CN100527499C - 燃料电池系统 - Google Patents

燃料电池系统 Download PDF

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CN100527499C
CN100527499C CNB2007100020185A CN200710002018A CN100527499C CN 100527499 C CN100527499 C CN 100527499C CN B2007100020185 A CNB2007100020185 A CN B2007100020185A CN 200710002018 A CN200710002018 A CN 200710002018A CN 100527499 C CN100527499 C CN 100527499C
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金纯澔
李斗焕
李弦哲
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Samsung SDI Co Ltd
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种燃料电池系统，其包括：气体燃料箱和液体燃料箱；由液体燃料产生富氢气体的重整器；通过燃烧燃料而加热重整器的燃烧器；及产生电能的燃料电池堆，其中，液体燃料箱与气体燃料箱连接，且借助于气体燃料箱的压力将与水混合的液体燃料供给重整器。由于利用气体燃料箱的压力从液体燃料箱向重整器供给液体燃料，本燃料电池系统不需要附加的用于向重整器供给液体燃料的液体泵。通过利用液体燃料而使富氢气体中的一氧化碳浓度降低可将由重整器产生的富氢气体直接供给燃料电池堆，因此，不需要转换反应器。此外，可根据燃料电池堆内的富氢气体的消耗量利用压力调节器自动控制供给重整器的液体燃料量。

Description

燃料电池系统
技术领域
本发明涉及一种燃料电池系统，更明确地说，涉及一种利用气体燃料箱的压力能方便地向重整器提供液体燃料的燃料电池系统。
背景技术
燃料电池是一种通过氧和包含在如甲醇、乙醇或天然气之类的烃类材料中的氢之间的化学反应将化学能直接转化成电能的发电系统。
燃料电池系统包括作为主要部件的燃料电池堆和燃料处理器(FP)，以及作为辅助部件的燃料箱和燃料泵。燃料电池堆具有由几个到几十个单元电池叠置的结构，每一单元电池包括膜电极组件(MEA)和置于MEA两侧的隔离件。
燃料泵将燃料从燃料箱送到燃料处理器，燃料处理器通过重整燃料产生氢，并将产生的氢供给燃料电池堆。在燃料电池堆中，氢与氧发生电化学反应产生电能。
燃料处理器利用催化剂对碳氢化合物进行重整。若碳氢化合物含有硫的化合物，催化剂很容易因为硫的化合物而中毒。因此，在燃料处理器中对碳氢化合物进行处理之前，需要从碳氢化合物中除去硫的化合物。据此，在碳氢化合物被送入燃料处理器之前，应使碳氢化合物经脱硫处理。
碳氢化合物在被重整时产生氢，同时也产生二氧化碳和少量一氧化碳。而一氧化碳可使MEA中的电极的催化剂层上的催化剂中毒。因此，必需在能降低一氧化碳的转换单元(shift unit)中对重整后的燃料进行处理，然后将这种燃料供给燃料电池堆。此时，一氧化碳的的含量可减少到低于5000ppm。
图1是传统的燃料电池系统的配置图。
参考图1，在使用气体燃料的燃料电池系统中，可将来自气体燃料箱10的气体燃料同时供给重整器40和重整器燃烧器30。进入重整器40的如LPG之类的气体燃料需要脱硫器14，以对气体燃料进行脱硫。经过脱硫器14的LPG的硫含量必须小于1ppm。
重整器燃烧器30对重整器40进行加热，以使重整器40保持约750℃的温度。重整器燃烧器30中燃烧的气体通过第一热交换器71被排放到外侧。
液体泵22将水从水箱20供到重整器40。通过液体泵22供给重整器40的水经过第一和第二热交换器71和72时被预热。
在重整器40中，随着氢一道产生一氧化碳。在燃料中一氧化碳的浓度降低到预定水平、例如5000ppm或更低之后，转换反应器60将重整器40中产生的燃料供给燃料电池堆50。
在图1所示的燃料电池堆50中，含硫的气体燃料被用作供给重整器40的燃料。所以，需要用于对进入重整器40的气体燃料进行脱硫的脱硫器14。同时，也需要向重整器40供水的液体泵22。
可用不含硫的液体燃料代替含硫的气体燃料。但是，在这种情况下，需要用于向燃烧器30供给液体燃料的元件。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种利用向重整器燃烧器提供气体燃料的气体燃料箱方便地向重整器提供液体燃料的燃料电池系统。
根据本发明的一方面，提供一种燃料电池系统，其包括：存放水和液体燃料的液体燃料箱；从接收到的来自液体燃料箱的水和液体燃料中产生富氢气体的重整器；通过燃烧接收到的来自气体燃料箱的气体燃料加热重整器的燃烧器；以及从接收到的来自重整器的富氢气体产生电能的燃料电池堆，其中，使液体燃料箱与气体燃料箱连接，且通过气体燃料箱的压力将与水混合的液体燃料提供给重整器。
本燃料电池系统还可包括设于燃料电池堆和燃烧器之间的回收管，其中通过该回收管回收燃料电池堆中未反应的气体，以送到燃烧器中。
所述燃料电池系统还可包括设于所述回收管上的压力调节器，其中，该压力调节器使燃料电池堆和液体燃料箱之间的压力保持相等，当燃料电池堆中的压力低于预定水平时，该压力调节器增大供给重整器的液体燃料量，而当燃料电池堆中的压力大于所述预定水平时，其减少供给重整器的液体燃料量。
所述液体燃料和气体燃料可为碳氢化合物燃料。
所述液体燃料可以是从由甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、乙二醇组成的组中选取的一种。
所述气体燃料可以是从由甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和二甲醚组成的组中选取的一种。
该燃料电池系统还可包括位于液体燃料箱和重整器之间的液体燃料供给管上的热交换器，其用来预热所述液体燃料。
附图说明
通过参考附图对本发明的示例性实施方式进行详细描述，本发明所述的和其他的特点和优越性将更加清晰。附图中：
图1为传统的燃料电池系统的配置图；
图2为本发明一实施方式的燃料电池系统的配置图。
具体实施方式
现在将参考示出了本发明的示例性实施方式的附图更全面地描述本发明。
图2是本发明一实施方式的燃料电池系统100的配置图。
在燃料电池系统100中，气体燃料被供给重整器燃烧器130而无硫液体燃料被供给重整器140。燃料电池系统100包括重整器140、燃烧器130、燃料电池堆150、使供给重整器140的水与液体燃料混合的液体燃料箱120、存放供给燃烧器130的气体燃料的气体燃料箱110、使液体燃料箱120供给的液体燃料和由重整器燃烧器130产生的燃烧气体之间进行热交换的第一热交换器171、以及使由重整器140产生的燃料气体和液体燃料之间进行热交换的第二热交换器172。
重整器燃烧器130对重整器140进行加热，以将重整器140的温度维持在250℃左右，以这种方式对液体燃料进行重整时，用来重整燃料的温度将低于用来重整气体燃料的温度，并可将由重整器140产生的重整气中的CO的浓度控制在5000ppm或更低。可直接将CO的浓度低于5000ppm的富氢气体供给燃料电池堆150而不需要转换过程。因此，不需要转换反应器(参考图1中60)。
由燃烧器130产生的燃烧气体通过第一热交换器171被排放到外侧。
在气体燃料箱110中，可充注具有2到5大气压的压力的甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷或二甲醚之类的气体燃料。可将气体燃料箱110中的气体燃料供给重整器燃烧器130和液体燃料箱120。
液体燃料箱120包括入口和出口，具有预定压力的气体燃料通过所述入口进入气体燃料箱110内，借助于气体燃料的压力来自液体燃料箱120的液体燃料经所述出口排出。在所述液体燃料箱120中存放有至少从甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、和乙二醇组成的组中选取的不含硫的液体燃料。
将由重整器140产生的富氢气体供给燃料电池堆150。在燃料电池堆150和重整器燃烧器130之间安装有回收管152，在燃料电池堆150内反应后剩余的气体通过回收管152被供给重整器燃烧器130以便再使用。
在回收管152上安装有压力调节器160。在压力调节器160内的压力被保持在预定的压力，例如，维持在大气压和气体燃料箱110的压力之间。压力调节器160的作用是使燃料电池堆150和液体燃料箱120之间压力保持相等。当燃料电池堆150内的氢的消耗量增加时，燃料电池堆150的压力降低。因此，燃料电池堆150和液体燃料箱120之间的压力差增大，从而增加从液体燃料箱120向重整器140供给的燃料量。当燃料电池堆150内的氢的消耗量减少时，燃料电池堆150的压力增加。因此，燃料电池堆150和液体燃料箱120之间的压力差减小，从而降低从液体燃料箱120向重整器140供给的燃料量。
因此，压力调节器160可根据燃料电池堆150内的燃料消耗自动控制供给重整器140的燃料量。
附图标记112表示安装在气体燃料箱110和重整器燃烧器130之间的阀，而附图标记122表示在液体燃料箱120处的用于控制供给重整器140的燃料量的阀。
由于使用不含硫的液体燃料，本发明的燃料电池系统100不包括脱硫器。此外，由于在较低的温度下对碳氢化合物进行重整，因此重整后的气体的CO浓度很低。于是，无需使用转换反应器就可将燃料气体供给燃料电池堆150。另外，利用气体燃料箱110的压力可将液体燃料箱120中的含水的液体燃料供给重整器140。因此，也不需要液体泵。
现在将参考图2描述本发明的燃料电池系统100的运行。
使气体燃料箱110与液体燃料箱120相连。因此，借助于气体燃料箱110的压力可使液体燃料箱120增压。燃烧器阀112开启以向燃烧器130供给气体燃料，并点燃燃烧器130。当重整器140的温度升到高于200℃时，通过开启阀122将与水混合的液体燃料供给重整器140。此时，被提供的液体燃料通过第一和第二热交换器171和172被预热。然后，利用PID控制器(未示出)控制阀112，以将重整器140的温度保持在220至250℃。
由重整器140重整的液体燃料所产生的富氢气体被供给燃料电池堆150。此时，可将重整液体燃料的过程中产生的CO的浓度控制在5000ppm或更低。因此，可将富氢气体直接供给燃料电池堆150而不需要附加转换反应器。流过所述燃料电池堆150的未反应燃料呈气态，其温度约为150℃，其通过回收管152被重新供给燃烧器130。
由燃烧器130产生的燃烧气体在第一热交换器171处与液体燃料进行热交换，而由重整器140产生的富氢气体在第二热交换器172处与液体燃料进行热交换。
可将压力调节器160的压力设定为低于气体燃料箱110的压力，例如，为1.5大气压。当燃料电池堆150产生大电力时，由于氢的消耗量增加，燃料电池堆150的压力下降。因此，燃料电池堆150和液体燃料箱120之间的压差增大。据此，从液体燃料箱120供给重整器140的液体燃料量增加，而且从燃料电池堆150回收送到燃烧器130的未反应的燃料量也降低，于是，借助于PID控制器使供给燃烧器130的气体燃料量增加。
当燃料电池堆150产生的电力降低时，燃料电池堆150中的耗氢量降低。据此，供给重整器燃烧器130的未反应的燃料量增加，于是，借助于PID控制器，使从气体燃料箱110供给燃烧器130的气体燃料量减少。同时，由于在PEM燃料电池堆150内的压力增大，液体燃料箱120和燃料电池堆150之间的压差减小，借此供给重整器140的液体燃料减少，据此，当由重整器140产生的富氢气体减少时，在一段时间内，燃料电池堆150中的耗氢量和重整器140中的产氢量平衡
由于利用气体燃料箱的压力从液体燃料箱向重整器供给液体燃料，本发明的燃料电池系统不需要附加的用于向重整器供给液体燃料的液体泵。通过利用液体燃料使富氢气体中的CO的浓度降低，因此可将由重整器产生的富氢气体直接供给燃料电池堆。因此，不需要传统的转换反应器。此外，本燃料电池系统可根据燃料电池堆内的富氢气体的消耗量利用压力调节器自动控制供给重整器的液体燃料量。
尽管上面已参考本发明的示例性实施方式具体示出和描述了本发明，但本领域技术人员应理解的是，在不超出本发明的构思和由权利要求限定的保护范围的前提下，可在形式和细节上对本发明进行各种变换。

Claims (8)

1.一种燃料电池系统，其包括：
气体燃料箱和存放液体燃料和水的液体燃料箱；
从接收到的来自所述液体燃料箱的水和液体燃料产生富氢气体的重整器；
通过燃烧接收到的来自所述气体燃料箱的气体燃料加热所述重整器的燃烧器；及
从接收到的来自所述重整器的富氢气体中产生电能的燃料电池堆，
其中，所述液体燃料箱与所述气体燃料箱连接，且借助于所述气体燃料箱的压力将与水混合的所述液体燃料供给所述重整器。
2.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统，其中，还包括设于所述燃料电池堆和所述重整器燃烧器之间的回收管，其中所述燃料电池堆中未反应的气体被回收，以通过该回收管被送到所述燃烧器。
3.如权利要求2所述的燃料电池系统，其中所述燃料电池堆是PEM燃料电池堆。
4.如权利要求2所述的燃料电池系统，其中，还包括位于所述回收管上的压力调节器，其中，该压力调节器使所述燃料电池堆和所述液体燃料箱之间保持相等的压力，当所述燃料电池堆的压力低于预定水平时，该压力调节器增加供给所述重整器的液体燃料量，而当所述燃料电池堆的压力高于所述预定水平时，其减少供给所述重整器的液体燃料量。
5.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统，其中，所述液体燃料和气体燃料为碳氢化合物燃料。
6.如权利要求5所述的燃料电池系统，其中，所述液体燃料是从由甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、乙二醇组成的组中选取的一种。
7.如权利要求5所述的燃料电池系统，其中，所述气体燃料是从由甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、丁烷和二甲醚组成的组中选取的一种。
8.如权利要求1所述的燃料电池系统，其中，还包括设置于所述液体燃料箱和所述重整器之间的液体燃料供给管上的用于预热所述液体燃料的热交换器。
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