CN101123887A - 感官特性改进的大豆组合物和产生方法 - Google Patents
感官特性改进的大豆组合物和产生方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101123887A CN101123887A CNA2005800298984A CN200580029898A CN101123887A CN 101123887 A CN101123887 A CN 101123887A CN A2005800298984 A CNA2005800298984 A CN A2005800298984A CN 200580029898 A CN200580029898 A CN 200580029898A CN 101123887 A CN101123887 A CN 101123887A
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- A23C11/103—Milk substitutes, e.g. coffee whitener compositions containing at least one non-milk component as source of fats or proteins containing or not lactose but no other milk components as source of fats, carbohydrates or proteins containing only proteins from pulses, oilseeds or nuts, e.g. nut milk
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
- A01H6/54—Leguminosae or Fabaceae, e.g. soybean, alfalfa or peanut
- A01H6/542—Glycine max [soybean]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23L11/00—Pulses, i.e. fruits of leguminous plants, for production of food; Products from legumes; Preparation or treatment thereof
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L11/00—Pulses, i.e. fruits of leguminous plants, for production of food; Products from legumes; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L11/30—Removing undesirable substances, e.g. bitter substances
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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Abstract
本发明提供感官特性改进的大豆果肉组合物和用以鉴定感官质量改进的大豆的方法。本发明还提供用以产生感官特性改进的大豆组合物的方法和构建产生具有这种特性的大豆的植株的方法。
Description
发明背景
本发明要求2004年7月9日提交的美国临时专利申请系列号60/521,846的优先权,该专利申请的全部公开内容通过引用明确结合到本文中。
1.发明领域
本发明涉及营养和食品科学领域。具体的说,本发明涉及感官特性改进如气味减少的大豆组合物及其使用和生产方法。
2.相关技术的描述
大豆可提供对人类健康有益的高质量蛋白质(Hermansen等,2003;Bazzano等,2001;美国食品和药物管理局,1999)。在过去的三十年中,对大豆用以制造大豆食品的需求上升得不如预计的那么多(Wolfe和Cowan,1975;SoySource,The United Soyboard Board 1999)。这部分上是因为大豆制品所伴随的不适宜气味(McLeod和Ames,1988;Freese,1999)。这种不适宜的大豆气味通常被描述为“大豆腥味”。给大豆赋予大豆腥味特征的成分包括许多挥发性脂肪酸、脂族羰基化合物、胺类、醇类、醛类和呋喃类,这些物质衍生自酶类对大豆中存在的各种化合物的作用和这些化合物由许多机制造成的进一步氧化(Wolfe和Cowan,1975;Sessa和Rackis,1977)。
Kobay Ashi等(1995)总结,造成未煮过的豆浆出现气味的主要物质是(反式,反式)-2,4-壬二烯醛、(反式,反式)-2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛、2-戊基呋喃、1-辛烯-3-酮、(反式)-2-壬烯醛和(反式,顺式)-2,4-壬二烯醛。从热处理豆浆提取出的最强烈气味经鉴定为(反式,反式)-2,4-癸二烯醛和正己醛(Feng,康奈尔大学博士学位论文,2000)。(反式,反式)-2,4-癸二烯醛的形成在室温下慢速发生(Frankel,1988),但在大豆处理过程中的热条件下由于热降解作用这一反应得到增强(Lin,2003)。其它造成气味的物质是(反式)-4,5-环氧基-(E)-2-癸烯醛(从2,4-癸二烯醛形成)、(反式,顺式)-2,6-壬二烯醛、(反式)-2-壬烯醛、(反式,反式)-2,4-壬二烯醛、2,4壬二烯醛、麦芽酚、香兰素和β-大马酮。由气味测定法检测所要求的最小顶隙体积(minimum headspace volume)测定出的豆浆中最强烈气味物质,是己醛、乙醛、甲硫醇、二甲基三硫和2-戊基呋喃(Boatright,2002)。
大豆分离蛋白中最强烈的气味物质经鉴定为二甲基三硫、(反式,反式)-2,4-癸二烯醛、2-戊基吡啶、(反式,反式)-2,4,-壬二烯醛、己醛、苯乙酮和1-辛烯-3-酮(Boatright和Lei,1999)。甲硫醇和二甲基三硫的形成机制涉及到脂质氧化形成的自由基(Lei和Boatright,2003)和酶类如半胱氨酸合酶的产物(Boatright,2003,poster 45C-26,IFT annualmeeting,Chicago)。
2-戊基吡啶的形成由2,4-癸二烯醛和氨在室温下的自发反应发生。精氨酸、赖氨酸、天冬酰胺和谷氨酰胺这些游离氨基酸,可能通过在大豆蛋白质加工过程中提供氨而使2-戊基吡啶的形成增加。(Zhou和Boatright,2000;Kim等,1996)。游离氨基酸还能形成其它不适宜的产物。天冬酰胺和葡萄糖暴露于高温会导致形成丙烯酰胺(Jung等,2003)。暴露在蒸煮温度下的精氨酸能形成诱变剂(Knize等,1994)。游离精氨酸富含于缺乏β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白的大豆中(Takahashi等,2003)。
气味一旦形成就难以从大豆成分中除去,因为它们与蛋白质相结合(Franzen和Kinsella,1974)。由于一些气味结合到大豆蛋白质上,加入到大豆食品中的天然香料的质量也受到不利改变。羰基化合物和2-戊基吡啶与大豆球蛋白级分结合的亲和力比与β-伴大豆球蛋白级分的更大(Zhou等,2002;O’Keefe等,1991)。将油体结合蛋白和极性脂质提取出来,可显著减少与大豆分离蛋白相结合的气味的数量(Samoto等,1998)。
蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用造成的质构(texture)对气味强度的影响比入鼻(in-nose)气味浓度更大(Weel等,2002)。大豆蛋白质可通过形成不溶性聚集体和石灰口感(chalky mouthfeel)造成大豆饮料的感官质量粗劣。在主要的大豆蛋白质当中,大豆球蛋白对pH和Ca+2引起的不溶性作用更为敏感(Yuan,2002),所以大豆球蛋白与β-伴大豆球蛋白之比低的大豆对于制造可溶性大豆蛋白质成分是有用的(美国专利第6,171,640号)。脂质氧化反应也会影响蛋白质可溶性。在大豆分离蛋白制造过程中可加入抗氧化剂,以限制自由基引起的蛋白质氧化,提高可溶性蛋白质的产量(美国专利第5,777,080号)。一些肽类在加工过程中可与多糖反应形成抗氧化化合物(Matsumura,2003)。
颜色影响到新鲜感和味感(Joshi,2000)。少量的还原糖和脂质氧化所形成的醛类在加热时会与蛋白质的氨基发生Maillard褐变反应,形成褐色色素(Kwok等,1999)。醛类含量较高的豆浆在热加工后会产生更深、更不吸引人的颜色。另一方面,豆浆加工过程中的脂质氧化会使豆浆的黄色色素脱色(Obata和Matsuura,1997)。
通过醇提取、酶处理、蛋白质凝块(protein curd)洗涤、蛋白质超滤和/或应用闪蒸来提取脂质和其它成分,可将大豆精制以改进风味。这些过程会增加大豆蛋白质成分的成本,且通常会降低有益健康的生物可利用成分的量(例如纤维、寡糖、异黄酮、多不饱和脂肪酸、生育酚、磷脂、生物活性肽)。用以改进大豆蛋白质成分的感官特性加工方法,因气味结合到大豆蛋白质上和因存在促进气味形成的条件(pH8-10),其有效性有限。用诱变育种构建了缺乏脂加氧酶(lipoxygenase)1,2和3中的一种至三种的大豆,以减少大豆腥味气味的形成(Hajika等,1991)。对从缺乏所述三种脂加氧酶的大豆制得的豆浆和大豆粉进行香气分析,发现与含有所有三种脂加氧酶的亲本大豆品系相比,有几种气味含量较低,但1-辛烯-3-醇的含量较高(Hao等,2002)。在从一种缺乏三种脂加氧酶的大豆品系和两种其它大豆品系制得的脱脂大豆粉和大豆分离蛋白中,发现了类似水平的2,4-癸二烯醛(Boatright等,1998)。从缺乏脂加氧酶的大豆制备得到的大豆食品与从对照大豆制得的食品相比风味有改进(Wilson,1996)。从缺乏三种脂加氧酶的大豆制备得到的豆浆感觉起来比对照大豆更苦,特别是种子保存15个月以后,但预期这一差别可通过加糖来消除(Torres-Penaranda和Reitmeirer,2001)。
提出了进行转基因修饰,以通过减少多不饱和脂肪酸(美国专利第5,981,781号)、脂加氧酶(美国专利申请第20030074693号)和/或氢过氧化物裂合酶(美国专利第6,444,874号)的水平来改进大豆的风味。含有小于10%多不饱和脂肪酸和大于75%油酸的大豆产生出的煎炸油比多不饱和脂肪酸含量高的煎炸油味道要差(Warner等,2001)。
可用诸如聚磷酸盐的化学品(美国专利第6,355,296号)限制异味产生和改进蛋白质可溶性。其它添加剂如没食子酸(PCT WO 01/06866)或醛氧化酶(Maheshwari等,1997)可用来除去气味。
有关天然遗传变异对大豆的风味和颜色品质的影响的出版信息很少。测定了16个大豆品种的硫代巴比妥酸值,作为脂质氧化的量度,没有发现与大豆维生素E含量的相关性(Dahuja和Madaan,2004)。测定了从三个大豆品种制得的大豆粉和大豆分离蛋白中2-戊基吡啶和2,4-癸二烯醛的量(Zhou和Boatright,1999)。研究了干燥条件对从大豆去除绿色色素——叶绿素的影响(Salete等,2003;Sinnecker等,2002)。
在过去的十年中科学家们证实,从缺乏脂加氧酶的大豆制备得到的油类不具有改进的氧化稳定性。从无脂加氧酶大豆生产出来的大豆蛋白质仍含有显著水平的大豆腥味(Maheshwari等,1997)。
制备豆浆或大豆蛋白质成分的第一步是将大豆脱壳(或者去皮)以产生大豆果肉。还可使下胚轴与子叶分离。大豆果肉定义为脱壳大豆,可包括或不包括子叶。大豆果肉的制备方法描述于例如美国专利第5,727,689号中。一种脱壳的方法包括但不限于使种子通过逆流辊子(counter-current roller)或碾碎辊之间,并将轻质皮壳抽吸掉而留下果肉。可将果肉浸泡在水中以生产豆浆,或者使果肉成薄片并用己烷提取,作为按需制备脱脂大豆粉、大豆浓缩蛋白、大豆分离蛋白和纯化蛋白质级分的起始步骤。
本发明提供新的方法来测定大豆果肉阻止主要气味化合物(被鉴定为2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛、己醇和1-辛烯-3-醇)的产生的能力。选定这些化合物作为不同类型氧化反应的程度的指标。己醛和己醇由氢过氧化物裂合酶和醇脱氢酶分解含氢过氧化物的化合物(脂肪酸9碳位和12碳位上的过氧化物)而产生。2,4-癸二烯醛是不知是否涉及氢过氧化物裂合酶的脂加氧酶途径的分解产物。1-辛烯-3-醇由氢过氧化物裂合酶对亚油酸10碳位上形成的氢过氧化物的作用而形成。这些化合物可因另外的加工进一步发生反应,形成更浓烈的气味。例如,2,4-癸二烯醛涉及2-戊基吡啶的形成,1-辛烯-3-醇涉及到1-辛烯-3-酮的形成。
发明概述
在一个方面,本发明提供从含有脂加氧酶1、2和3的大豆生产的大豆果肉组合物,其中所述组合物按总脂肪酸的百分比包含大于10%的亚油酸,在温和含水条件下氧化后包含小于20μg/克的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。所述组合物可包含或不包含所述各脂加氧酶或其任何组合,且可包含失活的脂加氧酶。在一个实施方案中,所述组合物包含脂加氧酶-2。在某些实施方案中,本发明提供的组合物可包含小于约15μg或小于约18μg的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。在其它的实施方案中,所述组合物可包含约6μg-约20μg、约10μg-20μg或约12-18μg的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。在其它实施方案中,所述组合物按总脂肪酸的百分比可包含小于4%的亚麻酸,包括小于约3%和约1%-4%或约2%-约4%。
在另一个实施方案中,本发明的组合物可包含小于2000μg/克的游离精氨酸和/或小于400μg/克的游离天冬酰胺,包括小于约1800μg/克的游离精氨酸和/或小于约350μg/克的游离天冬酰胺。这种组合物在某些实施方案中可包含约300μg-2000μg/克的游离精氨酸,包括约500-2000、约1200-1800和约1000-2000μg/克的游离精氨酸。本发明提供的组合物在某些实施方案中还可包含约50μg-约400μg/克的游离天冬酰胺,包括约100-400、100-350、200-400、300-400知250-400μg/克的游离天冬酰胺。
在还另一个实施方案中,本发明提供的组合物可具有这样的颜色:按其中L*表示光亮度和b*表示蓝(-)-黄(+)色轴上色调的CIE-L*a*b*系统进行监测,经测出为b*值小于30和L*值大于80。在某些实施方案中,本发明的组合物可具有测出b*值为约18-30、约20-30、约25-30和小于约25的颜色。在其它的实施方案中,本发明提供的组合物可具有约80-100、约80-90和大于约90的L*值。在某些实施方案中,本发明提供的组合物在温和含水条件下氧化后可包含小于8μg/克的1-辛烯-3-醇含量,包括小于约6μg、小于约5μg、约1.3-约8μg、约2-约8μg和约4-约8μg。本发明提供的组合物还可以具有大于30%蛋白质的β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%蛋白质的大豆球蛋白。这种组合物可进一步定义为有大于约40%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,和有约30%-约60%、约40%-60%、约35%-55%和约30%-约50%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白。这种组合物可进一步定义为大豆球蛋白含量小于约20%、15%和10%,和可包含约0%-25%、5%-20%、1%-25%和约10-25%蛋白质的大豆球蛋白。
在本发明的另一个方面,提供大豆果肉组合物,其有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白,游离精氨酸小于5,000μg/克,游离天冬酰胺小于900μg/克。这种组合物在某些实施方案中可包含约300-5,000μg/克、约1,000-5,000μg/克、约3,000-5,000μg/克、约1,000-4,000μg/克和约500-2,000μg/克的游离精氨酸。这种组合物在某些实施方案中可包含小于400μg/克的游离天冬酰胺,约50-400μg/克、约100-400μg/克、约100-700μg/克和约200-900μg/克的游离天冬酰胺。在一个实施方案中,组合物具有小于2,000μg/克的游离精氨酸和小于400μg/克的游离天冬酰胺。
在另一个实施方案中,所提供的组合物在温和含水条件下氧化后包含小于4μg/克的1-辛烯-3-醇含量,包括小于约3μg、约1.3μg-3μg、约1.3μg-4μg和约2μg-4μg/克。在还其它的实施方案中,所述组合物的亚麻酸浓度占总脂肪酸的1%至14%之间,包括约3-14%、约5-14%、约1.5%-12%、约3-12%和约7-14%。在又另一个实施方案中,所述组合物的亚油酸浓度占总脂肪酸的10%至60%之间,包括约10%至50%之间、约10%至40%之间、约15%至60%之间、约20%至50%之间和约20%至60%之间。
在某些实施方案中,本发明提供的大豆果肉组合物可定义为缺乏一种或多种脂加氧酶。在一个实施方案中,本发明提供的大豆果肉组合物可定义为缺乏脂加氧酶-2。在其它的实施方案中,不存在脂加氧酶-1、脂加氧酶-2和/或脂加氧酶-3的任何组合,包括任何两种或所有三种这些脂加氧酶。本发明的组合物还可定义为具有以下颜色特征:按其中L*表示光亮度和b*表示蓝(-)-黄(+)色轴上色调的CIE-L*a*b*系统进行监测,测出b*值小于30和L*值大于80。在还其它的实施方案中,本发明提供的组合物可包含67-69mg赖氨酸/克蛋白质,可包含72-80mg精氨酸/克蛋白质和/或可包含28-30mg组氨酸/克蛋白质。
在又另一个方面,本发明提供分析大豆的气味产生特性的方法,所述方法包括测定至少一种选自2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇的化合物的水平。在一个实施方案中,所述方法可包括测定所述化合物的水平,所述测定包括将约1份大豆种子粉和约4份水的混合物温育约1至约40分钟的时间,和用己醛、己醇和癸二烯醛的氘化标准品定量至少一种选自2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇及其组合的化合物的量。大豆种子粉可从脱壳大豆制得。
在还又另一个方面,本发明提供获得产生气味产生特性降低的大豆和大豆果肉的大豆品种的方法,所述方法包括测量来自第一和第二大豆品种的一颗或多颗大豆或大豆果肉中至少一种选自2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇及其任何组合的化合物的水平,和选出可生产所述化合物水平较低的种子的品种。所述方法可进一步包括使选定品种的植株与另一植株杂交产生后代,和测量来自后代的一颗或多颗大豆或大豆果肉中至少一种选自2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇及其任何组合的化合物的水平。
在还又另一个方面,本发明提供选择可抵抗真菌感染的大豆品种的方法,所述方法包括选出包含小于5μg 1-辛烯-3-醇/克种子的品种,所述含量通过将约1份大豆种子粉和约4份水的混合物温育约1至约40分钟的时间并测量1-辛烯-3-醇而测出。
在还又另一个方面,本发明提供标号0119149的大豆植株的种子,所述植株的代表性种子已保藏于ATCC,检索号为PTA-6197。本发明进一步提供通过使这种种子生长而产生的大豆植株0119149或其部分。本发明的这种植株可包含转基因。在还其它的实施方案中,本发明提供产生衍生自大豆植株0119149的大豆植株的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:(a)通过使大豆植株0119149的植株与另一大豆植株杂交制备衍生自大豆植株0119149的后代植株,其中大豆植株0119149的种子样本已保藏于ATCC,检索号为PTA-6197;(b)使所述后代植株自身杂交或与第二植株杂交,以产生下一代后代植株的种子;(c)从所述种子生长出下一代后代植株,并使所述下一代后代植株自身杂交或与第二植株杂交;和(d)再重复步骤(b)和(c)3-10代,产生衍生自大豆植株0119149的近交大豆植株。
在还又另一个方面,本发明提供在温和含水条件下氧化后具有改进感官特性的大豆(即味道、颜色、气味和口感特性改进的大豆)。还提供颜色更浅的大豆,以改进大豆的感官特性。还进一步提供游离精氨酸和天冬酰胺含量低的大豆,以改进大豆的感官特性。在另一个实施方案中,提供亚油酸和亚麻酸水平减少的大豆,以改进感官特性。
在一个实施方案中,本发明提供的大豆植株可包含一种或多种转基因。转基因的实例包括赋予除草剂抗性的基因(会产生具有除草剂抗性的植株)和赋予昆虫抗性的基因。
根据本发明提供大豆种子,所述种子含有脂加氧酶1、2和3,按总脂肪酸的百分比含有大于约10%的亚油酸,在温和含水条件下氧化后产生小于20μg/克磨碎种子的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。
根据本发明的另一个方面提供大豆,所述大豆含有脂加氧酶,按总脂肪酸的百分比含有小于约4%的亚麻酸和大于约10%亚油酸,在温和含水条件下氧化后产生小于20μg/克磨碎种子的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。相同的大豆在温和含水条件下氧化后还可产生小于8μg/克磨碎种子的1-辛烯-3-醇含量。
根据本发明的还又另一个方面,本发明还提供大豆,所述大豆每克干种子重量含有小于约2000μg游离精氨酸和小于约400μg游离天冬酰胺,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎大豆产生小于约20μg/gm的2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛和己醇。相同的种子在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎大豆种子还可产生小于8μg的1-辛烯-3-醇含量。
根据本发明的还又另一个方面提供大豆,所述大豆其黄颜色按“b*值”测量小于30,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎大豆产生小于20μg/gm的2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛和己醇。相同的种子在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎种子还可产生小于8μg的1-辛烯-3-醇含量。
根据本发明的还又另一个方面提供大豆,所述大豆其有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎大豆产生小于20μg/gm的2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛和己醇。相同的种子在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎种子还可产生小于8μg的1-辛烯-3-醇。
根据本发明提供大豆,所述大豆每克包含小于5,000μg的游离精氨酸,小于900μg的游离天冬酰胺,有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎大豆产生小于20μg/gm的2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛和己醇。相同的种子在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎种子还可产生小于8μg的1-辛烯-3-醇。
根据本发明的还又另一个方面提供大豆,所述大豆由第一大豆种子和第二大豆种子杂交产生,所述第一大豆种子其有大于30%的总蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白,所述第二大豆种子在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎大豆产生小于20μg/gm的2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛和己醇。
根据本发明的还又另一个方面提供大豆,所述大豆由第一大豆种子和第二大豆种子杂交产生,所述第一大豆种子按总脂肪酸的百分比含有小于4%的亚麻酸和大于10%的亚油酸,所述第二大豆种子含有脂加氧酶1、2和3,按总脂肪酸的百分比含有大于10%的亚油酸,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎大豆产生小于20μg/gm的2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛和己醇。
根据本发明的还又另一个方面提供分析大豆种子品种的气味产生特性的方法,所述方法包括将约1份大豆种子粉和约4份水的混合物温育约1至约40分钟的时间,和用己醛、己醇和癸二烯醛的氘化标准品定量选自2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇及其两者、三者或四者组合的至少一种化合物的量。
根据本发明的还又另一个方面提供大豆培养方法,所述方法包括将约1份大豆粉或脱壳大豆粉和约4份水的混合物在室温下温育约1至约40分钟的时间,和用己醛、己醇和癸二烯醛的氘化标准品定量2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇的量,并根据结果从育种群体中选择种子。
根据本发明的另一个方面提供大豆,所述大豆包含转基因,例如赋予除草剂抗性的除草剂抗性基因和赋予昆虫抗性的杀昆虫基因。
根据本发明的另一个方面提供供人类消费的包含大豆的加工食品,所述大豆其有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎大豆产生小于20μg/gm的2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛和己醇。
示例性实施方案的描述
本发明提供感官特性改进的大豆组合物、大豆和大豆种子衍生物以及它们的产生方法。本发明的大豆组合物提供改进的味道、颜色、气味和口感特性。本发明还提供产生这种组合物的方法,和测定大豆品种产生被鉴定为2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛、己醇和1-辛烯-3-醇的主要气味的能力并用所得结果从育种群体中选择种子的方法。
按照本发明可如下产生氧化条件:将大约0.5大豆粉与2mL水混合,或者将1份大豆粉与4份水混合,以将固体颗粒分散于水中,让氧化反应在室温下发生大约1-40分钟,其中室温可能在15°至40℃之间。浓缩的悬浮液使得酶类、底物、自由基、自由基清除化合物、酶抑制剂和其它因素可以影响所产生气味的量。
本发明提供含脂加氧酶的大豆及其衍生的组合物,所述大豆按总脂肪酸的百分比含有小于4%的亚麻酸和/或大于10%的亚油酸,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎种子产生小于20μg的2,4-癸二烯醛(CH3(CH2)4CHCHCHCHCHO,CAS No.25152-84-5)加上己醛(CH3(CH2)4CHO,CAS No.66-25-1)加上己醇(CH3(CH2)5OH,CAS No.111-27-3)。相同的大豆在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎种子或脱壳大豆粉还可产生小于8μg的1-辛烯-3-醇(CH3(CH2)4CHOHCHCH2,CAS No.3391-86-4)。化合物2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇及其组合用来对大豆的气味产生特性进行定量。气味并不限于所列的这些化合物。使用本发明的方法,其它可检测醛类、酮类和醇类也可用作气味产生特性的度量。这些化合物的实例包括但不限于丙醛、戊烯醛、戊醛、己烯醛、戊烯醇、庚醛、庚烯醛、苯甲醛、己二烯醛、庚二烯醛、庚醇、辛烯醇、辛烯醛、壬醛、辛二烯酮、2-戊基呋喃、2,3-二甲基戊醛、壬烯醛、麦芽酚、癸烯醛和2-十一烯醛。根据本发明,术语“脂加氧酶”指催化不饱和脂肪酸与氧发生氧化作用产生过氧化物的酶。术语“脂加氧酶”(EC.1.13.11.12)在本领域中也称为脂氧化酶和双加氧酶。来自缺乏脂加氧酶1、2和3中一种、两种或三种的大豆的豆浆和大豆蛋白质成分的气味由其它研究者进行了评估。高油酸大豆存在4%以下的亚油酸。用本发明的测定法发现,具有这些性状的某些大豆每克磨碎大豆可产生小于20μg的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇,而有一些不会落入这个范围。本发明发现,有可能构建出含有脂加氧酶1、2和3、气味产生水平非常低的大豆,且发现无脂加氧酶大豆也可能产生高水平的异味。除了先前没有进行过气味产生特性筛选的高β-伴大豆球蛋白组合物之外,本发明特别提供含有脂加氧酶1、2和3及10%以上的亚油酸的新大豆组合物。根据本发明,亚油酸(18∶2n-6)和亚麻酸(18:3n-6)是具有两个或三个顺式双键的多不饱和脂肪酸。本发明的从无脂加氧酶大豆或高油酸大豆的后代选择低气味产生品系的方法落入本发明的范围内。
气味1-辛烯-3-醇是在亚油酸10碳位上具有氢过氧化物的脂肪酸的分裂产物。本发明发现,将皮壳除去可极大地降低大豆组合物的1-辛烯-3-醇形成特性。真菌脂加氧酶和氢过氧化物裂合酶可分别形成10-氢过氧化物和1-辛烯-3-醇(Wurzenberger和Grosch,1984;Husson等,1998)。本发明推论认为,1-辛烯-3-醇产生量较低的大豆可抵抗真菌如点霉属(Phomopsis)真菌对大豆皮壳的污染(Minor等,1995)和/或含有可抑制真菌脂加氧酶的成分。
大豆制品的感官特性取决于大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白的含量。大豆球蛋白更倾向于保持气味和倾向于形成对大豆制品感官质量产生不利影响的不溶性颗粒。本发明提供这样的大豆,其有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎种子产生小于20μg的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。相同的种子在类似条件下每克磨碎种子还可产生小于8μg的1-辛烯-3-醇。根据本发明,β-伴大豆球蛋白指蛋白质三聚体,分子量为150-200kDa。β-伴大豆球蛋白的三个主要亚单位是α’(72kDa)、α(68kDa)和β(52kDa)。α’和α亚单位含有两个共价结合的碳水化合物部分,β亚单位则含有一个。Utsumi等,(1997)给出了有关β-伴大豆球蛋白和另一种主要储存蛋白质大豆球蛋白的结构和特性的综述。可以利用公共种质如“Moshidou Gong 503”用传统的育种方法改变β-伴大豆球蛋α’与α亚单位的比例。术语β-伴大豆球蛋白在本申请中包括这些亚单位变种。提供有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白和/或有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白的本发明种子,其包含小于5,000μg/g的游离精氨酸和小于900μg/g的游离天冬酰胺。术语“游离”指不与大豆或大豆种子粉中存在的其它分子结合的氨基酸,其可被5%三氯乙酸(TCA)水溶液在4℃下过夜提取溶解出来。选择包含低水平游离氨基酸的大豆以生产高质量大豆果肉、豆浆、大豆粉、大豆浓缩蛋白和大豆分离蛋白的价值先前没有得到过说明。
根据本发明制得的大豆成分和食品的颜色可通过减少所形成的醛类(例如己醛和2,4-癸二烯醛)的水平来改进,因为醛类会与胺类反应形成褐色色素。脂质氧化产物水平降低还会限制黄色色素的氧化漂白,使得最终产物的颜色没那么白。这一潜在的低漂白问题在本发明中通过选择含有低水平黄色色素的大豆来解决。本发明提供这样的大豆组合物,其黄颜色按“b*值”测量小于30,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎种子产生小于20μg的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。在本文中用以描述大豆种子的颜色的“b*”值代表CIE-L*a*b*色标(CIE,Colorimetry,Publication 15.2,Second Edition,Vienna(1986),使用Colorflex procedure),指大豆或大豆粉的蓝色(负数)至黄色(正数),类似地,“L*”值指大豆或大豆粉在CIE-L*a*b*色标上的光亮度。在本发明的一个实施方案中大豆或大豆粉的“L*”值大于80。
可通过常规的植物育种方法,将所需的野生型大豆、商用栽培种或者它们的杂交体与其种子具有本发明的低气味产生表型的大豆植株进行杂交,来构建出包含低气味产生性状加上其它所需性状(例如产量、高β-伴大豆球蛋白组成、除草剂抗性)的种子。然后选出显示低气味性状和其它所需表型的杂交后代。根据本发明使用的育种方法包括例如Knowles和Briggs(1967)描述的方法和本领域公知的任何相似方法。用以选择和发育出新的大豆品种的具体方法例如在美国专利第6,653,534号中公开。
本发明还提供从本发明的大豆组合物制得的供人类消费的加工食品。供人类消费的加工食品的实例可例如从本发明的脱壳大豆粉组合物制得。这些衍生物的实例包括但不限于方条状食品(bar)、饮料、肉类和肉类替代物、大豆酸奶、干酪替代物、营养补充品。
本发明包括了以下实施例以举例说明本发明的优选实施方案。本领域技术人员应认识到,以下实施例中所公开的技术代表了本发明人发现的在本发明实施中很好地发挥作用的技术,因此可被认为构成了本发明实施的优选方式。但是,本领域技术人员根据本公开应认识到,可对所公开的具体实施方案作出许多改变而不偏离本发明的概念、精神和范围,且仍获得同样的或类似的结果。更具体的说,可以显而易见的是,可用某些在化学上和生理上都相关的物质替换本文描述的物质,而又获得相同或类似的结果。对本领域技术人员来说显而易见的所有这些类似替换物或修改,都认为落入所附权利要求书所定义的本发明精神、范围和概念之内。
实施例1
材料和方法
本实施例描述本发明的分析方法。这个分析方法的目的是测定不同大豆品系的气味产生特性。
所述方法是通过首先引发气味形成来测定选定的气味的。将种子磨成细粉并用水激活酶类,促使气味形成。对形成速率的研究表明,室温下气味的形成在约20分钟后就大体上完成(表1)。这个时间对于成功定量气味化合物和评估不同大豆品系的气味产生特性是重要的。20分钟后加入己醛、己醇和2,4-癸二烯醛的氘化替代物以提供内标。加入硫酸钠终止反应,紧接着加入10%甲醇∶醚来提取醛类、醇类和酮类。所述方法并不限于所列举的化合物。所有其它可检测醛类、酮类和醇类都可进行定量,但精密度不如使用氘化替代物的上述三种气味。
表1:大豆粉与水混合(0.5g粉2mL水,即1∶4比例)后的时间对风味成分的形成的影响。四种不同大豆品系(A-4、A-5、A-10和A-14)的悬浮液的pH为约6.3。
时间(分钟) | 己醛(μg/g) | 2x stdev. | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | 2x stdev. | 2,4-癸二烯醛(ug^g) | 2xstdev. | pH(A-4) | pH(A-5) | pH(A-10) | pH(A-14) |
05102040240 | 1.311.811.414.015.717.0 | 2.60.21.40.81.94.2 | 0.82.93.75.87.88.9 | 0.4040.70.60.51.8 | 0.46.96.57.88.69.9 | 0.40.70.60.92.31.7 | 6.46.36.36.3 | 6.46.36.36.3 | 6.36.36.36.3 | 6.36.36.36.3 |
测定175个样品中的这些成分的分析时间花费24小时。这包括进行提取和用气相色谱/质谱进行测定。分析用样品的大小通常为0.5克(g),但可在0.2g-0.7g的范围。气味浓度范围以湿重计为0.2μg/g-120μg/g。
大豆果肉样品制备:收集整粒种子或大豆果肉作为样品。将来自样品的大约6-12颗随机选择种子或重量相当的大豆果肉片在球磨机中以大约1200转每分钟(rpm)研磨1分钟,产生出细粉。用以研磨种子的球磨机在美国专利公开2003/0146313A1中描述。要确定种子或大豆果肉的数量,以在研磨结束时获得大约0.5-1.0g的大豆粉。刚磨好的大豆粉用作进一步的分析。
大豆粉的提取:将刚磨好的大豆粉用来提取主要的气味。将大约0.5g(0.48-0.52g)的大豆粉放入20毫升(ml)带盖小瓶(VWRTraceCleanTM透明硼硅酸盐玻璃特氟龙衬里的密封瓶)中。将去离子水加入到小瓶中的大豆粉中,然后盖回盖子。将小瓶中的内容物在旋涡混合器中混合大约30秒,确保所有的大豆粉在小瓶中得到完全水合。让水合大豆粉在温和含水条件下温育,该条件在本文中定义为在室温下(22℃)于水中温育20分钟。20分钟后,将11±0.3克无水硫酸钠加入到小瓶中,然后将10ml的10%甲醇∶醚溶液加入到小瓶中。接着将30微升的标准替代物(己醛、己醇和癸二烯醛的氘化标准品的混合物)示踪剂溶液(spiking solution)加入到小瓶中,然后再盖上盖子,在往复振荡器上200rpm下振荡30-40分钟。30-40分钟后,将1ml的甲醇∶醚提取物放入自动进样器样品瓶(7683HP自动进样器的自动进样器样品瓶。卖主是VWR)中,供进行进一步的分析。
大豆粉提取物的分析:将甲醇∶醚提取介质中的大豆粉提取物在装有Agilent 7683系列自动进样器的Agilent 6890气相色谱仪(395Agilent Technologies,Palo Alto CA 94306)和带有LECO Chrom TOF软件的Leco Time of Flight质谱仪(LECO Corporation,St.Joseph,Michigan 49085)中作进一步的分析。气相色谱仪还装有10米长的DB-WAX或DB1701气相色谱柱,膜厚0.4或以上,内径0.18mm(Agilent Technologies)。甲醇(甲醇是EM Science吹扫捕集级甲醇)获自VWR(VWR International,West Chester,PA 19380);乙醚(无水乙醚)荻自Mallinckrodt(Mallinckrodt,Hazelwood,MO 63042)。2,4-癸二烯醛,85%反式(15%顺式)、己醛98%、己醇99%、1-辛烯-3-醇98%、2-十一酮99%、2-壬烯醛97%和2,4-壬二烯醛99%获自Sigma-AldrichCompany(Saint Louis MO 63103)。氘化D12己醛、D13己醇和D2 2,4-癸二烯醛按Lin等(1999)的描述在公司内制备。为分析样品,将1微升(μl)的样品通过气相色谱仪(gc)的注射口注入。气相色谱中用以分析样品的参数如下:色谱柱:DB-Wax或DB 1701毛细管柱10m×0.18mm,0.4mm膜,注射体积:1ul,注射套管(liner):裂口/无裂口套管。
温度程序:起始55℃1分钟,40℃-175℃,40℃/min,保持0分钟,175℃-240℃,35℃/min,保持0分钟,入口温度:220℃,注射方式:脉冲不分流,起始8psi 1.5分钟分流比:20∶1,载气∶氦气,1.8mL/min恒流。
LECO飞行时间参数温度界面:250℃;源温度:200℃;质谱仪源温度:150℃;扫描参数:50-250m/z,每秒大约50次扫描。
分析的质量控制:对于每一批样品,同时运行方法空白和添加分析(spike)。添加分析是通过将待分析样品中的一个分成两部分。样品应尽可能均匀。第二部分添加已知量的己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和癸二烯醛。这一添加是在上述提取程序中氘化化合物的加入时进行的。添加和未添加化合物的浓度按以下公式测定为%回收率:
其中:
Cs=添加样品的浓度,单位μg/(克湿重)
C0=未添加样品的浓度,单位μg/(克湿重)
Wts=添加样品的浓度,单位克
Xs=添加到样品中的微克数
方法空白按照提取程序进行,但不加入大豆粉。
分析的准确度和精密度:通过运行均匀的大豆粉样品和给该样品添加已知水平的己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和2,4-癸二烯醛三种化合物,来测定准确度和精密度。也对未添加样品进行分析,以测定添加化合物的回收量。可采用不同的添加水平,作为标准添加方法,以测定系统误差所引起的本底。测定了平均值及标准偏差。将平均值与已知水平的所加入物质进行比较,以估计本方法的准确度。标准偏差给出测量的精密度。注意重要的是要知道,这些办法只测量分析的差异,因为研磨40颗以上的种子以制备均匀的大豆粉可均分种子差异。由于种子与种子之间的差异,对于实际测定可能会发生更大的差异。对于己醛%回收率为83.8%。对于1-辛烯-3-醇%回收率为93.6%。对于2,4-癸二烯醛%回收率为99.3%。按添加办法,己醛准确度最低。认为这是由于己醛的挥发性和所述方法对于己醛的回收率低这一事实。辛烯-3-醇和2,4-癸二烯醛用添加办法准确度较高。回收值的%相对标准偏差所表示的精密度对于己醛和辛烯-3-醇为5%。对于2,4-癸二烯醛,回收值的%相对标准偏差所测出的精密度为1.1%。对于这一均匀样品,样品大小从0.2至0.9克没有发现有什么影响。但样品大小在各样品之间可能是个问题,不过对此没有进行过试验。因此在已知样品大小不会是个问题或对所述方法作出调整之前,样品大小应为约0.5克。
对于所有的化合物,检测范围为0.5微克至25微克。向标准曲线加入更多的标准品可扩大这一范围。
实施例2
低气味产生大豆的鉴定和选择
定量从对照大豆(Vinton 81)、缺乏脂加氧酶-2的大豆(QT-1)和缺乏脂加氧酶1、2和3的大豆(IA2025)制得的豆浆的浓烈气味。豆浆是通过将所需的清洁种子以1∶5比例(1g重量∶5ml水)浸泡在25℃水中约8小时从每个大豆品种制得的。弃去浸泡水后,将原来重量两倍的大豆排干水,与刚蒸馏得到的水(2X大豆干重)混和五分钟。将另外的蒸馏水(7X大豆干重)20℃下混和到所得浆液中约2分钟。将浆液在水浴中95°-98℃下慢煮20分钟,然后滤过粗织造包布(wovencheesecloth),并用手挤压以挤出尽可能多的豆浆。将豆浆在水浴中85°-90℃下慢煮10分钟进行巴氏灭菌,以减少微生物污染,然后在4℃下保存以备提取气味作进一步的分析。
从豆浆样品中提取气味。用0.67份FreonTM 113将豆浆提取至少30分钟。移出FreonTM 113提取物后,水相用0.67份乙酸乙酯进一步提取。收集了乙酸乙酯提取物后,弃去水相。将FreonTM和乙酸乙酯滤过硫酸镁,以除去尽可能多的水,然后用Buchi 0.1旋转蒸发仪浓缩至1ml。Freon提取物在48千帕(kPa)下蒸发,乙酸乙酯提取物在86kPa下蒸发。
豆浆中产生的浓烈气味用GC-气味测定法(Acree T.E,AnalyticalChem.69:170A-175A,1997)进行定量。GC-气味测定法是带有嗅辨口(sniffing port)的气相色谱,其可测量某一化学化合物作为气味物质(odorant)的效力(potency),作为人对空气流或呼气中的气味物质的反应的量度。将装有12m×0.32mm交联聚甲基硅氧烷熔融石英毛细管柱(膜厚=0.33μm)的Hewlett Packard 6890气相色谱仪用于CharmAnalysisTM(Acree,T.E.;Bamard,J;Cunningham D.G.;FoodChem.14,273-286,1984)。色谱流出物由作为载气的氦气(2ml/min)和作为补充气体的氮气(约30ml/min)组成。将色谱流出物与吸入空气(sniffing air)(20L/min,为99%实验室空气,湿度调至50%至75%之间)混合,经直径10mm的甲硅烷基化pyrax管通过嗅辨仪。GCMS炉程序设定为其温度开始以6℃/min的速度从35℃的起始温度增加到225℃。有关将CharmAnalyisTM用于豆浆的方法的更多细节可参见Yu-Wen Feng递交给康奈尔大学研究生院全体教员的博士学位论文。
两种缺乏脂加氧酶-2的大豆(IA2025,QT-1)均比对照大豆产生更低水平的己醛(表2)。缺乏所有三种脂加氧酶的大豆(IA2025)产生最高水平的2,4-癸二烯醛和1-辛烯-3-酮,而缺乏脂加氧酶-2的大豆(QT-1品种)所有五种浓烈气味的水平都最低(表2)。从结果可看出,有脂加氧酶-2之外的未知组成因素参与控制大豆中的脂质氧化。QT-1大豆品种被鉴定为用以构建包含或不包含脂加氧酶-2的商用低气味大豆品种的有用品种。实施例1的方法被开发来鉴定QT-1和其它可产生低含量2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛、己醇和1-辛烯-3-醇的大豆品系的后代。
表2:从三个品种的大豆制备得到的豆浆中存在的气味魅力值(Charmvalue)。Monsanto品系比无三种脂加氧酶的大豆(IA2025)和tofu大豆(Vinton 81)产生更低水平的异味。
大豆品系 | 1-辛烯-3-酮 | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | E,Z-2,6-壬二烯醛 | E-2-壬烯醛 | 己醛 |
低气味品系QT-1 | 3 | 25 | 11 | 67 | 69 |
IA2025Vinton 81 | 18265 | 20871 | 168186 | 165165 | 73224 |
表3描述大豆杂交体,其用于产生描述本发明的后代。用标准的植物育种方法来产生这些品系。
表3:产生用于描述本发明大豆和方法的后代的大豆杂交体。
杂交体 | 杂交类型 |
MonQT-1/A346E>A2247/6P24S | AB |
A2533/IA2027 | C |
IA2032/A3469CP3469/1A2025 | DE |
实施例3
根据本发明选择的大豆品系中低气味产生、低颜色和低游离氨基酸
特性的年间和地点间一致性的证明
为进行颜色评估,收集完整种子作为样品。从样品中选出所需数量的种子,在Mega-Grinder中1200rpm下研磨1分钟,产生磨细的大豆粉。用以研磨种子的Mega-Grinder描述于美国专利公开2003/0146313A1中。将刚磨好的大豆粉用作进一步的分析。
使用Hunter labs(Hunter Associates Laboratory Inc,Reston VA,USA)制造的ColorFlex Spectrocolorimeter Model 45/0颜色测量系统,按厂商建议的标准操作程序来测量大豆粉的颜色。使用ColorFlex程序,根据CIE-L*a*b*色标(CIE,Colorimetry,Publicaion 15.2,SecondEdition,Vienna,1986)对颜色进行测量。国际照明委员会(InternationalCommission on Illuminaion,按其法语名称Commission Internationalede l’Eclairage缩写为CIE)是致力于其成员国间的有关涉及照明科学和技术的一切事务的信息国际合作和交流的组织。L*值指大豆粉的光亮度,而b*值则指大豆粉的蓝色(负数)至黄色(正数)。从不同品系制得的大豆粉的颜色值在表4和5中显示。
游离氨基酸:未研磨的样品保存在温度/湿度控制的密闭(APHIS认可)场所中。用CAT Mega-Grinder研磨样品产生大豆粉,保存在4℃种子储藏室中。用5%TCA 4℃下过夜提取大豆粉,提取物在-80℃下保存。将提取物进行过滤,如有必要进行稀释,然后用OPA方法进行游离氨基酸分析。OPA方法使用邻苯二甲醛(OPA)在注射到C18反相HPLC柱上之前先衍生化样品。衍生化的基本氨基酸可通过R基团得到有效分离,并由灵敏的荧光计进行定量检测。这个方法的相对标准偏差为~3%。
脂加氧酶活性:样品用Mega-Grinder研磨。各刚磨好的样品称出一式三份(5mg±1),放入2-ml 96孔提取板的特定孔中。用0.1MK2HPO4(pH7.0或pH9.0)在室温下提取样品1小时。离心后所得上清液用于用分光光度计测量亚油酸(底物)的消耗,然后用Bio Rad蛋白染料测定各样品的总蛋白质。用1分钟反应过程中在230nm处的吸光度变化值和用消光系数(ε=23,000M-1cm-1)计算脂加氧酶单位。通过将每个数值代入方程式A=εbC,计算出反应过程中所消耗的底物浓度。一单位的脂加氧酶定义为每mg总提取蛋白质每分钟消耗的底物μmole数。使用在pH7.0或pH9.0下制备的试剂溶液,这种测定法可以分别测量脂加氧酶-2/-3或脂加氧酶-1的水平(酶单位)。对于脂加氧酶-2和3活性,脂加氧酶单位结果以LOX单位pH7.0给出,对于脂加氧酶-1活性以LOX单位pH9.0给出。
结果:尽管在多个地点(表4)和多个年份(表4和5)栽培大豆,但大豆气味特性持续存在。在气味测定(实施例1中描述)中产生低水平己醛、己醇和2,4-癸二烯醛及1-辛烯-3-醇的大豆品系,与产生水平高的品系始终不同(表4)。将表4中的各大豆品系按其产生的己醛+己醇+2,4-癸二烯醛水平的顺序进行排序。例如表顶部的品系A-1产生18.21+/-4.21μg/g的所述三种气味,与之对比,表底部的品系A-18产生65.74+/-21.97μg/g的所述三种气味。由来自同一杂交体(例如杂交类型A)的大豆产生的己醛加上己醇的量与所产生的2,4-癸二烯醛的量有关联(表6,R2=0.85),这提示遗传和组成变化的相似机制及控制。所产生的1-辛烯-3-醇水平独立于己醛、己醇和2,4-癸二烯醛(表6,R2=0.01),这提示形成和控制的机制不同。在2-3个地点栽培的产生低水平1-辛烯-3-醇的大豆品系与产生高水平1-辛烯-3-醇的品系始终不同。例如品系A-18产生4.70+/-0.88μg/g的1-辛烯-3-醇,而品系A-12产生14.67+/-2.37μg/g的1-辛烯-3-醇。可以选择出具有遗传组成的组合的品系,其产生更低水平的1-辛烯-3-醇和更低水平的2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇(例如A-6)。
表4A和B:由表3所示杂交类型A、B、C、D和E的后代制得的磨碎大豆产生的颜色和气味。各数值是2002年在两个或三个地点(Ames,Iowa;Oxford,Indiana;Gladbrook,Iowa)栽培的各品系的平均值和标准偏差(Stdev)。所列杂交类型B的后代具有占总脂肪酸的2.9+/0.4%的低亚麻酸含量。所有的品系都刮去黄色种脐。磨碎大豆的水分含量为8%。颜色值为L*(光亮度)、a*(绿-红)和b*(蓝-黄)。缩写:Stdev=标准偏差。
表4A.1: | ||||||||||||
杂交类型 | 己醛(μg/g) | 己醇(μg/g) | 己醛+己醇(μg/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) | 己醛(μg/g)(Stdev) | 己醇(μg/g)(Stdev) | 己醛+己醇(μg/g)(Stdev) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g)(Stdev) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g)(Stdev) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(Stdev) |
C1,L-无 | 9.78 | 1.06 | 10.84 | 10.79 | 6.23 | 17.07 | 3.36 | 0.93 | 4.29 | 0.34 | 0.64 | 4.93 |
A-1 | 9.80 | 1.89 | 11.68 | 9.14 | 6.53 | 18.21 | 1.35 | 1.04 | 2.38 | 0.14 | 2.16 | 4.54 |
B-1 | 9.88 | 0.34 | 10.22 | 10.03 | 8.52 | 18.75 | 3.93 | 0.48 | 4.42 | 3.39 | 0.06 | 4.48 |
D1,L-无 | 12.59 | 0.92 | 13.51 | 13.51 | 5.24 | 18.75 | 1.89 | 0.83 | 2.16 | 3.11 | 2.46 | 4.58 |
A-2 | 11.86 | 1.25 | 13.11 | 8.59 | 6.55 | 19.66 | 2.15 | 1.09 | 3.23 | 2.90 | 0.63 | 2.64 |
B-2 | 11.99 | 1.78 | 13.76 | 8.19 | 6.91 | 20.67 | 4.07 | 1.11 | 5.18 | 2.98 | 1.37 | 6.55 |
A-3 | 12.60 | 1.53 | 14.12 | 10.87 | 7.29 | 21.41 | 3.23 | 0.23 | 3.45 | 3.48 | 2.09 | 5.34 |
A-4 | 14.76 | 2.30 | 17.05 | 9.29 | 6.32 | 23.38 | 2.71 | 0.23 | 2.94 | 2.16 | 1.29 | 4.01 |
A-5 | 14.95 | 1.38 | 16.33 | 9.08 | 7.65 | 23.98 | 4.94 | 0.17 | 5.08 | 1.02 | 4.55 | 9.55 |
A-6 | 17.5S | 3.21 | 20.79 | 4.63 | 8.97 | 29.75 | 1.26 | 1.36 | 2.62 | 2.90 | 5.38 | 2.76 |
A-7 | 19.3S | 3.35 | 22.73 | 7.71 | 8.39 | 31.12 | 3.03 | 1.76 | 3.49 | 1.54 | 2.69 | 3.73 |
A-8 | 23.69 | 2.73 | 26.42 | 9.14 | 11.51 | 37.93 | 10.64 | 0.69 | 10.90 | 3.53 | 4.64 | 15.49 |
A-9 | 25.45 | 3.41 | 28.86 | 10.12 | 10.53 | 39.39 | 6.71 | 0.52 | 6.25 | 0.93 | 1.70 | 7.60 |
A-10 | 27.14 | 3.11 | 30.25 | 10.24 | 9.92 | 40.17 | 4.99 | 2.04 | 6.19 | 1.31 | 2.73 | 7.86 |
表4A.2: | ||||||||||||
杂交类型 | 己醛(μg/g) | 己醇(μg/g) | 己醛+己醇(μg/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) | 己醛(μg/g)(Stdev) | 己醇(μg/g)(Stdev) | 己醛+己醇(μg/g)(Stdev) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g)(Stdev) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(Mg’g)(Stdev) | 癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g)(Stdev) |
A-11A-12 | 31.2732.72 | 4.053.64 | 35.3236.36 | 8.7114.67 | 11.6215.18 | 46.9451.54 | 11.656.84 | 1.210.08 | 11.656.91 | 2.182.35 | 5.951.35 | 17.165.56 |
A-13 | 35.16 | 4.30 | 39.46 | 10.03 | 12.33 | 51.78 | 8.20 | 0.99 | 9.20 | 3.74 | 2.74 | 11.94 |
B-3E | 35.1634.26 | 3.664.41 | 38.8238.67 | 7.185.35 | 15.5716.27 | 54.3954.94 | 7.5910.47 | 0.450.24 | 8.0410.23 | 1.030.88 | 2.935.00 | 10.9715.22 |
A-14 | 35.24 | 2.23 | 37.47 | 7.06 | 18.94 | 56.41 | 10.58 | 1.72 | 8.85 | 0.05 | 10.16 | 19.02 |
A-15A-16 | 40.0137.88 | 4.125.66 | 44.1443.53 | 8.258.17 | 14.8916.80 | 59.0260.33 | 0.8113.20 | 1.132.33 | 1.8614.11 | 1.913.43 | 2.394.61 | 4.2016.31 |
D-3 | 49.52 | 2.26 | 52.3S | 11.40 | 10.69 | 63.07 | 15.72 | 3.94 | 18.82 | 0.86 | 7.14 | 25.31 |
B-4B-5 | 41.2637.99 | 4.047.22 | 45.3045.21 | 6.909.04 | 18.0218.51 | 63.3263.72 | 12.2518.14 | 0.331.04 | 12.5819.17 | 1.270.01 | 7.677.55 | 20.2526.72 |
A-17 | 42.44 | 4.72 | 47.16 | 9.32 | 16.99 | 64.15 | 5.64 | 1.02 | 5.38 | 2.59 | 6.57 | 11.78 |
D-2B-6 | 43.5440.64 | 10.714.97 | 54.2645.60 | 7.629.96 | 10.0818.82 | 64.3464.42 | 14.715.56 | 1.412.45 | 13.307.07 | 2.411.06 | 4.443.56 | 17.7410.62 |
A-18 | 42.56 | 5.46 | 48.01 | 4.70 | 17.72 | 65.74 | 11.59 | 2.08 | 13.50 | 0.88 | 8.51 | 21.97 |
表4B1: | |||||||||||||
杂交类型 | 游离Arg(μg/g) | 游离Asn(μg/g) | 游离ArgAsn(μg/g) | 游离Are.(Stdev) | 游离Asn(Stdev) | L* | a* | b* | L*(Stdev) | a*(Stdev) | b*(Stdev) | 脂加氧酶活性pH7 | 脂加氧酶活性pH7Stdev |
C-1,L-无 | 845 | 185 | 1030 | 535 | 9 | 79.77 | 1.49 | 30.38 | 1.21 | 0.9 | 2.6 | 0.23 | 0.58 |
A-1B-1D-1,L-无 | 18249681105 | 3319591 | 215510631196 | 124154189 | 39632 | 84.3580.2382.95 | 0.030.530.54 | 25.3528.3825.78 | 0.90.393.02 | 0.150.260.47 | 1.252.494.47 | 0.14 | 0.94 |
A-2B-2A-3 | 16219793157 | 32178420 | 194110583578 | 278865278 | 15532119 | 85.4281.784.84 | 0.180.220.27 | 22.1628.723.28 | 0.941.50.16 | 0.030.230.21 | 1.392.541.44 | ||
A-4 | 1666 | 179 | 1845 | 687 | 104 | 85.73 | 0.01 | 22.21 | 0.68 | 0.04 | 1.26 | 1.69 | 0.31 |
A-5A-6 | 18601144 | 184183 | 20441327 | 216771 | 314 | 84.9582.77 | 0.050.09 | 24.1227.35 | 1.070.77 | 0.220.48 | 1.652.85 | 1.02 | 0.16 |
A-7 | 2831 | 487 | 3318 | 496 | 137 | 85.06 | -0.18 | 23.4 | 2.21 | 0.17 | 4.01 | ||
A-8A-9 | 16572458 | 221541 | 18782998 | 181264 | 4651 | 84.7583.31 | 0.180.36 | 24.5925.51 | 1.783.72 | 0.220.67 | 2.784.73 | ||
A-10 | 2843 | 461 | 3304 | 612 | 170 | 83.82 | 0.3 | 24.54 | 3.65 | 0.59 | 4.14 |
表4B2: | |||||||||||||
杂交类型 | 游离Arg(μg/g) | 游离Asn(μg/g) | 游离Arg+Asn(μg/g) | 游离Arg(Stdev) | 游离Asn(Stdev) | L* | a* | b* | L*(Stdev) | a*(Stdev) | b*(Stdev) | 脂加氧酶活性pH7 | 脂加氧酶活性pH7Stdev |
A-11 | 1921 | 334 | 2255 | 519 | 103 | 83.59 | 0.32 | 25.29 | 3.97 | 0.67 | 5.72 | ||
A-12 | 956 | 139 | 1095 | 540 | 10 | 83.42 | 0.11 | 26.67 | 1.71 | 0.22 | 2.79 | ||
A-13 | 654 | 76 | 729 | 460 | 11 | 83.52 | -0.03 | 25.77 | 2.74 | 0.23 | 5.08 | ||
B-3 | 1892 | 263 | 2154 | 1186 | 26 | 80.89 | 0.05 | 27.91 | 1.63 | 0.35 | 2.95 | ||
E | 911 | 85 | 996 | 678 | 4 | 83.47 | 0.64 | 27.86 | 0.69 | 0.38 | 2.07 | ||
A-14 | 1554 | 311 | 1865 | 732 | 66 | 84.24 | -0.12 | 25.17 | 0.93 | 0.09 | 1.74 | ||
A-15 | 1847 | 292 | 2138 | 1045 | 217 | 83.68 | 0.28 | 25.01 | 3.41 | 0.63 | 4.15 | ||
A-16 | 1860 | 305 | 2165 | 513 | 148 | 84.3 | 0.1 | 25.1 | 2.64 | 0.39 | 3.16 | 1.71 | 0.94 |
D-3 | 1280 | 188 | 1468 | 274 | 52 | 83.47 | 0.56 | 23.91 | 3.58 | 0.62 | 4.02 | ||
B-4 | 992 | 127 | 1119 | 637 | 3 | 83.41 | 0.04 | 27.16 | 0.79 | 0.12 | 2.99 | ||
B-5 | 976 | 106 | 1081 | 514 | 8 | 82.75 | 0.11 | 28.39 | 0.44 | 0.21 | 2.13 | ||
A-17 | 1618 | 241 | 1859 | 760 | 107 | 85.61 | -0.04 | 21.93 | 1.18 | 0.11 | 2.68 | ||
D-2 | 1215 | 82 | 1298 | 758 | 6 | 82.76 | 0.57 | 28.69 | 0.59 | 0.32 | 0.19 | ||
B-6 | 1430 | 157 | 1587 | 337 | 81 | 84.97 | 0.24 | 24.3 | 1.03 | 0.17 | 2.1 | ||
A-18 | 2250 | 452 | 2702 | 281 | 128 | 85.25 | 0.12 | 23.48 | 1.15 | 0.18 | 0.75 |
表5A和B:从商品大豆(对照)和2001年栽培的杂交类型A、B、C、D和E的后代制得的磨碎大豆的特性。磨碎大豆的水分含量为7%。各品系的顺序同表4。所列杂交类型B的后代具有低亚麻酸性状(占总脂肪酸的2.9+/0.4%)。有两个后代缺乏一种或多种脂加氧酶,其它的含有所有三种脂加氧酶(标号为LI、L2和L3)。脂加氧酶活性单位为每mg蛋白质所消耗的底物微摩尔数。颜色值为L*(光亮度)、a*(绿-红)和b*(蓝-黄)。缩写:Stdev=标准偏差。
表5A. | ||||||||||||
杂交类型 | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) | 2,4癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 己醛+己醇(μg/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | L* | a* | b* | 脂加氧酶活性pH7 | 脂加氧酶活性,pH9 | 游离精氨酸(μg/g) | 游离天冬酰胺(μg/g) | 游离Arg+Asn(μg/g) |
C-1,L-无 | 17.05 | 4.96 | 12.09 | 16.50 | 80.37 | 1.17 | 30.84 | -0.092 | 0.297 | 314 | 39 | 353 |
A-1 | 17.96 | 3.04 | 14.92 | 14.20 | 83.36 | 0.05 | 28.05 | 4.015 | 6.687 | 866 | 69 | 935 |
B-1D-1,L-无 | 24.8012.37 | 5.163.60 | 19.648.77 | 9.904.40 | 81.7183.15 | 0.840.14 | 28.7126.58 | 3.4621.548 | 7.0721.479 | 10371124 | 5982 | 10961206 |
A-2 | 17.44 | 4.00 | 13.44 | 8.70 | 83.42 | 0.17 | 26.40 | 2.860 | 15.800 | 2068 | 138 | 2206 |
B-2A-3A-4 | 27.1020.5816.90 | 5.384.421.60 | 21.7216.1615.3 | 9.909.305.30 | 81.5284.2583.98 | 0.21-0.19-0.18 | 28.5926.4326.09 | 3.5912.6834.400 | 4.5926.4124.752 | 55846623884 | 47240190 | 60549024074 |
A-5A-6 | 15.7319.62 | 2.303.85 | 13.4315.77 | 4.908.60 | 82.5383.09 | 0.110.17 | 29.0028.98 | 4.6812.664 | 5.6245.949 | 2818687 | 16358 | 2981745 |
A-7 | 21.96 | 4.20 | 17.76 | 4.80 | 83.53 | -0.33 | 26.13 | 4.515 | 6.257 | 2722 | 269 | 2992 |
A-8A-9 | 16.8121.95 | 4.306.80 | 12.5115.15 | 6.705.90 | 82.6482.84 | 0.260.01 | 27.8628.64 | 3.8445.247 | 4.2784.090 | 21262594 | 108275 | 22332868 |
A-10 | 39.30 | 10.40 | 28.9 | 4.50 | 83.99 | -0.33 | 27.35 | 5.520 | 4.901 | 4009 | 267 | 4276 |
A-11A-12 | 27.4642.10 | 6.307.46 | 21.1634.64 | 4.3017.30 | 81.8883.60 | 0.54-0.25 | 29.3728.60 | 4.7484.010 | 5.6814.049 | 1641739 | 13979 | 1780817 |
A-13 | 34.05 | 8.58 | 25.47 | 16.60 | 82.80 | -0.11 | 29.21 | 4.983 | 5.377 | 547 | 42 | 589 |
B-3E | 31.0633.98 | 7.438.33 | 23.6325.65 | 6.309.80 | 82.9983.83 | 0.180.29 | 28.8429.71 | 4.3044.444 | 4.1324.608 | 17611310 | 13590 | 18961400 |
A-14 | 41.75 | 9.81 | 31.94 | 11.20 | 82.98 | -0.16 | 29.00 | 4.208 | 4.459 | 1025 | 86 | 1111 |
表5B杂交类型 | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇 | 2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 己醛+己醇(μg/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | L* | a* | b* | 脂加氧酶活性pH7 | 脂加氧酶活性,pH9 | 游离精氨酸(μg/g) | 游离天冬酰胺(μg/g) | 游离Arg+Asn(ug/g) |
A-15A-16 | 24.8631.99 | 5.709.70 | 19.1622.29 | 3.005.50 | 83.9882.58 | -0.160.40 | 26.2229.04 | 4.2365.659 | 4.9256.237 | 26341493 | 207132 | 28411625 |
D-3 | 40.16 | 5.80 | 34.36 | 5.20 | 84.08 | 0.20 | 27.30 | 7.354 | 6.773 | 1561 | 152 | 1713 |
B-4B-5 | 30.7038.59 | 5.7910.05 | 24.9128.54 | 7.9013.80 | 82.9482.76 | 0.24-0.02 | 29.6429.28 | 4.7243.485 | 4.6754.822 | 6693060 | 61239 | 7363300 |
A-17 | 35.38 | 8.90 | 26.48 | 6.00 | 84.50 | 0.53 | 25.86 | 5.253 | 4.888 | 993 | 73 | 1066 |
D-2B-6 | 43.5544.02 | 5.8910.70 | 37.6633.32 | 8.6010.60 | 82.7584.43 | -0.37-0.31 | 30.7026.47 | 5.4355.334 | 4.8485.708 | 17244594 | 114377 | 18384971 |
A-18 | 27.88 | 6.70 | 21.18 | 4.10 | 84.71 | 0.06 | 27.35 | 4.604 | 4.263 | 3378 | 185 | 3564 |
对照1对照2对照3 | 25.8028.1039.10 | 6.66.77.4 | 19.221.431.7 | 6.912.36 | 82.2079.8880.82 | 0.280.640.79 | 29.5729.1632.16 | 6.4863.9017.025 | 4.3676.0005.737 | 1078619674 | 8815661 | 1166774735 |
对照4 | 23.70 | 7.4 | 16.3 | 5.4 | 81.53 | 0.39 | 30.89 | 3.220 | 3.575 | 1167 | 66 | 1233 |
对照5对照6 | 27.5030.70 | 7.48.4 | 20.122.3 | 4.63.1 | 81.0681.64 | 1.180.37 | 31.1627.67 | 4.8474.845 | 6.2345.015 | 9611002 | 20381 | 11641083 |
对照7 | 29.40 | 8.5 | 20.9 | 6.7 | 80.35 | 0.22 | 28.51 | 3.748 | 4.885 | 1177 | 168 | 1345 |
对照8对照9 | 28.5027.90 | 99.6 | 19.518.3 | 10.48.4 | 79.4982.45 | 1.140.62 | 33.3727.88 | 7.1193.181 | 6.3885.730 | 3601209 | 5493 | 4141302 |
对照10 | 25.80 | 9.7 | 16.1 | 9.9 | 80.70 | 0.90 | 31.03 | 5.768 | 5.715 | 970 | 117 | 1087 |
对照11对照12 | 26.6034.00 | 10.111.6 | 16.522.4 | 8.36 | 80.4182.71 | 0.070.22 | 29.0230.63 | 5.7154.142 | 4.6704.585 | 12141674 | 200125 | 14151798 |
对照13 | 28.30 | 13.6 | 14.7 | 14.8 | 80.79 | 1.27 | 32.83 | 3.181 | 5.730 | 1358 | 303 | 1661 |
表6:2001年和2002年大豆后代收获物所产生的气味之间R平方值确定的线性关系。线性回归从表4和5中的数据计算得出。缩写:H+H=己醛+己醇;D=2,4-癸二烯醛;O=1-辛烯-3-醇;DHH=2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇。
杂交类型A(2002) | ||||
H+H | H+H1.00 | D0.85 | DHH0.99 | O0.01 |
D | 1.00 | 0.91 | 0.02 | |
DHH | 1.00 | 0.01 | ||
O | 1.00 | |||
所有杂交类型(01和02)H+H(01) | H+H(02)0.56 | D(02) | DHH(02) | O(02) |
D(01)DHH(01) | 0.59 | 0.62 | ||
O(01) | 0.07 |
使用本发明的方法和大豆,有可能第一次地培育出产量优良、低气味产生、低颜色的大豆品种。例如品系A-1、A-4和A-6的产量为商业标准品系(commercial check)的90、90.5和104%。
pH7和9下的脂加氧酶活性与水合大豆粉的2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇形成之间没有或有极少的关系(R平方值<0.35,表7)。在pH7和9下产生显著脂加氧酶活性的大豆(品系A-1)其气味特性与缺乏脂加氧酶活性的品系(品系C-1)类似(表5)。还测定了缺乏脂加氧酶1、2和3的市售大豆(IA2032,来自1999年收获季节)的脂加氧酶活性和气味形成情况。对于无三种脂加氧酶的大豆粉,在pH7和9下没有发现脂加氧酶活性,但在本发明的气味测定中有显著水平的己醛(23.3μg/g)、己醇(14.9μg/g)和2,4-癸二烯醛(5.8μg/g)形成。在用脂加氧酶抑制剂进行实验后得出结论,在此大豆组合物中有至少一种另外的脂加氧酶存在活性。
颜色浅的蛋白质成分为食品工业所青睐,特别是对于奶制品类型的制品。在2-3个地点栽培大豆,以确定是否能够选择出低颜色大豆。结果发现,可从磨碎大豆的b*值来选择出低颜色的大豆(高b*值表示黄色更深,绿色更浅;表4)。例如,大豆A-2的b*值为22.16+/-1.39,大豆A-6的b*值为27.35+/-2.85(表4)。2001年和2002年栽培的大豆品系的b*值之间存在相关性(R平方=0.7;表7)。
表7:R平方值确定的2001年和2002年收获大豆后代所产生的气味、游离氨基酸和颜色的线性关系。线性回归从表4和5中的数据计算得出。对于2002年数据,游离氨基酸相关性在排出三个离群数据(outlier)(A-4、B-5和B-6)下得出的。
DHH(01) | 游离Arg(01) | 游离Asn(01) | 游离Arg+游离Asn(01) | a*(02) | b+(02) | L*(02) | L*(01) | |
lox活性pH7(01) | 0.34 | 0.01 | ||||||
lox活性pH9(01) | 0.00 | 0.10 | ||||||
DHH(01) | 0.01 | |||||||
O(01) | 0.15 | |||||||
a*(01) | 0.29 | |||||||
b*(01) | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.65 | 0.48 | ||||
L±(01) | 0.50 | |||||||
b*(02) | 0.79 | |||||||
游离Arg(01) | 0.81 | |||||||
游离Arg(02) | 0.77 | |||||||
游离Arg(02) | 0.66 | |||||||
游离Arg+Asn(02) | 0.75 |
除遗传因素外,环境因素也会影响大豆的组成,从而影响其气味产生特性。将2001年和2002年这两季栽培的大豆品系的气味产生特性进行比较,就可明显看出环境的影响。对于所构建的各品系,2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇的范围是,2001年12-44μg/g,2002年17-65μg/g(表4,5)。大豆的1-辛烯-3-醇产生特性似乎对环境因素最为敏感,这由2001年和2002年栽培的同一品系所产生的1-辛烯-3-醇之间缺乏相关性(R平方=0.07,表6)得到证明。与此对比,2001年和2002年中大豆品系的2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇产生水平有相关性(R2=0.62,表6)。
对大豆后代中的游离精氨酸(Arg)和天冬酰胺(Asp)的量进行了测定。游离精氨酸和天冬酰胺的量有相关性(R2=0.81,表7),总精氨酸加上天冬酰胺在353-3300μg/g的范围(2001)(表5)。大豆中游离精氨酸+天冬酰胺与大豆的选定气味或颜色特性没有关系(R平方<0.3,表7),因此有必要对游离氨基酸进行测定,以选择具有低2,4-癸二烯醛、低颜色和低游离氨基酸的组合的品系。在两个不同年份收获的各品系中游离精氨酸+天冬酰胺之间的良好相关性(R平方=0.8;表7)证实了选择低游离氨基酸大豆品系的可行性。
实施例4
低气味产生特性与高β-伴大豆球蛋白组成及低游离精氨酸
和天冬酰胺组成及低颜色特性的组合
高β-伴大豆球蛋白性状的来源是缺乏大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白占总蛋白质约55%的突变大豆(美国专利第6,171,640号)。如上所述,脂加氧酶测定对于选择低气味产生品系没有用。构建了其蛋白质、脂肪和氨基酸性质(profile)在商品大豆正常范围内的大豆。
大豆蛋白质亚单位的定量:用Mega Grinder(美国专利公开2003/0146313A1)研磨约8颗种子。对于每个样品,将~30mg的粉在章动器(nutator)或多板旋涡震荡器上用0.1M DTT在1.0mL LaemmliSDS缓冲液pH6.8中提取45-60分钟。将管子离心3-5分钟。一部分上清液转移到微量离心管中,用上述缓冲液稀释,产生1.2-1.5μg/μL总蛋白质。将样品煮沸3分钟,冷却,离心。将各样品的15-20μg蛋白质加样到预制的10-20%梯度Tris-HCl Criterion凝胶上。将凝胶在1X Tris-甘氨酸-SDS运行缓冲液中于180-200V下进行电泳,直到示踪染料达到凝胶的底部(约1.2小时)。将凝胶在40%甲醇/10%乙酸中固定30-60分钟,用胶体考马斯蓝G-250染色;最少要过夜,或者最长达3天。为除去背景,用去离子水使凝胶退色。用GS 800CalibratedDensitometer显像密度计使凝胶显影。用Bio-Rad Quantity OneSoftware软件进行定量。该软件用来确定样品泳道中每个条带的相对量。%大豆球蛋白亚单位和%β-伴大豆球蛋白亚单位报告为泳道中总蛋白质的相对百分比。
总氨基酸分析:用三种方法来测定样品,以获得完整概况(fullprofile)。色氨酸需要用氢氧化钠进行碱水解。含硫氨基酸在用盐酸水解前需要用过甲酸进行氧化。用盐酸进行直接酸水解,就可以完成样品的其余氨基酸的分析。各氨基酸一旦水解出来,就用自动氨基酸分析仪进行定量(AOAC官方分析方法(Official Methods ofAnalysis of AOAC International),2000)。
灰分:将样品放入550℃电炉中,使其燃烧除去所有的挥发性有机物质。剩余的非挥发性物质用重量分析法进行定量,计算确定灰分百分比。AOAC官方分析方法,(2000)。
碳水化合物:总碳水化合物水平用鲜重得出的数据和以下方程式通过减差法计算:%碳水化合物=100%-(%蛋白质+%脂肪+%水分+%灰分)。美国农业部(1973)。
索氏抽提法脂肪:将样品称重至含有砂子或硫酸钠的纤维素套管中,干燥除去过量的水分。用戊烷浸透样品,以提取出脂肪。然后将提取物蒸发,干燥和称重。AOAC官方分析方法,(2000)。
水分:将样品在大约100℃真空炉中干燥至恒重。确定水分重量损失并换算成水分百分比。
蛋白质:使样品中的含氮化合物在沸腾的硫酸和汞催化剂混合物存在下还原形成氨。使酸消化物变成碱性。将氨蒸馏出来,然后用标准的酸滴定。计算出氮百分含量,用系数6.25换算成蛋白质含量。AOAC官方分析方法,(2000)。Bradstreet,(1965)。Kalthoff和Sandell(1948)。
结果:由己醛、己醇、2,4-癸二烯醛和1-辛烯-3-醇的形成测出(表8),从与含有低气味产生性状的大豆的杂交体选出的高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆品系群体,显示出变化很大的气味产生特性。商品大豆的β-伴大豆球蛋白占总蛋白质的约22%,大豆球蛋白占约38%,与此相比,表8中的大豆其有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白。构建出了这样的大豆,其有大于30%的总蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,在实施例1的气味测定中产生小于20μg/g的总己醛加上己醇和2,4-癸二烯醛,且还包含低水平的游离天冬酰胺和游离精氨酸(表8)。例如本发明构建出20个β-伴大豆球蛋白品系,其产生小于20μg/g的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇,总游离精氨酸加上天冬酰胺在360-2,840μg/g磨碎大豆之间(表8)。这些品系的游离天冬酰胺在35-1,000μg/g磨碎大豆之间,游离精氨酸在500-2400μg/g磨碎大豆之间。
表8A和B:在美国收获的高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆后代的特性。构建出了这样的大豆,其有大于30%的总蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白,且在实施例1的气味测定中每克大豆粉产生小于20μg/g的2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。脂加氧酶测定对于鉴定低气味产生品系没有用。
表8A
样品ID | β-伴大豆球蛋白(占总蛋白质的%) | 己醛(μg/g) | 己醇(μg/g) | 辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | 癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 己醛+己醇(μg/g) | 己醛+己醇+2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 脂加氧酶活性,pH7 | 脂加氧酶活性,pH9 | Asn(μg/g) | Arg(μg/g) | Arg+Asn(μg/g) |
HiBCSoy52 | 38.4 | 5.4 | 4.3 | 1.5 | 3.2 | 9.7 | 12.9 | 7.734 | 5.731 | 2024 | 4421 | 6445 |
HiBCSoy70 | 39.5 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 6.1 | 2.8 | 11.4 | 14.2 | 6.483 | 11.347 | 771 | 2020 | 2791 |
HiBCSoy41 | 43.2 | 5.6 | 6.1 | 9.1 | 2.8 | 11.7 | 14.5 | 8.626 | 8.499 | 72 | 994 | 1066 |
HiBCSoy65 | 39.2 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 11.6 | 14.8 | 8.393 | 13.535 | 1939 | 5064 | 7003 |
HiBCSoy35 | 42.0 | 6.2 | 5.3 | 8.5 | 3.9 | 11.6 | 15.5 | 6.935 | 9.623 | 171 | 757 | 928 |
HiBCSoy67 | 40.4 | 6.7 | 5.5 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 12.2 | 15.6 | 7.019 | 8.377 | 1376 | 3323 | 4699 |
HiBCSoy34 | 40.6 | 5.2 | 7.8 | 7.4 | 3.0 | 13.0 | 16.0 | 7.279 | 10.633 | 311 | 1382 | 1693 |
HiBCSoy64 | 39.3 | 7.0 | 6.2 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 13.3 | 16.0 | 6.622 | 8.044 | 1723 | 3241 | 4964 |
HiBCSoy62 | 41.1 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 1.1 | 2.7 | 13.6 | 16.2 | 5.697 | 10.358 | 2882 | 3938 | 6820 |
HiBCSoy68 | 40.5 | 7.8 | 5.8 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 13.6 | 16.5 | 8.006 | 6.584 | 303 | 1655 | 1958 |
HiBCSoy61 | 30.3 | 9.6 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 2.3 | 14.4 | 16.6 | 6.709 | 6.110 | 372 | 1664 | 2036 |
HiBCSoy69 | 39.9 | 7.7 | 5.0 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 12.7 | 16.7 | 7.836 | 7.668 | 1393 | 4151 | 5544 |
HiBCSoy48 | 44.5 | 7.1 | 6.4 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 13.5 | 16.8 | 7.601 | 3.783 | 99 | 1496 | 1595 |
HiBCSoy40 | 45.0 | 5.7 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 4.4 | 12.4 | 16.9 | 7.893 | 8.897 | 956 | 1878 | 2834 |
HiBCSoy11 | 48.2 | 7.5 | 4.0 | 8.0 | 5.6 | 11.5 | 17.1 | 6.447 | 13.771 | 107 | 1680 | 1787 |
HiBCSoy42 | 38.6 | 7.4 | 6.0 | 6.0 | 3.7 | 13.4 | 17.1 | 6.825 | 11.446 | 77 | 289 | 366 |
HiBCSoy53 | 40.0 | 6.9 | 6.7 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 13.6 | 17.9 | 6.649 | 6.849 | 1154 | 2489 | 3643 |
HiBCSoy5 | 46.5 | 8.0 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 3.9 | 14.3 | 18.2 | 5.882 | 5.793 | 305 | 3109 | 3414 |
HiBCSoy36 | 40.6 | 8.0 | 5.0 | 10.4 | 5.2 | 13.1 | 18.3 | 9.259 | 9.062 | 38 | 536 | 574 |
HiBCSoy3 | 46.8 | 6.7 | 6.3 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 13.0 | 18.6 | 7.790 | 12.639 | 89 | 817 | 906 |
HiBCSoy4 | 44.9 | 7.4 | 6.7 | 8.6 | 4.6 | 14.1 | 18.6 | 6.929 | 8.660 | 723 | 3448 | 4171 |
HiBCSoy46 | 42.4 | 6.7 | 8.5 | 9.4 | 3.5 | 15.1 | 18.7 | 6.978 | 3.850 | 67 | 1114 | 1181 |
HiBCSoy26 | 44.7 | 7.8 | 7.6 | 14.4 | 3.4 | 15.3 | 18.8 | 6.148 | 6.667 | 225 | 863 | 1088 |
HiBCSoy18 | 44.8 | 9.3 | 4.6 | 7.6 | 5.0 | 13.9 | 18.9 | 9.482 | 7.439 | 121 | 504 | 625 |
HiBCSoy6 | 45.9 | 8.0 | 6.8 | 10.6 | 4.4 | 14.8 | 19.1 | 8.298 | 7.876 | 105 | 1149 | 1254 |
HiBCSoy17 | 43.7 | 7.7 | 5.7 | 12.6 | 5.8 | 13.3 | 19.1 | 9.689 | 6.337 | 298 | 2363 | 2661 |
HiBCSoy44 | 31.7 | 7.6 | 7.2 | 7.2 | 4.7 | 14.8 | 19.4 | 8.909 | 6.160 | 125 | 569 | 694 |
HiBCSoy63 | 33.5 | 10.3 | 6.7 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 16.9 | 19.6 | 6.177 | 10.239 | 677 | 1473 | 2150 |
HiBCSoy57 | 36.9 | 8.3 | 5.8 | 6.0 | 5.6 | 14.0 | 19.6 | 8.831 | 13.258 | 1329 | 3515 | 4844 |
HiBCSoy16 | 44.3 | 8.5 | 6.1 | 10.8 | 5.3 | 14.6 | 19.9 | 8.326 | 6.447 | 95 | 863 | 958 |
HiBCSoy24 | 43.7 | 6.5 | 9.3 | 6.2 | 4.2 | 15.8 | 20.0 | 7.293 | 9.330 | 1083 | 1909 | 2992 |
HiBCSoy58 | 36.4 | 7.7 | 7.3 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 15.1 | 20.1 | 8.078 | 14.134 | 1519 | 4252 | 5771 |
HiBCSoy39 | 41.7 | 7.2 | 6.5 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 13.7 | 20.1 | 9.084 | 5.718 | 95 | 400 | 495 |
HiBCSoy66 | 39.2 | 8.8 | 7.4 | 2.6 | 4.2 | 16.2 | 20.4 | 6.122 | 9.155 | 2573 | 4163 | 6736 |
HiBCSoy38 | 37.6 | 7.9 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 7.0 | 13.6 | 20.6 | 9.356 | 9.776 | 71 | 592 | 663 |
HiBCSoy59 | 37.2 | 9.6 | 5.2 | 5.0 | 5.8 | 14.8 | 20.6 | 10.126 | 8.492 | 271 | 1837 | 2108 |
HiBCSoy37 | 36.8 | 9.1 | 6.7 | 4.2 | 4.9 | 15.8 | 20.7 | 8.990 | 6.942 | 276 | 572 | 848 |
HiBCSoy2 | 45.9 | 11.5 | 5.2 | 3.1 | 5.0 | 16.7 | 21.8 | 8.604 | 8.144 | 103 | 1116 | 1219 |
HiBCSoy60 | 40.1 | 9.6 | 6.1 | 7.8 | 6.1 | 15.7 | 21.8 | 7.463 | 7.468 | 1671 | 4330 | 6001 |
HiBCSoy43 | 37.3 | 7.9 | 9.7 | 6.2 | 4.6 | 17.6 | 22.1 | 5.111 | 6.575 | 209 | 1083 | 1292 |
HiBCSoy25 | 44.2 | 10.0 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 3.9 | 18.4 | 22.3 | 6.642 | 7.495 | 686 | 1666 | 2352 |
HiBCSoy50 | 46.3 | 8.8 | 6.0 | 6.2 | 7.6 | 14.8 | 22.3 | 7.072 | 6.590 | 115 | 1339 | 1454 |
HiBCSoy13 | 45.4 | 11.4 | 5.3 | 2.8 | 5.9 | 16.7 | 22.6 | 7.421 | 8.778 | 508 | 2290 | 2798 |
HiBCSoy55 | 37.8 | 9.2 | 7.8 | 4.5 | 6.1 | 17.1 | 23.1 | 6.848 | 6.503 | 1705 | 4929 | 6634 |
HiBCSoy54 | 31.2 | 9.9 | 6.4 | 2.8 | 6.9 | 16.3 | 23.2 | 5.994 | 5.363 | 752 | 1569 | 2321 |
HiBCSoy19 | 44.3 | 12.5 | 5.7 | 9.3 | 5.1 | 18.2 | 23.3 | 9.434 | 11.218 | 108 | 1257 | 1365 |
HiBCSoy14 | 46.1 | 8.8 | 6.5 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 15.3 | 23.5 | 7.974 | 7.297 | 181 | 1334 | 1515 |
HiBCSoy20 | 41.4 | 10.2 | 8.9 | 10.4 | 4.6 | 19.1 | 23.7 | 6.392 | 10.686 | 1007 | 2329 | 3336 |
HiBCSoy45 | 45.7 | 9.1 | 9.3 | 3.8 | 5.5 | 18.4 | 23.9 | 7.637 | 15.149 | 169 | 744 | 913 |
HiBCSoy12 | 48.6 | 10.8 | 7.6 | 4.9 | 6.1 | 18.4 | 24.5 | 9.695 | 10.837 | 92 | 455 | 547 |
HiBCSoy31 | 42.0 | 12.5 | 6.9 | 11.0 | 5.4 | 19.4 | 24.8 | 12.072 | 6.823 | 66 | 1162 | 1228 |
HiBCSoy7 | 46.5 | 12.5 | 6.0 | 3.8 | 6.5 | 18.5 | 25.0 | 8.042 | 9.921 | 476 | 1641 | 2117 |
HiBCSoy1 | 45.1 | 12.3 | 6.7 | 6.2 | 6.5 | 19.0 | 25.6 | 8.351 | 7.376 | 187 | 1423 | 1610 |
HiBCSoy29 | 38.8 | 4.0 | 10.1 | 8.4 | 11.6 | 14.1 | 25.7 | 8.944 | 5.006 | 136 | 818 | 954 |
HiBCSoy8 | 48.7 | 11.6 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 20.2 | 25.8 | 6.888 | 8.407 | 321 | 2612 | 2933 |
HiBCSoy56 | 36.4 | 11.5 | 7.7 | 7.5 | 6.9 | 19.2 | 26.1 | 7.312 | 8.601 | 1155 | 2602 | 3757 |
HiBCSoy51 | 40.4 | 11.5 | 6.0 | 4.2 | 8.7 | 17.5 | 26.2 | 7.622 | 10.635 | 1695 | 3701 | 5396 |
HiBCSoy47 | 38.1 | 10.0 | 11.6 | 6.4 | 4.8 | 21.6 | 26.4 | 6.974 | 4.039 | 92 | 1013 | 1105 |
HiBCSoy30 | 36.6 | 9.9 | 11.6 | 3.0 | 5.1 | 21.4 | 26.6 | 11.349 | 4.735 | 158 | 812 | 970 |
HiBCSoy27 | 38.6 | 11.0 | 12.1 | 8.0 | 4.1 | 23.1 | 27.2 | 7.118 | 4.131 | 633 | 1082 | 1715 |
HiBCSoy28 | 38.8 | 12.7 | 9.6 | 6.9 | 6.3 | 22.2 | 28.6 | 4.762 | 5.822 | 2575 | 3204 | 5779 |
HiBCSoy15 | 45.8 | 15.5 | 6.6 | 2.2 | 6.6 | 22.1 | 28.6 | 9.056 | 9.945 | 129 | 620 | 749 |
HiBCSoy23 | 43.7 | 13.0 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 6.1 | 23.2 | 29.4 | 6.681 | 5.207 | 1136 | 2578 | 3714 |
HiBCSoy22 | 29.7 | 9.3 | 11.0 | 8.9 | 9.5 | 20.4 | 29.9 | 6.645 | 8.996 | 192 | 844 | 1036 |
HiBCSoy33 | 41.3 | 16.7 | 7.6 | 6.0 | 7.8 | 24.2 | 32.0 | 8.162 | 9.203 | 576 | 2919 | 3495 |
HiBCSoy10 | 44.3 | 15.6 | 8.2 | 5.6 | 8.2 | 23.8 | 32.0 | 8.624 | 11.794 | 106 | 1108 | 1214 |
HiBCSoy21 | 35.7 | 14.5 | 12.0 | 10.8 | 6.1 | 26.5 | 32.6 | 8.634 | 11.921 | 99 | 581 | 680 |
HiBCSoy9 | 46.9 | 16.6 | 8.7 | 5.9 | 8.7 | 25.2 | 33.9 | 6.976 | 6.340 | 155 | 1430 | 1585 |
表8B
样品ID | A1a,A1b,A2,A4蛋白质 大豆球蛋白(占总(%,干基) 蛋白质的%) | A3大豆球蛋白 | B1a,B1b,B2,B3,B4大豆球蛋白 | αβ-伴大豆球蛋白 | α’β-伴大豆球蛋白 | ββ-伴大豆球蛋白 | 总β-伴大豆球蛋白 | 总大豆球蛋白 |
HiBCSoy52 | 42.76 4.872 | 4.784 | 9.097 | 20.849 | 12.381 | 5.123 | 38.353 | 18.753 |
HiBCSoy70 | 41.78 4.179 | 3.563 | 7.039 | 22.621 | 11.596 | 5.262 | 39.479 | 14.781 |
HiBCSoy41 | 40.49 | 5.784 | 1.555 | 23.558 | 14.185 | 5.502 | 43.245 | 7.339 |
HiBCSoy65 | 43.82 4.759 | 5.007 | 7.737 | 22.044 | 12.875 | 4.263 | 39.182 | 17.503 |
HiBCSoy35 | 40.56 2.312 | 4.538 | 4.913 | 22.903 | 12.727 | 6.415 | 42.045 | 11.763 |
HiBCSoy67 | 42.46 4.167 | 3.608 | 8.694 | 23.331 | 11.983 | 5.038 | 40.352 | 16.469 |
HiBCSoy34 | 41.31 3.352 | 4.615 | 4.318 | 22.04 | 12.555 | 5.961 | 40.556 | 12.285 |
HiBCSoy64 | 43.10 4.949 | 5.047 | 7.773 | 21.646 | 12.79 | 4.858 | 39.294 | 17.769 |
HiBCSoy62 | 44.64 4.891 | 5.045 | 6.098 | 22.73 | 12.045 | 6.309 | 41.084 | 16.034 |
HiBCSoy68 | 42.56 3.849 | 3.209 | 7.343 | 22.829 | 11.403 | 6.297 | 40.529 | 14.401 |
HiBCSoy61 | 38.94 4.274 | 4.172 | 10.014 | 17.347 | 9.747 | 3.206 | 30.3 | 18.46 |
HiBCSoy69 | 42.64 4.468 | 3.81 | 8.614 | 22.386 | 11.791 | 5.713 | 39.89 | 16.892 |
HiBCSoy48 | 39.72 | 6.168 | 2.907 | 24.062 | 15.07 | 5.414 | 44.546 | 9.075 |
HiBCSoy40 | 41.18 | 6.068 | 1.264 | 23.629 | 14.878 | 6.525 | 45.032 | 7.332 |
HiBCSoy11 | 44.68 | 6.886 | 3.09 | 24.802 | 13.863 | 9.552 | 48.217 | 9.976 |
HiBCSoy42 | 38.13 1.822 | 4.93 | 3.401 | 20.961 | 11.577 | 6.06 | 38.598 | 10.153 |
HiBCSoy53 | 43.66 4.782 | 4.783 | 8.585 | 22.103 | 12.521 | 5.373 | 39.997 | 18.15 |
HiBCSoy5 | 45.03 | 5.869 | 2.944 | 24.794 | 13.653 | 8.089 | 46.536 | 8.813 |
HiBCSoy36 | 38.50 2.463 | 4.221 | 3.665 | 22.435 | 11.65 | 6.532 | 40.617 | 10.349 |
HiBCSoy3 | 42.55 | 6.308 | 3.171 | 25.442 | 14.402 | 6.927 | 46.771 | 9.479 |
HiBCSoy4 | 43.56 | 5.449 | 2.765 | 23.395 | 14.297 | 7.2 | 44.892 | 8.214 |
HiBCSoy46 | 39.89 | 6.149 | 1.453 | 23.323 | 14.892 | 4.155 | 42.37 | 7.602 |
HiBCSoy26 | 41.21 | 5.742 | 2.31 | 23.643 | 14.391 | 6.636 | 44.67 | 8.052 |
HiBCSoy18 | 40.14 | 5.385 | 1.875 | 23.836 | 14.999 | 5.934 | 44.769 | 7.26 |
HiBCSoy6 | 42.40 | 5.598 | 2.769 | 24.62 | 13.114 | 8.123 | 45.857 | 8.367 |
HiBCSoy17 | 39.74 | 5.788 | 2.281 | 22.884 | 13.984 | 6.816 | 43.684 | 8.069 |
HiBCSoy44 | 39.01 4.766 | 4.241 | 8.322 | 17.716 | 9.373 | 4.63 | 31.719 | 17.329 |
HiBCSoy63 | 41.95 3.372 | 3.558 | 11.179 | 17.431 | 10.613 | 5.467 | 33.511 | 18.109 |
HiBCSoy57 | 43.94 5.167 | 5.105 | 8.459 | 21.038 | 11.288 | 4.558 | 36.884 | 18.731 |
HiBCSoy16 | 40.83 | 5.284 | 2.94 | 23.351 | 14.266 | 6.694 | 44.311 | 8.224 |
HiBCSoy24 | 43.66 2.799 | 4.931 | 5.949 | 23.351 | 13.832 | 6.508 | 43.691 | 13.679 |
HiBCSoy58 | 43.60 5.132 | 4.262 | 8.898 | 21.14 | 11.418 | 3.834 | 36.392 | 18.292 |
HiBCSoy39 | 37.61 2.666 | 5.814 | 5.48 | 21.436 | 13.648 | 6.63 | 41.714 | 13.96 |
HiBCSoy66 | 44.77 5.063 | 4.755 | 9.443 | 21.266 | 12.448 | 5.5 | 39.214 | 19.261 |
HiBCSoy38 | 38.42 3.923 | 3.871 | 5.194 | 20.716 | 11.702 | 5.154 | 37.572 | 12.988 |
HiBCSoy59 | 40.54 4.696 | 4.26 | 7.023 | 21.554 | 12.26 | 3.384 | 37.198 | 15.979 |
HiBCSoy37 | 38.99 4.581 | 4.392 | 6.76 | 19.84 | 10.994 | 5.954 | 36.788 | 15.733 |
HiBCSoy2 | 41.47 | 5.872 | 2.553 | 25.298 | 13.934 | 6.684 | 45.916 | 8.425 |
HiBCSoy60 | 43.40 5.019 | 4.688 | 7.532 | 22.035 | 12.045 | 5.976 | 40.056 | 17.239 |
HiBCSoy43 | 43.12 4.856 | 4.538 | 7.757 | 20.84 | 12.396 | 4.097 | 37.333 | 17.151 |
HiBCSoy25 | 42.23 | 5.976 | 3.074 | 23.404 | 14.578 | 6.257 | 44.239 | 9.05 |
HiBCSoy50 | 41.44 | 6.019 | 1.903 | 25.113 | 16.165 | 4.972 | 46.25 | 7.922 |
HiBCSoy13 | 45.51 | 5.732 | 2.562 | 24.536 | 13.744 | 7.135 | 45.415 | 8.294 |
HiBCSoy55 | 43.70 5.036 | 4.671 | 8.171 | 20.641 | 12.032 | 5.142 | 37.815 | 17.878 |
HiBCSoy54 | 42.9 3.604 | 3.3 | 12.991 | 16.118 | 10.006 | 5.063 | 31.187 | 19.895 |
HiBCSoy19 | 41.60 | 6.109 | 2.67 | 22.8 | 14.199 | 7.284 | 44.283 | 8.779 |
HiBCSoy14 | 42.22 | 5.431 | 2.557 | 24.628 | 14.439 | 7.002 | 46.069 | 7.988 |
HiBCSoy20 | 41.04 1.577 | 4.913 | 4.422 | 21.592 | 13.422 | 6.411 | 41.425 | 10.912 |
HiBCSoy45 | 40.13 | 5.347 | 2.737 | 24.384 | 14.056 | 7.308 | 45.748 | 8.084 |
HiBCSoy12 | 39.59 | 5.842 | 3.582 | 26.33 | 15.218 | 7.082 | 48.63 | 9.424 |
HiBCSoy31 | 40.25 1.7 | 4.33 | 2.41 | 22.579 | 13.279 | 6.133 | 41.991 | 8.44 |
HiBCSoy7 | 42.12 | 5.905 | 2.788 | 25.149 | 13.985 | 7.401 | 46.535 | 8.693 |
HiBCSoy1 | 40.11 | 5.451 | 2.366 | 23.373 | 13.84 | 7.865 | 45.078 | 7.817 |
HiBCSoy29 | 40.01 3.919 | 3.571 | 6.9 | 20.207 | 13.234 | 5.345 | 38.786 | 14.39 |
HiBCSoy8 | 46.86 | 6.055 | 3.495 | 25.584 | 14.699 | 8.464 | 48.747 | 9.55 |
HiBCSoy56 | 42.14 4.915 | 4.981 | 8.294 | 21.474 | 12.173 | 2.736 | 36.383 | 18.19 |
HiBCSoy51 | 42.24 4.303 | 4.695 | 7.503 | 22.456 | 13.402 | 4.535 | 40.393 | 16.501 |
HiBCSoy47 | 39.32 | 5.83 | 1.61 | 20.486 | 11.803 | 5.835 | 38.124 | 7.44 |
HiBCSoy30 | 43.28 4.796 | 4.07 | 8.302 | 19.29 | 11.788 | 5.555 | 36.633 | 17.168 |
HiBCSoy27 | 43.71 4.651 | 4.769 | 7.697 | 20.396 | 12.062 | 6.173 | 38.631 | 17.117 |
HiBCSoy28 | 44.14 5.017 | 4.986 | 8.742 | 20.351 | 12.578 | 5.915 | 38.844 | 18.745 |
HiBCSoy15 | 42.65 | 6.124 | 2.44 | 23.224 | 14.71 | 7.892 | 45.826 | 8.564 |
HiBCSoy23 | 41.51 2.38 | 5.072 | 5.094 | 23.148 | 13.627 | 6.932 | 43.707 | 12.546 |
HiBCSoy22 | 42.24 5.253 | 4.672 | 9.326 | 14.996 | 9.178 | 5.509 | 29.683 | 19.251 |
HiBCSoy33 | 41.71 2.126 | 5.273 | 4.404 | 22.994 | 13.025 | 5.292 | 41.311 | 11.803 |
HiBCSoy10 | 41.40 | 5.364 | 2.383 | 23.984 | 15.345 | 4.929 | 44.258 | 7.747 |
HiBCSoy21 | 39.50 3.867 | 3.566 | 6.852 | 18.347 | 11.398 | 5.944 | 35.689 | 14.285 |
HiBCSoy9 | 42.92 | 6.2 | 2.45 | 24.453 | 14.776 | 7.647 | 46.876 | 8.65 |
各高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆样品的脂加氧酶活性差别很大。同一大豆粉pH7和pH9下的脂加氧酶活性与所产生的2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇的总量之间没有关系(R2值<0.02)。
进行了另一个实验,以证明可选择出有大于30%的β-伴大豆球蛋白和小于25%的大豆球蛋白的大豆,其颜色低,氨基酸组成在商品大豆的范围内。选择出了四种也含有Roundup Ready性状的高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆,其在三个地点的产量等于或高于商业标准品系的平均产量。平均约22的b*和平均约85的L*(表9)证明这些大豆具有低颜色性状。氨基酸组成(表9)落入国际生命科学研究所农作物组成数据库(International Life Sciences Institute Crop CompositionDatabase,1.0版本,2004年3月22日访问)中公布的商品大豆范围(表10)之内。将三种高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆品系的平均氨基酸组成(表9)与ILSI数据库中的平均大豆组成(表10)进行比较。高β-伴大豆球蛋白品系的四种氨基酸(精氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸和丝氨酸)与商品大豆的平均组成相差10-15%之间,但仍在商品大豆组成的范围之内。
还期望将高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆与低亚麻酸含量、中油酸含量的大豆进行杂交,以进一步改进其感官特性。低亚麻酸含量、中油酸含量的大豆是在Monsanto公司用传统育种方法构建的,总脂肪酸中包含约2%的亚麻酸含量、约25%的亚油酸含量和约59%的油酸含量。
表9:2003年在三个地点栽培的大豆的组成、颜色和气味性质。所有的大豆均具有Roundup Ready性状和深色种脐。
HBC-360 | HBC-350 | HBC-390 | |||||||
平均值 | stdev | 平均值 | stdev | 平均值 | stdev | ||||
B-伴大豆球蛋白(占总蛋白质的%) | 37.4 | 1.5 | 37.0 | 0.3 | 37.9 | 1.0 | |||
大豆球蛋白(占总蛋白质的%) | 15.4 | 0.8 | 15.2 | 1.3 | 17.1 | 0.5 | |||
游离Asn(ppm) | 307 | 224 | 183 | 124 | 535 | 309 | |||
游离Arg(ppm) | 2825 | 1211 | 2050 | 829 | 2791 | 674 | |||
颜色 | |||||||||
b* | 22.0 | 1.6 | 23.3 | 1.9 | 22.7 | 0.6 | |||
L* | 85.4 | 0.4 | 85.6 | 0.7 | 84.8 | 0.1 | |||
气味 | |||||||||
己醛+己醇+2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g大豆) | 25.1 | 1.2 | 53.7 | 17.0 | 29.4 | 1.0 | |||
近似值(g/100g大豆) | |||||||||
水分 | 5.91 | 0.06 | 5.855 | 0.09 | 5.97 | 0.11 | |||
蛋白质 | 37.40 | 1.15 | 36.05 | 0.49 | 37.87 | 1.62 | |||
总脂肪 | 17.53 | 0.25 | 18.2 | 0.42 | 16.27 | 0.15 | |||
灰分 | 4.41 | 0.28 | 4.45 | 0.18 | 4.36 | 0.14 | |||
碳水化合物 | 34.77 | 0.80 | 35.45 | 0.21 | 35.57 | 1.59 |
氨基酸 | mg/g大豆 | mg/g蛋白质 | mg/g大豆 | mg/g蛋白质 | mg/g大豆 | mg/g蛋白质 | |||
天冬氨酸 | 39.90 | 0.95 | 106.68 | 40.05 | 0.35 | 111.10 | 42.50 | 1.01 | 112.24 |
苏氨酸 | 12.70 | 0.60 | 33.96 | 12.3 | 1.70 | 34.12 | 12.37 | 0.21 | 32.66 |
丝氨酸 | 19.70 | 0.72 | 52.67 | 20.25 | 1.20 | 56.17 | 21.40 | 0.46 | 56.51 |
谷氨酸 | 62.67 | 1.79 | 167.56 | 62.7 | 0.42 | 173.93 | 67.13 | 1.16 | 177.29 |
脯氨酸 | 18.33 | 0.38 | 49.02 | 18.35 | 0.07 | 50.90 | 18.67 | 0.49 | 49.30 |
甘氨酸 | 15.27 | 0.32 | 40.82 | 15.2 | 0.00 | 42.16 | 15.80 | 0.26 | 41.73 |
丙氨酸 | 15.57 | 0.32 | 41.62 | 15.6 | 0.00 | 43.27 | 15.90 | 0.20 | 41.99 |
胱氨酸 | 5.31 | 0.34 | 14.21 | 5.915 | 0.06 | 16.41 | 5.81 | 0.33 | 15.33 |
缬氨酸 | 17.13 | 0.72 | 45.81 | 17.1 | 0.14 | 47.43 | 17.63 | 0.25 | 46.57 |
甲硫氨酸 | 4.45 | 0.47 | 11.89 | 4.85 | 0.06 | 13.45 | 4.83 | 0.11 | 12.75 |
异亮氨酸 | 16.33 | 0.55 | 43.67 | 16.4 | 0.14 | 45.49 | 16.67 | 0.25 | 44.01 |
亮氨酸 | 27.80 | 0.78 | 74.33 | 27.95 | 0.07 | 77.53 | 28.93 | 0.25 | 76.41 |
酪氨酸 | 12.33 | 0.15 | 32.98 | 12.55 | 0.07 | 34.81 | 12.90 | 0.53 | 34.07 |
苯丙氨酸 | 18.37 | 0.61 | 49.11 | 18.4 | 0.00 | 51.04 | 18.83 | 0.31 | 49.74 |
组氨酸 | 10.53 | 0.35 | 28.16 | 10.5 | 0.14 | 29.13 | 11.17 | 0.31 | 29.49 |
赖氨酸 | 25.07 | 0.93 | 67.02 | 24.85 | 0.07 | 68.93 | 26.13 | 0.80 | 69.01 |
精氨酸 | 27.03 | 1.45 | 72.28 | 26.45 | 0.49 | 73.37 | 30.17 | 1.75 | 79.67 |
色氨酸 | 3.96 | 0.11 | 10.58 | 3.945 | 0.02 | 10.94 | 4.20 | 0.17 | 11.08 |
Met+Cys | 26.10 | 29.86 | 28.08 |
表10:三种高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆的平均组成与国际生命科学研究所农作物组成数据库(1.0版本)的平均大豆组成的比较。用以获得数据的选择标准:作物类型大豆-甘氨酸max,组织类型:种子,农事年:全部,国家:全部,州:全部。缩写:FW=大豆粉重量,DW=干重。
分析物 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | n | 单位 | 平均值HBC大豆(mg/g FW) | 与ILSI平均值的差(%) |
氨基酸-丙氨酸 | 13.6 | 17.2 | 15.35 | 187 | mg/g FW | 15.7 | 2.2 |
氨基酸-精氨酸 | 20.9 | 31.3 | 25.31 | 187 | mg/g FW | 27.9 | 10.2 |
氨基酸-天冬氨酸 | 33.9 | 46.6 | 40.16 | 187 | mg/g FW | 40.8 | 1.6 |
氨基酸-胱氨酸/半胱氨酸 | 3.43 | 7.29 | 5.26 | 187 | mg/g FW | 5.7 | 8.0 |
氨基酸-谷氨酸 | 52.8 | 74 | 63.24 | 187 | mg/g FW | 64.2 | 1.5 |
氨基酸-甘氨酸 | 13.1 | 17.4 | 15.03 | 187 | mg/g FW | 15.4 | 2.6 |
氨基酸-组氨酸 | 8.07 | 10.8 | 9.32 | 187 | mg/g FW | 10.7 | 15.2 |
氨基酸-异亮氨酸 | 13.3 | 19 | 16.19 | 187 | mg/g FW | 16.5 | 1.7 |
氨基酸-亮氨酸 | 23.1 | 31.5 | 27.04 | 187 | mg/g FW | 28.2 | 4.4 |
氨基酸-赖氨酸 | 20 | 26.6 | 22.88 | 187 | mg/g FW | 25.4 | 10.8 |
氨基酸-甲硫氨酸 | 3.99 | 6.14 | 4.92 | 187 | mg/g FW | 4.7 | -4.3 |
氨基酸-苯丙氨酸 | 14.6 | 20.5 | 17.69 | 187 | mg/g FW | 18.5 | 4.8 |
氨基酸-脯氨酸 | 15.1 | 21.2 | 18.05 | 187 | mg/g FW | 18.5 | 2.2 |
氨基酸-丝氨酸 | 15 | 22.8 | 18.12 | 187 | mg/g FW | 20.5 | 12.9 |
氨基酸-苏氨酸 | 11.5 | 15.1 | 12.99 | 187 | mg/gFW | 12.5 | -4.1 |
氨基酸-色氨酸 | 3.26 | 4.7 | 3.903 | 187 | mg/g FW | 4.0 | 3.3 |
氨基酸-酪氨酸 | 8.7 | 14.3 | 11.78 | 187 | mg/g FW | 12.6 | 6.9 |
氨基酸-缬氨酸 | 14.5 | 20.5 | 17.14 | 187 | mg/g FW | 17.3 | 0.9 |
分析物 | 最小值 | 最大值 | 平均值 | n | 单位 | ||
近似-灰分 | 3.885 | 6.542 | 5.313 | 237 | %DW | ||
近似-计算的碳水化合物 | 29.6 | 50.2 | 38.1 | 237 | %DW | ||
近似-粗蛋白质 | 33.19 | 45.48 | 39.28 | 237 | %DW | ||
近似-总脂肪 | 8.104 | 23.562 | 16.94 | 237 | %DW |
实施例5
商品大豆与根据本发明选择的大豆气味和颜色性状的比较
测定了商品大豆的气味和颜色性状,以与本发明大豆的气味和颜色性状进行比较。在气味测定中,有一些大豆产生小于17.5μg/g的己醛加上己醇,有一些则产生小于11μg/g的2,4-癸二烯醛(表11)。但是,没有商品大豆在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎种子产生小于20μg的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。构建了本发明的四个含脂加氧酶品系,其在两季中产生小于20μg/g的己醛+己醇+2,4-癸二烯醛(表4,5)。例如,2001年和2002年收获的品系A-1分别产生8.0和18.2μg/g的己醛+己醇合计和2,4-癸二烯醛(表4,5)。本发明创建了20个以上的高β-伴大豆球蛋白品系,其产生小于20μg/g的总己醛+己醇和2,4-癸二烯醛(表8)。例如,一个高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆产生9.7μg/g的己醛+己醇和3.2μg/g的2,4-癸二烯醛(表8)。
商品大豆颜色范围很宽。例如b*值在27-34的范围(表11)。发现本发明的大豆品系可将b*值延伸至22(表4,表9)。
表11A和B:收获的商品大豆的颜色和气味产生特性
表11A气味
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
385493491-2210287387138379137209386390 | 14.05.05.015.414.015.614.917.415.015.515.718.1 | 3.95.14.45.13.63.95.04.14.85.53.93.9 | 18.010.19.420.517.619.619.921.519.921.019.722.0 | 2.811.114.33.67.25.35.03.45.14.25.63.7 | 1.85.46.17.018.48.59.39.18.43.15.711.2 | 20.721.223.724.124.824.824.924.925.025.225.325.8 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
285286290289175383411276378282224139492216381384288280557206-2141271299208495284211486215142485271-2494388444291377-2140249293292275 | 13.914.814.514.89.516.75.814.717.715.514.517.04.916.119.318.515.917.418.917.617.615.915.817.95.018.61854.916.416.75.115.35.118.512.015.817.116.518.215.515.517.3 | 6.25.35.55.85.83.97.95.93.96.15.35.24.55.84.14.15.26.16.15.15.67.04.85.15.66.35.93.36.15.35.37.36.24.05.66.43.86.55.15.05.87.5 | 20.120.120.020.615.320.613.820.521.621.719.822.29.321.823.422.621.123.525.022.823.322.920.623.010.524.924.48.222.522.010.322.611.222.617.622.220.922.923.920.421.324.8 | 596.06.66.111.66.613.57.26.26.18.16.019.06.75.26.07.55.23.65.95.55.88.36.118.54.24.721.06.77.218.96.718.16.911.97.48.7696.09.68.75.3 | 4.612.36.47.84.37.98.02.59.65.82.17.34.52.29.712.41.43.75.76.09.13.32.74.85.81.74.36.72.513.15.34.03.77.92.62.24.63.75.26.52.44.4 | 26.026.126.626.826.927.227.327.727.827.828.028.128.328.528.528.628.728.728.728.728.728.729.029.029.129.129.129.129.229.229.229.329.429.429.529.629.629.929.930.030.130.1 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
274296260213295570235490294481380206377382481-22622793002272982312204004821252255392122813619255141654727724826723211245401255 | 16.413.916.217.315.417.616.25.11754.920.117.818.621.35.116.918.116.816.914.918.617.47.55.116.718.020.417.017.217.110.420.37.320.818.720.717.016.516.018.321.519.2 | 6.76.65.84.95.76.84.85.06.14.24.15.23.84.01.95.68.15.96.06.06.47.09.16.74.45.85.83.88.05.16.58.07.06.46.45.75.66.16.46.85.97.2 | 23.120.622.022.221.224.421.010.123.79.124.222.922.425.27.022.426.222.822.920.925.024.416.611.721.123.826.220.825.222.216.928.214.327.225.126.422.522.622.425.027.526.4 | 7.19.88.48.39.56.39.820.87.221.86.88.18.66.024.59.05.38.88.610.76.87.415.420.210.98.35.911.37.010.015.64.318.45.6196110.610.510.78.15.77.1 | 5.73.04.92.55.64.17.25.74.34.37.25.95.65.65.04.82.8621.93.89.04.06.84.32.20.63.88.86.60.05.44.46.34.15.36.54.93.02.61.58.95.1 | 30.230.430.430.530.730.730.830.930.930.931.031.131.131.331.431.531.531.531.531.631831.932.032.032.032.132.132.132.232.332.532.532.732.832.933.033.133.133.133.133.133.5 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
230283349166272483236491571376-2147148266242222-225022254941219278149233185389221348136-2218217256555346489228261189566404114136102 | 17.720.411.48.319.55.119.35.121.021.120.719.418.620.118.520.618.321.220.719.019520.219414.224.621.419.220.019.119.118.424.219.85.120.618.214.122.122.722.520.018.8 | 6.35.98.08.77.52.06.34.67.33.95.56.06.15.65.46.25.38.66.26.47.55.46.85.54.15.35.74.86.15.76.17.46.54.46.27.06.07.86.03.24.85.3 | 24.026.319.417.027.17.125.69.628.325.026.125.424.625.823.926.823.629.726.925.427.025.626.219.728.726.724.824.825.224.824.531526.29.526.825.320.129.928.725.724.824.0 | 9.47.314.416.86.826.98.424.45.89.18.19.210.09.110.98.111.35.38.39.88.39.79215.76.88.710.710.810.511.111.44.59.726.69.310.916.26.47.911.011.912.8 | 2.81.12.44.10.83.50.46.93.05.713.98.60.52.85.38.55.23.94.0622.711.21.45.52.35.83.611.57.116.66.05.33.15.47.21.112.70.84.910.714.65.8 | 33.533.633.833.833.933.934.034.034.134.134.234.734.734.934.934.934.935.135.235.235.235.335.435.435.435.535.535.635.835.936.036.036.036.136.136.236.336.336.536.736.736.8 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
3763522235444054548855918O41714342848735830517356140525920229727039177223-2360273286-2440229550399236-224745484558432556-2554198546 | 21.917.519.422.622.025.45.120.918.65.521.45.15.113.320.713.825.724.819.217.118.120.123.017.021.114.022.327.117.122.626.68.022.921.823.15.122.513.525.822.018.726.8 | 4.16.95.99.65.67.55.26.96.58.15.88.55.37.56.86.48.26.26.85.68.05.65.96.46.17.36.66.36.98.37.110.46.27.06.26.17.516.06.08.65.57.1 | 26.024.425.432.227.632.910.327.825.113.627.113.510.320.827.520.334.031.126.122.726.025.728.823.527.221.329.033.524.030.833.718.429.028.729.311.230.029.531.730.624.233.9 | 10.912.811.95.19.84.527.29.712.524.110.624.227.517.110.417.84.17.112.215.612.312.79.615.011.417.39.95.414.98.15.520.810.310.710.128.59.710.38.19.415.96.2 | 6.33.43.15.10.92.77.04.99.87.616.08.36.64.25.92.35.41.94.24.72.15.05.76.53.53.17.326.11.00.37.34.60.88.65.72.13.56.17.93.95.84.8 | 36.937.237.237.337.437.437.537.537.537.737.737.837.837.937.938.138.138.138.338.338.338.438.438.538.538.638.838.838.938.939.239.239.339.439.439.739.739.839.940.040.140.1 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
560272-2214425692738565108540174342-2315538237-2310192-235439114641826357320034739536-223725122335256-2375203254563572536144241191461 | 22.623.220.723.622.021.822.528.020.726.020.622.912.027.523.520.519.618.923.522.415.922.122.717.921.325.024.123.128.222.816.322.323.919.025.822.725.126.824.027.114.426.0 | 7.27.86.96.17.35.85.07.24.69.26.07.15.68.O6.07.45.110.73.85.67.05.88.75.77.36.15.16.37.65.79.17.13.95.56.47.67.85.95.05.56.51.3 | 29.831.027.529.629.327.727.535.225.335.126.730.017.635.529.528.024.729.627.328.023.027.931.423.628.631.029.229.435.728.525.429.427.824.532.230.333.032.729.132.620.927.3 | 10.39.113.011.011.312.913.25.515.55.714.311.023.55.611.713.216.611.814.113.618.613.710.418.213.711.413.313.16.814.117.213.214.918.110.512.69.910.213.910.422.115.7 | 4.61.03.53.54.95.88.05.95.52.58.01.65.35.68.08.35.95.07.19.35.74.03.94.75.19.20.49.16.05.54.39.44.96.23.22.92.36.61566.54.36.8 | 40.240.240.540.640.640.640.740.740.840.841.041.041.141.141.241.241.341.341.441.641.641.741.841.842.342.442.542.542.542.642.642.642.742.742.842.942..942.943.043.043.043.0 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
359179556541-2252201257269301191-2190407562178244445151111-2145542531246153725844620519711272240460153534447571323323181127172 | 22.620.026.825.625.118.625.123.622.818.922.614.825.122.529.726.424.816.225.123.728.422.425.027.023.522.220.920.824.924.727.526.725.522.626.725.924.422.419.823.224.622.5 | 7.45.43.86.69.06.35.46.25.96.65.77.17.87.96.76.75.413.56.76.45.46.15.65.96.07.05.45.9516.47.31.85.37.87.06.55.16.85.55.45.21.9 | 30.025.430.632.234.124.830.429.828.725.528.421.932.930.436.433.130.329.831.830.133.928.530.633.029.529.226.426.730.631.134.828.530.830.333.832.430.129.225.328.529.831.4 | 13.017.712.611.09.218.613.414.115.218.415.622.111.213.87.811.113.914.412.414.210.616.013.911.615.215.518.418.114.313.910.316.614.314.911.613.015.416.220.217.116.014.4 | 4.910.27.46.20.55.83.69.03.24.34.47.44.212.84.70.813.47.516.61.77.53.53.95.91.56.55.35.69.714.16.93.65.04.24.84.99.12.23.26.28.45.2 | 43.143.143.143.243.443.443.843.943.943.943.944.044.144.144.244.244.244.344.344.344.544.544.544.644.644.744.844.845.045.045.145.145.145.245.345.445.545.545.545.645.745.8 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
43681504515413121105485306615722634315216437433617156790350131345436309181-28119615470119419195396109347-25295030478121-262-2 | 26.823.624.521.926.915.324.928.729.024.627.031.222.925.825.025.126.921.031.926.821.126.921.922.324.623.128.322.627.525.528.713.419.925.626.125.424.228.322.526.325.727.1 | 6.67.16.22.76.87.33.97.47.37.05.77.28.25.16.64.06.313.09.66.19.25.48.36.57.65.95.05.15.35.63.88.86.05.65.47.87.57.56.46.75.75.9 | 33.430.730.724.633.722.628.826.236.331.732.838.431.030.931.629.133.234.041.532.830.332.330.228.832.228.933.327.732.831.132.622.225.931.331.533.131.735.829.033.131.432.9 | 12.515.315.321.412.523.617.310.110.114.813.88.115.615.815.217.713.612.95.414.116.614.716.918.314.818.213.919.514.516.314.925.321.716.316.114.616.112.219.115.116.715.2 | 0.915.79.64.55.15.310.76.45.39.89.34.96.911.2933.04.64.93.58.28.07.06.36.32.88.74.76.67.48.94.91.65.05.77.15.65.56.71.66.214.814.0 | 45.946.046.046.046.146.146.146346546.546.546.546.746.746.846.846.846.946.946.947.047.047.147.147.147.147.247.247.347.447.547.547547.547.547.747.848.048.048.148.248.2 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
5535114131063031821217626526434485394268535194443340129152-2128564337159105311302346-262444212381583389235680568456409452331 | 25.726.319.225.922.924.122.622.727.826.523.621.424.527.836.121.821.723.726.627.827.027.629.828.625.725.623.028.027.028.327.225.128.028.428.126.728.031.325.127.526.424.2 | 9.72.78.84.25.45.55.95.67.28.08.011.46.28.57.25.96.88.15.35.24.67.56.25.46.06.16.06.76.07.37.76.35.51.56.17.66.710.50.67.61.18.1 | 35.429.128.030.128.329.628.528.335.034.531.632.830.736.343.327.728.531.832.033.031.535.136.034.031.731.728.934.733.035.534.931.433.535.934.234.234.841.725.835.127.632.3 | 12.919.220.418.320.218.920.120.313.714.317.316.118.212.85.821.520.917.617.516.618.014.513.715.718.118.121.015.217.014.515.318.916.814.516.316.516.19.125.115.823.418.7 | 3.23.85.812.81.94.54.55.20.91.84.45.18.41.35.18.30.84.712.911.215.33.43.315.215.96.27.13.39.72.95.53.910.63.18.27.08.37.490.17.720.45.6 | 48.348.348.448.448.548.548.548.648.748.848.848.949.049.149.149.249.449.449.449.549.549.649.649.749.849.949.949.949.950.050.250.250.350.450.550.750.950.950.950.951.051.1 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
65193365462204115441307391-26354346133302-2243170254502394485194381117116346410737131319910410333943937218731730635586436-291 | 27.829.326.921.923.731.123.426.526.528.135.831.529.924.630.226.528.632.629.424.132.626.331.029.829.026.729.928.825.323.325.729.125.727.227.515.026.823.730.930.826.531.0 | 7.86.94.00.65.96.27.66.35.66.28.46.25.16.47.68.15.97.87.413.45.16.66.16.15.80.84.74.16.25.36.93.89.16.23.822.25.96.67.26.36.36.4 | 35.626.230.928.529.637.331.032.932.134.444.137.735.031.037.934.634.540.436.837.437.832.937.735.934.827.534.632.932.128.632.532.934.833.931.437.232.730.338.137.132..837.4 | 15.815.320.623.222.214.721.019.220.117.88.114.517.221.214.517.817.912.215.915.314.919.915.217.218.525.818.720.421.324.820.920.618.719.622.416.621.123.515.816.821.316.7 | 9.05.24.395.06.23.75.85.57.614.53.64.910.17.37.511.86.85.94.72.22.69.05.512.715435.520.68.69.76.317.913.44.86.56.42.17.68.04.411.76.29.0 | 51.451.551.551.751.852.052.052.152.252.252.252.252.252352.352.452.452.652.752.752.752.852.953.153353.353.353.353.353.453.553.553.553.653.853.853.853.953.953954.054.1 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
61-277156511-2281137642744932420731612128126451-2135393130357314184151-2101331-233032535140332246315543539746518332145721316-234 | 28.129.731.527.934.732.230.732.826.726.636.229.029.232.630.027.230.127.930.224.326.029.032.531.527.630.928.727.739.129.826.832.732.028.829.226.529.435.031.232.928.533.6 | 7.87.05.42.86.05.66.57.17.38.18.76.15.56.35.60.86.06.56.118.16.75.55.64.07.88.69.76.78.18.10.75.77.46.47.01.08.19.40.76.36.17.1 | 35.936.736.930.740.737..837.239.934.034.744.935.234.738.935.628.036.134.536.342.432.634.538.235.535.539.538.434.347.137..827.538.439.535.236.327.537.544.431.839.234.640.7 | 18.217.517.323.813.816.817.414.820.920.510.420.220.616.519.927.619.721.419.613.523.321.517.920.620.616.617.821.99.118.628.918.117.221.620.629.519.512.925.518.222.916.9 | 15.43.35.95.07.915.79.15.04.70.90.26.811.011.57.815.39.214.24.18.39214.59.05.07.15.64.86.34.636.76.34.24.310.444.8124.015.42.47.99.4 | 54.154.254.254.554.554.654.654.754.955.255.355.455.455.455.555.655.855.855.955.955.956.056.156.156.156.156.256.256.256.556.556.556.656.856.956.957.057.357.457.457.557.6 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
6994317-24223661888747352734111734246747165369370421-2533354343643261231201163618424353122-252818621-241532811840246613 | 30.531.928.325.935.128.932.227.831.528.633.628.628.931.734.133.230.538.829.131.134.122.030.827.032.033.234.533.134.831.130.532.732.735.332.626.926.536.032.831.831.8 | 6.98.36.010.04.39.47.34.66.77.96.61.91.17.06.96.24.14.17.87.46.310.23.98.75.94.06.24.16.35.78.85.76.68.26.27.08.13.96.51.06.6 | 37.440.234.335.939.438.339.532.438.236.540.236.536.638.741.039.434.642.937.038.540.432.234.735.737.837.240.837.241.136.839.338.439.343.538.833.934.639.939.432.838.4 | 20.217.423.522.018.519.718.525.619.921.718.021.821.719.717.419.024.015.921.920.718.827.024.523.621.522.218.722.318.823.120.621.620.916.721.426.425.820.521.227.922.4 | 11.48.38.86.26.5927.310.74.13.78.74.311.712.03.212.912.34.25.35.76.48.64.62.911.420.28.72.31.53.45.917.55.36.23.25.85.97.14.638.58.2 | 57.657.657.857.951.958.058.058.058.158.258.258.258.358.458.458.558.658.858.959.259.259.259.259.359.459.459.459.559.959.960.060.160.260.260.260.360.460.460.560.760.8 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
442614554231694583621243322-2233225375318420161744826406-255251-2424881221603988932351242991-26443345336710437-2521472565 | 27.132.928.429.236.027.835.833.635.732.736.234.036.136.928.426.834.034.339.033.832.442.237.531.437.934.936.736.136.634.532.030.637.138.932.431.136.235.633.935.133.440.736.1 | 12.18.10.86.18.52.23.95.96.46.06.76.511.26.19.211.36.17.46.46.79.17.86.51.66.1626.18.08.57.33.17.36.711.88.50.84.09.38.23.62.79.86.0 | 39.241.029.235.344.530.039.739.542.138.642.940.547.343.037.638.140.141.745.440.541.550.044.139.144.641.242.944.145.041.835.137.943.750.740.931.940.344.942.138.736.150.642.1 | 21.820.332.126.117.031.622.122.419.923.319.221.815.019.525.024.522.621.117.522.621.713.919.824.919.423.021.520.419.923.229.927.321.614.724.533.625.421.724.527.930.616.324.8 | 2.615.730.63.87.85.45.211.97.26.22.39.71.78.24.77.88.212.22.55.77.44.14.07.68.313.011.815.711.40.911.81138.69.62.341.54.72.13.47.86.615.23.2 | 60.961.361.361.461.461.561.861.962.062.062.162.362.362.562.662.662.762.862.963.163.263.963.963.963.964.264.464.464.965.065.065265.365.465.465.565.766.566.666.666.866.866.9 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
315323291342526408523373407-27952447851547685165205034063634998414308514509234466-2101-2162361-233432752552544594978381-2467526-2469500 | 41.348.934.938.934.045.936.335.942.437.737.944.334.136.433.137.535.738.539.138.736.447.039.432.030.936.939.739.132.538.740.240.339.835.538.448.843.735.839.244.954.442.846.936.033.2 | 6.38.99.15.311.27.17.85.44.06.87.93.97.04.73.39.13.65.53.46.83.98.57.512.26.93.95.010.21.910.57.73.810.412.88.36.610.83.04.86.46.30.96.95.55.9 | 47.557.844.144.245.253.044.241.346.444.545.848.241.141.236.446.639.244.042.545.540.355.546.844.237.840.844.749.340.449.247.944.150.248.346.855.454.538.844.151.260.743.753.741.539.1 | 19.710.124.024.023.015.724.627.722.724.823.721.328.428.533.323.130.626.127.824.930.315.123.926.733.330.426.822.431.522.924.628.422.824.826.618.519.435.630.823.814.331.421.834.137.3 | 7.55.65.114.97.92.78.27.46.07.67.77.63.98.06.26.98.38.76.89.76.93.011.93.93.84.87.33.836.68.112.03.43.92.87.94.016.64.16.68.74.121.84.36.57.2 | 67.367.968.168.268.368.868.869.169.169.369.469.569.569.669.769.869.970.270.370.570.670.770.870.971.171.271.471.771.972.172.572.573.073.073.473.973.974.474.975.175.175.175.575.676.3 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
731005184375819467-2508454499333431167480650141047146847547050247747936860166-241293510474539953752211.25550432031950695 | 44.643.140.028.342.644.745.348.037.741.044.040.154.441.346.448.848.238.838.736.736.739.443.241.046.849.049.747.352.542.441.455.251.568.945.253.256.043.551.051.655.054.3 | 7.39.34.315.415.27.31.84.91.25.08.77.06.95.59.17.39.03.95.66.37.43.92.96.54.04.08.18.44.26.05.86.58.18.96.115.89.85.212.210.65.17.5 | 51.952.444.343.757.852.047.152.938.946.052.747.161.246.855.556.157.242.744.343.044.143.346.147.550.853.057.855.856.848.447.261.759.677.851.369.065.848.763.262.260.161.8 | 24.624.232.433.119.225.130.124.338.431.725.130.816.831.322.722.321.636.134.936.135.236.133.632.929.627.723.225.326.535.337.224.326.58.435.618.121.538.824.626.528.927.9 | 9.86.45.44.916.912.73.88.78.37.04.58.39.55.911.98.43.77.27.46.56.512.55.96.28.613.73.86.96.47.510.87.610.14.07.93.511.48.25.84.86.07.9 | 76.676.676.776.877.177.177.277.277.277.777.877.978.078.178.278.478.778.879.179.179.379.379.780.480.480.681.081.183.283.784.486.086.086.286.987.187.387.587.788.788.989.7 |
样品编号 | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醛(pg/g) | 己醇(pg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(MS′S) | 2,4-癸二烯醛+己醛+己醇(μg/g) |
305179629496512-25971620513498914496-2507974301250518173924256042682Range平均值Stdev | 57.459.153.561.260.653.455.856.660.467.264.360.367.465.879.178.169.276.174.183.377.181.792.190.286.9119.6119.94.9-12028.513.9 | 6.65.47.97.15.23.59.511.311.68.14.14.88.47.46.06.210.814.011.56.56.78.214.712.78.315.450.50.6-516.62.9 | 64.064.561.468.365.956.965.367.972.175.368.465.175.873.285.284.380.090.185.689.883.889.8106.8102.995.2135.0170.47.0-17035.015.1 | 25.925.728.926.129.638.630.528.729.326.837.241.432.135.828.429.534.925.130.629.936.036.620.528.841.324.113.92.8-4117.47.8 | 8.210.59.63.84.513.714.18.511.89.910.810.39.1784.56.511.23.72.97.87.610.115.08.225.84.19.00-957.37.0 | 89.990.390.394.495.595.595.996.6101.4102.1105.6106.5107.9109.0113.5113.8114.9115.2116.2119.6119.8126.5127.4131.7136.5159.1184.421-18452.420.1 |
表11B:颜色样品名称ID:47 | b*27.18 | L*82.34 |
ID:42ID:45JA:48 | 27.2927.4027.88 | 83.0281.5884.41 |
LB:32 | 28.10 | 83.24 |
LB:33LB:30 | 28.2428.47 | 81.9980.80 |
JA:45 | 28.62 | 82.83 |
LB:26JA:44 | 28.7128.86 | 82.4384.03 |
ID:34 | 28.94 | 80.43 |
KA:45D:15 | 29.1729.43 | 84.2979.01 |
D:48 | 29.56 | 79.52 |
LB:15ID:28 | 29.6030.05 | 82.4178.60 |
KA:44 | 30.83 | 81.90 |
JB:12JB:16 | 31.1731.42 | 78.9979.02 |
KA:25 | 32.69 | 80.71 |
LB:9JA:49 | 32.8933.48 | 79.9779.05 |
JB:14 | 33.80 | 77.60 |
范围 | 27-34 | 77-84 |
平均值 | 29.73 | 81∶22 |
实施例6
组合低气味产生性状与低亚麻酸组成性状的能力的证明
本实施例证实有可能将低气味产生性状与低亚麻酸组成性状组合,还进一步研究将大豆脱壳对气味产生的影响。大豆脂肪酸中亚麻酸的百分比通常为约8%。用传统的育种方法有可能构建出含有小于6%亚麻酸和具有低气味产生特性的大豆(表12)。
在气味测定中测量出,1-辛烯-3-醇的形成独立于其它挥发性化合物的形成。一种假设是大豆表面上的真菌酶类是测定中1-辛烯-3-醇快速形成的来源。推论认为将大豆种子在研磨成粉之前先脱壳,应当会降低气味测定中的真菌酶类的水平。通常是研磨完整大豆以产生用于气味测定的大豆粉。故用六颗经小心脱壳的低气味、低亚麻酸大豆品系种子进行再测定。从脱壳种子形成的1-辛烯-3-醇的量约为完整种子的一半,这证实了大豆皮壳中诸如真菌和真菌酶类的成分会促使1-辛烯-3-醇形成的这一假设(表13)。无脂加氧酶大豆常常产生更高水平的1-辛烯-3-醇(表3)。推论认为脂加氧酶在抑制霉菌的生长中可起到作用,因此在脂加氧酶不存在时,霉菌污染会更大,使得有更多的真菌酶类,从而1-辛烯-3-醇的形成更多。经本发明的筛选鉴定出的含脂加氧酶低气味大豆,趋向于具有比较高气味大豆更低的1-辛烯-3-醇范围(例如表12)。
表12 A1-A4:低亚麻酸大豆品系的颜色和气味产生特性。颜色值为L*(光亮度)、a*(绿-红)和b*(蓝-黄)。
表12A1. | |||||||||
杂交类型 | 亚麻酸(%) | 己醛(μg/g) | 己醇(μg/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 12,4-癸二烯醛,己醛,己醇(μg/g) | L* | a* | b* |
J-2J-1J-3 | 4.03.73.5 | 5.07.37.6 | 0.50.60.7 | 4.45.16.3 | 4.04.88.6 | 9.612.716.8 | 79.982.681.9 | 1.50.41.0 | 27.527.026.8 |
J-4J-5 | 4.64.2 | 5.86.5 | 5.15.1 | 4.34.7 | 9.48.9 | 20.320.5 | 81.981.8 | 0.90.7 | 27.526.3 |
F-2 | 2.7 | 14.8 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 7.6 | 22.7 | 82.6 | 0.6 | 26.2 |
E-11 | 2.7 | 19.9 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 7.0 | 32.0 | |||
G-31 | 4.1 | 20.3 | 1..1 | 5.5 | 11.0 | 32.4 | |||
I-7 | 3.1 | 16.0 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 12.2 | 33.3 | |||
J-12I-4 | 3.3 | 16.515.5 | 5.15.5 | 4.23.6 | 12.513.7 | 34.134.3 | |||
G-21 | 4.1 | 20.7 | 2.1 | 6.0 | 12.1 | 34.8 | |||
F-20F-3E-13 | 4.92.83.0 | 24.623.323.4 | 1.40.95.1 | 3.89.14.1 | 9.311.77.4 | 35.335.935.9 | |||
G-30F-6G-27 | 3.2 | 21.823.022.6 | 1.31.70.9 | 5.45.96.6 | 13.011.612.9 | 36.036.336.4 | |||
G-16 | 4.2 | 19.5 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 13.6 | 36.6 | |||
G-10G-15 | 4.14.4 | 17.318.9 | 3.63.0 | 3.54.8 | 16.015.4 | 36.937.2 | |||
G-28 | 4.2 | 24.8 | 1.0 | 7.0 | 11.4 | 37.2 | |||
H-1F-17 | 3.43.9 | 17.225.7 | 5.11.3 | 3.05.3 | 15.210.5 | 37.537.5 | |||
G-26 | 3.8 | 23.1 | 1.0 | 5.1 | 13.7 | 37.9 | |||
E-14J-16 | 3.03.2 | 20.919.8 | 5.15.1 | 5.34.5 | 11.913.0 | 37.938.0 | |||
E-6 | 2.9 | 17.4 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 15.6 | 38.0 | |||
E-3F-10 | 2.94.3 | 17.820.1 | 5.15.1 | 3.03.0 | 15.413.0 | 38.238.3 | |||
F-1 | 2.7 | 21.6 | 1.5 | 5.4 | 15.6 | 38.6 |
表12A2. | ||||||
杂交类型 | 亚麻酸(%) | 己醛(μg/g) | 己醛(μg/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛,己醛,己醇(μg/g) |
E-7E-5 | 3.02.7 | 20.120.2 | 5.15.1 | 4.04.2 | 13.513.7 | 38.738.9 |
G-8 | 4.2 | 27.1 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 8.3 | 38.9 |
E-16F-19 | 3.13.6 | 22.226.2 | 2.35.1 | 3.83.3 | 14.67.9 | 39.139.1 |
G-19 | 4.3 | 20.0 | 4.2 | 4.6 | 15.2 | 39.4 |
F-25F-21G-11 | 3.92.84.2 | 23.422.922.1 | 0.71.14.0 | 9.57.24.6 | 15.315.713.6 | 39.439.639.7 |
J-17E-15E-4 | 3.03.02.8 | 22.819.521.1 | 5.15.15.1 | 4.95.03.2 | 12.415.814.5 | 40.240.440.6 |
J-14 | 3.2 | 20.6 | 5.1 | 4.3 | 15.2 | 40.9 |
G-24J-13 | 4.03.2 | 22.920.9 | 1.95.1 | 7.04.1 | 16.115.0 | 40.941.0 |
E-10 | 2.8 | 22.9 | 5.1 | 4.0 | 13.1 | 41.1 |
F-31J-34 | 3.53.2 | 26.826.2 | 0.05.1 | 9.63.5 | 14.310.1 | 41.241.3 |
G-25 | 3.5 | 23.6 | 2.5 | 7.2 | 15.3 | 41.4 |
F-5J-30 | 2.73.2 | 25.726.5 | 1.35.1 | 9.64.8 | 14.510.0 | 41.541.5 |
H-7 | 3.2 | 22.2 | 5.1 | 4.2 | 14.6 | 41.9 |
G-22E-11 | 4.02.9 | 22.627.6 | 1.55.1 | 7.54.1 | 17.99.4 | 42.042.1 |
J-19 | 3.0 | 22.2 | 5.1 | 3.8 | 14.9 | 42.2 |
F-13G-23 | 4.03.2 | 30.423.6 | 1.22.2 | 4.36.2 | 10.816.6 | 42.342.4 |
E-9 | 2.9 | 25.2 | 5.1 | 3.4 | 12.3 | 42.6 |
F-22E-8 | 3.42.9 | 25.325.2 | 1.05.1 | 8.74.1 | 16.412.7 | 42.742.9 |
E-1 | 2.8 | 21.9 | 5.1 | 2.6 | 16.6 | 43.6 |
F-8F-32 | 3.72.8 | 26.025.6 | 5.10.9 | 3.19.1 | 12.617.4 | 43.643.8 |
F-23 | 3.6 | 28.6 | 0.9 | 6.5 | 14.8 | 44.3 |
表12A3. | ||||||
杂交类型 | 亚麻酸(%) | 己醛(μg/g) | 己醛(μg/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛,己醛,己醇(μg/g) |
J-6G-29 | 2.74.0 | 23.823.7 | 5.11.5 | 4.26.8 | 15.719.3 | 44.644.6 |
F-7 | 4.1 | 25.4 | 5.1 | 3.8 | 14.1 | 44.6 |
I-12G-17 | 2.94.1 | 22.020.8 | 5.14.2 | 3.94.1 | 17.720.1 | 44.845.1 |
F-4 | 2.8 | 24.0 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 16.2 | 45.3 |
H-6G-9I-11 | 3.14.53.1 | 24.723.921.2 | 5.13.85.1 | 3.53.83.6 | 15.717.819.2 | 45.445.545.5 |
G-14I-13J-15 | 4.12.93.1 | 22.821.124.4 | 3.35.15.1 | 4.94.85.6 | 19.519.616.8 | 45.745.846.3 |
F-33 | 3.0 | 29.0 | 0.9 | 10.1 | 17.6 | 47.5 |
E-2J-32 | 2.83.0 | 25.331.5 | 5.15.1 | 3.44.6 | 17.411.2 | 47847.8 |
E-18 | 3.0 | 28.8 | 2.9 | 3.2 | 16.2 | 48.0 |
H-5E-17 | 3.03.2 | 30.029.0 | 5.13.2 | 3.32.5 | 13.016.3 | 48.048.6 |
I-6 | 2.9 | 30.8 | 5.1 | 4.1 | 12.8 | 48.7 |
J-33G-2 | 2.92.9 | 28.626.8 | 5.11.5 | 2.66.5 | 15.220.7 | 48.949.0 |
G-12 | 4.1 | 23.1 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 21.4 | 49.4 |
I-8G-5 | 2.82.9 | 26.531.1 | 5.13.4 | 5.78.1 | 18.015.2 | 49.549.7 |
G-6 | 3.2 | 31.7 | 1.6 | 8.9 | 16.7 | 50.1 |
J-23F-35 | 2.92.9 | 30.028.8 | 5.11.2 | 6.96.5 | 15.020.4 | 50.150.4 |
I-5 | 2.8 | 30.4 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 15.0 | 50.6 |
G-20J-29 | 4.03.0 | 23.831.3 | 5.05.1 | 5.34.5 | 22.014.6 | 50.851.0 |
G-13 | 4.4 | 35.8 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 11.5 | 51.0 |
I-0H-2 | 3.02.8 | 32.734.0 | 5.15.1 | 4.13.2 | 13.312.6 | 51.151.7 |
G-18 | 3.9 | 27.6 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 19.9 | 51.9 |
表12A4. | ||||||
杂交类型 | 亚麻酸(%) | 己醛(μg/g) | 己醛(μg/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛,己醛,己醇(μg/g) |
H-3 | 3.0 | 28.6 | 5.1 | 3.3 | 18.5 | 52.2 |
F-18 | 2.9 | 33.3 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 14.0 | 52.4 |
F-26 | 4.6 | 31.4 | 1.6 | 4.5 | 19.3 | 52.4 |
G-4 | 3.1 | 28.7 | 2.4 | 7.6 | 21.4 | 52.5 |
J-9 | 3.5 | 29.9 | 5.1 | 5.4 | 17.7 | 52.7 |
J-31 | 3.0 | 33.6 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 14.1 | 52.8 |
J-27 | 3.1 | 34.5 | 5.1 | 5.9 | 13.9 | 53.5 |
G-7J-24 | 2.63.1 | 32.231.1 | 5.15.1 | 8.86.2 | 16.317.7 | 53.653.9 |
I-1 | 2.9 | 32.1 | 5.1 | 4.5 | 17.0 | 54.2 |
I-2I-3 | 3.02.9 | 32.134.0 | 5.15.1 | 4.85.2 | 17.216.2 | 54.355.3 |
J-11 | 3.3 | 34.8 | 5.1 | 6.2 | 16.1 | 55.9 |
G-1H-4 | 2.72.9 | 29.836.0 | 4.25.1 | 5.43.8 | 22.216.1 | 56.157.2 |
I-9 | 3.1 | 30.4 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 22.0 | 57.4 |
F-14J-10 | 4.33.1 | 41.735.8 | 2.05.1 | 4.44.8 | 13.817.3 | 57.558.2 |
J-25 | 3.1 | 37.6 | 5.1 | 7.0 | 16.7 | 59.3 |
J-28J-18 | 3.13.3 | 38.339.1 | 5.12.4 | 4.87.8 | 16.118.2 | 59.559.6 |
J-21 | 3.1 | 37.7 | 5.1 | 5.3 | 17.1 | 59.9 |
J-22F-30 | 3.23.1 | 38.035.7 | 5.10.8 | 7.213.2 | 16.923.8 | 60.060.2 |
J-26 | 3.1 | 37.1 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 19.0 | 61.2 |
J-8J-7 | 3.33.2 | 37.638.6 | 5.15.1 | 5.55.5 | 18.918.3 | 61.662.0 |
F-12 | 4.8 | 36.5 | 5.1 | 3.9 | 21.0 | 62.5 |
G-3F-28F-24 | 2.92.94.4 | 32.643.542.0 | 2.52.43.5 | 9.86.26.4 | 27.716.918.3 | 62.762.863.7 |
F-34 | 3.0 | 35.3 | 1.5 | 7.8 | 27.0 | 63.8 |
E-19F-29 | 3.03.6 | 40.942.0 | 4.63.5 | 1.74.6 | 19.320.8 | 64.866.2 |
E-12 | 2.8 | 39.9 | 5.1 | 4.4 | 21.8 | 66.7 |
J-20F-27 | 2.92.9 | 41.542.1 | 5.10.9 | 5.38.1 | 21.526.5 | 68.169.6 |
F-11 | 3.6 | 41.3 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 23.7 | 70.1 |
F-9F-16 | 4.64.1 | 46.742.8 | 1.45.1 | 5.24.5 | 21.922.5 | 70.170.4 |
F-15 | 3.7 | 54.5 | 2.2 | 6.7 | 25.8 | 82.5 |
表13:大豆在制成大豆粉之前先脱壳时,气味测定中1-辛烯-3-醇的形成减少
大豆14 | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/μg) | ||
整粒种子 | 脱壳 | 脱壳Stdev | |
J-2J-1 | 4.395.08 | 2.172.25 | 0.130 |
J-3j-4 | 6.264.27 | 2.361.35 | 0 |
HiBC | 10.36 | 3.19 | 0.09 |
实施例7
pH对气味形成的影响
本发明提供的标准气味测定涉及家大豆粉加入到水中,在约pH6.3下导致气味形成。以下实验的目的是确定在此条件下产生低水平气味的品种,在其它pH条件下是否也能产生低水平的气味。将商业对照大豆的气味产生特性与低气味产生品系(A-4)进行比较。品系A-4在pH3.0和pH5.5及pH7和pH9.2下产生更低水平的癸二烯醛和己醛(表14)。这些数据证明不用缓冲液进行的测定,可用作选择可以在很宽pH条件范围内产生低水平气味的大豆的方法。己醛和2,4-癸二烯醛的最高浓度是在pH9下产生的,在该pH下1-辛烯-3-醇的产生量最少(表14)。
表14:pH对商品对照大豆和低气味产生大豆(图4和5的A-4在2003年收获)的气味产生的影响。本测量所用的气味测定和实施例1的相同,例外的是大豆粉加入到各pH(3.02、5.45、7.01和9.16)下的0.1M K2HPO4中。
pH | 癸二烯醛(μg/g) | 己醛(μg/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(μg/g) | |||||||||
对照 | Stdev | A-4 | Stdev | 对照 | Stdev | A-4 | Stdev | 对照 | Stdev | A-4 | stdev | |
3.02 | 3.60 | 0.98 | 1.79 | 0.96 | 18.47 | 4.40 | 7.35 | 0.76 | 13.37 | 7.86 | 11.71 | 2.79 |
5.457.01 | 8.038.10 | 1.971.90 | 3.653.51 | 2.270.64 | 36.4930.75 | 2.669.50 | 11.3010.68 | 1.780.74 | 12.4110.57 | 6.564.17 | 8.066.03 | 3.623.87 |
9.20 | 37.72 | 33.17 | 9.12 | 3.66 | 60.38 | 30.20 | 27.93 | 6.11 | 2.10 | 1.71 | 2.98 | 1.67 |
实施例8
大豆蛋白质组成对豆浆沉淀物的影响
本实施例说明从具有改进蛋白质组成的本发明大豆制得的豆浆中所形成的沉淀物水平较低。含蛋白质的沉淀物对豆浆的感官质量具有负面影响,因为不希望在饮料中感觉到有颗粒。
豆浆制备.用Mega Grinder研磨对照低气味大豆(A-4)和含有约39%β-伴大豆球蛋白和约13%大豆球蛋白的大豆,制成大豆粉。将每种大豆粉样品加入到50mL一次性聚丙烯离心管中的36.75克水(4℃)中,加入量要使混合物中的蛋白质终浓度为3.3%重量,并在输出功率控制设定值为8下超声处理15秒。用Eppendorf Centrifuge5804R离心机在4℃、8,000rpm下将超声处理过的样品离心10分钟。将上清液(豆浆)倾析到50mL一次性聚丙烯离心管中。每种豆浆取一部分(27.25克)转移到另一个50mL一次性离心管中。上述样品制备一式两份,以解决以下蔗糖加入中出现的差异问题。将蔗糖(0.6987克)在热处理之前或之后加入到27.25克豆浆中。
将50mL一次性聚丙烯离心管放入95℃硅油浴中5分钟,对豆浆样品进行热处理,然后将样品转移到冰浴中冷却,接着冷冻保存30天。随着时间的推移,样品中有沉淀物形成。如下定量所形成的沉淀物。将离心管来回倾侧,使离心管底部的沉淀物分散。将豆浆样品转移到已称重的离心管中,记录最终重量。将离心管放入EppendorfCentrifuge5804 R离心机中,在25℃、8,000rpm下离心2分钟。倾析出豆浆上清液,计算剩余的沉淀物的重量。沉淀物的量记录为占豆浆重量的百分比(%沉淀物=100x沉淀物重量/豆浆重量)。
结果.对照豆浆的沉淀物量至少是高β-伴大豆球蛋白豆浆的两倍(表15)。
表15:大豆蛋白质组成对豆浆沉淀物的影响.A-4是对照大豆。HBC是高β-伴大豆球蛋白、低大豆球蛋白大豆。
大豆类型 | 蔗糖加入 | %沉淀物 |
A-4 | 加热前 | 1.8 |
A-4HBC | 加热后加热前 | 2.00.7 |
HBC | 加热后 | 1.0 |
以上实例显示,即使当大豆含有脂加氧酶1、2和3时,也制备出了气味产生水平低的独特组合物。还证明能够选择出具有改进的感官特性的大豆,其中根据以下对大豆进行选择:大豆中大豆球蛋白、游离精氨酸和天冬酰胺、黄色色素及多不饱和脂肪酸的量,以及磨碎大豆水悬浮液所产生的2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛、己醇和1-辛烯-3-醇气味的量。公开的方法用于估计大豆在大豆成分和食品中产生2,4-癸二烯醛、己醛、己醇和1-辛烯-3-醇及其它更浓烈气味的潜力。在这一大豆气味估计方法中,将大豆粉以1∶4比例在水中温育的价值在于获得以下独到观察结果:悬浮液中常温下2,4-癸二烯醛快速形成,有可能培育出气味产生水平非常低的含有脂加氧酶1、2和3的大豆。
在各实例中还证实,有可能产生出以下内生大豆组成,其具有大于30%的β-伴大豆球蛋白和小于25%的大豆球蛋白,具有正常或偏低的游离精氨酸和游离天冬酰胺。还进一步证明,可将低气味和颜色特性与高β-伴大豆球蛋白组成特性组合,且还进一步设想了与低亚麻酸和中油酸大豆的组合。大豆球蛋白是大豆成分和食品中不溶性蛋白质的来源,会在饮料中产生沉淀物,造成令人不快的口感。游离精氨酸和天冬酰胺在加工过程中可产生氨,后者进一步与气味化合物如2,4-癸二烯醛反应形成浓烈的气味如2-戊基吡啶。亚油酸和亚麻酸是多不饱和脂肪酸,是气味形成的底物;降低它们在大豆中的含量将有助于降低气味的形成。大豆的色素会促成大豆制品的不良颜色,从而进一步影响到感官反应。统共地说,高β-伴大豆球蛋白、低游离精氨酸和天冬酰胺、低气味和低颜色及低多不饱和脂肪酸大豆组合物,是本发明为产生感官上悦人的大豆蛋白成分和食品的最有价值组合物。还认识到,这些组合物不会缺乏大豆蛋白成分所伴有的健康特性,因为β-伴大豆球蛋白与大豆蛋白的胆固醇和甘油三酯降低特性有关(Duranti等,2004),涉及对动脉粥样硬化的抑制(Adams等,2004)。
实施例9
低气味大豆组合物另外的沉淀分析
重复进行实施例8的研究,但作以下改变。加入了商品大豆对照(AG3302)。大豆在制粉前先脱壳,大豆粉在加入到水中前先过筛。将上清液(豆浆)转移到预称重的离心管中。将蔗糖在热处理前加入,使最终蔗糖浓度为2.5%(w/w)。将样品保存在冰箱中21天。测量离心管中豆浆沉淀物的高度,然后将样品在8,000rpm下离心5分钟。将上清液倾析出并称重,测定上清液的pH(所有样品均为pH=6.7),并对含有粒状沉淀(pellet)的离心管进行称重。计算出各样品的湿大豆沉淀物的重量百分比(大豆沉淀物的重量%=100x湿大豆沉淀物的重量/(湿大豆沉淀物的重量+大豆上清液的重量)。
用脱壳大豆发现了HBC和低气味大豆在减少蛋白质沉淀物形成中的有益作用(表16)。HBC豆浆与低气味大豆品系相比沉淀物减少2.2倍,与对照大豆相比沉淀物减少7倍。将低气味大豆的沉淀物与对照相比,惊异地发现减少了3.1倍。有可能是低气味性状通过限制自由基形成和蛋白质氧化来减少沉淀物形成。因此这表明组合了高β-伴大豆球蛋白性状和低气味性状的优化组合物的更多有益特性。
表16:与对照大豆组合物相比,高β-伴大豆球蛋白性状和低气味性状对豆浆沉淀物高度和沉淀物-粒状沉淀重量的影响
沉淀物高度(mm) | 粒状沉淀重量(%) | 粒状沉淀重量Stdev | |
HBC | 0 | 2.1 | 0.14 |
A-4 | 8 | 4.7 | 0.42 |
对照 | 14 | 14.8 | 2.8 |
实施例9
脱壳大豆粉和大豆分离蛋白成分的制备
将对照大豆(AG3302)以及大于30%总蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白、小于25%总蛋白质为大豆球蛋白且含有小于2500微克/g游离精氨酸加上天冬酰胺的大豆(DJB2104GOR,EXP319AP)脱壳,制得脱壳大豆粉,然后按照以下步骤进一步加工制得大豆分离蛋白成分。
表17:不同大豆品系中β-伴大豆球蛋白和大豆球蛋白的组成
大豆品系 | B-伴大豆球蛋白(占总蛋白质的%) | 大豆球蛋白(占总蛋白质的%) | 游离Arg(ug/g) | 游离Asn(ug/g) |
AG3302 | 24.1 | 33.6 | 1455 | 155 |
DJB1804BOR | 33.9 | 12.9 | 1230 | 93 |
EXP319AP | 40.1 | 12.5 | 2197 | 224 |
1.将大豆调整至约10%水分,在室温下调和(temper)。
2.用破碎机将大豆破碎。
3.用吸气器使破碎大豆脱壳。
4.用蒸煮器将破碎和脱壳的大豆在50-60℃下软化。
5.轧片机将软化的大豆轧片。
6.用己烷提取大豆片。
7.将脱脂大豆粕除溶剂,得到大豆片。
8.将大豆片研磨,制成大豆粉。
9.将水加入到300升夹层罐中,用40%NaOH调至50℃和pH9.0。加入脱脂大豆粉并混合。水与大豆粉之比为12/1(w/w)。提取时间为45分钟。
10.用自动清洗碟式离心机(反压58-60psi)从提取浆液中回收溶解的大豆蛋白质。
11.加入盐酸(18%)使澄清的蛋白质溶液调至pH4.5,让其在45℃下反应30分钟。
12.用自动清洗碟式离心机回收沉淀下来的蛋白质。
13.用酸化水(pH4.5+/-0.1,30-35℃)洗涤蛋白质凝块两次。洗涤水与压实的湿固形物之比为6∶1(w/w)。每次洗涤后用自动清洗碟式离心机回收蛋白质凝块(反压58-60psi)。
14.将洗涤过的凝块与氢氧化钠(30%)混合,用30%NaOH将pH调至6.8,然后在116℃下热处理7.5秒。然后将pH调至6.8。
15.将蛋白质溶液调至45-55℃,用204-215℃的入口空气温度和82-88℃的出口空气温度进行喷雾干燥。
16.测定大豆分离蛋白成分的氮溶解度指数。将一部分样品搅拌悬浮在30℃水中2小时,然后用水将其稀释至已知体积。将一部分样品提取物离心,取等分试样进行蛋白质分析。将另一部分样品用同样的方法分析总蛋白质。水溶性蛋白质计算为总蛋白质的百分比,与作为总氮百分比的水溶性氮成比例。
结果:
大豆蛋白粉的氮溶解度指数(表18)与用以制备大豆蛋白质成分的大豆中β-伴大豆球蛋白的量成正比:NSI=1.4716(%β-伴大豆球蛋白)+7.4502;R平方=0.9975。可溶性蛋白质水平的下降可改进用大豆蛋白质配制的食品的感官质量(例如更爽滑更清新的口感)。
表18:氮溶解度指数
用以制备大豆分离蛋白的大豆品系 | NSI(%) | 标准偏差 |
AG3302 | 42.7 | 2.5 |
DJB1804BOR | 58.0 | 2.5 |
EXP319AP | 66.0 | 2.3 |
从各大豆制得的大豆分离蛋白成分其氨基酸组成相似,例外的是高β-伴大豆球蛋白(HBC)成分的赖氨酸含量比对照高约6%。
表19:大豆分离蛋白成分的总氨基酸组成
AG3302 | DJB1804BOR | EXP319AP | |
天冬氨酸 | 114.5 | 111.2 | 114.7 |
苏氨酸 | 37.6 | 37.3 | 36.8 |
丝氨酸 | 50.8 | 52.0 | 52.7 |
谷氨酸 | 203.3 | 192.0 | 202.2 |
脯氨酸 | 55.5 | 53.8 | 55.2 |
甘氨酸 | 41.6 | 40.0 | 39.8 |
丙氨酸 | 42.9 | 42.2 | 41.9 |
缬氨酸 | 49.1 | 49.6 | 49.7 |
甲硫氨酸 | 13.3 | 13.1 | 12.3 |
异亮氨酸 | 44.3 | 44.5 | 44.9 |
亮氨酸 | 81.1 | 81.3 | 82.6 |
酪氨酸 | 38.4 | 39.1 | 39.3 |
苯丙氨酸 | 50.9 | 51.8 | 53.7 |
组氨酸 | 23.7 | 25.9 | 26.3 |
赖氨酸 | 62.3 | 65.4 | 66.5 |
精氨酸 | 73.8 | 71.9 | 75.8 |
半胱氨酸(氧化后) | 13.1 | 14.6 | 13.6 |
甲硫氨酸(氧化后) | 14.7 | 14.5 | 13.3 |
色氨酸 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 11.4 |
实施例10
从脱壳大豆粉制备发酵大豆制品
从商品大豆(AG3302)、高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆(DJB2104GOR)和低气味产生大豆品系(03JBK8-25)(这些大豆品系都在2004年在美国收获)制备脱壳大豆粉。
用于从大豆制备发酵制品的方法和检测方法:
1.用破碎机将大豆破碎。
2.用吸气器将破碎大豆脱壳。
3.使大豆果肉(脱壳大豆)经过锤磨机1次和经过针磨机5次,进行碾磨。
4.将脱壳大豆粉用塑料袋包装,放入纤维板桶中。
5.测定大豆粉的蛋白质含量。
6.将脱壳大豆粉(3℃)加入到水(3℃)中,使得蛋白质含量为3.5%(重量),用手提式均质机混合约1-2分钟.
7.将大豆粉悬浮液在板式换热器中温热,然后注入蒸汽141℃下处理悬浮液3.5秒,接着脱气,冷却至约4℃。
8.将热处理的悬浮液过滤除去纤维,得到豆浆。
9.向豆浆中加入乳风味成分、糖(3%)和盐(0.2%),用手提式均质机进行混合。
10.将调味的豆浆在板式换热器中温热,然后注入蒸汽141℃下处理悬浮液3.5秒,接着脱气,冷却至约4℃,包装在无菌容器中。
11.将各含有2.2%蛋白质的豆浆样品称重放入已灭菌的夸脱罐(quart jar),在微波中温热45-60秒(约24℃)。
12.将糖(3.1%)、香草精(0.4%)和发酵大豆酸奶(L.Bulgaricus,S.Thermophilus,L.Acidophilus,B.Bifidum,L.Casei,L.Rhamnosus)(8%)加入到豆浆中,将样品混合。
13.将含有的豆浆培养物放入43℃培养箱中温育4小时,然后取出来冷冻过夜(4℃)。
14.对冷冻样品进行pH和粘度测量,并由不知样品配方的3人品尝小组进行感官评定。粘度用带Spindle#3的布氏粘度计在20rpm下进行测量。
结果:从DJB2104GOR制得的发酵制品其风味概况(flavor profile)悦人,应该适合于制造水果风味的冰沙(smoothie)。从03JBK8-25制得的制品其风味概况悦人,应该很好地适合于制造酸奶油或浸渍制品(dip product)。推论认为,高β-伴大豆球蛋白性状和低气味产生性状的组合应该还能产生出悦人的发酵豆浆制品。高β-伴大豆球蛋白蛋白质物料的较低粘度可有助于在相同厚度水平下产生出蛋白质更高的制品。
表20:大豆组成和气味特性
大豆 | B-伴大豆球蛋白(占总蛋白质的%) | 大豆球蛋白(占总蛋白质的%) | 油(干物质) | 蛋白质(干物质) | 游离Arg(ug/g) | 游离Asn(ug/g) | 己醛(ug/g) | 己醇(ug/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(ug/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(ug/g) |
DJB2104GOR | 37.7 | 14.7 | 18.9 | 39.5 | 2197 | 142 | 8.8 | 3.17 | 5.9 | 11.7 |
AG3302 | 24.1 | 33.6 | 22.4 | 38.1 | 1455 | 155 | 12.5 | 4.47 | 3.0 | 13.7 |
03JBK8-25 | 25.7 | 34.3 | 19.1 | 38.2 | 1711 | 116 | 2.6 | 1.39 | 3.3 | 5.6 |
表21:发酵制品的风味概况
起始pH | 起始pH | pH变化 | 粘度 | 感官评定 | |
样品身份 | (4℃) | (4℃) | (厘泊) | 评论 | |
AG3302 | 6.828 | 4.629 | 2.199 | 2025 | 具有冰沙的稠度,有少量凝结小块,泥土气息,发酵风味,酸,香草味,煮熟感,不如其它样品那样甜。 |
DJB2104GOR | 6.922 | 4.581 | 2.341 | 1095 | 比其它样品稀,甜,“明亮”,稳定,透出香草味,酸。 |
03JBK8-25 | 6.835 | 4.662 | 2.173 | 1948 | 为最稠的样品,米饭布丁样质地,风味如酸奶油,酸味概况与其它样品相比似乎属不同类型,相当柔和,有一定的干燥口感。 |
实施例11
低气味和高β-伴大豆球蛋白的组合的证明
本实施例说明低气味产生特性与高β-伴大豆球蛋白组成的组合。它证明能够产生出大豆球蛋白含量降低和β-伴大豆球蛋白含量增加的低气味大豆组合物。将杂交类型如A和E(表3)与具有A3233/B2G2/A1923谱系的高β-伴大豆球蛋白种质组合。
如下进行蛋白质分析:集中八颗大豆种子,用CAT Mega-Grinder(SOP Asci-01-0002)研磨。磨碎的样品在4℃下保存。为进行分析,将各样品的~30mg的粉称重至96孔2ml微量滴定板的一个孔中。将蛋白质在含有0.1M二硫苏糖醇(DTT)作为还原剂的1.0mL LaemmliSDS缓冲液pH6.8中振摇下提取1小时。离心后,各提取物取一部分在SDS缓冲液中进一步稀释,以产生0.2-0.5μg/μL总蛋白质,然后加热至90-100℃保持1分钟,接着冷却。对于各样品,用12通道移液器将1-2μg总蛋白质加样到26泳道15%T梯度Tris/HCl Criterion凝胶上。各凝胶中有两个泳道加入分子量标准和亲本对照。将凝胶进行电泳,直到示踪染料达到凝胶的底部(~1.2小时),然后在胶体考马斯蓝G-250中染色过夜,在去离子水中退色,用GS 800CalibratedDensitometer显像密度计显影。用Bio-Rad Quantity OneTM Software软件进行定量。该软件用来确定样品泳道中每个条带的相对量。%大豆球蛋白亚单位条带和%β-伴大豆球蛋白亚单位条带报告为泳道中总蛋白质的相对百分比。a5-大豆球蛋白亚单位没有定量,不包括在总酸性大豆球蛋白值中。样品身份和重量用Master LIMSTM追踪。
将具有高β-伴大豆球蛋白性状的低气味产生大豆与一些不具有低气味性状的品系对比来进行说明(表22)。表中的第一品系进行了重复气味分析。表中显示有几个品系缺乏大豆球蛋白,产生的组合物在温和含水条件下氧化后每克磨碎种子有小于20μg/g的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醛。还对所产生的组合物的其它特性(例如产量、游离氨基酸颜色和脂肪酸组成)进行进一步的评估。
表22:高β-伴大豆球蛋白大豆组合物气味产生特性和蛋白质亚单位组成。
样品ID | 己醛(ug/g) | 己醇(ug/g) | 己醛+己醇(ug/g) | 1-辛烯-3-醇(ug/g) | 2,4-癸二烯醛(ug/g) | Alpha′BC(%) | AlphaBC(%) | BetaBC(%) | AcGly(%) |
JB0305620.0102.0001 | ND | 2.5 | 2.5 | 6.9 | 3.8 | 16.0 | 24.4 | 8.1 | 0.0 |
JB0305620.0102.0001 | 4.4 | 2.5 | 7.0 | 8.2 | 4.0 | 16.0 | 24.4 | 8.1 | 0.0 |
JB0305616.0349.0016 | 5.7 | 2.3 | 8.0 | 8.9 | 3.0 | 14.7 | 18.3 | 6.3 | 12.1 |
JB0305597.0181.0008 | 7.1 | 2.2 | 9.4 | 5.4 | 3.0 | 14.0 | 15.2 | 4.4 | 5.0 |
JB0305617.0178.0015 | 5.3 | 2.0 | 7.3 | 1.5 | 5.2 | 15.4 | 17.4 | 3.5 | 0.0 |
JB0305618.0035.0025 | 7.2 | 1.7 | 8.9 | 8.9 | 3.8 | 16.4 | 19.2 | 6.6 | 0.0 |
JB0305616.0349.0011 | 7.1 | 2.2 | 9.3 | 10.9 | 3.8 | 13.6 | 18.8 | 8.7 | 2.6 |
JB0305611.0213.0020 | 5.9 | 2.7 | 8.6 | 9.9 | 4.5 | 15.3 | 18.5 | 5.7 | 1.2 |
JB0305620.0102.0018 | 7.8 | 2.6 | 10.4 | 5.5 | 3.0 | 16.8 | 23.9 | 10.1 | 0.0 |
JB0305620.0102.0004 | 7.9 | 2.3 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 3.3 | 16.0 | 23.0 | 9.0 | 0.0 |
JB0305617.0094.0031 | 7.3 | 2.3 | 9.5 | 1.6 | 4.6 | 16.8 | 21.4 | 6.6 | 3.2 |
JB0305617.0178.0010 | 8.0 | 1.9 | 9.9 | 12.1 | 4.4 | 14.8 | 16.3 | 3.4 | 0.0 |
JB0305611.0098.0009 | 7.7 | 2.3 | 10.0 | 8.8 | 4.4 | 14.9 | 18.2 | 10.3 | 6.7 |
JB0305611.0213.0004 | 7.3 | 2.2 | 9.5 | 12.7 | 5.0 | 14.0 | 16.1 | 4.1 | 0.9 |
JB0305611.0380.0010 | 7.5 | 2.2 | 9.7 | 6.7 | 4.9 | 16.3 | 19.5 | 6.5 | 3.8 |
JB0305611.0213.0022 | 7.0 | 2.4 | 9.4 | 11.6 | 5.3 | 13.6 | 15.4 | 6.0 | 1.6 |
JB0305619.0275.0007 | 16.8 | 4.5 | 21.3 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.5 | 13.4 | 3.9 | 0.0 |
JB0305620.0078.0012 | 19.4 | 9.2 | 28.6 | 4.5 | 7.5 | 17.0 | 18.7 | 7.7 | 0.0 |
JB0305618.0035.0021 | 21.1 | 5.1 | 26.2 | 7.0 | 10.2 | 11.6 | 13.5 | 3.4 | 0.0 |
JB0305618.0047.0021 | 20.5 | 4.2 | 24.7 | 16.5 | 12.2 | 12.5 | 13.5 | 2.3 | 0.0 |
JB0305620.0282.0008 | 24.7 | 3.9 | 28.6 | 7.4 | 8.4 | 12.3 | 13.9 | 3.3 | 0.0 |
Gly=酸性大豆球蛋白.ND=未检测出
保藏信息
已经按照布达佩斯条约,将在上文中公开和在权利要求书中描述的Monsanto Technology LLC大豆0119149种子保藏在美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC,10801 University Boulevard,Manassas,Va.20110)。在本文中用于各工作实施例和表格中的保藏品系0119149还标识为“A-4”和“03JBK8-25”。该保藏物的ATCC检索号为PTA-6197,保藏日期为2004年9月10日。保藏物将在保藏机构中保持30年的时间,或者在最后一次索求之后保持5年的时间,或者保持到本发明有效期结束为止,视哪个时间更长而定,而且在保持时间内按需进行替换。
根据本公开,不用进行太多的实验就可制备和执行本文公开和要求保护的所有组合物和方法。虽然已通过优选实施方案描述了本发明的组合物和方法,但对本领域技术人员显而易见的是,可对本文描述的组合物和方法及方法的步骤和步骤顺序作出改变而不偏离本发明的概念、精神和范围。更具体的说,可以显而易见的是,可用某些在化学上和生理上都相关的物质替换本文描述的物质,而又获得相同或类似的结果。对本领域技术人员来说显而易见的所有这些类似替换物或修改,都认为落入所附权利要求书所定义的本发明精神、范围和概念之内。
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Claims (36)
1.一种从包含脂加氧酶1、2和3的大豆生产的大豆果肉组合物,所述组合物按总脂肪酸的百分比包含大于10%的亚油酸,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克包含小于20μg的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。
2.权利要求1的组合物,所述组合物按总脂肪酸的百分比包含小于4%的亚麻酸。
3.权利要求1的组合物,所述组合物包含小于2000μg/克的游离精氨酸和小于400μg/克的游离天冬酰胺。
4.权利要求1的组合物,所述组合物的颜色按其中L*表示光亮度和b*表示蓝(-)-黄(+)色轴上色调的CIE-L*a*b*系统进行监测,测出为b*值小于30和L*值大于80。
5.权利要求1的组合物,所述组合物在温和含水条件下氧化后每克包含小于4μg的1-辛烯-3-醇含量。
6.权利要求1的组合物,所述组合物有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白。
7.权利要求1的组合物,所述组合物有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白。
8.权利要求1的组合物,所述组合物的亚油酸浓度占总脂肪酸的10%-60%之间。
9.一种大豆果肉组合物,所述组合物有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白,包含小于5,000μg/克的游离精氨酸和小于900μg/克的游离天冬酰胺。
10.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物包含小于2,000μg/克的游离精氨酸和小于400μg/克的游离天冬酰胺。
11.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物在温和含水条件下氧化后包含小于4μg/克的1-辛烯-3-醇含量。
12.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物在温和含水条件下氧化后包含小于20μg/克的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。
13.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物的亚麻酸浓度占总脂肪酸的1.5%-14%之间。
14.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物的亚油酸浓度占总脂肪酸的10%-60%之间。
15.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物定义为缺乏脂加氧酶-2。
16.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物定义为缺乏脂加氧酶。
17.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物的颜色特征为,按其中L*表示光亮度和b*表示蓝(-)-黄(+)色轴上色调的CIE-L*a*b*系统进行监测,b*值小于30和L*值大于80。
18.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物包含67-69mg赖氨酸/克蛋白质。
19.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物包含72-80mg精氨酸/克蛋白质。
20.权利要求9的组合物,所述组合物包含28-30mg组氨酸/克蛋白质。
21.一种大豆果肉组合物,所述组合物有大于30%的蛋白质为β-伴大豆球蛋白,有小于25%的蛋白质为大豆球蛋白,在温和含水条件下氧化后每克包含小于20μg的总2,4-癸二烯醛加上己醛加上己醇。
22.权利要求21的组合物,所述组合物定义为缺乏脂加氧酶-2。
23.权利要求21的组合物,所述组合物的亚麻酸浓度占总脂肪酸的1.5%-14%之间。
24.权利要求21的组合物,所述组合物的亚油酸浓度占总脂肪酸的10%-60%之间。
25.权利要求21的组合物,所述组合物定义为缺乏脂加氧酶-2。
26.权利要求21的组合物,所述组合物的颜色特征为,按其中L*表示光亮度和b*表示蓝(-)-黄(+)色轴上色调的CIE-L*a*b*系统进行监测,b*值小于30和L*值大于80。
27.一种分析大豆的气味产生特性的方法,所述方法包括测定至少一种选自2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇的化合物的水平。
28.权利要求27的方法,其中所述测定化合物的水平包括将约1份大豆种子粉和约4份水的混合物温育约1至约40分钟的时间,和用己醛、己醇和癸二烯醛的氘化标准品定量至少一种选自2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇及其组合的化合物的量。
29.权利要求28的方法,其中所述大豆种子粉从脱壳大豆制得。
30.一种获得大豆品种的方法,所述大豆品种用以生产气味产生特性下降的大豆,所述方法包括测量来自第一和第二大豆品种的一颗或多颗大豆中至少一种选自2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇及其任何组合的化合物的水平,和选择生产出较低所述化合物水平的种子的品种。
31.权利要求30的方法,所述方法进一步包括使选定品种的植株与另一植株杂交产生后代,和测量来自所述后代的一颗或多颗大豆中至少一种选自2,4-癸二烯醛、己醇、己醛和1-辛烯-3-醇及其任何组合的化合物的水平。
32.一种选择抵抗真菌感染的大豆品种的方法,所述方法包括选出包含小于5μg 1-辛烯-3-醇/克种子的品种,所述含量通过将约1份大豆种子粉和约4份水的混合物温育约1至约40分钟的时间并测量1-辛烯-3-醇而测出。
33.标号0119149的大豆植株的种子,所述植株的代表性种子已保藏于ATCC,检索号为PTA-6197。
34.大豆植株0119149或部分,所述植株通过栽培权利要求33的种子而生产。
35.权利要求34的大豆植株,所述植株进一步定义为包含转基因。
36.一种产生衍生自大豆植株0119149的大豆植株的方法,所述方法包括以下步骤:
(a)通过使大豆植株0119149的植株与另一大豆植株杂交,制备衍生自大豆植株0119149的后代植株,其中大豆植株0119149的种子样本已保藏于ATCC,检索号为PTA-6197;
(b)使所述后代植株自身杂交或与第二植株杂交,以产生下一代后代植株的种子;
(c)从所述种子生长出下一代后代植株,并使所述下一代后代植株自身杂交或与第二植株杂交;和
(d)再重复步骤(b)和(c)3-10代,产生衍生自大豆植株0119149的近交大豆植株。
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US (2) | US7704540B2 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1765092B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP5396021B2 (zh) |
KR (1) | KR101220017B1 (zh) |
CN (2) | CN103461115B (zh) |
AR (1) | AR049715A1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU2005265311B2 (zh) |
BR (1) | BRPI0513067B1 (zh) |
CA (1) | CA2572761C (zh) |
MX (1) | MX2007000382A (zh) |
NZ (2) | NZ552434A (zh) |
RU (1) | RU2375917C2 (zh) |
UA (1) | UA97941C2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO2006010049A1 (zh) |
ZA (1) | ZA200700225B (zh) |
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WO2024108824A1 (en) * | 2022-11-23 | 2024-05-30 | Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (group) Co., Ltd. | A method of preparing a base for a plant-based food, a base prepared therefrom and a plant-based food comprising the base |
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US20060057275A1 (en) * | 2004-09-16 | 2006-03-16 | Shaowen Wu | Process for the preparation of glycinin-rich and beta-conglycinin-rich protein fractions |
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CN101836306B (zh) * | 2007-10-24 | 2013-09-18 | 默克专利有限公司 | 光电子器件 |
CN102907627A (zh) * | 2012-11-16 | 2013-02-06 | 桂仕林 | 一种无腥大豆的制备工艺及其应用 |
WO2015175910A1 (en) * | 2014-05-15 | 2015-11-19 | The Hershey Company | Carmelized compositions |
KR101834766B1 (ko) * | 2014-09-26 | 2018-03-08 | 대한민국 | 향상된 색택을 가지는 콩 유래 추출물 |
US10952457B2 (en) | 2015-11-16 | 2021-03-23 | Whitewave Services, Inc. | Taste characteristics in soy-based food products using high-protein soybeans |
JP7554570B2 (ja) | 2020-01-10 | 2024-09-20 | 宝酒造株式会社 | 植物性蛋白質含有食品の風味改良剤、植物性蛋白質含有食品の風味改良方法、及び植物性蛋白質含有食品の製造方法 |
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US11828210B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-11-28 | Denso International America, Inc. | Diagnostic systems and methods of vehicles using olfaction |
US11760169B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-09-19 | Denso International America, Inc. | Particulate control systems and methods for olfaction sensors |
US11813926B2 (en) | 2020-08-20 | 2023-11-14 | Denso International America, Inc. | Binding agent and olfaction sensor |
US11771121B1 (en) | 2021-01-05 | 2023-10-03 | Chobani Llc | Plant-based zero sugar food product and associated method |
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2005
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- 2005-07-08 KR KR1020077003036A patent/KR101220017B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2005-07-08 CN CN201310216900.5A patent/CN103461115B/zh active Active
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WO1988006919A1 (en) * | 1987-03-12 | 1988-09-22 | Prosoya Corporation | An equipment for making no-beany flavor soymilk |
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WO2024108824A1 (en) * | 2022-11-23 | 2024-05-30 | Inner Mongolia Mengniu Dairy (group) Co., Ltd. | A method of preparing a base for a plant-based food, a base prepared therefrom and a plant-based food comprising the base |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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NZ585893A (en) | 2011-09-30 |
UA97941C2 (ru) | 2012-04-10 |
ZA200700225B (en) | 2008-07-30 |
RU2375917C2 (ru) | 2009-12-20 |
US20100199373A1 (en) | 2010-08-05 |
CA2572761A1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
CN103461115A (zh) | 2013-12-25 |
EP1765092B1 (en) | 2012-10-10 |
JP5396021B2 (ja) | 2014-01-22 |
JP2008505647A (ja) | 2008-02-28 |
CN101123887B (zh) | 2013-07-17 |
AR049715A1 (es) | 2006-08-30 |
MX2007000382A (es) | 2007-03-26 |
BRPI0513067B1 (pt) | 2016-12-06 |
WO2006010049A1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
KR101220017B1 (ko) | 2013-01-10 |
EP1765092A1 (en) | 2007-03-28 |
US7704540B2 (en) | 2010-04-27 |
CA2572761C (en) | 2015-02-24 |
AU2005265311B2 (en) | 2011-01-20 |
CN103461115B (zh) | 2016-01-20 |
NZ552434A (en) | 2010-12-24 |
US20060021090A1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
KR20070040387A (ko) | 2007-04-16 |
AU2005265311A1 (en) | 2006-01-26 |
RU2007104935A (ru) | 2008-08-20 |
BRPI0513067A (pt) | 2008-04-22 |
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