CN111387140B - Method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood cattle - Google Patents
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle, in particular to a method for raising beef cattle, in particular to a method for raising pure blood and cattle rich in snowflake meat quality, and particularly relates to a method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle. The method of the invention comprises the following feeding procedures: feeding at a calf stage of 0-3 months of age, feeding at a growing cow stage of 3-8 months of age, feeding at an early fattening stage of 8-14 months of age, feeding at a middle fattening stage of 14-21 months of age, and feeding at a later fattening stage of 21-28 months of age. The pure blood Japanese and cattle bred by the method have the slaughter rate of 56.12 percent, the carcass meat yield of 70.64 percent and the total marbling area of the pure blood and the cattle eye muscles of 14.32 percent, show that the bred pure blood Japanese and cattle have very high marbling density, the marbling grade can reach more than 1 grade, and the fat among the muscles is rich.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of beef cattle breeding, relates to a beef cattle breeding method, particularly relates to a method for breeding pure blood cattle rich in snowflake meat, and particularly relates to a method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening the pure blood cattle.
Background
With the improvement of the living standard of people in China and the richness of food culture, more and more people realize that the beef has special nutritional value. The beef has the advantages of high protein and low cholesterol, is rich in essential amino acids required by human, and is rich in nutrition. Meat quality evaluation is a comprehensive evaluation of indexes such as marbling, meat color, flavor, pH and the like, wherein marbling is one of the most key indexes. As a material basis of marbling, intramuscular fat is closely related to sensory qualities such as meat tenderness, flavor and juiciness, and finally affects meat quality grade and economic value.
Japan and cattle are species of beef cattle which are kept by Japan households for a long time, isolated from the outside for centuries. Japan and cattle are accepted excellent beef cattle varieties in the world, and the quality of the beef produced by the varieties is characterized in that: the beef has soft texture, tenderness and succulence, has thick beef flavor, has extremely strong marbling on the appearance, is uniformly and uniformly distributed in the beef in a multi-star shape like snowflakes, is fresh, tender and delicious, is rich in iron and unsaturated fatty acid, can obviously improve vigor and endurance, and can delay aging of organisms. The beef is called as the best product in beef products. It is reported that selection of Japanese and cattle is very strict, and generally, fattening to 28 months of age is required on the basis of cattle on a shelf, and the slaughter weight is 500-. However, it is prevalent in the war bank area where Japan Shenhu is located to prolong the fattening period of Japan and cattle to over 36 months old, and the fattening purpose is mainly to raise the highest-grade fine beef. The fattening selection of Japan and cattle generally requires castrated cattle or cows without production records, the meat quality is judged and screened according to strict standard standards, the meat quality is divided into five grades of A1-A5 through a series of evaluation such as meat color contrast, fat mixing rate, fineness, pattern uniformity and the like, and the meat reaching the standards of A4 and A5 is the top grade 'beef and beef'. In Japan, famous Japanese and bovine species are "Shenhu cattle", "Songhua cattle", "Feihuang cattle", "Youjian cattle", "Yakuan cattle", and the like. "and cattle" are considered Japanese national treasure grade cattle.
There are many reports on the method for raising beef cattle. For example, CN102450483A (application No. 201010526635.7, Zeekke) discloses a cattle fattening feed, which consists of the following components: 50-75 parts of bran, 35-45 parts of paulownia flower, 10-20 parts of stone-like omphalia, 35-55 parts of rapeseed, 12-37 parts of bone meal, 15-27 parts of bean cake, 3-11 parts of phagostimulant, 0.1-1.9 parts of vitamin, 0.7-2.3 parts of trace element and 0.1-0.7 part of aluminum hydroxide. The bran is soaked by glucose syrup or corn starch hydrolysate. The cattle fattening feed provided by the invention is low in cost, reasonable in formula and balanced in nutrition, and can effectively fatten cattle and provide better meat quality.
CN103181366B (application No. 201210366373.1, futong hua) provides a method for breeding of hybrid cattle rich in snowflake marbled meat, comprising: feeding with substitute milk in calf stage; feeding hay and young cattle formula feed at the age of 3 months; feeding the 9-month-old coarse feed and the concentrated feed in a matching way and supplementing vitamin A; controlling the vitamin A content in blood to be 35-45 IU/100ml for 15-22 months. By the method, the bred hybrid cattle has a weight of more than 800 kg, an average marbling grade of 4-5, and a comprehensive meat quality grade of B4. The feeding method provided by the invention is simple and convenient, easy to operate and control, and the produced beef has good quality, high nutritional ingredients and high economic value.
CN105285382A (application No. 201510902362.4, Yue bang Da) discloses a cattle fattening feed which comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30-50 parts of corn, 2-4 parts of honey, 10-12 parts of corn straw, 3-5 parts of methionine, 10-12 parts of oat, 1-3 parts of baking soda, 5-7 parts of soybean, 4-6 parts of carrot, 5-15 parts of kelp root, 5-7 parts of hawthorn, 5-15 parts of sweet potato seedling, 4-6 parts of plantain herb, 5-7 parts of sweet potato and 1-3 parts of salt.
CN105494964A (application No. 201510969734.5, Ali) discloses a cattle fattening feed which comprises the following raw materials in parts by weight: 30-50 parts of soybeans, 1-3 parts of amino acid, 3-5 parts of eggs, 10-20 parts of wheat flour, 7-9 parts of minced pork, 1-3 parts of protein powder, 10-20 parts of corn kernels, 5-15 parts of pea flour, 5-15 parts of tea residues, 5-7 parts of oil residues, 10-20 parts of bean curd residues and 3-5 parts of honey.
CN109156629A (application No. 201811150410.9, Yang Hara) discloses an enhanced concentrated feed for cattle in fattening period, which comprises the following raw materials: soybean meal, dephenolized cottonseed protein, sunflower seed kernel cake, corn germ meal, DDGS feed, soybean oil, corn bran, stone powder, Chinese herbal medicine powder, feed additive non-protein nitrogen, sodium bicarbonate and compound premix. According to the application, the Chinese herbal medicine powder is added into the feed, and the feed is used for feeding fattening cattle from 6 months old to slaughter, so that on one hand, the nutritional requirements of the fattening cattle at each growth stage are met, and on the other hand, the effects of resisting stress, optimizing feed palatability, improving feed intake, improving animal immune organism immunity, supplementing and nourishing blood, strengthening spleen and invigorating stomach and the like are achieved.
CN109006692A (application No. 201811248101.5, grassland and cattle) discloses a method for raising a lotus and F1 calf, the feeding program comprises the following steps: 1S: feeding 3-4L colostrum between 0-1 h after birth of the F1 generation calf, feeding 1-2L colostrum between 8-12 h, and feeding 5-8L colostrum between 0-24 h; feeding colostrum to the lotus and F1 generation calf within 2-3 days of age, wherein the feeding amount is 5-8L/day; 2S: feeding acidified milk to the lotus and F1 generation calves and starting water supply from the 4 th day, and simultaneously inducing the lotus and F1 generation calves to feed with concentrated feed; weaning at the age of 55-63 days; 3S: and increasing the feeding amount of the concentrated feed from the 3 months of age, and simultaneously starting feeding coarse feed to the lotus and F1 generation calves. It is believed that the lotus and F1 generation calves bred by this breeding method are more heavy than the calf, and are of great breeding value.
However, these documents above do not teach how to improve the quality of beef, such as increasing the marbling density of beef. Therefore, there remains a strong desire among those skilled in the art for new methods of feeding and cattle in an attempt to improve the quality of beef, such as increasing the marbling density of beef.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood beef, in particular to provide a novel method for raising beef, so as to improve the beef quality of the beef, such as increasing the marbling density of the beef. It has been surprisingly found that one or more of the technical effects according to the invention can be achieved by feeding pure blood and cattle using the method of the invention. The present invention has been completed based on such findings.
Generally, cattle fattening cattle are male calves subjected to castration treatment, and in japan and cattle breeding standards, the fattening cattle are generally divided into five stages, namely: 0-3 months old (calf stage, namely 0-90 days), 3-8 months old (breeding cow stage, namely 91-240 days), 8-14 months old (early fattening stage, namely 241-420 days), 14-21 months old (middle fattening stage, namely 421-630 days), and 21-28 months old (late fattening stage, namely 631-840 days). In the method, the feeding method is managed based on the 5 growth stages, so that the aim of producing high-grade snowflake beef by using pure blood and cattle is fulfilled. In the present invention, cattle to which the method of the present invention is directed are Japanese pure blood and cattle, unless otherwise specified; in the present invention, pure blood and cattle in Japan may be introduced directly from Japan or from other countries such as Australia, unless otherwise specified.
To this end, the invention provides a method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle, which comprises the following procedures of feeding the pure blood and cattle:
(1) feeding calves of 0-3 months age;
(2) feeding the 3-8 month-old cattle in the breeding period;
(3) feeding at the early stage of fattening at the age of 8-14 months;
(4) feeding at the middle fattening stage of 14-21 months old;
(5) feeding at the later fattening period of 21-28 months.
The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein in (1) feeding in the calf stage of 0-3 months of age:
(1a) feeding 3-4L colostrum between 0-1 h after birth of the pure blood and calf, feeding 1-2L colostrum between 8-12 h, feeding 5-8L colostrum between 0-24 h, and feeding 5-8L colostrum within 2-3 days;
(1b) feeding acidified milk to the calves from day 4, starting water supply, and inducing the calves to feed the essences (three times a day for free feeding); weaning at the age of 55-60 days;
(1c) increasing the feeding amount of the concentrated feed during the period from 60 days to 3 months of age, and simultaneously feeding the coarse feed to the calves, wherein the ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 2:1, freely ingesting three times a day.
In the present invention, the term "three times daily free feed" means 7: 00-8: 00. at noon 12: 00-13: 00. in the afternoon 17: 00-18: three time periods of 00, unlimited supplies of foodstuff.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle, wherein (1) the concentrate formula fed in the calf stage of 0-3 months of age (in the invention, if not stated otherwise, the materials are dry weight basis when referring to the feed formula) is as follows:
420-480 parts by weight of corn, for example 455 parts by weight;
35 to 45 parts by weight of DDGS, for example 40 parts by weight;
280-330 parts by weight of soybean meal, for example 300 parts by weight;
30-40 parts by weight, for example 35 parts by weight, of fermented soybean meal;
35-45 parts by weight of molasses, for example 40 parts by weight;
50-70 parts by weight of wheat bran, for example 60 parts by weight;
0.8 to 1.2 parts by weight of magnesium oxide, for example 0.1 part by weight;
0.08 to 0.15 parts by weight of beta-carotene, for example 0.1 parts by weight;
3.5 to 4.5 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 4 parts by weight;
1.5 to 2.5 parts by weight, for example 2 parts by weight, of calcium carbonate;
15-20 parts by weight of whole milk powder, for example 18 parts by weight;
8-12 parts by weight of premix, for example 10 parts by weight;
40-60 parts by weight of cottonseed meal, for example 50 parts by weight.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized in that the formula of the premix comprises the following components:
0.8 to 1.2 parts by weight of nicotinic acid, for example 1 part by weight;
6.5 to 6.9 parts by weight of copper sulfate, for example 6.7 parts by weight;
10.2-10.8 parts by weight of manganese sulfate, for example 10.6 parts by weight;
12-13 parts by weight of zinc sulfate, for example 12.6 parts by weight;
5-6 parts by weight, for example 5.5 parts by weight, of 1% sodium selenite;
10-12 parts by weight, for example 11 parts by weight, of 1% calcium iodate;
0.5 to 0.6 parts by weight, for example 0.55 parts by weight, of 5% cobalt chloride;
2 to 2.4 parts by weight of VA, for example 2.2 parts by weight;
0.4 to 0.6 parts by weight of VD3, for example 0.5 parts by weight;
7 to 9 parts by weight of VE, for example 8 parts by weight;
18-22 parts by weight of monensin, for example 20 parts by weight;
900-925 parts by weight of stone powder, for example 920 parts by weight;
biotin 1.8 to 2.2 parts by weight, for example 2 parts by weight.
The premix of the invention can be used in various cattle age stages.
The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to the first aspect of the invention, wherein (1) the coarse material in the calf stage of 0-3 months old is a mixture of oat and alfalfa. In one embodiment, the weight ratio of said oats to said alfalfa is 1.8 to 2.2:1, preferably 2: 1. in the present invention, the oat in the coarse material can be replaced by the Chinese wildrye. The feeding management of the calf stage aims to ensure the normal development of the calf and prevent the phenomenon of stiff cattle caused by malnutrition, and the ideal calf of 3 months old has the weight of 95-120 kg.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle comprises the following steps of (2) freely feeding 3-8-month-old adult cattle three times a day, wherein the formula of the feeding food is as follows:
25 to 35 parts by weight of leymus chinensis, for example, 30 parts by weight,
15 to 25 parts by weight of alfalfa, for example 20 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of straw,
0 part by weight of yellow corn silage,
22 to 26 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn, for example 24.2 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of steam-flaked barley,
0 part by weight of bran,
3.5 to 4.5 parts by weight, for example, 4.1 parts by weight of expanded soybean,
9 to 10 parts by weight of soybean meal, for example 9.4 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of cottonseed meal,
0 part by weight of rapeseed meal,
8 to 12 parts by weight of soybean curd refuse, for example 10 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of beer lees,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
0 part by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.2 to 0.4 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 0.3 parts by weight,
0.8 to 1.2 parts by weight of the premix, for example, 1 part by weight.
The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to the first aspect of the invention is characterized in that (2) the weight of the cattle after the finishing period of the adult cattle with 3-8 months age is 220-270 kg.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized in that (2) the premix in the feed for the growing period of 3-8 months old cattle is the same as the premix used in the calf period.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized in that (3) at the early stage of fattening for 8-14 months, the snowflake beef is freely eaten three times a day, and the formula of the feed is as follows:
10 to 20 parts by weight of leymus chinensis, for example 15 parts by weight,
3 to 7 parts by weight of alfalfa, for example 5 parts by weight,
3 to 3.5 parts by weight of straw, for example, 3.2 parts by weight,
15 to 25 parts by weight of silage, for example 20 parts by weight,
22 to 26 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn, for example 24.4 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of steam-flaked barley,
0 part by weight of bran,
1.5 to 2.5 parts by weight, for example, 2 parts by weight of expanded soybean,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of soybean meal, for example, 1 part by weight,
0.2 to 0.4 part by weight, for example, 0.3 part by weight of cottonseed meal,
1 to 2 parts by weight of rapeseed meal, for example, 1.5 parts by weight,
5 to 15 parts by weight of soybean curd refuse, for example 10 parts by weight,
10 to 20 parts by weight of brewer's grains, for example 15 parts by weight,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight, for example, 0.2 parts by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.2 to 0.4 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 0.3 parts by weight,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of the premix, for example, 1 part by weight.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized in that (3) the premix in the early fattening feed of 8-14 months old is the same as the premix used in the calf stage.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized in that (3) the weight of the cattle after finishing the early fattening period of 8-14 months old is 400-450 kg. At this stage and in the process of gradually and completely developing all parts of the cattle body, such as bones, digestive organs, muscles and the like, to maturity, so that the development of all parts of the organs is ensured to be completely important, and the method has important significance for improving the meat quality in the later stage.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized in that (4) the high-grade snowflake beef is freely taken three times a day in the middle fattening period of 14-21 months, and the formula of the feeding food is as follows:
5 to 9 parts by weight of leymus chinensis, for example 7 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of alfalfa,
20 to 30 parts by weight of straw, for example, 25 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of yellow corn silage,
40 to 60 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn, for example, 48.53 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of steam-flaked barley,
0.8 to 1.2 parts by weight of bran, for example, 1 part by weight,
5 to 15 parts by weight, for example 10 parts by weight, of expanded soybean,
0.2 to 0.25 parts by weight of soybean meal, for example, 0.22 parts by weight,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight, for example, 1 part by weight of cottonseed meal,
0 part by weight of rapeseed meal,
4 to 6 parts by weight of soybean curd refuse, for example, 4.75 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of beer lees,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
0.08 to 0.12 part by weight, for example, 0.1 part by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.5 to 0.7 part by weight, for example, 0.6 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.2 to 0.4 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 0.3 parts by weight,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of the premix, for example, 1 part by weight.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized in that (4) the premix in the middle fattening period feed of 14-21 months old is the same as the premix used in the calf period.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized in that (4) the weight of the cattle is 600-630kg after the middle fattening period of 14-21 months old.
According to the first aspect of the invention, the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized in that (5) the 21-28-month-old fattening later period freely eats three times a day, and the formula of the feeding food is as follows:
4 to 6 parts by weight of leymus chinensis, for example 5 parts by weight,
1 to 3 parts by weight of alfalfa, for example 2 parts by weight,
15 to 20 parts by weight of straw, for example, 18.87 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of yellow corn silage,
40 to 60 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn, for example, 50 parts by weight,
5-15 parts by weight of steam-flaked barley, for example 10 parts by weight,
1 to 3 parts by weight of bran, for example 2 parts by weight,
6 to 8 parts by weight of expanded soybean, for example, 7.2 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of soybean meal,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of cottonseed meal, for example, 1.07 parts by weight,
1 to 1.6 parts by weight of rapeseed meal, for example, 1.34 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of bean curd residue,
0 part by weight of beer lees,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight, for example, 0.2 parts by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight of stone powder, for example, 0.52 part by weight,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.2 to 0.4 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 0.3 parts by weight,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of the premix, for example, 1 part by weight.
According to the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle, the premix in the feed for the later fattening period of 21-28 months is the same as the premix used in the calf period.
According to the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle, the weight of the cattle is over 700kg after finishing the later fattening period of 21-28 months old (5).
According to the first aspect of the invention, in the later fattening period of 21-28 months, peanut sprouts and lysine hydrochloride are additionally fed, wherein the daily feeding amount is calculated by the weight of the cattle, the peanut sprouts are 0.25g/kg body weight/day, and the lysine hydrochloride is 0.05g/kg body weight/day.
Surprisingly, the unique formula is designed at the later stage of fattening, so that fat can be effectively deposited, and the quality of beef can be greatly improved.
Further, the second aspect of the invention provides a pure blood and cattle feed which is a concentrate feed for feeding calves of 0-3 months old, and the formula of the feed is as follows:
420-480 parts by weight of corn, for example 455 parts by weight;
35 to 45 parts by weight of DDGS, for example 40 parts by weight;
280-330 parts by weight of soybean meal, for example 300 parts by weight;
30-40 parts by weight, for example 35 parts by weight, of fermented soybean meal;
35-45 parts by weight of molasses, for example 40 parts by weight;
50-70 parts by weight of wheat bran, for example 60 parts by weight;
0.8 to 1.2 parts by weight of magnesium oxide, for example 0.1 part by weight;
0.08 to 0.15 parts by weight of beta-carotene, for example 0.1 parts by weight;
3.5 to 4.5 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 4 parts by weight;
1.5 to 2.5 parts by weight, for example 2 parts by weight, of calcium carbonate;
15-20 parts by weight of whole milk powder, for example 18 parts by weight;
8-12 parts by weight of premix, for example 10 parts by weight;
40-60 parts by weight of cottonseed meal, for example 50 parts by weight.
Essentially, the concentrate of the present invention can also be used in all age groups of cattle.
According to the feed of the second aspect of the invention, the formula of the premix is as follows:
0.8 to 1.2 parts by weight of nicotinic acid, for example 1 part by weight;
6.5 to 6.9 parts by weight of copper sulfate, for example 6.7 parts by weight;
10.2-10.8 parts by weight of manganese sulfate, for example 10.6 parts by weight;
12-13 parts by weight of zinc sulfate, for example 12.6 parts by weight;
5-6 parts by weight, for example 5.5 parts by weight, of 1% sodium selenite;
10-12 parts by weight, for example 11 parts by weight, of 1% calcium iodate;
0.5 to 0.6 parts by weight, for example 0.55 parts by weight, of 5% cobalt chloride;
2 to 2.4 parts by weight of VA, for example 2.2 parts by weight;
0.4 to 0.6 parts by weight of VD3, for example 0.5 parts by weight;
7 to 9 parts by weight of VE, for example 8 parts by weight;
18-22 parts by weight of monensin, for example 20 parts by weight;
900-925 parts by weight of stone powder, for example 920 parts by weight;
biotin 1.8 to 2.2 parts by weight, for example 2 parts by weight.
The feed according to the second aspect of the invention is a feed for 3-8 months old cattle in a growing period, and the formula of the feed is as follows: 25 to 35 parts by weight of leymus chinensis, for example, 30 parts by weight,
15 to 25 parts by weight of alfalfa, for example 20 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of straw,
0 part by weight of yellow corn silage,
22 to 26 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn, for example 24.2 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of steam-flaked barley,
0 part by weight of bran,
3.5 to 4.5 parts by weight, for example, 4.1 parts by weight of expanded soybean,
9 to 10 parts by weight of soybean meal, for example 9.4 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of cottonseed meal,
0 part by weight of rapeseed meal,
8 to 12 parts by weight of soybean curd refuse, for example 10 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of beer lees,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
0 part by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.2 to 0.4 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 0.3 parts by weight,
0.8 to 1.2 parts by weight of the premix, for example, 1 part by weight.
According to a second aspect of the invention, the feed is a feed for the early fattening stage of 8-14 months old, and the formula of the feed is as follows:
10 to 20 parts by weight of leymus chinensis, for example 15 parts by weight,
3 to 7 parts by weight of alfalfa, for example 5 parts by weight,
3 to 3.5 parts by weight of straw, for example, 3.2 parts by weight,
15 to 25 parts by weight of silage, for example 20 parts by weight,
22 to 26 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn, for example 24.4 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of steam-flaked barley,
0 part by weight of bran,
1.5 to 2.5 parts by weight, for example, 2 parts by weight of expanded soybean,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of soybean meal, for example, 1 part by weight,
0.2 to 0.4 part by weight, for example, 0.3 part by weight of cottonseed meal,
1 to 2 parts by weight of rapeseed meal, for example, 1.5 parts by weight,
5 to 15 parts by weight of soybean curd refuse, for example 10 parts by weight,
10 to 20 parts by weight of brewer's grains, for example 15 parts by weight,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight, for example, 0.2 parts by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.2 to 0.4 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 0.3 parts by weight,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of the premix, for example, 1 part by weight.
The feed according to the second aspect of the invention is a feed for the middle fattening period of 14-21 months old, and the formula thereof is as follows:
5 to 9 parts by weight of leymus chinensis, for example 7 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of alfalfa,
20 to 30 parts by weight of straw, for example, 25 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of yellow corn silage,
40 to 60 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn, for example, 48.53 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of steam-flaked barley,
0.8 to 1.2 parts by weight of bran, for example, 1 part by weight,
5 to 15 parts by weight, for example 10 parts by weight, of expanded soybean,
0.2 to 0.25 parts by weight of soybean meal, for example, 0.22 parts by weight,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight, for example, 1 part by weight of cottonseed meal,
0 part by weight of rapeseed meal,
4 to 6 parts by weight of soybean curd refuse, for example, 4.75 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of beer lees,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
0.08 to 0.12 part by weight, for example, 0.1 part by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.5 to 0.7 part by weight, for example, 0.6 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.2 to 0.4 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 0.3 parts by weight,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of the premix, for example, 1 part by weight.
The feed according to the second aspect of the invention is a feed for a later fattening period of 21-28 months old, and the formula of the feed is as follows:
4 to 6 parts by weight of leymus chinensis, for example 5 parts by weight,
1 to 3 parts by weight of alfalfa, for example 2 parts by weight,
15 to 20 parts by weight of straw, for example, 18.87 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of yellow corn silage,
40 to 60 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn, for example, 50 parts by weight,
5-15 parts by weight of steam-flaked barley, for example 10 parts by weight,
1 to 3 parts by weight of bran, for example 2 parts by weight,
6 to 8 parts by weight of expanded soybean, for example, 7.2 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of soybean meal,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of cottonseed meal, for example, 1.07 parts by weight,
1 to 1.6 parts by weight of rapeseed meal, for example, 1.34 parts by weight,
0 part by weight of bean curd residue,
0 part by weight of beer lees,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight, for example, 0.5 part by weight of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
0.1 to 0.3 parts by weight, for example, 0.2 parts by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.4 to 0.6 part by weight of stone powder, for example, 0.52 part by weight,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.2 to 0.4 parts by weight of common salt, for example, 0.3 parts by weight,
0.5 to 1.5 parts by weight of the premix, for example, 1 part by weight.
Any technical feature possessed by any one aspect of the invention or any embodiment of that aspect is equally applicable to any other embodiment or any embodiment of any other aspect, so long as they are not mutually inconsistent, although appropriate modifications to the respective features may be made as necessary when applicable to each other. Various aspects and features of the disclosure are described further below.
All documents cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety and to the extent such documents do not conform to the meaning of the present invention, the present invention shall control. Further, the various terms and phrases used herein have the ordinary meaning as is known to those skilled in the art, and even though such terms and phrases are intended to be described or explained in greater detail herein, reference is made to the term and phrase as being inconsistent with the known meaning and meaning as is accorded to such meaning throughout this disclosure.
In the present invention, for an ingredient in a feed formulation, when the amount of the ingredient is marked as 0 part by weight, it means that the ingredient is not added to the feed formulation.
In the present invention, the premix can be used for each cattle age stage.
At present, standards and grade names for beef grade classification are different in all countries in the world. The quality grade of american beef is based on the quality (represented by marbling) and physiological maturity (age) of beef, and divides beef into: special preference (Prime), Choice of Choice (Choice), preference (Select), Standard (Standard), Commercial (Commercial), Utility (Utility), Cutter (Cutter) and can (Canner) eight grades. Physiological maturity is determined by age, and the meat quality is tender and higher in grade when the age is smaller, which is classified into A, B, C, D and E5. Class A is 9 to 30 months old; grade B is 30 to 42 months old; grade C is 42-72 months old; grade D is 72 to 96 months of age; the E grade is more than 96 months old. The marbling is a main factor determining the quality of the beef, has close correlation with tenderness, juiciness and palatability, and is an index which is easiest to objectively evaluate, so the quality evaluation is represented by the marbling. The measurement position of the marbling is the 12 th rib eye muscle cross section, and is divided into seven levels of abundance, right amount, moderate amount, deficiency, trace amount and almost no level according to a standard plate. After the physiological maturity and the marble veins are determined, the grade can be judged, and the smaller the age, the richer the marble veins are, and the lower the marble veins are. The quality grading of the American beef is typically shown in figure 1, wherein the white texture is marbled fat, and the leftmost beef is distributed with the most dense and most marbled and is the better grade beef; the rightmost beef has the smallest and sparsest marble veins and is the lower-grade beef.
The classification standard of Japanese beef and beef cattle are beef cattle which have been bred in Japan from the Mingzhi time ago and are exclusively used as meat varieties and are called "and breeds". More commonly known as "black hair and seeds", "brown hair and seeds", "hornless hair and seeds", etc. Generally, the "sakazao cattle", the "shenhu cattle" and the "flying cattle" are heard, not the breeds of cattle, but the "brands" of cattle. The edible ratio and the oil flower grade are totally divided into 15 grades, the edible ratio is divided into A, B, C grades, the oil flower grade is divided into 1-5 grades, namely 15 grades including A1-A5, B1-B5 and C1-C5, wherein A5 is the highest grade, the oil flower is fine, and the American name is 'downy beef' (named as snowflake beef in hong Kong).
In the Australian beef grading standard aspect, the Australian beef is basically graded into 9 grades from M1 to M9. The M9 level is the highest level. Over a decade ago, Australian farmers brought Japanese cows to Australia for breeding and introduced American Angus cows for mating, (there are 100% pure Japanese and cattle) and cultured by Japanese breeding technology to culture [ Australia and cattle ], the delicious beef of which exceeds the current M9 grade is obtained, so that the three grades of M10, M11 and M12 are added above M9. The average of the high-quality Australia is 6 grades, the high-grade beef is obtained when the Australia reaches more than 9 grades, the higher the number is, the beef is more marbled, and the 12 grades are the top grade. The M12 grade beef is equivalent to Japanese A5 grade beef. Our [ super black ox ] or [ and ox ] is mainly from australia. The quality grading of Australian beef is typically shown in figure 2, wherein white lines are marbled fat, the marbled value of the upper left corner beef is 1, the marbled is the thinnest and least, and the marbled is the lowest grade beef; the beef with 12 marble veins on the lower right corner has the most dense and most marble veins, and is the beef with the optimal grade.
In the aspect of the new zealand beef grading standard, the new zealand beef product is divided into three grades: PS, Young ball and Cow. PS is a cured bull and an infertile heifer, and the weight of the PS is more than 145 kg; the beef food has low beef yield, good meat quality and dense oil flowers, and particularly has good and highest price for the pork food of Loin Cuts (beef willows, naked eyes and the like). Young ball: the young bull, which is not castrated, is a special product of the New Zealand beef for 18-24 months, has the advantages of low price, high meat yield, delicate meat quality, rich chewing feeling, good evaluation on each part and capability of maintaining a certain price level. Cow: the cow is characterized by yellow fat color, thin meat, sufficient flavor, durable cooking, suitability for Chinese cuisine with heavy taste and the most level price.
In the aspect of Chinese beef grading standard, Chinese beef grade evaluation comprises carcass quality grade evaluation and yield grade evaluation. The quality grade evaluation is carried out after the beef carcass is cooled and deacidified, marbling of the section of the longissimus dorsi at the ridge rib position of 12-13 and the physiological maturity of the beef are used as main evaluation indexes, and the meat color and the fat color are used as reference indexes. Marbling was graded as follows according to the amount of intermuscular fat in the cross section of the eye muscles: the inter-muscular fat is extremely abundant at grade 1, abundant at grade 2, moderate at grade 3, little at grade 4, and almost no at grade 5, and between the two grades, the fat is set at grade 0.5. The typical quality grading of Chinese beef is shown in FIG. 3, which shows that the beef with the most optimal grade has the most dense and most 1-grade marbling from the most amount of inter-muscular fat; the 5-grade marbling is the lowest-grade beef with the smallest and sparsest grains; in the figure, black is muscle (blood red in primary color) and white is fat between muscles.
In the dawn gazing literature (dawn gazing, et al, improvement research on marbleized level maps of chinese beef, 2006, 39(10):2101 2106) aiming at the problem that marbleized cannot be quantified in the existing beef quality classification method, the marbleized in the photograph of the eye muscle section of the beef is subjected to image processing, characteristic parameters therein are extracted and statistical analysis is performed, thereby establishing a linear prediction model of marbleized score and total area of the marbleized, large-granule fat density, medium-granule fat density and fat distribution uniformity, the characteristic parameters of different marbleized levels are quantitatively adjusted on the basis of statistics of the prediction model and representative sample parameters, the original 4 levels are adjusted to 7 levels, a new marbleized level map is constructed, and it is believed that the prediction model screened in the literature has good performance (R2 ═ 0.8415), with the parameter of the determined total marbleized area (specifically, the percentage area is up to 14%, and the percentage area is down to 0.5%), the total marbleized area is specified to be 1 grade to 7 grades from 14%, 11%, 8%, 6%, 4%, 2% to 0.5%. It can be seen that the beef quality can be quantitatively evaluated by using the parameter of the total area of the marbleizing, for example, the beef quality is better when the total area of the marbleizing is higher.
Drawings
FIG. 1: typical grading diagram of the quality of American beef.
FIG. 2: typical grading diagram of Australia beef quality.
FIG. 3: chinese beef quality typical grading diagram.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described by the following examples, however, the scope of the present invention is not limited to the following examples. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The present invention has been described generally and/or specifically with respect to materials used in testing and testing methods. Although many materials and methods of operation are known in the art for the purpose of carrying out the invention, the invention is nevertheless described herein in as detail as possible. Unless otherwise specified, the technical means used in the examples are conventional means well known to those skilled in the art, and the raw materials used are commercially available products.
In the following examples of the invention, methods for fattening pure blood and cattle to produce high-grade snowflake beef are described.
Example 1 raising of Japanese pure blood and calf
(1a) After the calves of pure blood and cattle are born, fully nursing, keeping the calves with weight more than or equal to 25 kg, health, good sucking capacity and normal hair, and registering by hanging a foot plate; the colostrum is fed to calf of pure blood and cattle for 0-1 h after birth, 3-4L colostrum is fed to calf of pure blood and cattle for 8-12 h, 1-2L colostrum is fed to calf of pure blood and calf of cattle for 8-12 h, 5-8L colostrum is fed to calf of pure blood and calf of pure blood and calf of pure blood and calf of birth.
(1b) Feeding acidified milk to the calves from day 4, starting water supply, and inducing the calves to feed the essences (free feed); weaning at the age of 55-60 days;
the specific method for feeding the acidified milk comprises the following steps:
on days 4-14, the feeding amount is 5-5.5L/day;
on day 15-45, the feeding amount is 6-6.5L/day;
feeding amount is 3.5-4.5L/day in 46-56 days;
on the 57 th to 59 th days, the feeding amount is 2 to 3L/day;
the content of each component of the concentrate is as follows: 455 parts of corn; DDGS 40 parts by weight; 300 parts of soybean meal; 35 parts by weight of fermented soybean meal; 40 parts of molasses; 60 parts of wheat bran; 0.1 part by weight of magnesium oxide; 0.1 part by weight of beta-carotene; 4 parts of table salt; 2 parts by weight of calcium carbonate; 18 parts of whole milk powder; 10 parts of premix; 50 parts of cottonseed meal.
The premix comprises the following components in percentage by weight: 1 part by weight of nicotinic acid; 6.7 parts of copper sulfate; 10.6 parts of manganese sulfate; 12.6 parts of zinc sulfate; 5.5 parts by weight of 1% sodium selenite; 11 parts by weight of 1% calcium iodate; 0.55 part by weight of 5 percent cobalt chloride; 2.2 parts by weight of VA; 0.5 parts by weight of VD 3; 8 parts by weight of VE; 20 parts of monensin; 920 parts of stone powder; 2 parts of biotin.
In the case of free feeding, both concentrate and coarse or both concentrate and coarse feeding, the feed is taken freely three times a day, i.e. 7 morning: 00-8: 00. at noon 12: 00-13: 00. in the afternoon 17: 00-18: three time periods of 00, unlimited supplies of foodstuff.
(1c) Increasing the feeding amount of the concentrated feed during the period from 60 days to 3 months of age, and simultaneously feeding the coarse feed to the calves, wherein the ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 2:1, freely ingesting three times a day.
The coarse feed fed by the invention is a mixture of oat and alfalfa, and the weight ratio of the oat to the alfalfa is 1.8-2.2: 1.
In the embodiment, the feeding management goal in the calf stage is to ensure the normal development of calves and prevent the phenomenon of dead calves caused by malnutrition, and the ideal calf weight at 3 months of age is 95-120 kg.
In this example, the calf is fed acidified milk after the last colostrum feed for 12-18 hours, the acidified milk temperature is controlled in the range of 37 ℃. + -. 0.5 ℃ in summer and 38 ℃. + -. 0.5 ℃ in winter. The acidified milk management follows five principles: setting post, timing, quantifying, setting temperature and setting quality. The production and feeding of acidified milk is well known in the art, for example in the present invention, with reference to CN 109006692A.
Example 2: raising Japanese pure blood and 3-8-month-old cattle in breeding period
In the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to the previous embodiment, the adult cattle with 3-8 months age can be fed freely three times a day, and the formula of the feeding food is as follows:
30 parts of leymus chinensis,
20 parts of alfalfa,
0 part by weight of straw,
0 part by weight of yellow corn silage,
24.2 parts by weight of steam flaked corn,
0 part by weight of steam-flaked barley,
0 part by weight of bran,
4.1 parts by weight of puffed soybean,
9.4 parts by weight of soybean meal,
0 part by weight of cottonseed meal,
0 part by weight of rapeseed meal,
10 parts by weight of bean curd residue,
0 part by weight of beer lees,
0.5 part by weight of sodium bicarbonate,
0 part by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.5 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.3 part by weight of table salt,
1 part by weight of premix.
After the period of growing the 3-8 months old cattle is finished, the weight of the cattle can reach 220-270 kg. In addition, the premix in the feed for the growing cattle of 3-8 months old is the same as the premix used in the calf stage.
Example 3: japanese pure blood and 8-14 month-old cattle fattening early-stage feeding
In the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to the previous embodiment, the 8-14 month old fattening early stage is fed freely three times a day, and the formula of the feeding food is as follows:
15 parts of leymus chinensis,
5 parts of alfalfa,
3.2 parts of straw,
20 parts by weight of yellow corn silage,
24.4 parts of steam-flaked corn,
0 part by weight of steam-flaked barley,
0 part by weight of bran,
2 parts by weight of puffed soybeans,
1 part by weight of soybean meal,
0.3 weight portion of cottonseed meal,
1.5 parts by weight of rapeseed dregs,
10 parts by weight of bean curd residue,
15 parts by weight of beer lees,
0.5 part by weight of sodium bicarbonate,
0.2 part by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.5 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.3 part by weight of table salt,
1 part by weight of premix.
And (3) the premix in the 8-14 month-old early fattening feed is the same as the premix used in the calf stage. In addition, the weight of the cattle is 400-450kg after finishing the early fattening period of 8-14 months old in (3). At this stage and in the process of gradually and completely developing all parts of the cattle body, such as bones, digestive organs, muscles and the like, to maturity, so that the development of all parts of the organs is ensured to be completely important, and the method has important significance for improving the meat quality in the later stage.
Example 4: japanese pure blood and cattle 14-21 months old are raised in middle fattening period
In the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to the previous embodiment, the cattle at the age of 14-21 months are fed freely three times a day in the middle fattening period, and the formula of the feeding food is as follows:
7 parts of leymus chinensis,
0 part by weight of alfalfa,
25 parts of straw,
0 part by weight of yellow corn silage,
48.53 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn,
0 part by weight of steam-flaked barley,
1 part by weight of bran,
10 parts by weight of puffed soybean,
0.22 weight portion of soybean meal,
1 part by weight of cottonseed meal,
0 part by weight of rapeseed meal,
4.75 parts by weight of bean curd residue,
0 part by weight of beer lees,
0.5 part by weight of sodium bicarbonate,
0.1 part by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.6 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.3 part by weight of table salt,
1 part by weight of premix.
The premix in the middle fattening period feed of 14-21 months old in (4) is the same as the premix used in the calf period, and the weight of the cattle after the middle fattening period of 14-21 months old in (4) is finished is 600-.
Example 5: japanese pure blood and 21-28 month old cattleRaising at later stage of fattening
In the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to the previous embodiment, the 21-28-month-old fattening later period can be fed freely three times a day, and the formula of the feeding food is as follows:
5 parts of leymus chinensis,
2 parts of alfalfa,
18.87 portions of straw,
0 part by weight of yellow corn silage,
50 parts by weight of steam-flaked corn,
10 parts by weight of steam-flaked barley,
2 parts of bran,
7.2 parts by weight of puffed soybeans,
0 part by weight of soybean meal,
1.07 parts by weight of cottonseed meal,
1.34 parts by weight of rapeseed meal,
0 part by weight of bean curd residue,
0 part by weight of beer lees,
0.5 part by weight of sodium bicarbonate,
0.2 part by weight of magnesium oxide,
0.52 part by weight of stone powder,
0 part by weight of calcium hydrophosphate,
0.3 part by weight of table salt,
1 part by weight of premix.
The premix in the feed for the later fattening period of 21-28 months old in (5) is the same as the premix used in the calf period. In addition, the weight of the cattle is over 700kg after finishing the later fattening period of 21-28 months of age in (5).
According to the method of the above embodiments 1-5, the 28 calves are raised in the calf stage, the mature period, the early fattening stage, the middle fattening stage and the later fattening stage, and are slaughtered after raising is finished, and according to the method of the section of '2.2 slaughter performance measurement' in Liangjiahong literature (Liangjiahong, Japanese and cattle and Faku local cattle hybridization fattening slaughter effect observation, modern animal veterinarians, 2011(5):55), the pure blood and cattle slaughter performance raised in the embodiments 1-5 are calculated and examined, and the result is as follows: the weight of live meat before slaughtering is 727.6 + -8.7 kg, the weight of carcass is 403.7 + -7.2 kg, the slaughtering rate is 55.48%, the weight of net meat is 280.3 + -5.7 kg, and the meat yield of carcass is 69.43%. The results show that the method for breeding pure blood and cattle in the embodiment 1-5 has higher slaughter rate and higher carcass meat production rate.
The 28 pure blood and calf were raised in the calf stage, the finishing calf stage, the early fattening stage, the middle fattening stage and the late fattening stage according to the methods of examples 1 to 5, and then slaughtered after the raising was completed, and the total area of marbling of the raised pure blood and the bovine eye muscles was measured according to the methods of the dawn-showy literature, and the result (%) was 7.87 ± 0.73. The results show that the pure blood and the cattle bred by the method of the embodiment 1-5 have higher marbling density, the marbling grade can reach more than 4 grades, and the intramuscular fat is rich.
Example 6: breeding of Japanese pure blood and cattle
Performed in parallel with the 28 pure blood and calf feeding trials above. Feeding 31 pure blood and calf in the calf stage, the mature period, the early fattening period, the middle fattening period and the later fattening period according to the method of the embodiment 1-5, wherein the feeding conditions are different: in the later fattening feeding process of example 5, peanut sprouts (dried products) and lysine hydrochloride are additionally fed, wherein the daily feeding amount is calculated by the weight of the cattle, the peanut sprouts are 0.25g/kg body weight/day, and the lysine hydrochloride is 0.05g/kg body weight/day. In order to ensure accurate feeding amount, peanut sprouts are ground into powder and then mixed with lysine hydrochloride uniformly, and the mixture is prepared into aqueous suspension and fed after eating for the third time every day. Slaughtering 31 pure blood and cattle after feeding, calculating and inspecting the slaughtering performance of the pure blood and cattle according to the method of Liangjia macro literature, and obtaining the result: the live weight before slaughtering is 724.6 + -8.1 kg, the carcass weight is 406.7 + -8.4 kg, the slaughtering rate is 56.12%, the net meat weight is 287.3 + -7.2 kg, and the carcass meat yield is 70.64%. The result shows that the method for feeding pure blood and cattle in the embodiment 6 of the invention has higher slaughter rate and higher carcass meat yield, which are equivalent to or slightly higher than the methods in the embodiments 1-5; the total area of marbleized patterns of the cultured pure blood and bovine eyeball muscles was measured by the method of the dawn gay literature, and the result (%) was 14.32. + -. 1.04. The results show that the pure blood and the cattle raised by the method of the embodiment 6 of the invention have very high marbling density, the marbling grade can reach more than grade 1, and the intramuscular fat is rich.
Example 7: breeding of Japanese pure blood and cattle
Performed in parallel with example 6 above for 31 pure blood and calf feeding trials. The method of the embodiment 6 is used for feeding the 17 pure blood calves and the calves in the calf stage, the mature period, the early fattening period, the middle fattening period and the later fattening period, and the feeding conditions are different only in that: in the later fattening feeding process of example 5, peanut sprouts are not fed. Slaughtering is carried out after pure blood and cattle feeding are finished, and results are as follows: the weight of live meat before slaughtering is 718.4 + -6.8 kg, the weight of carcass is 397.4 + -8.1 kg, the slaughtering rate is 55.32%, the weight of net meat is 277.6 + -6.5 kg, the meat yield of carcass is 69.85%, and the total area (%) of marbling is 8.07 + -0.83. The results show that the marbling can not be effectively improved when the peanut sprouts are not fed
Example 8: breeding of Japanese pure blood and cattle
Performed in parallel with example 6 above for 31 pure blood and calf feeding trials. The method of the above embodiment 6 is used for feeding 18 pure blood calves and calf in the calf stage, the mature period, the early stage of fattening, the middle stage of fattening and the late stage of fattening, and the feeding conditions are different only in that: in the later fattening feeding process of example 5, lysine hydrochloride is not fed. Slaughtering is carried out after pure blood and cattle feeding are finished, and results are as follows: the weight of live meat before slaughtering is 726.8 + -8.5 kg, the weight of carcass is 409.2 + -6.7 kg, the slaughtering rate is 56.30%, the weight of net meat is 291.4 + -6.8 kg, the meat yield of carcass is 71.21%, and the total area (%) of marbling is 7.84 + -0.96. The results show that the marbling cannot be effectively improved without feeding lysine hydrochloride. According to the above experiments in examples 6 to 8, it is shown that, compared with examples 1 to 5, when peanut sprout and lysine hydrochloride are added at the same time in the later stage of fattening, the total area of marbling of pure blood and cattle can be remarkably increased, and the quality of beef can be remarkably improved, which is not taught at all by the prior art.
Although the invention has been described in detail hereinabove with respect to a general description and specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications or improvements may be made thereto based on the invention. Accordingly, such modifications and improvements are intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed.
Claims (12)
1. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle is characterized by comprising the following steps of feeding the pure blood and cattle:
(1) feeding of 0-3 month old calves, comprising the following steps:
(1a) feeding 3-4L colostrum between 0-1 h after birth of the pure blood and calf, feeding 1-2L colostrum between 8-12 h, feeding 5-8L colostrum between 0-24 h, and feeding 5-8L colostrum within 2-3 days;
(1b) feeding acidified milk to the calves from day 4, starting water supply, inducing the calves to feed the concentrated feed, and feeding the calves freely three times a day; weaning at the age of 55-60 days;
(1c) increasing the feeding amount of the concentrated feed during the period from 60 days to 3 months of age, and simultaneously feeding the coarse feed to the calves, wherein the ratio of the concentrated feed to the coarse feed is 2:1, freely eating three times a day;
(2) feeding the 3-8-month-old breeding cattle three times a day by free feeding, wherein the formula of the feeding food is as follows:
25-35 parts of Chinese wildrye, 15-25 parts of alfalfa, 0 part of straw, 0 part of yellow corn, 22-26 parts of steam-pressed corn, 0 part of steam-pressed barley, 0 part of bran, 3.5-4.5 parts of puffed soybean, 9-10 parts of soybean meal, 0 part of cottonseed meal, 0 part of rapeseed meal, 8-12 parts of bean curd residue, 0 part of brewer's grains, 0.4-0.6 part of sodium bicarbonate, 0 part of magnesium oxide, 0.4-0.6 part of stone powder, 0 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.2-0.4 part of salt and 0.8-1.2 parts of premix;
(3) feeding in the early fattening period of 8-14 months, wherein the feed is freely taken three times a day, and the feed formula is as follows:
10-20 parts of Chinese wildrye, 3-7 parts of alfalfa, 3-3.5 parts of straw, 15-25 parts of yellow corn, 22-26 parts of steam-flaked corn, 0 part of steam-flaked barley, 0 part of bran, 1.5-2.5 parts of puffed soybean, 0.5-1.5 parts of soybean meal, 0.2-0.4 part of cottonseed meal, 1-2 parts of rapeseed meal, 5-15 parts of bean curd residue, 10-20 parts of brewer's grains, 0.4-0.6 part of sodium bicarbonate, 0.1-0.3 part of magnesium oxide, 0.4-0.6 part of stone powder, 0 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.2-0.4 part of salt and 0.5-1.5 parts of premix;
(4) feeding in the fattening middle period of 14-21 months, wherein the feed is freely taken three times a day, and the feed formula is as follows:
5-9 parts of Chinese wildrye, 0 part of alfalfa, 20-30 parts of straw, 0 part of yellow corn, 40-60 parts of steam-pressed corn, 0 part of steam-pressed barley, 0.8-1.2 parts of bran, 5-15 parts of puffed soybean, 0.2-0.25 part of soybean meal, 0.5-1.5 parts of cottonseed meal, 0 part of rapeseed meal, 4-6 parts of bean curd residue, 0 part of brewer's grain, 0.4-0.6 part of sodium bicarbonate, 0.08-0.12 part of magnesium oxide, 0.5-0.7 part of mountain flour, 0 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.2-0.4 part of salt and 0.5-1.5 parts of premix;
(5) feeding at the later fattening period of 21-28 months, wherein the feed is freely taken three times a day, and the feed formula is as follows:
4-6 parts of Chinese wildrye, 1-3 parts of alfalfa, 15-20 parts of straw, 0 part of yellow corn, 40-60 parts of steam-flaked corn, 5-15 parts of steam-flaked barley, 1-3 parts of bran, 6-8 parts of puffed soybean, 0 part of soybean meal, 0.5-1.5 parts of cottonseed meal, 1-1.6 parts of rapeseed meal, 0 part of bean curd residue, 0 part of brewer's grain, 0.4-0.6 part of sodium bicarbonate, 0.1-0.3 part of magnesium oxide, 0.4-0.6 part of mountain flour, 0 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.2-0.4 part of salt and 0.5-1.5 parts of premix; and additionally feeding peanut sprouts and lysine hydrochloride, wherein the daily feeding amount is calculated by the weight of the cattle, the peanut sprouts are 0.25g/kg weight/day, and the lysine hydrochloride is 0.05g/kg weight/day.
2. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 1, wherein (1) the formula of the concentrate fed in the calf stage of 0-3 months old is as follows: 420-480 parts of corn; 35-45 parts by weight of DDGS; 280-330 parts of soybean meal; 30-40 parts by weight of fermented soybean meal; 35-45 parts of molasses; 50-70 parts of wheat bran; 0.8-1.2 parts by weight of magnesium oxide; 0.08-0.15 parts by weight of beta-carotene; 3.5-4.5 parts by weight of salt; 1.5-2.5 parts by weight of calcium carbonate; 15-20 parts of whole milk powder; 8-12 parts of premix; 40-60 parts of cottonseed meal.
3. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 1, wherein (1) the formula of the concentrate fed in the calf stage of 0-3 months old is as follows: 455 parts of corn; 40 parts by weight of DDGS; 300 parts of soybean meal; 35 parts by weight of fermented soybean meal; 40 parts of molasses; 60 parts of wheat bran; 0.1 part by weight of magnesium oxide; 0.1 part by weight of beta-carotene; 4 parts of table salt; 2 parts by weight of calcium carbonate; 18 parts of whole milk powder; 10 parts of premix; 50 parts of cottonseed meal.
4. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 1, wherein (1) the formula of the premix fed in the calf stage of 0-3 months old is as follows: 0.8-1.2 parts by weight of nicotinic acid; 6.5-6.9 parts of copper sulfate; 10.2-10.8 parts by weight of manganese sulfate; 12-13 parts of zinc sulfate; 5-6 parts by weight of 1% sodium selenite; 10-12 parts by weight of 1% calcium iodate; 0.5-0.6 parts by weight of 5% cobalt chloride; 2-2.4 parts by weight of VA; 0.4-0.6 part by weight of VD 3; 7-9 parts by weight of VE; 18-22 parts of monensin; 900-925 parts by weight of mountain flour; 1.8-2.2 parts by weight of biotin.
5. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 1, wherein (1) the formula of the premix fed in the calf stage of 0-3 months old is as follows: 1 part by weight of nicotinic acid; 6.7 parts of copper sulfate; 10.6 parts of manganese sulfate; 12.6 parts of zinc sulfate; 5.5 parts by weight of 1% sodium selenite; 11 parts by weight of 1% calcium iodate; 0.55 part by weight of 5 percent cobalt chloride; 2.2 parts by weight of VA; 0.5 parts by weight of VD 3; 8 parts by weight of VE; 20 parts of monensin; 920 parts of stone powder; 2 parts of biotin.
6. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 1, wherein (1) the coarse material in the calf stage of 0-3 months old is a mixture of oat and alfalfa in a weight ratio of 1.8-2.2: 1.
7. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 6, wherein the weight ratio of the oats to the alfalfa is 2: 1.
8. the method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 6, characterized in that oat in coarse material is replaced by Chinese wildrye.
9. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 1, wherein (2) 3-8-month-old adult cattle are freely fed three times a day, and the formula of the feed is as follows: 30 parts of Chinese wildrye, 20 parts of alfalfa, 0 part of straw, 0 part of yellow corn, 24.2 parts of steam-pressed corn, 0 part of steam-pressed barley, 0 part of bran, 4.1 parts of puffed soybean, 9.4 parts of soybean meal, 0 part of cottonseed meal, 0 part of rapeseed meal, 10 parts of bean curd residue, 0 part of brewer's grain, 0.5 part of sodium bicarbonate, 0 part of magnesium oxide, 0.5 part of stone powder, 0 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.3 part of salt and 1 part of premix.
10. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 1, wherein (3) the 8-14 month old fattening early stage freely eats three times a day, and the feed formula is as follows: 15 parts of Chinese wildrye, 5 parts of alfalfa, 3.2 parts of straw, 20 parts of yellow corn, 24.4 parts of steam-pressed corn, 0 part of steam-pressed barley, 0 part of bran, 2 parts of puffed soybean, 1 part of soybean meal, 0.3 part of cottonseed meal, 1.5 parts of rapeseed meal, 10 parts of bean curd residue, 15 parts of brewer's grains, 0.5 part of sodium bicarbonate, 0.2 part of magnesium oxide, 0.5 part of stone powder, 0 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.3 part of salt and 1 part of premix.
11. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 1, wherein (4) the beef in the middle period of fattening of 14-21 months is freely fed three times a day, and the formula of the feed is as follows: 7 parts of Chinese wildrye, 0 part of alfalfa, 25 parts of straw, 0 part of yellow corn, 48.53 parts of steam-pressed corn, 0 part of steam-pressed barley, 1 part of bran, 10 parts of puffed soybean, 0.22 part of soybean meal, 1 part of cottonseed meal, 0 part of rapeseed meal, 4.75 parts of bean curd residue, 0 part of brewer's grain, 0.5 part of sodium bicarbonate, 0.1 part of magnesium oxide, 0.6 part of mountain flour, 0 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.3 part of salt and 1 part of premix.
12. The method for producing high-grade snowflake beef by fattening pure blood and cattle according to claim 1, wherein (5) 21-28-month-old fattening later period freely feed three times a day, and the feed formula is as follows: 5 parts of Chinese wildrye, 2 parts of alfalfa, 18.87 parts of straw, 0 part of yellow corn, 50 parts of steam-pressed corn, 10 parts of steam-pressed barley, 2 parts of bran, 7.2 parts of puffed soybean, 0 part of soybean meal, 1.07 part of cottonseed meal, 1.34 parts of rapeseed meal, 0 part of bean curd residue, 0 part of brewer's grains, 0.5 part of sodium bicarbonate, 0.2 part of magnesium oxide, 0.52 part of stone powder, 0 part of calcium hydrophosphate, 0.3 part of salt and 1 part of premix.
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