CN1007425B - 水硬性水泥浆 - Google Patents
水硬性水泥浆Info
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- CN1007425B CN1007425B CN86105387A CN86105387A CN1007425B CN 1007425 B CN1007425 B CN 1007425B CN 86105387 A CN86105387 A CN 86105387A CN 86105387 A CN86105387 A CN 86105387A CN 1007425 B CN1007425 B CN 1007425B
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Abstract
用于油井固井用的水硬性水泥浆,其含有:水硬性水泥,含量为水泥重量的5-100%的微硅石,含量为水泥重量的2-200%、并有效颗粒比重在0.1和1.5g/cm3之间的轻骨料,含量为水泥重量的0-5%的稀释剂(干重),含量为水泥重量的0-10%的液体损失添加剂(干重)以及使水泥浆的比重在0.8和2.0g/cm3之间的数量的水。
本发明所述的水泥浆是气密的,因而可用于油田上具有含气层的油井的固井。
Description
本发明是关于一种适用于油井固井的水泥浆的组分。本发明中,水硬性泥浆最重要的特点在于:水硬性水泥浆为气密、低比重。
在油井的固井作业中,水泥浆被注入到一个套管中,并固定于套管外部和井壁之间的环形空间。固井过程中两个最基本的目的是阻止岩层之间气体和液体的迁移,捆住和支住套管。除了隔离油-气及水的产油层外,这种水泥还保护套管免遭腐蚀,防止水硬性水泥浆迅速封井时的气-或油-自喷,保护套管免遭冲击荷载,并且封闭泥浆漏失层。
为了能成功地固井,水硬性水泥浆必须满足一系列的专门要求。必须调整水泥的流变性,以便水硬性水泥浆能容易地被注到井内。另外,在套管和井的环形空间,水硬性水泥浆必须能有效地替换钻井泥浆。水硬性水泥浆过滤损失必须低。以避免水硬性水泥浆流入岩层时液体的损失,因为液体的损失将会增加水硬性水泥浆的粘度。最后,水硬性水泥浆必须具有最小的水分离的可能性。
水硬性水泥浆的凝结时间必须调整到能保证在其注入油井以前不会发生凝结。所需的凝结时间,还取决于井的深度及油井内的温度。
水硬性水泥浆的比重对于固井作业及其所达到的效果来说是非常重要的。
对于穿过高压层的油井来说,必须使用高比重的水硬性水泥浆,以避免在固井作业中发生失控的井喷。对于穿过低压层的油井来说,它不宜使那里的岩层遭受高的流体静压,因此必须使用低比重的水硬性水泥浆。因为水硬性水泥浆比重过高,而由此高流体静压力就会造成岩层断裂,同时造成进入岩层的水硬性水泥浆损失(泥浆漏失)。
水硬性水泥浆另外一个重要的性质是早期强度。早期强度对于固井作业结束后怎样才能迅速重新开始钻井是至关重要的。
在24小时后至少达到1.5Mpa的抗压强度水泥,通常是令人满意的。水硬性水泥浆的早期强度的发展取决于井内的温度。对于用于高温井固井的水硬性水泥浆来说,则更重要的是,水硬性水泥浆有一个低的强度减退性。
对某些油井来说,在高压下临近于含有套管的水泥的区域含有气体。这种气体,在油井的固井中,会引起严重的问题。因为气体会穿入水泥浆,从而产生已有技术中所谓的气体迁移-一种令讨厌的现象。
气体迁移起始于水泥浆的凝结过程。在固井作业结束不久,水泥浆即从静压液体凝成固体。在这一关键阶段,如果水泥浆不能抵御住气体压力,则会在部分固化的水泥浆中形成裂缝。在水泥的凝结过程中,和/或在水泥浆和井壁之间的界面间,在压力下,气体就会通过柱管。这样便产生裂缝,这裂缝一直可到达油井的顶部。
尚若液体从水泥浆中漏失并渗入岩层,则会造成气体迁移增加。
气体迁移,即气体从一岩层迁移至另一岩层,还会使生产受到损失。
为了生产出具有理想性质的油井井用水泥浆,一般采用掺加一系列的水泥浆添加剂的办法,以控制水泥浆的流变性。可掺加流体损失添加剂,来减少水泥浆中的流体损失;用促凝剂和缓凝剂以控制凝结时间和早期强度。
为控制气体迁移,不妨采用流体损失添加剂或者胶凝剂,例如苯乙烯/丁二烯共聚物。
气体迁移是一个特别困难的问题,必须使用低比重的水泥浆。
北海的Gullfkes Oseberg和Slepiner油田就是例子。那儿岩层弱,而且含气。因此,对于这些油田的油井固井来说,有必要使用低比重不渗气的水泥浆。
已知的油井固井用的低比重水泥浆,可以分为三个主要的不同类:
1.含水/水泥比高、掺加了作为增稠剂的膨润土或水玻璃的水泥浆。
另外,也可以用生产硅铁的热熔炉里的废气中得到的微硅石来代替膨润土和水玻璃,从满足早期强度的要求看,高的水/水泥比例、带掺加作为增稠剂的膨润土的水泥浆,可用来降低比重至约1.6g/cm3;具有高的水/水泥比例,并含水玻璃和/或微硅石的水泥浆,也可以在1.4和1.6g/cm3之间的比重内使用。
2.含有轻骨料如空心微球体的水泥浆。根据强度要求,这些水泥浆可以比重低至1.1g/cm3来使用。如果降低对强度的要求,则比重甚至可以更低。
3.含有带走的气体的水泥浆(泡沫水泥),例如含氮气或氢气,具有低于约1.0g/cm3比重的能够被制造出。
尚若除强度要求外,水泥还必须能抗气体渗透,那么就不允许使用比重低于1.5g/cm3第一类和第二类的水泥浆。泡沫水泥(第三类水泥)能被生产到比重低于1.5g/cm3。但用这类水泥来进行油井的固井,却有一系列的缺点和不利之处。随着流体静压增加时,夹带的气体越来越被压缩;另一方面,当水泥浆在套管和井壁之间的环形空间向上移动时,夹带的气体会膨胀。因此,使用泡沫水泥需要复杂的昂贵的装置,而且必须在固井过程中多方面地加以控制。另外氢气的使用,一直存在着爆炸的危险,故还须采取全面的安全措施,以减少这一危险。最后一点,加入到水泥浆的气体会造成水泥浆中裂缝的扩大。
所以,有必要在油井固井中使用这样一种水泥浆;它的比重低,能达到规定的强度,并且气密和容易生产和使用。
通过本发明,提供了一种水硬性水泥浆,它能惊人地满足上述所需的要求。这种水泥浆适用于含气和低压岩层的油井的固井。
因此,本发明是关于一种用于油井固井的气密的水硬性水泥浆。这种水硬性水泥浆含有:一个水硬性水泥,含量为水重量的5-100%的微硅石,含量为水重量的2-200%、并有效颗粒比重在0.1和1.5g/cm3之间的轻骨料,含量为水泥重量的0-5%的稀释剂(干重),含量为水泥重量的0-10%的液体损失添加剂(干重),以及使水泥浆比重在0.8和2.0g/cm3之间数量的水量。
可使用任何普遍的水硬性水泥来固井如硅酸盐水泥,但最佳的还是使用美国石油学会规定油井固井水泥。
用于水硬性水泥浆的微硅石,最佳的是从生产硅或硅铁的电热熔炉废气中收集到的硅粉。这种硅含硅的重量至少为75%,但从炉中得到的含硅铁量为50%的硅粉,也可以用来使用。
通过调整操作参数,还可以把硅粉作为上述热炉的主要产品来生产这种无定型硅也可以在没有还原和再次氧化下,用合成的方法来生产或者可采用硅发生器来生产微粒的硅;或者通过析出法来生产硅。
本发明的水硬性水泥浆所使用的无定型硅粉是由一个非常范围的亚微细粒、球形颗粒组成。
硅粉颗粒可以含有重量百分比为60-100%的二氧化硅;硅粉的有效颗粒比重在2.00-2.40g/cm3之间,比面积为15-30m2/g。每个颗粒形状主要为球体,其直径小于1μm。当然这些值是不定的。例如,硅粉可能有较低的二氧化硅含量;其颗粒尺寸分布可通过去掉粗粒来调整。
为了得到气密性最好的水硬性水泥浆,水硬性
水泥浆中最好含有水泥重量的10-70%的微硅石;如含有15-50%的微硅石的水泥浆尤其将更佳。
按本发明所述的水硬性水泥浆,其最好含有的轻细粒骨料的重量是为水泥重量的10-100%。
就轻细粒骨料而言,最好是用由粉煤灰制成的空心球体。这种轻骨料是以一系列的商业名称出售的,例如英国Fillite有限公司供应的Fillite。
尽管从粉煤灰制得的空心球体为最佳轻骨料,但其他种类的轻骨料,只要能满足必需要求也可以用。例如;由玻璃制得的空心球体,由氧化铝、膨胀粘土等制得空心球体。
按本发明所述的水硬性水泥浆,其最好含有一种数量是为水泥重量的0.1-2%(干重)的稀释剂。可以在水泥基系中用增塑剂或超增塑剂作稀释添加剂。这些皆知的添加剂,可以次木素磺化盐、多羟基、羧酸、磺化萘甲醛或磺化蜜胺甲醛产品为基。
按本发明所述的水硬性水泥浆,其最好是含有水泥重量的0.1-5%(干重)的液体损失添加剂。这可使用已知的流体损失添加剂例如以淀粉或淀粉的衍生物为基的添加剂;以纤维素的衍生物,诸如羧甲基纤维素、甲基纤维素、乙基纤维素或者合成聚合物(如聚丙烯晴或聚丙烯酰胺)为基的添加剂。
淡水和海水均可用于本发明的水硬性水泥浆中,
如果需要的话可以把促凝剂或延迟剂同水泥浆一起使用以便调节凝结时间。
下列实施例将进一步说明本发明。
实施例一
根据本发明所生产的水硬性水泥浆具有下列成份:(见文后表1)
G-水泥是一种由挪威Norcem A/s供应的硅酸盐水泥;EMSAC//465T是一种由挪威Elkema/s化学公司生产和销售的具有高度可控制性的微硅石;Pozzlith500A是一种由美国Master Builders供应的固化促凝剂;Fillite0.7是一种由英国Fillite有限公司供应的呈空心球体状,实际颗粒比重约0.6g/cm3的轻骨料。
为将水泥浆A的性质与已知的用于油井固井的水泥浆作比较,生产了另一种水泥浆B。水泥浆B的成份为:(见文后表2)
按美国石油学会的规程10,将水泥浆A和水泥浆B混合并做试验。
试验结果在表三列出。(见文后表3)
表三的结果表明:本发明所述的水泥浆A与水泥浆B相比大体上具有一样的价值,因此本发明的水泥浆A符合用于油井固井所用水泥浆的正常要求。
此外,还在气体迁移装置中对水泥浆A和B进行试验。试验是在图1所示的装置中进行的。这个装置包括一丙烯酸管,其管高2米,内径80mm,壁厚5mm。管1底部的底板2是固定的;在内板2插入一管子3,以供应空气。在底板2的上面一点,放置一渗沙过滤器4,它是由均匀细度的砂和环氧树脂混合物组成的。空气由一压缩5送入到管1的底部,并且通过调节器6来调节空气压力。测量流体静压的装置7被插入管1;盖板8被固定在管1的顶部;盖板8有一个用来安插管9的孔,管9与气流测量装置10连接。管1还与温度测量装置11连接。对水泥浆A和B所作的气体迁移试验结果如图2所示。图2表明,所测的气流以毫升/分钟穿过水泥浆是一个时间函数。从图2可以看出,本发明所述的水泥浆是气密的,因为未测量到有气流通过安放在管1内的水泥浆柱管。
图2还表明,属已有技术的水泥浆B则表现出强列的气体迁移。因此,如果油井的岩层含有气体的话,水泥浆B就不能用作于油井的固井。
实施例二
制备水泥浆C、D及E。水泥浆D、E有着与本发明相应的成份,水泥浆C则有着与已有技术相应的成份。
水泥浆C、D及E的成份如下;(见文后表4)
D31和D19分别是美国B·JHughes供应的稀释剂和流体损失添加剂。
按例一的方法,将水泥浆C、D及E混合并做试验。
试验结果在表五给出。
用例一所述的同样装置,对水泥浆C、D及E进一步做气体迁移试验。
气体迁移试验结果如图3所示。图3表明,所测的气流以毫升/分钟通过水泥浆是时间的函数。
表一
水泥浆A
G-水泥 100Kg
EMSAC(465T微硅石) 150Kg
轻骨料(Fillite 0.7) 4.0Kg
海水 95Kg
促凝剂(Pozzolith500
) 0.6L
水泥浆的理论比重为1.55g/cm3。
表二
水泥浆B:
G-水泥 100.0Kg
水玻璃(按重量计算,35%的干料) 4.11
海水 97.7Kg
水泥浆B的理论比重为1.55g/cm3。
表三
水泥浆
A B
比重,g/cm31.53 1.53
表观粘度,CP 24 20
塑性粘度,CP 18 16
流动点 1b/100ft212 7
游离水分,体积% 0 0.5
凝结时间
稠度 30BC 3小时15分 3小时20分
100BC 5小时30分 5小时20分
抗压强度
24小时后,在30℃下 4.0MPa 3.0MPa
表四
水泥浆C
G-水泥 100.0Kg
轻骨料(Fillite 0.7) 38.0Kg
流体损失添加剂,D19(干净) 1.5Kg
稀释剂,D31(干净) 0.4Kg
水玻璃(35%溶液) 1.36Kg
海水 87.8Kg
理论比重 1.25g/CM3
水泥浆D
G-水泥 100.0Kg
EMSAC 465T 25.0Kg
轻骨料(Fillte 0.7) 43.5Kg
稀释剂,D31(干重) 1.7Kg
流体损失添加剂,D19(干重) 1.5Kg
促凝剂(水玻璃,35%溶液) 0.68Kg
海水 109.0Kg
理论比重 1.25g/cm3
水泥浆E
G-水泥 100.0Kg
EMSAC 465T 40.0Kg
轻骨料 Fillite 0.4 40.1Kg
稀释剂,D31(干重) 2.9Kg
流体损失添加剂,D19(干重) 1.5Kg
海水 110.0Kg
理论比重 1.10g/cm3
表五
水泥浆
C D E
比重,g/cm31.26 1.24 1.09
表观粘度,CP 110 53 55
塑性粘度,CP 100 45 45
流动点,1b/100ft220 15 20
游离水份,体积% 0.5 0 0
流体损失(ml)
(100 Psi,20℃) 20 9 9
凝结时间(20℃) 16小时 16小时 20小时
抗压强度(在30℃,24
小时以后,MPa) 3.0 3.5 2.5
表六
水泥浆
水泥浆 F G H I J K
Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg Kg
G-水泥 100 100 100 100 100 100
EMSAC 465T 40 40 25 40 40 15
流体损失添加剂(D19) 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
稀释剂(D-31) 1.5 2.5 1.0 0.9 0.7 3.3
轻骨料
粉煤灰空心球 93.0
(Fillite0.7)
空心玻璃球(Armospheres) 136.3
氧化铝空心球
(Rhinalox Kugelkorund) 125.0
钠-硼硅酸盐空心球体
(Eccospheres IG-101) 34.8
空心环氧树脂球(Eccospheres EP-300) 29.2
膨胀粘土(Liapor-砂L) 160
海水 110 110 110 110 110 110
表七
水泥浆
F G H I J K
比重,g/cm31.09 1.08 1.26 1.10 1.11 1.48
表观粘度,CP 153 60 55 53 51 160
塑性粘度,CP 146 54 50 46 44 150
流动点,16/100ft214 12 10 14 14 20
24小时后,30℃
时的抗压强度,MPa 2.0 1.1 2.5 2.4 2.7 3.8
表八
水泥浆L
G-水泥 100.0Kg
轻骨料Fillite 0.7 53.0Kg
EMSAC 465T 80.0Kg
稀释剂,D31(干重) 2.9Kg
淡水 123.5Kg
理论比重 1.25g/cm3
表九
比重,g/cm31.28
表观粘度,CP 48
塑性粘度,CP 42
流动点,16/100ft212
24后,30℃时的抗压强度,MPa 1.0
从图3可清楚地看出,相应于用本发明的水泥浆D和E是气密的;而相应于已有技术的水泥浆C则在约660分钟后,有一强烈的气流出现。
实施例三
按本发明制备六种水泥浆F-K。这些水泥浆中含有不定数量和种类的轻骨料。水泥浆F-K的成份如表六所示。(见文后表6)
水泥浆F、G、I及J的理论比重为1.10g/cm3;水泥浆H的理论比重为1.25g/cm3;水泥浆K的理论比重为1.45g/cm3;
前面未提到的轻骨料是:
-英格兰A·M·L国际公司供应的Armospheres;
-西德Hermann C·Stark供应的Rhinalox Kugelrund;
-美国Emerson& Cuming公司供应的Eccoskheres;
-西德Liapor供应的Liahorsand。
按例一所给出的方法,对水泥浆F-K混合并作试验。试验结果在表七给出。(见文后表7)
用例一所述的装置对水泥浆F-K进行气体迁移试验,未测到气流。
实施例四
按照本发明制备水泥浆L。这种水泥浆含微硅石量高,并用淡水来替代海水。该水泥浆的成份如下:(见文后表8)
按例所述的方法,对水泥浆L进行如例一试验,试验结果如表九所示。(见文后表9)
用一例所述的气体迁移装置对水泥浆L进行试验时,未测到气流。
Claims (9)
1、油井灌浆用的水硬性水泥浆,含有水硬性水泥,微硅石,稀释剂,添加剂和水,其特征在于还含有轻骨料,并且该轻骨料为水泥重量的2-200%和具有效颗粒比重为0.1至1.5g/cm3之间范围,微硅石为非晶体微硅石,并为水泥重量的5-100%,稀释剂(干重)为水泥重量的0-5%,流体损失添加剂(干重)为水泥重量的0-10%,以及水的数量为能使水泥浆的比重在0.8-2.0g/cm3范围。
2、按权利要求1所述的水硬性水泥浆,其特征在于水泥浆含有水泥重量的10-70%的非晶体微硅石,最佳的非晶体微硅石含量为15-50%。
3、按权利要求1所述的水硬性水泥浆,其特征在于其含有水泥重量的10-100%的轻骨料。
4、按权利要求1所述的水硬性水泥浆,其特征在于水泥浆中含有使其比重在1.0-1.5g/cm3之间的水份。
5、按权利要求1-4所述的水硬性水泥浆,其特征在于水泥浆含有水泥重量的0.1-2%的稀释剂(干重)。
6、按权利要求1-4所述的水硬性水泥浆,其特征在于其含有水泥重量的01-5%的流体损失添加剂(干重)。
7、按权利要求1或3所述的水硬性水泥浆,其特征在于其轻骨料为空心微球体,最佳的是由粉煤灰制造的空心微球体。
8、按权利要求1所述的水硬性水泥浆,其特征在于水泥浆含有固化促凝剂。
9、按权利要求1所述的水硬性水泥浆,其特征在于水泥浆含有固化缓凝剂。
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NO853453A NO158499C (no) | 1985-09-03 | 1985-09-03 | Hydraulisk sementoppslemming. |
NO853453 | 1985-09-03 |
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US3131075A (en) * | 1960-04-25 | 1964-04-28 | Jersey Prod Res Co | Low density cementing composition |
NL7305235A (en) * | 1973-04-13 | 1974-10-15 | Lightweight plaster-mortar composition - containing expanded granules, filler, lime, cellulose ether, surfactant cement | |
US3844351A (en) * | 1973-06-01 | 1974-10-29 | Halliburton Co | Method of plugging a well |
US4310486A (en) * | 1976-01-16 | 1982-01-12 | Cornwell Charles E | Compositions of cementitious mortar, grout and concrete |
JPS5321244A (en) * | 1976-08-10 | 1978-02-27 | Kuraray Co Ltd | Construction sheet material having tenacity |
GB1496858A (en) * | 1976-08-31 | 1978-01-05 | Proizv Tekhn Ob Rosorgtekhstro | Composition for the manufacture of heat insulating material |
US4252193A (en) * | 1979-06-11 | 1981-02-24 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Low density cement slurry and its use |
JPS6059182B2 (ja) * | 1978-11-03 | 1985-12-24 | デンシトアクテイ−ゼルスカブ | 水硬性複合材料 |
US4234344A (en) * | 1979-05-18 | 1980-11-18 | Halliburton Company | Lightweight cement and method of cementing therewith |
US4305758A (en) * | 1979-06-11 | 1981-12-15 | Standard Oil Company (Indiana) | Low density cement slurry and its use |
NO148995C (no) * | 1979-08-16 | 1986-06-12 | Elkem As | Fremgangsmaate for fremstilling av sementslurry med lav egenvekt for bruk ved sementering av olje- og gassbroenner. |
US4455169A (en) * | 1980-07-14 | 1984-06-19 | Halliburton Company | Salt water cement slurries and water loss reducing additives therefor |
NO153566B (no) * | 1982-12-07 | 1986-01-06 | Elkem As | Tilsetningsblanding for betong og moertel, fremgangsmaate til fremstilling av blandingen, samt anvendelse derav. |
US4504320A (en) * | 1983-09-26 | 1985-03-12 | Research One Limited Partnership | Light-weight cementitious product |
US4505751A (en) * | 1983-10-12 | 1985-03-19 | Marathon Oil Company | Process for utilizing a silicate/silica cement in oil field applications |
US4501830A (en) * | 1984-01-05 | 1985-02-26 | Research One Limited Partnership | Rapid set lightweight cement product |
US4569395A (en) * | 1984-04-20 | 1986-02-11 | Hughes Tool Company | Matrix control cementing slurry |
-
1985
- 1985-09-03 NO NO853453A patent/NO158499C/no not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1986
- 1986-01-27 CA CA000500432A patent/CA1266557A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-07-29 FR FR8610965A patent/FR2587988B1/fr not_active Expired
- 1986-07-29 IT IT2130386A patent/IT1213468B/it active
- 1986-08-15 DK DK389986A patent/DK168483B1/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-08-19 PH PH34159A patent/PH21707A/en unknown
- 1986-08-20 NL NL8602122A patent/NL190192C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-08-27 AR AR30505786A patent/AR240667A1/es active
- 1986-08-28 CN CN86105387A patent/CN1007425B/zh not_active Expired
- 1986-09-02 RU SU864028066A patent/RU1799369C/ru active
- 1986-09-02 DE DE19863629769 patent/DE3629769A1/de active Granted
- 1986-09-02 MX MX362586A patent/MX168693B/es unknown
- 1986-09-02 GB GB08621179A patent/GB2179933B/en not_active Expired
- 1986-09-02 BR BR8604196A patent/BR8604196A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1987
- 1987-09-17 US US07/098,751 patent/US4933031A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
RU1799369C (ru) | 1993-02-28 |
IT8621303A0 (it) | 1986-07-29 |
CA1266557A (en) | 1990-03-13 |
DK389986A (da) | 1987-03-04 |
IT1213468B (it) | 1989-12-20 |
NO158499B (no) | 1988-06-13 |
NL190192C (nl) | 1993-12-01 |
DE3629769A1 (de) | 1987-03-05 |
GB2179933B (en) | 1988-10-26 |
FR2587988A1 (fr) | 1987-04-03 |
GB2179933A (en) | 1987-03-18 |
DK389986D0 (da) | 1986-08-15 |
DE3629769C2 (zh) | 1989-04-20 |
AR240667A1 (es) | 1990-08-31 |
NL8602122A (nl) | 1987-04-01 |
FR2587988B1 (fr) | 1989-04-07 |
NO853453L (no) | 1987-03-04 |
CN86105387A (zh) | 1987-03-04 |
NL190192B (nl) | 1993-07-01 |
PH21707A (en) | 1988-01-27 |
DK168483B1 (da) | 1994-04-05 |
MX168693B (es) | 1993-06-04 |
GB8621179D0 (en) | 1986-10-08 |
BR8604196A (pt) | 1987-04-28 |
NO158499C (no) | 1988-09-21 |
US4933031A (en) | 1990-06-12 |
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