性还原剂是呈水溶液形态的尿素。
正如图2所示，过热空气输入箱30包括多个OFA喷射器34，36。这些喷射器放置在输入箱30的多个部位，过热空气从这里流过壁板20并进入容器11的燃烧中止区14。这过热箱30被连接到容器的壁板20上。
箱30的OFA喷射器，一个在另一个上面，垂直地安装在容器的壁板20上。箱30的下部OFA喷射器34(位于烟道气中的上游喷射器)是一个导管，用来例如以高流速将空气输入燃烧中止区14。箱30的上部OFA喷射器36(位于烟道气中的下游喷射器)也向燃烧中止区输送空气。由下游喷射器供给的过热空气，可以处于比流过上游喷射器的空气流速低的流速状态下。每个OFA喷射器可以包含一些形成空气导管的壁板，空气经导管流向容器壁板20，通过这壁板上的渗透孔进入容器的燃烧中止区14。
箱30内的隔离板46可以是一块将上部和下部OFA喷射器隔开的板。但是，如果OFA喷射器不是装在同一个空气输送箱30内，而是利用OFA喷射器之间的容器壁板20中的一部分将它们相互隔开，则可以不需要隔离板。可以有二个以上的OFA空气喷射器，但是位于下游最远处的喷射器通常将包括N-还原剂喷射器。例如，二个或以上的上游OFA空气喷射器可以向燃烧中止区14供给空气，而装有N-还原剂喷射器的位于最后的下游OFA喷射器，可以向燃烧中止区14既供给过热空气又供给N-还原剂。
在N-还原剂被释放之前，来自上游喷射器的空气降低了燃烧中止区14内的CO浓度。来自下游喷射器36的空气和包含N-还原剂的液滴一起，流入燃烧中止区14。流过上游OFA喷射器的空气质量可以明显大于流过下游OFA喷射器的空气质量。流过每个喷射器的空气流速可加以控制，以便调节流入容器的过热空气量。每个喷射器34，36中的可调阻尼器44可用来调节流过每个喷射器的空气量。类似地，可以在过热箱30的喷射器上游处安置叶片，并用来使空气以控制流速流入过热箱。
N-还原剂喷嘴38将N-还原剂喷射到燃烧中止区中。每个N-还原剂喷嘴38被设置在喷管48的末端，这喷管贯穿过热箱30中的下游过热空气喷射器。可能有许多个例如3或4个还原剂喷射器和喷管，配置在壁板20上和贯穿下游OFA喷射器36。通过N-还原剂喷嘴38，将N-还原剂和流过下游OFA喷射器36的空气一起同时引入燃烧中止区14。当OFA和已燃气体26相混合时，N-还原剂在下游流动。一旦N-还原剂被释放，它便与已燃气体发生化学反应从而降低了Nox的排放。
烟道气26以中等至高的CO浓度，从燃烧区向上流入燃烧中止区14，并在此最初先与来自下部舱34的过热空气相混合，随后与N-还原剂和来自上部舱36的过热空气相混合。来自燃烧区12和再燃烧区16的烟道气气流中的一氧化碳(CO)，在燃烧中止区14内，被来自过热箱30的下部舱34的空气所氧化。空气中的氧(O2)与CO发生反应形成二氧化碳。CO的氧化发生在燃烧中止区14的喷射N-还原剂的上游(下部)部位。
借助于将流过位于N-还原剂喷射器38下面的上游喷射器34的空气喷射到容器中的方法，使烟道气26中的大部分一氧化碳，在烟道气与N-还原剂相接触之前便已氧化。处于N-还原剂喷射位置上游的CO的氧化，可以允许以较小尺度液滴的N-还原剂喷射到烟道气中，这样能降低其在烟道气中的滞留时间。
对上部和下部喷射器34，36中的空气流流速进行调节，以起到将N-还原剂屏蔽起来与烟道气隔离的作用，直到有足够量的烟道气CO被来自下部舱34的空气所氧化。这通常要求流过上游喷射器34的空气多于流过下游喷射器36的空气。例如，流过上游喷射器34的空气质量可以是4～10倍流过下游喷射器36的空气质量。在烟道气接触N-还原剂时，烟道气中低的CO浓度改善了N-还原剂的效果，这是由于降低了CO与NOx之间对在SNCR NOx化学还原中起关键作用的活性物质的竞争。
N-还原剂喷射器38可以是位于一根贯穿下游喷射器36的喷管48末端的一个喷嘴。这喷管的输入端，即喷嘴38的对面，与N-还原剂源相连接。可以有多个用作N-还原剂喷射器的还原剂喷嘴和喷管放置在上部箱内并沿着容器11的壁板20分布。可将N-还原剂喷射器放置在与燃烧中止区中烟道气所要求的温度相符的容器11的部位上。例如，还原剂喷射器38可以放置在烟道气温度为1700～2500的部位上。N-还原剂喷射嘴38可将N-还原剂的小液滴或气体喷射到燃烧中止区中。小液滴向已燃气体释放N-还原剂的速度要快于大液滴。
小规模现场试验已证实，已燃气体中的CO对SNCR NOx化学还原有着负作用。已经证明，在已燃气体中存在百万分之2000(ppm)CO就能有效地消除利用喷射N-还原剂来实现NOx的还原。例如，在300KW(千瓦)圆筒形燃煤加热炉中进行的小规模现场试验表明，当烟道气中没有CO时，N-还原剂使已燃气体中的NOx降低6～25％。但是，当烟道气中的CO含量达2000ppm时，由N-还原剂引起的NOx还原作用变得很小了。因此，当采用SNCR技术时，降低已燃气体中的CO是改善NOx还原作用的一个因素。
典型的锅炉计算流体动态(CFD)计算机模拟证实，若要通过向过热空气喷射N-还原剂来还原NOx，则进入燃烧中止区的已燃气体的温度应为1700～2500
。应将呈小液滴的N-还原剂喷射到上述气体中，而且过热空气箱30内的二支分开流动的过热空气，应提供流过下部舱34的过热空气质量明显大于流过上部舱36的过热空气质量。在过热空气箱内上游舱和下游舱之间分开流动的空气质量可以高达10∶1，这比例在此意味着流过下部舱的空气质量是流过上部舱的空气质量的10倍。CFD结果表明，当分开的空气质量比例为4∶1时，能使NOx减少21％，当分开的空气质量的比例为10∶1时，能使NOx减少35％。可以通过移动上部和下部喷射器中的阻尼器44，或通过凋节驱动空气进入上部和下部喷射器的叶片速度，进行空气流速的相应调调整。
虽然已对与目前被认为是最实用和优选实施方案有关的本发明作了讲述，但应明白，本发明不限于公开的实施方案，正相反，本发明的意图是要覆盖在所附权利要求书的精神和范围内所涉及的各种修正和等效方案。
附表
| 参考号 | 说明 |
| 10 | 燃烧系统 |
| 11 | 燃烧容器 |
| 12 | 燃烧区 |
| 14 | 燃烧中止区 |
| 16 | 再燃烧区 |
| 18 | 主燃烧器 |
| 20 | 壁板 |
| 22 | 燃料歧管 |
| 24 | 空气盒 |
| 26 | 已燃烟道气 |
| 28 | 再燃烧用燃料入口 |
| 30 | 过热空气输入箱 |
| 32 | 热交换器 |
| 33 | 微粒控制装置 |
| 34 | 下部舱 |
| 36 | 上部舱 |
| 38 | N-还原剂喷射器 |
| 40 | N-还原剂的喷管 |
| 44 | 阻尼器 |
| 46 | 隔离板 |
| 48 | N-还原剂的喷管 |
Claims (3)
1.一种燃烧容器(11)，它包含：
燃烧区(12)；
位于燃烧区下游的燃烧中止区(14)；
位于燃烧中止区旁的容器壁板(20)上的空气舱(30)，其中所述空气舱包含上游空气喷射器(34)和下游空气喷射器(36)，和
至少一个用来将选择性还原剂喷射到燃烧中止区中的还原剂喷射器(38)，所述喷射器包含贯穿下游空气喷射器的喷管(40)和位于其末端的喷嘴(38)；
其中上游空气喷射器与下游空气喷射器由隔离板(46)或一部分容器壁板(20)隔开，
其中所述空气喷射器是过热空气喷射器(30)。
2.权利要求1的燃烧容器，其中所述下游空气喷射器(36)是垂直地位于上游空气喷射器(34)的上方，而燃烧空气(26)的下游方向是指向上通过容器的方向。
3.权利要求1的燃烧容器，其中所述上游空气喷射器和所述下游空气喷射器各有一个分别可调的阻尼器(44)。
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-
2003
- 2003-06-05 US US10/454,597 patent/US7374735B2/en active Active
-
2004
- 2004-05-28 DE DE102004026697A patent/DE102004026697A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2004-05-28 GB GB0412032A patent/GB2403435B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-06-04 JP JP2004167139A patent/JP2004361078A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-06-07 CN CNB200410048516XA patent/CN100384517C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-06-07 CN CN2008100838812A patent/CN101240900B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2008
- 2008-01-16 US US12/014,930 patent/US7892499B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2011
- 2011-02-18 US US13/030,599 patent/US8052950B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20080110381A1 (en) | 2008-05-15 |
| GB2403435B (en) | 2007-02-28 |
| CN101240900A (zh) | 2008-08-13 |
| JP2004361078A (ja) | 2004-12-24 |
| GB2403435A (en) | 2005-01-05 |
| DE102004026697A1 (de) | 2004-12-30 |
| US20040244367A1 (en) | 2004-12-09 |
| GB0412032D0 (en) | 2004-06-30 |
| US8052950B2 (en) | 2011-11-08 |
| US7374735B2 (en) | 2008-05-20 |
| CN1572358A (zh) | 2005-02-02 |
| US20110142739A1 (en) | 2011-06-16 |
| US7892499B2 (en) | 2011-02-22 |
| CN100384517C (zh) | 2008-04-30 |
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