CN101156563B - a cultivating method for producing snowflower beef - Google Patents
a cultivating method for producing snowflower beef Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a fattening method for the cattle making snowflake beef. The nine month old stock calves of 270 plus or minus 30 kg weight are selected for fattening and breeding according tothe following fattening and weighting procedure 1 or the fattening and weighting procedure 2, and the fattening degree value is calculated according to the following formula: the fattening degree value is equal to the (weight/stature) multiply 100. When the fattening degree value is more than or equal to the fattening degree critical value of the cattle variety in a fattening degree critical valuetable, then the cattle can be put into market, and then the cattle which can make snowflake beef is obtained. By giving the nutrition requirement value and the forage feeding value in each fatteningstage, the invention integrates the deeper and difficult growth physiological rule of the bones, the muscles, and the adipose of the cattle, and the technologies of nutrition metabolizing and controlling organically, and simplifies into a forage prescription and the control of the forage taking value. The invention can naturally conduct regulating, and can ensure bones, muscles, and adipose to getmaximum development and aggradation during the peak period of the growth. The forage prescription can be changed freely by the executor of the invention according to the classification of the foragematerial and the price change, and the cost of the forage is controllable.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a kind of fattening method of producing the snowflake beef.
Background technology
No matter domestic or external, snowflake (high density marble grain) beef is considered as top grade or elaboration beef by the consumption market, has very high added value, has the operational characteristics of high investment, high production on beef ox fattening.
When marble grain beef production technology is born has been had no way of investigating, but certainly this technology has very long history.Along with people in modern age improving constantly to the beef quality pursuit, be used to produce the technology of marble grain beef also in continuous improvement, by finally bull castration of the earliest simple prolongation fattening time, by early stage restriction nutrition food-intake " straight line is fattened ", " intensity is fattened ", " modification is fattened " finally of utilizing the compensatory growth physiological property, on the technology form, experienced variation for several times, but the technical characterstic that changes ten thousand times without leaving the original aim or stand just is to use the daily ration of high nutrient concentration.The grain of saying of high nutrient concentration means and uses cereal to greatest extent, the feeding cost height, but this is that to cultivate marble grain beef necessary.
Japan has the world's foremost high density marble grain beef production technology.This technology almost is only limited to uses Japan and cattle breeds; belong to intensity straight line fattening technology category; the major technique content is to take the mode of free choice feeding; fattening period is divided into early stage, mid-term and later stage; different times uses the grain trough of 1～2 class nutrient concentration, from about 8 monthly ages castration bull or cow is carried out 20～22 months fattening.In addition, fattening the later stage, adding and feed local flavor, color and luster, the sturdy degree that barley is improved beef.Almost at whole fattening period straw producing fodder, purpose is to guarantee that the cud function is normal and prevent the jaundice of beef fat.
This technology of Japan is because define the kind of feedstuff and the fattening period of division, therefore feed and feeding cost (fattening cost) are very high, although reduction is fattened the research of cost always as core topic, even bearing Japan's accession to WTO immense pressure of beef liberalization of trade afterwards, but reducing cost, further improving on the meat and do not make a breakthrough.
After marching toward 21 century, Chinese Economy Development is advanced by leaps and bounds, with countries in the world comprise cooking culture and beef trade various exchange very active, people's living standard and quality of life significantly improve, arise at the historic moment in the such up-market of marble grain beef and snowflake beef (high density marble grain beef), and this market enlarges rapidly, and supply falls short of demand for top grade beef.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this invention is to provide a kind of fattening method of producing the snowflake beef.
The fattening method of production snowflake beef provided by the present invention, choose body weight and fatten the raw material calf 270 ± 30 kilograms 9 monthly ages, fatten nursing according to following growing and fattening program 1 or growing and fattening program 2, calculate degree of fattening value according to following formula: degree of fattening value=(body weight/height) * 100;
When degree of the fattening critical value of this ox kind in degree of fattening value 〉=degree of fattening tables of critical values, judge that ox can deliver for sale, promptly obtain producing the ox of snowflake beef;
Nutritional requirement parameter list every day of described growing and fattening program 1 is as follows:
Described growing and fattening program 2 whenever to say the nutritional requirement parameter list as follows:
Be added with the salt and the Monensin 30g/ ton of 0.5% weight in the described concentrated feed;
Degree of the fattening tables of critical values of different ox kinds is as follows:
| Ox kind (or corss combination system) | Degree of fattening critical value | Ox kind (or corss combination system) | Degree of fattening critical value |
| Chinese Cattle | 472 | The filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Japanese black wool and ox | 483 |
| Angus | 495 | The filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Fresian | 485 |
| Japan and ox | 490 | The filial generation of Japan's black wool and ox and Fresian | 495 |
| The filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Angus | 480 | The filial generation of Angus and Fresian | 493 |
| The filial generation of Angus and Japanese black wool and ox | 492 |
Described 9 monthly ages fatten the raw material calf and are selected from Chinese Cattle, Japanese black wool and ox or Angus, perhaps filial generation between any two.
Nutritional need value and feed the feed value of the present invention by providing each fattening stage, the physiology of development rule of dark difficult beef cattle bone, muscle and fat and Nutrition and Metabolism and control technique are organically blended, be reduced to the control of feed formula and feed food-intake, naturally and understandably regulate and control, make bone, muscle and fat obtain maximum the growth and deposition in the growth peak phase, and feed formula can be according to the kind of feedstuff and price change by the free conversion of this patent implementer, to join the cost of feed controlled.Whether deliver the judgement of butchering for sale by rule of thumb entirely and range estimation in the past, the situation that does not meet or exceed marketing period is a lot, strengthened and fattened cost, this patent has provided concrete determination methods and judgment value, change into quantitatively by qualitative, not only improved and delivered the accuracy of judgement degree for sale, an easier family of being fattened accepts, and has saved to a great extent and fattened cost.Fattening method of the present invention is simple to operate, ox food-intake every day is half-full state, improve feed efficiency and saved feed, reduced cost, and, fattening method ox marketing time of the present invention is short, rate of animals delivered to the slaughter-house height was delivered for sale at 24～26 monthly ages, and the rate of animals delivered to the slaughter-house can reach 90% at least, fatten than day present technique and to shorten 4～2 months with the ox marketing time under the condition, can fatten cost and reduce more than 15%.As long as the implementer understands general beef ox fattening managerial knowledge, just can produce snowflake beef, snowflake beef ratio is at least 40% in the gained beef.China's forage grass and feed aboundresources, crops accessory substance output are huge, use the inventive method, use China widely ox kind such as forage grass and feed resource and China ox commonly used and filial generation thereof produce snowflake beef, to the development of China's beef cattle industries with to satisfy consumption demand significant.
Embodiment
It is as follows that the present invention fattens program's focus
1, the ox kind is selected
The present invention's program of fattening only is applicable to following 3 ox kinds and 6 corss combination systems:
(ox kind): Chinese Cattle, Japanese black wool and ox, Angus;
(corss combination system): the filial generation of filial generation, Angus and the Fresian of the filial generation of filial generation, Chinese Cattle and the Fresian of the filial generation of the filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Angus, Chinese Cattle and Japanese black wool and ox, Angus and Japanese black wool and ox, Japanese black wool and ox and Fresian.
For fattening the raw material ox, tolly should carry out castration at 3～4 monthly ages handles, and female calf does not then need this operation.
2, getting fat program
Getting fat program of the present invention and target weight thereof (nutrient requirement parameter list) have two, this will be convenient to detect and fatten in the program process whether have problems (disease, subimbition, wound etc.) by the actual measurement body weight, and 2 daily gain schemes of fattening can not mix or be used alternatingly in the process of fattening.For the finished cattle at each monthly age, all need provide the nutritional need value (nutrient requirement parameter list) that matches, the value of ingesting according to the getting fat program, feed according to this value preparation of fodder mixture, enforcement.The parameter of the digestible protein shown in the table (DCP) is minimum guarantee value, therefore in order to guarantee the content of digestible protein in concentrated feed, when design concentrated feed prescription, allows the content of thick protein to surpass the thick protein parameter shown in the table.
Nutritional requirement parameter list every day of growing and fattening program 1 is as follows:
Nutritional requirement parameter list every day of growing and fattening program 2 is as follows:
In the table, 1) CP, crude protein; DCP, digestible crude protein; TDN, the meaning of TDN.
2) be added with the salt and the Monensin 30g/ ton of 0.5% weight in the concentrated feed;
3) concentrated feed can select for use suitable feed composition to prepare according to nutrient component meter;
4) roughage is made of 2 raw materials, and promptly leguminous forage and " other " constitute.Leguminous forage (not limitting stubble) comprises clover, clover, prairie milk vetch, sainfoin, vicia amoena etc., the mixture of one or more of these leguminous forages of permission use." other " is meant all roughages outside the leguminous forage that beef cattle can search for food, and allows to use ensiling, wild weeds, gramineous forage grass, straw, leaf etc." other " in the roughage is meant all roughages that beef cattle can search for food, but begins the yellow stalk that used roughage is all adopted crops from 21 monthly ages, as maize straw, wheat straw, straw etc.
It is as shown in the table, in above two every day nutritional requirement parameter lists, and the food-intake and whenever the saying index such as food-intake and 10% float up and down all can be arranged of nutrient formulation, roughage every day of the body weight of ox, daily gain index, concentrated feed with respect to the numerical value in the table.
3, deliver judgement for sale
At first measure body weight (kg) and the height (cm) of ox under the empty stomach state, calculate degree of fattening value according to following formula then: degree of fattening value=(body weight/height) * 100.If this value greater than provide decide degree of the fattening critical value of ox kind and corss combination system, promptly decidable can be delivered for sale, be butchered, ox is used in the production that so promptly obtains producing snowflake beef.
Degree of the fattening tables of critical values of different ox kinds is as follows:
| Ox kind (or corss combination system) | Degree of fattening critical value | Ox kind (or corss combination system) | Degree of fattening critical value |
| Chinese Cattle | 472 | The filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Japanese black wool and ox | 483 |
| Angus | 495 | The filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Fresian | 485 |
| Japan and ox | 490 | The filial generation of Japan's black wool and ox and Fresian | 495 |
| The filial generation of Chinese Cattle and Angus | 480 | The filial generation of Angus and Fresian | 493 |
| The filial generation of Angus and Japanese black wool and ox | 492 |
Fattening of embodiment 1, castration Chinese Cattle-Yan Bianniu (hereinafter to be referred as " Yan Bianniu ") bull calf
Yan Bianniu bull calf with average 9.3 ± 0.6 monthly ages, body weight 270 ± 12kg, 3 monthly age castrations is an example, fattens according to growing and fattening program 1.
The 1st step: formulate concentrated feed prescription, modulation concentrated feed
Can find from the nutrient requirement parameter list of growing and fattening program 1, under 9-14 stage at monthly age body weight condition, need the trophic level of the concentrated feed of modulation to be: thick protein (CP) content is 14.5%, digestible protein (DCP) content is 12%, TDN (TDN) is 72%, calcium content is 0.60%, phosphorus content is 0.30%.Formulate concentrated feed prescription (seeing the feed formula table) according to this trophic level, the modulation concentrated feed.
Embodiment 1.9-14 monthly age concentrated feed formula table (air dry matter basis)
Prescription unit price: 1.29 yuan/kg
| Raw material | Ratio (%) |
| Brewer's grains | 42.6 |
| Potato starchy residue | 31.4 |
| Wheat bran | 14.3 |
| Corn | 7.7 |
| Colza cake (CP36%) | 2.7 |
| Stone flour | 0.8 |
| Cattle salt | 0.5 |
| Ratio (%) | 100.0 |
| Raw material | Ratio (%) |
| The concentrated feed nutrient composition content | |
| Protein (CP, %) | 16.5 |
| Digestible protein (DCP, %) | 12.0 |
| TDN (TDN, %) | 72.1 |
| Calcium (Ca, %) | 0.6 |
| Phosphorus (P, %) | 0.3 |
Remarks: other interpolation coban 30g per ton.
The 2nd step: decision is smart, roughage day feed amount
Can find from the nutrient requirement parameter list of growing and fattening program 1, the amount of feeding the concentrated feed day under this monthly age and the body weight condition be 3.1kg, roughage day the amount of feeding be 4.5kg.
Roughage is made of 2 raw materials, and promptly leguminous forage and " other " constitute.Leguminous forage (not limitting stubble) comprises clover, clover, prairie milk vetch, sainfoin, vicia amoena etc., the mixture of one or more of these leguminous forages of permission use, and present embodiment is selected alfalfa hay for use." other " is meant all roughages outside the leguminous forage that beef cattle can search for food, and allows to use ensiling, wild weeds, gramineous forage grass, straw, leaf etc., and present embodiment is selected ensiling whole-plant corn and wild weeds hay for use.The essence in this stage according to the rules, roughage day feed to measure and throw something and feed.Fattening stage after 22 monthly ages, the Wheat Straw that roughage being of selecting for use dried.
Nutrition parameters inquiry, prescription, the feeding volume decision way of fattening other stage of program are the same.
The 3rd step: decision is delivered for sale
When fattening for 24.5 monthly ages, Niu Tichong 593kg is arranged, height 125cm, degree of the fattening value that calculates with degree of fattening value computing formula is 474.4.Degree of fattening value is greater than degree of the fattening critical value (472) of the Chinese Cattle shown in degree of the fattening tables of critical values, judges that thus this castration prolongs the limit ox and can deliver for sale.During the 24.5-26.0 monthly age, use the same method and detect the degree of fattening of other beef cattle, and contrast with degree of fattening tables of critical values, the rate of animals delivered to the slaughter-house is 94.0% as a result.Other finished cattle that does not reach the standard of delivering for sale was continued to fatten 21-28 days, all reach the standard of delivering for sale.
After butchering, through acid discharge in 72 hours, the average cold genetic ability for carcass weight of all finished cattles was 372.4 ± 22.7kg, and cold dressing percentage (%) is 62.8 ± 6.2; According to Japanese trunk and meat grade scale, the A5 rate of grade is 3.6%, the A4 rate of grade is 12.3%, the A3 rate of grade is 62.7%, more than three add up to 78.6%.The A2 rate of grade is 2.5%, the B5 rate of grade is 5.5%, the B4 rate of grade is 6.4%, the B3 rate of grade is 7.0%.If the B3 rank is considered as standard according to Japan, commercial B4, B5, A3, A4, A5 rank are considered as other criterion of snowflake meat level, the output capacity of originally fattening snowflake meat rank trunk in the example is 90.5%.
The output capacity (accounting for the % of full meat) that has marblized high-grade position meat (go up that brain, eye meat, west are cold, beef fillet, triangle chest sirloin, brisket, ox shoulder, capsicum meat, tail dragon, triangle Niu Lin) that is partitioned into according to Japanese split plot design is 77.6 ± 3.7, and the output capacity with position meat (go up that brain, eye meat, west are cold, beef fillet, triangle chest sirloin, brisket, tail dragon, triangle Niu Lin) of snowflake line is (accounting for the % of full meat) 36.8 ± 3.9.
Fattening of embodiment 2, An Qinniu (filial generation of Qin Chuan ox cow and Angus bull) stear calf
Peace Qin ox (filial generation of Qin Chuan ox cow and Angus bull) bull calf with average 8.5 ± 0.4 monthly ages, body weight 262 ± 18kg, 3 monthly age castrations is an example, fattens according to growing and fattening program 2.
The 1st step: formulate concentrated feed prescription, modulation concentrated feed
Can find from the nutrient requirement parameter list of growing and fattening program 2, the trophic level of the concentrated feed that the 9-14 stage at monthly age need modulate is: thick protein (CP) content is 14.5%, digestible protein (DCP) content is 12%, TDN (TDN) is 73%, calcium content is 0.70%, phosphorus content is 0.35%.Formulate concentrated feed prescription (seeing the feed formula table) according to this trophic level, the modulation concentrated feed.
Embodiment 2.9-14 monthly age concentrated feed formula table (air dry matter basis)
Prescription unit price: 1.31 yuan/kg
| Raw material | Ratio (%) |
| Potato starchy residue | 46.5 |
| Brewer's grains | 30.5 |
| Big dregs of beans (CP42%) | 13.5 |
| Colza cake (CP36%) | 8.2 |
| Stone flour | 0.8 |
| Cattle salt | 0.5 |
| Ratio (%) | 100 |
| Thick protein (CP, %) | 17.8 |
| Digestible protein (DCP, %) | 12.0 |
| TDN (TDN, %) | 73.0 |
| Calcium (Ca, %) | 0.70 |
| Phosphorus (P, %) | 0.35 |
Remarks: other interpolation coban 30g per ton.
The 2nd step: decision is smart, roughage day feed amount
Can find from the nutrient requirement parameter list of growing and fattening program 2, the amount of feeding the concentrated feed day under this 9-14 monthly age and the body weight condition be 4.1kg, roughage day the amount of feeding be 3.5kg.
Roughage is made of 2 raw materials, and promptly leguminous forage and " other " constitute.Leguminous forage (not limitting stubble) comprises clover, clover, prairie milk vetch, sainfoin, vicia amoena etc., the mixture of one or more of these leguminous forages of permission use, present embodiment is selected the green bean seedling that dries after alfalfa hay and the results green soy bean for use, and the ratio of the two is 1: 1 basically when feeding." other " is meant all roughages outside the leguminous forage that beef cattle can search for food, and allows to use ensiling, wild weeds, gramineous forage grass, straw, leaf etc., and present embodiment is selected the ensiling whole-plant corn for use.The essence in this stage according to the rules, roughage day feed to measure and throw something and feed.Fattening stage after 22 monthly ages, the Wheat Straw that roughage being of selecting for use dried.
Nutrition parameters inquiry, prescription, the feeding volume decision way of fattening other stage of program are the same.
The 3rd step: decision is delivered for sale
When fattening for 26 monthly ages, Niu Tichong 748kg is arranged, height 153cm, degree of the fattening value that calculates with degree of fattening value computing formula is 488.Degree of fattening value is greater than degree of the fattening critical value (480) of Chinese Cattle shown in degree of the fattening tables of critical values and Angus filial generation, judges that thus this castration peace Qin ox can deliver for sale.During the 26-27 monthly age, use the same method and detect the degree of fattening of other beef cattle, and with the contrast of degree of fattening tables of critical values, the result has 96.0% finished cattle to deliver for sale.Other Niu Jixu that does not reach the standard of delivering for sale was fattened 15-21 days, all reach the standard of delivering for sale.
After butchering, through acid discharge in 72 hours, the average cold genetic ability for carcass weight of all finished cattles was 482.8 ± 38.6kg, and cold dressing percentage (%) is 63.5 ± 4.7; According to Japanese trunk and meat grade scale, the A5 rate of grade is 5.4%, the A4 rate of grade is 11.6%, the A3 rate of grade is 62.3%, more than three add up to 81.3%.The A2 rate of grade is 4.8%, the B5 rate of grade is 3.2%, the B4 rate of grade is 5.5%, the B3 rate of grade is 7.2%.If the B3 rank is considered as standard according to Japan, commercial B4, B5, A3, A4, A5 rank are considered as other criterion of snowflake meat level, the output capacity of originally fattening snowflake meat rank trunk in the example is 88.0%.
The output capacity (accounting for the % of full meat) that has marblized high-grade position meat (go up that brain, eye meat, west are cold, beef fillet, triangle chest sirloin, brisket, ox shoulder, capsicum meat, tail dragon, triangle Niu Lin) that is partitioned into according to Japanese split plot design is 78.8 ± 7.9, and the output capacity with position meat (go up that brain, eye meat, west are cold, beef fillet, triangle chest sirloin, brisket, tail dragon, triangle Niu Lin) of snowflake line is (accounting for the % of full meat) 40.4 ± 4.9.
The process of fattening of other ox kinds or supporting system and above-mentioned two examples are identical, and the program of fattening of any ox kind or supporting system can be selected for use arbitrarily from above-mentioned 2 programs, but can not use with in the process of fattening.Fatten according to the program of fattening of the present invention, can make all that cold dressing percentage is minimum to reach 60%.B3 grade trunk output capacity is at least 80%, and marble grain position meat output capacity is at least 70%, and snowflake meat position meat is at least 35%.
For ease of understanding, it is for reference that the present invention quotes Japanese trunk meat standard, and can judge that the accessible B3 of the present invention～A5 level trunk meat rate (grey shading part) is all more than 90% from reference table.
Reference table. Japanese trunk and meat ranking score grade standard
Japanese trunk and meat ranking score grade standard are briefly explained:
This standard is the combination of output level and meat level, totally 15 ranks.Output fraction A, B, a C3 class, the A level is the highest; Meat fraction 1-5 is totally 5 class, and 5 grades the highest.The B3 level is regarded as output and other levels of the standard of meat level.Therefore, to A with by 3 to 5 variation, all mean the raising of the yield and quality of marble grain beef and snowflake beef by B.
Claims (2)
1. fattening method of producing the snowflake beef, choose body weight and fatten the raw material calf 270 ± 30 kilograms 9 monthly ages, fatten nursing according to following growing and fattening program 1 or growing and fattening program 2, calculate degree of fattening value according to following formula: degree of fattening value=(body weight/height) * 100;
When degree of the fattening critical value of this ox kind in degree of fattening value 〉=degree of fattening tables of critical values, judge that ox can deliver for sale, promptly obtain producing the ox of snowflake beef;
Nutritional requirement parameter list every day of described growing and fattening program 1 is as follows:
Nutritional requirement parameter list every day of described growing and fattening program 2 is as follows:
Be added with the salt and the Monensin 30g/ ton of 0.5% weight in the described concentrated feed;
In described growing and fattening program 1 and every day of the 2 nutritional requirement parameter list, described other are meant all roughages outside the leguminous forage that beef cattle can search for food;
Degree of the fattening tables of critical values of different ox kinds is as follows:
Described 9 monthly ages fatten the raw material calf and are selected from Chinese Cattle, Japanese black wool and ox or Angus, perhaps filial generation between any two;
Described 9 monthly ages are fattened the raw material calf, for tolly, need to carry out castration at the 3-4 monthly age and handle.
2. fattening method according to claim 1 is characterized in that: in the described roughage, described leguminous forage comprises one or more in clover, clover, prairie milk vetch, sainfoin, the vicia amoena.
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| CN2007101765354A CN101156563B (en) | 2007-10-30 | 2007-10-30 | a cultivating method for producing snowflower beef |
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