CN100465550C - 冷冻装置 - Google Patents
冷冻装置 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN100465550C CN100465550C CNB2005800269981A CN200580026998A CN100465550C CN 100465550 C CN100465550 C CN 100465550C CN B2005800269981 A CNB2005800269981 A CN B2005800269981A CN 200580026998 A CN200580026998 A CN 200580026998A CN 100465550 C CN100465550 C CN 100465550C
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- cold
- producing medium
- refrigerant
- heat exchanger
- decompressor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
- F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
- F28D7/10—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically
- F28D7/106—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged one within the other, e.g. concentrically consisting of two coaxial conduits or modules of two coaxial conduits
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B11/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, using turbines, e.g. gas turbines
- F25B11/02—Compression machines, plants or systems, using turbines, e.g. gas turbines as expanders
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B13/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B40/00—Subcoolers, desuperheaters or superheaters
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
- F25B9/008—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/06—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point using expanders
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B1/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle
- F25B1/04—Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle with compressor of rotary type
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
- F25B2309/06—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
- F25B2309/061—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide with cycle highest pressure above the supercritical pressure
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
- F25B2313/006—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for two pipes connecting the outdoor side to the indoor side with multiple indoor units
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
- F25B2313/027—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means
- F25B2313/0272—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means using bridge circuits of one-way valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
- F25B2313/027—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means
- F25B2313/02741—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means using one four-way valve
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2313/00—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for
- F25B2313/027—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means
- F25B2313/02742—Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for characterised by the reversing means using two four-way valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/14—Power generation using energy from the expansion of the refrigerant
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/23—Separators
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/02—Increasing the heating capacity of a reversible cycle during cold outdoor conditions
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Compression-Type Refrigeration Machines With Reversible Cycles (AREA)
- Devices That Are Associated With Refrigeration Equipment (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP254834/2004 | 2004-09-01 | ||
JP2004254834A JP2006071174A (ja) | 2004-09-01 | 2004-09-01 | 冷凍装置 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN101002059A CN101002059A (zh) | 2007-07-18 |
CN100465550C true CN100465550C (zh) | 2009-03-04 |
Family
ID=36000077
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CNB2005800269981A Expired - Fee Related CN100465550C (zh) | 2004-09-01 | 2005-08-31 | 冷冻装置 |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20080060365A1 (ko) |
EP (1) | EP1795836A1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JP2006071174A (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100879694B1 (ko) |
CN (1) | CN100465550C (ko) |
AU (1) | AU2005278426B2 (ko) |
WO (1) | WO2006025427A1 (ko) |
Families Citing this family (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008002742A (ja) * | 2006-06-21 | 2008-01-10 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 冷凍装置 |
JP4887929B2 (ja) * | 2006-06-21 | 2012-02-29 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 冷凍装置 |
JP5120056B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-02 | 2013-01-16 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 冷凍装置 |
KR100860819B1 (ko) * | 2008-05-08 | 2008-09-30 | 충주대학교 산학협력단 | 냉매 조기 회수를 위한 분기관을 구비한 냉난방장치 |
JP5180680B2 (ja) * | 2008-05-20 | 2013-04-10 | サンデン株式会社 | 冷凍サイクル |
WO2010117973A2 (en) * | 2009-04-09 | 2010-10-14 | Carrier Corporation | Refrigerant vapor compression system with hot gas bypass |
CN102725599B (zh) * | 2010-01-29 | 2014-11-26 | 大金工业株式会社 | 热泵系统 |
JP5478715B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-25 | 2014-04-23 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 冷凍サイクル装置及びその運転方法 |
CN102549355A (zh) * | 2010-06-23 | 2012-07-04 | 松下电器产业株式会社 | 冷冻循环装置 |
FR2967483B1 (fr) * | 2010-11-17 | 2015-08-07 | Valeo Systemes Thermiques | Boucle de climatisation, systeme comprenant une telle boucle et procede de mise en oeuvre d'un tel systeme |
DK2718641T3 (en) | 2011-06-13 | 2019-04-01 | Aresco Tech Llc | COOLING SYSTEM AND PROCEDURES FOR COOLING |
RU2017112546A (ru) | 2011-06-13 | 2019-01-25 | Ареско Текнолоджиз, Ллс | Конденсаторная испарительная система и способ ее эксплуатации |
JP5240332B2 (ja) * | 2011-09-01 | 2013-07-17 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 冷凍装置 |
CN104956164B (zh) | 2013-01-25 | 2017-05-17 | 特灵国际有限公司 | 具有自蒸发器接入制冷剂源的制冷剂降温和润滑系统 |
KR101440238B1 (ko) * | 2013-06-27 | 2014-09-12 | 한국교통대학교산학협력단 | 실외기 일체형 내부 열교환기를 갖는 실외기 유닛, 그 실외기 유닛을 이용한 에어컨 및 작동방법 |
CN103940134B (zh) * | 2014-04-03 | 2016-06-01 | 天津大学 | 蒸汽压缩制冷循环膨胀功回收系统 |
JP6138364B2 (ja) * | 2014-05-30 | 2017-05-31 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 空気調和機 |
JP6248878B2 (ja) * | 2014-09-18 | 2017-12-20 | 株式会社富士通ゼネラル | 空気調和装置 |
US10612821B1 (en) | 2018-07-03 | 2020-04-07 | Kalindha Rashmi LLC | Heat-pump system with combined vapor expansion-compression stages and single-effect vapor absorption unit |
US11221161B1 (en) | 2018-07-03 | 2022-01-11 | Kalindha Rashmi LLC | Heat-pump system with combined vapor expansion-compression stages and single-effect vapor absorption unit |
WO2020130756A1 (en) * | 2018-12-21 | 2020-06-25 | Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. | Air conditioner |
CN112629290B (zh) * | 2021-01-05 | 2024-09-20 | 东南大学 | 一种用于超临界水螺纹翅片套管换热器 |
KR20230068815A (ko) | 2021-11-11 | 2023-05-18 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 차량용 통합 열관리 시스템의 냉매모듈 |
KR20230068814A (ko) | 2021-11-11 | 2023-05-18 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 차량용 통합 열관리 시스템의 냉매모듈 |
KR20230090753A (ko) * | 2021-12-15 | 2023-06-22 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 열교환기 및 이를 포함하는 차량용 통합 열관리 시스템의 냉매모듈 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2000081157A (ja) * | 1998-07-07 | 2000-03-21 | Denso Corp | 圧力制御弁 |
JP2000234814A (ja) * | 1999-02-17 | 2000-08-29 | Aisin Seiki Co Ltd | 蒸気圧縮式冷凍装置 |
JP2003121018A (ja) * | 2001-10-09 | 2003-04-23 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 冷凍装置 |
JP2003279179A (ja) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 冷凍空調装置 |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4064705A (en) * | 1976-10-26 | 1977-12-27 | The Rovac Corporation | Air conditioning system having compressor-expander in pressurized closed loop system with solar assist and thermal storage |
JPH0612202B2 (ja) * | 1984-08-16 | 1994-02-16 | 三井造船株式会社 | 動力回収型ヒートポンプ |
JP3799161B2 (ja) * | 1998-06-23 | 2006-07-19 | 日立ホーム・アンド・ライフ・ソリューション株式会社 | 誘導加熱調理器 |
JP4410980B2 (ja) * | 2002-09-19 | 2010-02-10 | 三菱電機株式会社 | 冷凍空調装置 |
JP3897681B2 (ja) * | 2002-10-31 | 2007-03-28 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 冷凍サイクル装置の高圧冷媒圧力の決定方法 |
US6898941B2 (en) * | 2003-06-16 | 2005-05-31 | Carrier Corporation | Supercritical pressure regulation of vapor compression system by regulation of expansion machine flowrate |
-
2004
- 2004-09-01 JP JP2004254834A patent/JP2006071174A/ja active Pending
-
2005
- 2005-08-31 AU AU2005278426A patent/AU2005278426B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-08-31 EP EP05776819A patent/EP1795836A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-08-31 US US11/661,383 patent/US20080060365A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-08-31 WO PCT/JP2005/015862 patent/WO2006025427A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2005-08-31 KR KR1020077007433A patent/KR100879694B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-08-31 CN CNB2005800269981A patent/CN100465550C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2000081157A (ja) * | 1998-07-07 | 2000-03-21 | Denso Corp | 圧力制御弁 |
JP2000234814A (ja) * | 1999-02-17 | 2000-08-29 | Aisin Seiki Co Ltd | 蒸気圧縮式冷凍装置 |
JP2003121018A (ja) * | 2001-10-09 | 2003-04-23 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 冷凍装置 |
JP2003279179A (ja) * | 2002-03-26 | 2003-10-02 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 冷凍空調装置 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR100879694B1 (ko) | 2009-01-21 |
AU2005278426B2 (en) | 2008-09-04 |
EP1795836A1 (en) | 2007-06-13 |
KR20070046974A (ko) | 2007-05-03 |
CN101002059A (zh) | 2007-07-18 |
WO2006025427A1 (ja) | 2006-03-09 |
US20080060365A1 (en) | 2008-03-13 |
AU2005278426A1 (en) | 2006-03-09 |
JP2006071174A (ja) | 2006-03-16 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN100465550C (zh) | 冷冻装置 | |
CN101900455B (zh) | 制冷装置 | |
US7293428B2 (en) | Refrigerating machine | |
CN102734972B (zh) | 冷冻装置 | |
CN100504245C (zh) | 冷冻装置 | |
KR100741241B1 (ko) | 냉동 장치 및 냉장고 | |
EP1559967B1 (en) | Heating/cooling system | |
JP2007198693A (ja) | カスケード型ヒートポンプシステム | |
CN104011485A (zh) | 空气调节装置 | |
CN111237928B (zh) | 一种双温双闪发空调制冷系统 | |
CN100472152C (zh) | 冷冻装置 | |
CN1292079A (zh) | 冷冻装置 | |
EP2034255B1 (en) | Refrigeration device | |
CN1321298C (zh) | 冷冻装置 | |
JPH05223368A (ja) | 冷蔵庫 | |
AU2006243095A1 (en) | Refrigerating apparatus | |
JP6832939B2 (ja) | 冷凍サイクル装置 | |
CN101014818A (zh) | 冷冻装置 | |
JP3906637B2 (ja) | 冷凍冷蔵庫 | |
JP4211094B2 (ja) | 冷凍サイクル装置 | |
EP1564506A2 (en) | Heating/cooling system | |
JP2004143951A (ja) | スクロール圧縮機 | |
CN100427855C (zh) | 冷冻系统和该冷冻系统的控制方法 | |
JP3657579B2 (ja) | 冷暖房システム | |
JP4367304B2 (ja) | 冷凍装置 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
C06 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
C10 | Entry into substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
C14 | Grant of patent or utility model | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
C17 | Cessation of patent right | ||
CF01 | Termination of patent right due to non-payment of annual fee |
Granted publication date: 20090304 Termination date: 20130831 |