CN101660662B - 低温贮罐系统 - Google Patents

低温贮罐系统 Download PDF

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CN101660662B
CN101660662B CN2009101705850A CN200910170585A CN101660662B CN 101660662 B CN101660662 B CN 101660662B CN 2009101705850 A CN2009101705850 A CN 2009101705850A CN 200910170585 A CN200910170585 A CN 200910170585A CN 101660662 B CN101660662 B CN 101660662B
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liquid refrigerant
main basin
pressurization
auxiliary tank
subcolling condenser
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CN101660662A (zh
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J·H·齐亚
N·J·林奇
J·H·罗亚尔
T·戈登
R·J·吉布
B·A·明比奥尔
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Praxair Technology Inc
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C13/00—Details of vessels or of the filling or discharging of vessels
    • F17C13/04—Arrangement or mounting of valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C7/00—Methods or apparatus for discharging liquefied, solidified, or compressed gases from pressure vessels, not covered by another subclass
    • F17C7/02—Discharging liquefied gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2205/00—Vessel construction, in particular mounting arrangements, attachments or identifications means
    • F17C2205/03—Fluid connections, filters, valves, closure means or other attachments
    • F17C2205/0302—Fittings, valves, filters, or components in connection with the gas storage device
    • F17C2205/0323—Valves
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/011—Oxygen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/012—Hydrogen
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
    • F17C2221/01—Pure fluids
    • F17C2221/013—Carbone dioxide
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    • F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
    • F17C2221/033—Methane, e.g. natural gas, CNG, LNG, GNL, GNC, PLNG
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/01—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2223/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2223/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2223/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
    • F17C2223/033—Small pressure, e.g. for liquefied gas
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
    • F17C2225/01—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel characterised by the phase
    • F17C2225/0146—Two-phase
    • F17C2225/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2225/0161—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL cryogenic, e.g. LNG, GNL, PLNG
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
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    • F17C2225/0153—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL
    • F17C2225/0169—Liquefied gas, e.g. LPG, GPL subcooled
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2225/00—Handled fluid after transfer, i.e. state of fluid after transfer from the vessel
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
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    • F17C2227/0107—Propulsion of the fluid by pressurising the ullage
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    • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
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    • F17C2227/00—Transfer of fluids, i.e. method or means for transferring the fluid; Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/03—Heat exchange with the fluid
    • F17C2227/0337—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling
    • F17C2227/0341—Heat exchange with the fluid by cooling using another fluid
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    • F17C2250/00—Accessories; Control means; Indicating, measuring or monitoring of parameters
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    • F17C2260/00—Purposes of gas storage and gas handling
    • F17C2260/03—Dealing with losses
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    • F17C2265/03—Treating the boil-off
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Abstract

一种低温贮罐系统，其中来自低温液体主贮罐(1)的低温液体通过由低温冷却器(16)所产生的制冷而低温冷却、传送到辅助贮罐(13)、加压并优选经过低温冷却器(16)返回到主贮罐(1)，从而冷却了贮罐(1)的内含物并降低了贮罐(1)内的压力和从贮罐(1)的蒸气损耗。

Description

低温贮罐系统
本申请是于2006年6月30日提交的已进入中国国家阶段的PCT专利申请(中国国家申请号为200680028423.8，国际申请号为PCT/US/2006/025552，发明名称为“CRYOGENIC TANK SYSTEM”)的分案申请。
技术领域
本发明总体上涉及用于容纳和分配低温液体的贮罐系统。
背景技术
低温液体的贮存或其它的容纳包括利用隔热容器或隔热贮罐来尽可能地减少一些冷冻剂(cryogen)因热量渗透到容器中而造成的损失。然而，即使是利用可得到的最好的隔热系统，所含冷冻剂的大部份也将因热渗透而蒸发，并将通过控制阀、泄放阀或安全阀而泄放。考虑到在分配时的系统操作，液态的冷冻剂还可能因来自泵或管路热渗透的汽化而耗损，以及因来自灌泵损耗或传输和注入损耗而耗损。这种液态冷冻剂的损耗导致了大量的经济损失。
发明内容
本发明的一个方面是一种低温贮罐设备，其包括：
(A)主贮罐、低温冷却器和用于将液态冷冻剂从主贮罐传送到该低温冷却器中的装置；
(B)辅助贮罐和用于将液态冷冻剂从低温冷却器传送到辅助贮罐中的装置；
(C)用于对传送到辅助贮罐中的液态冷冻剂加压的装置；和
(D)用于将所形成的加压的液态冷冻剂传送到主贮罐中的装置。
本发明的另一个方面是一种用于运行低温贮罐系统的方法，其包括：
(A)从主贮罐中抽出液态冷冻剂并低温冷却该抽出的液态冷冻剂；
(B)将低温冷却的液态冷冻剂传送到辅助贮罐中；
(C)对低温冷却的液态冷冻剂加压；和
(D)将加压的液态冷冻剂传送到主贮罐中。
像文中所用到的那样，用语″低温冷却器″意思是指可产生低于240k制冷的制冷器。
像文中所用到的那样，用语″低温液体″和″液态冷冻剂″意思是指在大气压力下、240k温度时为气体的流体。
像文中所用到的那样，用语″低温冷却″意思是指将液体冷却至温度低于现有压力时液体的饱和温度。
像文中所用到的那样，用语″上部″和″下部″意思是指主贮罐的分别高于或低于罐的中点的这些部分。
附图说明
唯一的附图为本发明低温贮罐系统的一个优选实施例的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明将参照附图进行详细地描述。现在参照附图，隔热容器或主贮罐1包括贮存空间11和隔热空间12。贮存空间11含有低温液体2，其典型地处于通常为0至600磅/平方英寸表压(psig)的压力范围内。在可借助本发明进行处理的低温液体中的一种可称为氢、氦、氖、氧、氮、氩、二氧化碳、甲烷以及诸如空气和天然气的混合物。
液态冷冻剂从主贮罐1抽出到导管3中并通过阀4和导管5向泵6传送。液态冷冻剂从泵6中泵送到管路7中，进而通向液体使用点或通向用于在传送到蒸气使用点之前汽化的汽化器。使用点的示例包括高压缸填充、液体缸填充、真空瓶填充、气体取样和分析以及挂车回充(trailer transfilling)。
由于泵通常较低温流体热，所以一些液态冷冻剂在通过泵6进行处理的过程中被蒸发。这些已蒸发流体从泵6以管路8经过阀9传送，并随后以管路10进入含有蒸气的贮存空间11的上部。优选地，如附图中所示出的那样，蒸气返回管路10在连通贮存空间11的上部之前自下部至上部经过隔热空间或隔热容积12。
辅助贮罐13初始时压力小于主贮罐1。一些液态冷冻剂从主贮罐1以管路14经过阀15传送到低温冷却器16中，在低温冷却器16中该液态冷冻剂相对于主贮罐1中的压力从1K低温冷却至100K。
在本发明的实践中可使用任何适当的低温冷却器。这样的低温冷却器中的一种可称为斯特林(Stirling)低温冷却器、Gifford-McMahon低温冷却器和脉冲管制冷器。也可使用其它的冷却系统，例如液氮热交换器。脉冲管制冷器为封闭式制冷系统，该封闭式制冷系统在封闭循环中振荡工作气体，并在这种情况下将热负荷从冷区(cold section)传输至热区。振荡的频率和相位由系统配置所决定。驱动器或压力波发生器可以是活塞或一些其它的机械压缩装置、或者声学的或热声的波发生装置、或用于向工作气体提供脉冲或压缩波的任何其它适当装置。也就是说，压力波发生器向脉冲管内的工作气体运送能量，从而引起压力和速度的振荡。氦为优选的工作气体；然而，任何有效的工作气体都可用于脉冲管制冷器中，且这些工作气体中的一种可称为氮、氧、氩、氙和氖或者含有其中的一种或多种的混合物(例如空气)。
振荡工作气体优选在后冷却器中冷却，然后随着向冷端的移动而在再生器中冷却。脉冲管制冷系统的几何结构和脉冲配置是这样的，使得冷头部(cold head)中的振荡工作气体在脉冲循环的一部分中膨胀，而热通过间接热交换由工作气体所吸收，这为用于低温冷却的液态冷冻剂提供了制冷。优选地，脉冲管制冷系统采用惯性管和贮器来保持气体位移并且将压力脉冲保持在适当的相位。贮器的尺寸充分地大，以便在振荡流动期间在其中发生实质上微乎其微的压力振荡。
低温冷却的液态冷冻剂从低温冷却器16中以管路17送入辅助贮罐13。随后对该低温冷却的液态冷冻剂加压，使其压力大于主贮罐1的压力，并通常处于20至620psig的压力范围内。优选地，加压发生在辅助贮罐13内。附图示出了用于通过利用压力累积回路而执行加压的一种优选装置，其中低温冷却的液态冷冻剂以管路18被传送到压力累积旋管19并在压力累积旋管19中加热和蒸发。蒸发的低温流体随后以管路20通过阀21传送回到辅助贮罐13内，在辅助贮罐13中，由汽化所引起的体积膨胀用来增加辅助贮罐13内的压力。另一个用于增加低温冷却的低温液体的压力的方式是通过利用液泵例如安置在辅助贮罐13内的浸没式液泵，或通过利用未示出的管道和阀门装置的泵6。其它的用于增加辅助贮罐中低温冷却的低温液体的压力的方式包括将相容的蒸气从外部源中以适当的压力导入贮罐中。
随着低温冷却的液态冷冻剂的压力提高到超过主贮罐中的压力，液流反向从辅助贮罐13中以管路17通过低温冷却器16和阀15并以管路14和管路3进入含有液体的主贮罐1的下部。该液态冷冻剂的回流用来保持主贮罐的内含物(contents)比其以别的方式所将成为的更冷，从而保持压力较低并导致主贮罐1较少的蒸发损失。经由低温冷却器的液体回流还用来更进一步地冷却液体，从而提高系统的效率。任选地，低温冷却的液态冷冻剂可从辅助贮罐13流至主贮罐1的下部内，同时绕过低温冷却器16。来自辅助贮罐13的蒸气以管路22通过阀23被传送到贮罐13外，然后进入蒸气返回管路10以便通到主贮罐1的上部内。当来自辅助贮罐13的流体的流出引起辅助贮罐内的压力低于主贮罐底部的压力时，低温液体的流动再次反向且该低温液体像先前所描述的那样从主贮罐1流进辅助贮罐13中。
附图中所示本发明的实施例为特别优选的实施例，其中加压的低温冷却的液态冷冻剂可被传送到含有蒸气的主贮罐的上部。在该模式下，阀24打开且一部分加压的低温冷却的液态冷冻剂从辅助贮罐13以管路17通过低温冷却器16进行传送，然后以管路25通过阀24到达返回管路10。加压的低温冷却的液态冷冻剂随后以管路10被传送到并进入主贮罐1的上部。低温冷却的液态冷冻剂向主贮罐上部的导入用来冷凝该空间中的一些蒸气。这导致了主贮罐贮存空间内压力的降低，从而更进一步地降低了主贮罐中蒸发损失的可能性。
尽管参照特别优选的实施例对本发明进行了详细地描述，但本领域技术人员将会理解在权利要求的精神和范围内存在本发明的其它实施例。例如，本发明可通过多于一个的主贮罐和/或多于一个的辅助贮罐而实施。

Claims (8)

1.一种低温贮罐设备，包括：
(A)主贮罐、低温冷却器和用于将液态冷冻剂从所述主贮罐传送到所述低温冷却器的装置，其中，所述低温冷却器为能够产生低于240K制冷的制冷器，所述液态冷冻剂是在大气压力下、240K温度时为气体的流体；
(B)辅助贮罐和用于将液态冷冻剂从所述低温冷却器传送进所述辅助贮罐中的装置；
(C)用于对传送进所述辅助贮罐中的所述液态冷冻剂加压的装置；和
(D)用于将所形成的所述加压的液态冷冻剂传送进所述主贮罐中的装置。
2.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述用于将加压的液态冷冻剂传送进所述主贮罐内的装置包括所述低温冷却器。
3.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述用于将加压的液态冷冻剂传送进所述主贮罐内的装置与所述主贮罐的下部连通。
4.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述用于将加压的液态冷冻剂传送进所述主贮罐内的装置与所述主贮罐的上部连通。
5.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述设备还包括用于将蒸气从所述辅助贮罐传送到所述主贮罐的装置。
6.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述用于对液态冷冻剂加压的装置包括压力累积旋管。
7.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述用于对液态冷冻剂加压的装置包括液泵。
8.根据权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，所述低温冷却器为脉冲管制冷器。
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