CN100467976C - 用脉冲管制冷的低温容器系统和向其提供制冷作用的方法 - Google Patents

用脉冲管制冷的低温容器系统和向其提供制冷作用的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN100467976C
CN100467976C CNB028250702A CN02825070A CN100467976C CN 100467976 C CN100467976 C CN 100467976C CN B028250702 A CNB028250702 A CN B028250702A CN 02825070 A CN02825070 A CN 02825070A CN 100467976 C CN100467976 C CN 100467976C
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temperature
working gas
low
refrigeration
heat exchanger
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CN1620583A (zh
Inventor
J·H·罗亚尔
C·F·戈茨曼
A·阿查亚
G·D·朗
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Praxair Technology Inc
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Praxair Technology Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/14—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle
    • F25B9/145—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle pulse-tube cycle
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
    • F17C3/02—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation
    • F17C3/04—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation by insulating layers
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C3/00—Vessels not under pressure
    • F17C3/02—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation
    • F17C3/08—Vessels not under pressure with provision for thermal insulation by vacuum spaces, e.g. Dewar flask
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02G—HOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G2243/00—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes
    • F02G2243/30—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having their pistons and displacers each in separate cylinders
    • F02G2243/50—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having their pistons and displacers each in separate cylinders having resonance tubes
    • F02G2243/54—Stirling type engines having closed regenerative thermodynamic cycles with flow controlled by volume changes having their pistons and displacers each in separate cylinders having resonance tubes thermo-acoustic
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    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
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Abstract

一种储存低温流体(3)的低温容器系统，其中漏进容器内腔(2)的热量被脉冲发生器(11)提供的能量产生的制冷作用抵消，该发生器给工作气体提供脉冲，该气体在脉冲管(10)的冷端膨胀从而给冷端换热器(13)提供制冷作用，该换热器至少有一部分是在容器的内腔(2)中。

Description

用脉冲管制冷的低温容器系统和向其提供制冷作用的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于例如储存或其他目的的低温流体容器.
背景技术
低温流体的储存容器或其他容器涉及利用绝热容器来尽可能减少因热量漏进容器内而产生的一些低温流体损失。然而，即使采用现有最好的绝热系统，仍然有相当数量的被储存冷冻剂会因漏热而蒸发，导致容器内部压力升高到蒸汽可通过安全阀泄露到环境中的大小。低温流体的这种损失带来了极大的经济负担，对于成本较高的低温流体比如用于诸如超导领域等应用中的氦和氖来说犹为如此.
因此本发明的一个目的是提供一种储存或容纳低温流体的系统，该系统可减少或消除因热量漏入流体而产生的损失。
发明内容
本领域普通技术人员在阅读了本文后即可明白，通过本发明可以实现上述和其他目的，其中本发明的一个方面是:
为低温容器提供制冷作用的方法，其包括:
(A)给工作气体提供脉冲以产生压缩的工作气体，冷却该压缩了的工作气体以产生冷却的工作气体；
(B)在脉冲管的冷端膨胀该冷却的工作气体以产生制冷作用，用来产生进一步冷却的工作气体；和
(C)将来自该进一步冷却的工作气体的制冷作用提供给包含低温流体的低温容器。
本发明的另一方面是:
一种低温容器系统，其包括:
(A)容器，该容器有限定了容器内腔的外壳；
(B)一个脉冲发生器，一个再生器，一个冷端换热器，用来将压力波经过工作气体从脉冲发生器送到再生器的装置，以及将压力波经工作气体从再生器送到冷端换热器的装置；和
(C)一个有冷端的脉冲管，所述冷端与冷端换热器流体连通，所述冷端换热器至少部分位于容器内腔内部。
本发明提供了一种低温容器系统，其包括:
(A)容器20，该容器有限定了容器内腔2的外壳1；
(B)一个脉冲发生器11，一个再生器12，一个冷端换热器13，与脉冲发生器11流体连通的用来将压力波经过工作气体从脉冲发生器11送到再生器12的装置，以及与再生器12流体连通的用于将压力波经工作气体从再生器12送到冷端换热器13的装置；和
(C)一个有冷端的脉冲管10，所述冷端与冷端换热器13流体连通，所述冷端换热器13至少部分位于容器内腔2内部。
在一个实施方案中，其中容器内腔2包含带有热屏蔽30的隔热体21，冷端换热器13与热屏蔽30为热交换关系。
在一个实施方案中，其中容器内腔2包含带有热屏蔽30的隔热体21，而且还包括用来将压力波经工作气体从再生器12送到与热屏蔽30为热交换关系的第二冷端换热器34的装置。
在一个实施方案中，其还包括第二再生器31，其中将压力波经由工作气体从再生器12送到冷端换热器13的装置包括该第二再生器31。
在一个实施方案中，其中脉冲发生器是热声波装置。
在一个实施方案中，其中脉冲发生器包括一个活塞。
在一个实施方案中，其还包括一个通过小孔15与脉冲管10流体连通的储器14。
在一个实施方案中，其还包括位于容器内腔2内部的热管50、51、52，其中所述热管50、51、52与冷端换热器13为热交换关系。
本发明提供了为如上所述的低温容器提供制冷作用的方法，它包括:
(A)给工作气体提供脉冲以产生压缩的工作气体，冷却该压缩了的工作气体以产生冷却的工作气体；
(B)在脉冲管10的冷端膨胀该冷却的工作气体以产生制冷作用，用来产生进一步冷却的工作气体；和
(C)将来自该进一步冷却的工作气体的制冷作用提供给包含低温流体3的低温容器20。
在一个实施方案中，其中将制冷作用也直接提供给低温流体。
在一个实施方案中，其中低温容器包含带有热屏蔽30的隔热体，将制冷作用直接提供给该隔热体。
在一个实施方案中，其中将制冷作用提供给热管流体，然后热管流体将制冷作用提供给低温流体。
这里使用的术语“低温流体”是指在温度240K、大气压力下为气体的流体。
这里使用的术语“再生器”是指形式为多孔分布体的热装置，例如球状堆积筛、穿孔金属板等，它有良好的热容量，可通过与多孔分布体直接换热而将引进的热气冷却并加热返回的冷气。
这里使用的术语“脉冲管”是指一种利用包括脉冲发生器在内的合适部件产生低温制冷作用的制冷装置。
这里使用的术语“小孔”是指一种安放在脉冲管制冷机中的脉冲管膨胀器热端和储器之间的气流限制装置.
这里使用的术语“压力波”是指一种气团，它以循环的方式、顺序地经历高压和低压。
附图说明
图1是本发明低温容器系统的一个优选实施方案的剖面图。
图2是本发明低温容器系统的另一个优选实施方案的剖面图，其中采用了热管。
图3是本发明低温容器系统的另一个优选实施方案的剖面图，其中将制冷作用直接提供给容器内部的隔热层。
具体实施方案
本发明涉及用来容纳低温流体的容器，比如固定储罐、移动式容器、杜瓦瓶等.在利用本发明可有效保存的低温流体中，可列举出的有氢、氦、氖、氧、氮、氩、二氧化碳、以及混合物比如空气和天然气。
下面参考附图对本发明进行详细描述。现参考图1，低温容器20具有外壳1，外壳限定了容器内腔2。容器内腔2包括隔热体21，在图1所示的本发明实施方案中，隔热体是一层紧靠在容器外壳1内表面的隔热层。容器内腔2还容纳有一定量的低温流体3。如果没有本发明脉冲管制冷作保证，那么通过隔热体漏入容器的环境热量将使一些低温液体蒸发，最终使一些蒸发了的低温流体经过安全阀22漏出。
脉冲管制冷系统是典型的封闭式制冷系统，它使封闭循环内的工作气体或制冷剂脉冲并以这种方式将冷区的热负荷转移到热区。脉冲的频率和相位由该系统的结构决定。图1示出了一种脉冲管制冷系统的一个实施方案。
在图1所示的脉冲管制冷系统中，脉冲发生器11可以是一个活塞或者其他机械压缩装置，或者是一个声波或热声波发生装置，或者任何其他适于为工作气体提供脉冲或压缩波的装置.也就是说，脉冲发生器给工作气体提供一个压缩过程和一个膨胀过程.当低温容器是移动储罐时，比如是拖拉机拖车上的低温贮罐时，驱动器或者脉冲发生器可以有利地由驱动机动车系统的发动机驱动，或者通过热声波发生装置由发动机产生的热量驱动。脉冲发生器11给工作气体提供脉冲以便产生压缩过的工作气体。氦是优选的工作气体；然而任何有效的工作气体都可用来实施本发明，其中可以提到空气、氮、氧、氩和氖。
被压缩的工作气体在后冷却器23中被冷却，在此，通过与冷却介质比如水24的间接热交换除去压缩热，所得压缩工作气体接着在再生器12中进行处理。在再生器12中，被压缩的工作气体通过与再生器介质热交换而被冷却下来，然后被冷却的压缩工作气体被送到冷端换热器13，之后再到绝热脉冲管10的冷端。
脉冲管制冷系统的几何结构和脉冲结构应使驱动器发出的、经过工作气体的压缩脉冲到达脉冲管冷端之前，驱动器就要开始膨胀过程。这将使脉冲管冷端的冷却的压缩工作气体膨胀.脉冲管冷端是靠近冷端换热器的一端。该膨胀引起脉冲管内的工作气体在脉冲管热端方向被压缩，通常利用热端换热器25通过与冷却介质比如水26进行间接换热，将热量从热端带走。优选脉冲管制冷系统利用一个小孔15和储器14，以便将气体的位移和压力脉冲保持在合适的状态。
脉冲管10热端内的温度较高的被压缩脉冲管气体在热端换热器25中被处理，然后经过小孔15进入储器14内。小孔15和储器14的结合有利于适当压力状态气体的运动，而且气体以波动不大的平均压力储存在储器内。储器14的尺寸足够大，以至于在脉冲管内发生波动流动期间，储器内基本不发生压力波动。来自脉冲发生器11的输入流停止，则管压下降到一个较低的压力。平均压力下的气体从储器14内出来经过孔流入具有较低压力的脉冲管内。在脉冲管10冷端进一步冷却的膨胀气体在经过冷端换热器13时给外界负荷提供制冷作用。进一步冷却的工作气体产生的制冷作用通过间接换热传入容器20的内腔2，从而抵消漏入容器内的热量并减少或完全消除由于这种漏热引起的容器内的低温流体损失。所得较热端工作气体通过在再生器12内的加工继续升温，同时它将再生器冷却下来.然后准备接受下一个脉冲。低温流体可从容器20内比如经过管27被取出。
小孔脉冲管制冷机的作用是在工作流体在脉冲管内经历周期性的压缩和膨胀时提供制冷作用。该循环如下:通过定时的压缩和膨胀过程，脉冲发生器使工作气体在其热端被压缩并因此被加热。由于被压缩气体处在比储器内的平均压力高的压力下，因此就经过小孔流进储器内，并且通过脉冲管热端的热端换热器进行热交换。当脉冲管内的压力降到平均压力时，流动便停止。脉冲发生器往回运动并使气体在其热端膨胀.从储器经过小孔流进脉冲管的气流迫使脉冲管热端的低温、低压气体流向脉冲管冷端。这反过来又推动脉冲管冷端处的进一步被冷却的气体经过脉冲管冷端的换热器进行处理。在该过程中，它从流体或其他被冷却的实体中去除热量。当脉冲管内的压力升高到平均压力时，流动便停止。然后重复上述循环。
图1所示的冷端换热器位于容器内腔2内的气体中。冷端换热器还可以这样放置，使得它可将至少一些制冷作用直接传给容器内腔内部的液体。在另一个实施方案中，冷端换热器可与一个热管或其他传热装置连接，该装置可将制冷作用传递给容器内腔内部的低温蒸汽和/或低温液体。在又一个实施方案中，冷端换热器可以布置成将制冷作用直接传给容器内腔内部的隔热体。
图2示出本发明的另一个实施方案，其中利用一个热管将冷端换热器的制冷作用传给容器内腔内的低温液体。对于相同部件，图2中的数字标记与图1中的一样，这里不再对这些相同部件作详细描述。
热管是一种热装置，它可以很有效地将热量从管的一端输送到另一端.典型的热管包括一个低导热管，比如两端封闭并包含一种传热流体的不锈钢管50。该热管内充有适合压力和温度的传热流体，即气体或气体混合物，从而通过以下方式发生相变:在端部51与脉冲管的冷端换热器接触而冷凝，在另一端52与待冷凝或待过度冷却的低温流体间接接触而沸腾。例如，在容器内腔2中，在例如85K的温度下冷凝蒸汽或者过度冷却液体，热管内所需氮气的质量可以由为热管容积设计的、与氮在80K的相变条件对应的蒸汽和液体部分来确定。
图3示出本发明的另一个实施方案，其中制冷作用被供到容器内腔内的两个地方，其一是隔热体内的热屏蔽。对于相同部件，图3中的数字标记与图1中的一样，这里不再对这些相同部件作详细描述。
现在参考图3，低温容器20在容器内腔内、隔热体21内有一个热屏蔽30。热屏蔽可以是任何能阻断热量泄露进容器的实体。比如，可以是金属材料，或者可以是制冷剂比如液氮。在图3所示的两级脉冲管制冷系统中，再生器12出来的冷却的压缩工作气体被分为两部分。第一部分32在第二再生器31内被处理，其中它在冷端换热器13内被处理之前先变得更冷.脉冲管制冷系统的该级中的剩余部分按照类似于上述参考图1描述的方式运行。
再生器12出来的第二部分冷却工作气体33在第二冷端换热器34内被处理，该换热器与热屏蔽30是换热关系。图3中所示的脉冲管制冷系统的第二级包括第二脉冲管35、第二热端换热器36、第二小孔37和第二储器38，该级与第一脉冲管级的运行方式相同，只是该第二级产生的制冷作用是被传到内腔2中的热屏蔽而非内腔2内的低温流体。这两级可以使用两个独立脉冲管，其具有热联结或者任何其它适合的有效结构.为了清楚起见，遮盖住两级脉冲管制冷系统的一部分冷端的隔热体没有在图3中表示出来。本领域的普通技术人员可以明白用普通手段就可使该部分隔热。
虽然这里参考了某些优选实施方案对本发明进行了详细说明，但是本领域普通技术人员可以理解在权利要求的精神和范围内还有其他的实施方案.

Claims (13)

1.一种低温容器系统，其包括:
(A)容器(20)，该容器有限定了容器内腔(2)的外壳(1)；
(B)一个脉冲发生器(11)，一个再生器(12)，一个冷端换热器(13)，与脉冲发生器(11)流体连通的用来将压力波经过工作气体从脉冲发生器(11)送到再生器(12)的装置，以及与再生器(12)流体连通的用于将压力波经工作气体从再生器(12)送到冷端换热器(13)的装置；和
(C)一个有冷端的脉冲管(10)，所述冷端与冷端换热器(13)流体连通，所述冷端换热器(13)至少部分位于容器内腔(2)内部。
2.根据权利要1所述的低温容器系统，其中容器内腔(2)包含带有热屏蔽(30)的隔热体(21)，冷端换热器(13)与热屏蔽(30)为热交换关系。
3.根据权利要1所述的低温容器系统，其中容器内腔(2)包含带有热屏蔽(30)的隔热体(21)，而且还包括用来将压力波经工作气体从再生器(12)送到与热屏蔽(30)为热交换关系的第二冷端换热器(34)的装置。
4.根据权利要1所述的低温容器系统，其还包括第二再生器(31)，其中将压力波经由工作气体从再生器(12)送到冷端换热器(13)的装置包括该第二再生器(31)。
5.根据权利要1所述的低温容器系统，其中脉冲发生器是热声波装置.
6.根据权利要1所述的低温容器系统，其中脉冲发生器包括一个活塞。
7.根据权利要1所述的低温容器系统，其还包括一个通过小孔(15)与脉冲管(10)流体连通的储器(14)。
8.根据权利要1所述的低温容器系统，其还包括位于容器内腔(2)内部的热管(50，51，52)，其中所述热管(50，51，52)与冷端换热器(13)为热交换关系.
9.一种为根据权利要求1-8中的任一项的低温容器系统提供制冷作用的方法，它包括:
(A)给工作气体提供脉冲以产生压缩的工作气体，冷却该压缩了的工作气体以产生冷却的工作气体；
(B)在脉冲管(10)的冷端膨胀该冷却的工作气体以产生制冷作用，用来产生进一步冷却的工作气体；和
(C)将来自该进一步冷却的工作气体的制冷作用提供给包含低温流体(3)的低温容器(20)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中将该制冷作用直接供给低温流体。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中低温容器包含带有热屏蔽(30)的隔热体，将制冷作用直接提供给该隔热体.
12.根据权利要求11所述的方法，其中将制冷作用也直接提供给低温流体。
13.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中将制冷作用提供给热管流体，然后热管流体将制冷作用提供给低温流体.
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