CN101130291A - 带有涂层系统的构件 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种带有涂层系统的构件(1),该系统具有至少一个直接涂覆在该构件(1)上的粘着层(3)以及一个构造在该粘着层(3)上的绝热层(4),其中粘着层包含重量百分比为22至36%的Cr、重量百分比为15至30%的Ni、最大为55ppm的Al以及作为基材的Fe。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种带有涂层系统的构件,该系统具有至少一个直接涂覆在构件上的粘着层以及一个构造在粘着层上的绝热层。
背景技术
承受高温及腐蚀性条件的构件必须设有专门的涂层,以避免其受到损坏,并从而确保其有更长的寿命。现在,尤其是为蒸汽或燃气轮机的构件应用涂层系统,这些构件由多个彼此上下叠置的层组成。在此通常至少涉及一种直接涂覆在构件上的粘着层、以及一种构造在该粘着层上的绝热层。
多数情况下,粘着层具有一般的构成MCrAlY,其中,M是从由铁、钴和镍组成的组中选出的至少一种元素,Y是钇或从由钪和稀土元素组成的组中选出的其它等价的元素。粘着层的任务一方面是防止腐蚀和/或氧化,而另一方面保证了绝热层牢固地粘着在构件上。
绝热层通常又由可能包含氧化锆的陶瓷材料制成。只有其强绝热能力才允许构件在>1000℃的温度范围内使用。
例如,在EP 1541713A1中描述了相应的保护层和层系统。
在已知的粘着层中,在>550℃的温度范围内可以在构件基材的合金和粘着层的成分之间发生相互扩散现象,从而可能形成不希望的相。由此对基材特性造成损害,这种损害降低了构件寿命。尽管如此,也希望在粘着层和基材之间的不对基材特性造成损害的合金元素扩散是最小的,因为由此使基材和粘着层之间的粘着得以显著改善。此外,可以按照这种方式改善表面附近区域内的基材的氧化特性和腐蚀特性。
发明内容
本发明所要解决的技术问题是,提供一种带有涂层系统的构件,这种涂层系统使得构件基材和粘着层组分之间的合金组分相互扩散被这样地减到最小,即,恰好实现对于粘着层在构件上的优化粘着所必需的混杂度,并同时不损害基材特性。
根据本发明这样解决该技术问题:粘着层包含重量百分比为22至36%的Cr、重量百分比为15至30%的Ni、最大55ppm的Al以及作为基材(Basis)的Fe。因此,使用首先包含铁、铬、镍且其中仅含有较小量的铝的粘着层。
根据本发明的构件的优点是,将粘着层构成为将基材和粘着层的组分之间的相互扩散减到最小的阻塞层。在此,它保证了没有不希望的相和混合结构形成,不过另一方面允许了使得粘着层在基材上可以实现最优的粘着的一定程度的相互扩散。此外,构件基材的特性保持不受损害。
根据本发明的一种优选实施方式,粘着层可以另外包含重量百分比为1至3%的Si。此外,粘着层可能另外包含Ce、Y和/或Hf。所有这些附加物都导致对粘着层抗氧化性的改善。
根据本发明的另一种优选实施方式,粘着层可以包含重量百分比为25%的Cr和重量百分比为20%的Ni。具有重量百分比为30%的Cr和重量百分比为30%的Ni的粘着层同样是可能的。
有利的是,将粘着层形成为将构件和粘着层之间的相互扩散减到最小的阻塞层。按照这种方式可以确保在基材中不产生不希望的相和混合结构。
根据本发明的另一种实施方式,多层地构成粘着层。在这种情况下,直接涂覆在构件上的第一层就对于构造于该第一层之上的其它层起到阻塞层的作用。这是通过用第一层将构件组分和其它层的组分之间的相互扩散减到最小而实现的。
已经表明,如果绝热层由陶瓷制成、例如由氧化锆基陶瓷制成,则根据本发明的构件可以具有高的耐温、耐腐蚀和抗氧化特性。
此外,还进行了一些尝试,根据本发明的构件优选可以是透平的组成部分,比如可以是透平叶片。在这种情况下,该高负荷构件获得特别长的寿命。
附图说明
下面结合两个实施例并参考附图更详细地解释本发明。在附图中:
图1示出了根据本发明的第一构件的示意截面;
图2示出了根据本发明的第二构件的示意截面;
图3以透视图示出了一台流体机械的工作叶片和导向叶片;
图4以纵向局部剖视图示出了一个蒸汽轮机。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据本发明的第一构件1的示意性截面,其中该构件可以是透平叶片120、130。构件1由基体2组成,该基体在此由镍基合金组成。在这一基体2上平面地涂覆由重量百分比为22至36%的Cr、重量百分比为15至30%的Ni、最大为55ppm的Al以及Fe基组成的粘着层3。粘着层3可以附加地包含Si、Ce、Y和/或Hf,其中尤其优选的是含有重量百分比为1至3%的Si。在粘着层3上又平面地构造绝热层4,该绝热层在这种情况下包含氧化锆基陶瓷。粘着层3被作为将基材的组成部分与粘着层的组成部分之间的相互扩散减到最小的阻塞层构成。在此,保证了在基材中没有形成任何不希望的相和混合结构,不过另一方面允许了使得粘着层可以最优地粘着在基材上的一定程度的相互扩散。
为了制造根据本发明的构件1,在第一步骤中,将粘着层3借助于现有技术中已知的涂层方法平面地涂覆在基体2上,其中例如APS、HVOF和LPPS是合适的。然后,在第二步骤中,将绝热层作为较外侧的涂层平面地涂覆在粘着层上。上面所述的现有技术中已知的方法对此也是合适的。
图2示出了根据本发明的构件的第二实施例的示意截面。该构件在此是燃气轮机100的透平叶片120、130,所述叶片具有由镍超合金制成的基体2。在基体2的表面上构造有多层的粘着层3,其中第一层5直接地设置于基体2上。另一层6涂覆在第一层5上。第一层5通过使基体2的组分和该另一层6的组分之间的相互扩散减到最小而对于所述的另一层6起到阻塞层的作用。该第一层5具有这样的成分:重量百分比为22至36%的Cr、重量百分比为15至30%的Ni、最大为50ppm的Al、重量百分比为1至3%的Si、以及作为基材的Fe。另一层6平面地涂覆有由陶瓷组成且包含氧化锆的绝热层4。
为了制造根据本发明的构件1,首先在构件1的基体2上平面地涂覆粘着层3的第一层5。为此,可以采用现有技术中已知的且已在上文中提及的涂层方法。然后,以类似的方式首先在第一层5上涂覆另一层6,并在该另一层6上又利用涂层方法涂覆绝热层4。
如上所述,根据本发明的构件可以是透平叶片。
在两种情况下,粘着层3优选具有一个≥95%理论厚度的厚度。
图3以透视图示出了一台流体机械的一个沿着纵轴121延伸的这种工作叶片120或导向叶片130。
流体机械可以是飞机或发电厂的燃气轮机,蒸汽轮机或压缩机。
叶片120、130具有沿纵轴121彼此接续的固定区域400、与该区域相邻接的叶片台403以及叶片叶身(Schaufelblatt)406和叶片尖端415。
作为导向叶片130,叶片130可以在其叶片尖端415上具有另一个叶片台(未示出)。
在固定区域400内形成一个叶片根(Schaufelfuβ)183,其用于将工作叶片120、130固定在轴或盘上(未示出)。叶片根183例如被设计为锤头形。诸如圣诞树形或燕尾形的其它设计也是可能的。
叶片120、130对于流过叶片叶身406的介质具有流入边缘409和流出边缘412。
在传统的叶片120、130的情况下,叶片120、130在所有的区域400、403、406都例如使用大量的金属材料、尤其是超合金。
这些超合金例如在EP 1204776B1、EP 1306454、EP 1319729A1、WO99/67435或WO 00/44949中公开;这些说明书在合金的化学组分方面是本申请的公开内容的一部分。
在此,叶片120、130可以通过浇铸方法并借助定向固化、通过锻造方法、通过铣削方法或这些方法的组合来制造。
具有单晶结构的工件被用作机器的在运行时要承受高的机械、热和/或化学负荷的构件。
这种单晶工件的制造例如通过从熔融体定向固化而实现。在此,涉及这样的浇铸方法,其中液态的金属合金固化成一种单晶结构,即固化成一种单晶工件,或定向地固化。
在此,树枝状的晶体沿绝热层取向,并且或者形成杆状晶体结构(纵列的、即,分散在工件的整个长度上的颗粒并在此为概括说明的需要而称作定向固化的颗粒)或者形成单晶结构,即整个工件由唯一一个晶体组成。在这种方法中,必须避免向球状(globulitisch)(多晶)固化的过渡,因为通过不定向的增长必要地形成了横向及纵向颗粒边界,这使得定向固化或单晶构件的良好特性失效。
如果一般地言及定向固化结构,那么以此既指不具有颗粒边界或具有至多小角度颗粒边界的单晶体,也指这样的杆状晶体结构:其确实具有沿纵向的颗粒边界,但却没有沿横向的颗粒边界。在第二种所述的晶体结构中,也涉及定向固化的结构(英语为:directionally solidified structures)。
这种方法由美国专利6024792和EP 0892090 A1公开;这些说明书在固化方法方面是本申请公开内容的一部分。
叶片120、130同样可以具有抗腐蚀或氧化的涂层。
在防腐蚀层(作为中间层或最外层)上形成保护性氧化层(TGO=thermal grown oxide layer,热增长氧化层)、尤其是氧化铝层。
在防腐蚀层上还可以有绝热层,其优选为最外层,并由例如ZrO2,Y2O3-ZrO2组成,即,它不是由氧化钇和/或氧化钙和/或氧化镁稳定化的,或者是部分由氧化钇和/或氧化钙和/或氧化镁稳定化的,或者是完全由氧化钇和/或氧化钙和/或氧化镁稳定化的。绝热层覆盖了整个防腐蚀层。通过诸如电子发射汽化(EB-PVD)的适当涂层方法而在绝热层中产生杆状颗粒。
可以考虑其它涂层方法,例如空气等离子喷射(APS)、LPPS、VPS或CVD。绝热层可以有多孔的、微观上或宏观上具有间隙的颗粒,以更好地耐受温度突变。因此,优选绝热层比防腐蚀层更加多孔。
叶片120、130可以实施为空心的或实心的。
如果要冷却叶片120、130的话,则该叶片是空心的并在必要时还具有若干薄膜冷却孔418(以虚线示出)。
在图4中示出了蒸汽轮机300、303,它们具有沿转动轴线306延伸的透平轴309。
蒸汽轮机具有高压子透平300和中压子透平303,它们分别带有一个内部腔室312和一个围绕该内部腔室的外部腔室315。高压子透平300例如实施为罐形结构。中压子透平303例如实施为两路的(zweiflutig)。同样,可以将中压子透平303实施为单路的。
沿着转动轴线306在高压子透平300和中压子透平303之间设有一个轴承318,其中,透平轴309在轴承318内具有一个轴承区域321。透平轴309支承在高压子透平300旁的另一轴承324上。在该轴承324的范围内,高压子透平300具有一个轴密封345。透平轴309通过两个另外的轴密封345相对于中压子透平303的外壳315密封。在高压蒸汽流入区域348和蒸汽流出区域35 1之间,透平轴309在高压子透平300中具有高压工作叶片组357。此高压工作叶片组357以所属的未详细示出的工作叶片构成了第一叶片组范围360。
中压子透平303具有一个中心蒸汽流入区域333。透平轴309具有为该蒸汽流入区域333配设的一个径向对称的轴屏蔽件363,即盖板,以便将蒸汽流分成中压子透平303中的两路并避免热蒸汽与透平轴309直接接触。透平轴309在中压子透平303中具有一个带有中压工作叶片354的第二叶片组区域366。流过第二叶片组区域366的热蒸汽从排汽管流出中压子透平303,到达一个在流体技术上后接的、未示出的低压子透平。
透平轴309例如由两个子透平轴309a和309b组成,它们在轴承318的范围内彼此固定地连接。每个子透平轴309a、309b具有一个作为中心钻孔372a沿转动轴线306构造的冷却导管372。冷却导管372通过一个具有径向钻孔375a的引流导管375与蒸汽流出区域351相连。在中压子透平303中,冷却介质导管372与一个未详细示出的中空腔室在轴屏蔽件的下方相连。引流导管375被实施成径向钻孔375a,从而将“冷”蒸汽从高压子透平300注入到中心钻孔372a中。通过尤其也被构造为径向指向的钻孔375a的排流导管372使得蒸汽穿过中压子透平内的整个轴承区域321并在该处到达蒸汽流入区域333内的透平轴309的外表面330。流过冷却导管309的蒸汽具有一个比流入到蒸汽流入区域333内的中间过热蒸汽明显更低的温度,从而确保了中压子透平303的第一工作叶片列342以及在此工作叶片列342的范围内的外表面330的有效冷却。
Claims (18)
1.一种带有涂层系统的构件(1),该涂层系统具有至少一个直接涂覆在该构件(1)上的粘着层(3)以及尤其一个构造在该粘着层(3)上的绝热层(4),其特征在于,所述粘着层(3)包含:重量百分比为22至36%的Cr、重量百分比为15至30%的Ni、最大55ppm的Al以及作为基材的Fe。
2.根据权利要求1所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述粘着层(3)另外包含重量百分比为1至3%的Si。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述粘着层(3)另外包含Ce、Y和/或Hf。
4.根据权利要求1所述的构件,其中,它的粘着层(3)由铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铁(Fe)以及可选的铝(Al)组成。
5.根据权利要求2所述的构件,其中,它的粘着层(3)由铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、硅(Si)、铁(Fe)以及可选的铝(Al)组成。
6.根据权利要求3所述的构件,其中,它的粘着层(3)由铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、硅(Si)、其余的铁(Fe)和可选的:铝(Al)以及铈(Ce)、钇(Y)和/或铪(Hf)的组中的至少一种元素组成。
7.根据权利要求3所述的构件,其中,它的粘着层(3)由铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、其余的铁(Fe)和可选的:铝(Al)以及铈(Ce)、钇(Y)和/或铪(Hf)的组中的至少一种元素组成。
8.根据权利要求1至7中的任一项所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述粘着层(3)包含重量百分比为25%的Cr和重量百分比为20%的Ni。
9.根据权利要求1至7中的任一项所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述粘着层(3)包含重量百分比为30%的Cr和重量百分比为30%的Ni。
10.根据权利要求1至9中的任一项所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述粘着层(3)被构造为将构件(1)与粘着层(3)之间的相互扩散减到最小的阻塞层。
11.根据权利要求1至9中的任一项所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述粘着层(3)被构造成为多层的。
12.根据权利要求11所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述粘着层(3)的涂覆于该构件上的第一层(5)对于构造在该第一层(5)上的至少另一个层(6)起到阻塞层的作用:其将构件(1)与所述另一个层(6)之间的相互扩散减到最小。
13.根据权利要求1至12中的任一项所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述绝热层(4)包含陶瓷。
14.根据权利要求1至12中的任一项所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述绝热层(4)由陶瓷组成。
15.根据权利要求13或14所述的构件,其特征在于,所述构件由基板(2)、粘着层(3)和绝热层组成。
16.根据权利要求13、14或15所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述陶瓷是氧化锆基的。
17.根据权利要求1至16中任一项所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述构件(1)是透平(100)的一部分。
18.根据权利要求17所述的构件(1),其特征在于,所述构件(1)是透平叶片(120、130)。
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EP (1) | EP1892311B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP5188761B2 (zh) |
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AT (1) | ATE462807T1 (zh) |
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JP5289275B2 (ja) | 2008-12-26 | 2013-09-11 | 株式会社東芝 | 蒸気タービン翼及び蒸気タービン翼の製造方法 |
CN110129707A (zh) * | 2019-07-01 | 2019-08-16 | 德清恒川热喷涂科技有限公司 | 一种高压清洗机泵塞表面耐高温热障涂层及其制备方法 |
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DE502006006582D1 (de) | 2010-05-12 |
EP1892311B1 (de) | 2010-03-31 |
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US20080166587A1 (en) | 2008-07-10 |
CN101130291B (zh) | 2012-08-08 |
ATE462807T1 (de) | 2010-04-15 |
ES2342552T3 (es) | 2010-07-08 |
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