CH711867B1 - Heat-insulating air dome. - Google Patents

Abstract

The air dome according to the invention consists of one or more membranes made of textile-reinforced plastic film. The membrane is equipped on its underside with flat, welded, glued, sewn or riveted pockets (12) that are lined up next to one another and that are each open on one side for inserting a multi-layer heat reflection mat (13). Such mats are hybrid insulation mats with metallized foils or aluminum foils that reflect infrared radiation. You can have built in several layers of absorption-reducing air cushion film to reduce transmission heat losses. The openings of the pockets can be closed with a Velcro fastener or a zip fastener. The membrane is composed of strip-shaped film webs (8) on which the rectangular pockets (12) arranged in a matrix-like manner are attached over the entire area for inserting heat-reflecting mats (13). The film webs (8) are equipped with a connecting piping (5) along their long sides, and they are connected to one another in a tensile manner with connecting profiles (1).

Description

Air halls offer striking advantages for various applications, namely as roofs for outdoor pools, as tennis halls, warehouses, commercial halls and temporary halls for events of all kinds. They consist of a dome-shaped shell made of a textile-reinforced plastic membrane on the ground at their Edges is anchored and there is sealed against the spanned interior. Air blowers create an overpressure in the interior compared to the atmosphere, which inflates the membrane and keeps it stable in this position. Only a small and imperceptible pressure difference to the atmosphere is necessary for this, because only the membrane weight and any wind and snow loads have to be carried. This generally corresponds to a load of approx. 25 to 35 kg / m <2>. So that the air does not escape when entering or leaving the air dome, the entrances are designed with sealing 4-wing revolving doors (carousel doors) or sluices. A distinction is made between single-layer and multi-layer membranes or membrane shells, each layer assuming a special function. The outer shell of a membrane usually consists of a fabric-reinforced plastic film of the highest quality, mostly translucent. The outer shell forms the actual static membrane, which has to absorb wind and snow loads and is impregnated against UV radiation and dirt. Single to multi-layer intermediate layers with enclosed air pockets are mainly installed as insulation layers. They should improve the heat transfer value of the hall towards insulation. The innermost membrane forms the end of the two- to multi-layer air envelopes. It is made white for light reflection. For tennis halls, a darker color (e.g. green or blue) is usually chosen up to a height of at least 3 m so that the tennis balls are more easily recognizable by the tennis players. As so-called floating structures or mobile structures, inflatable halls are subject to a special DIN standard. If necessary, they can easily be dismantled and set up elsewhere, in contrast to a permanent structure.

A serious disadvantage of such air domes is the generally poor thermal insulation and thus a high energy consumption for heating. The Swiss Conference of the Cantonal Energy Centers therefore developed a recommendation EN-8 on heated air domes (December 2007) with the following statements: Existing sports facilities such as outdoor pools or tennis facilities can be covered with a relatively inexpensive, "mobile" air dome from autumn to spring so that they can be used all year round are usable. Buildings covered with membranes have a high energy consumption, which is why these recommendations were drawn up for such buildings. In the following, the air domes for open-air swimming pools are discussed in more detail, as the higher heat requirements are more important with these than with roofed tennis facilities. An air dome made of foil material for the roofing of a swimming pool with a length of 58 m and a width of 28 m cost around 1⁄2 million CHF in CH-Schaffhausen, for example. The heating costs make up about 1/6 of the construction costs, ie for the winter 2004/2005 they were CHF 81,000, for the winter 2005/2006 CHF 86,000 with a 2 × 2-layer membrane, the heat requirement and thus the costs for the natural gas should be able to be reduced by approx. 30%.

As early as March 1993, the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) had published the brochure "Rational use of energy in indoor swimming pools" with the following key figures related to the cubage or EBF, and it gave the consumption values for 1993 renovated and newly created pools conventional, solid building envelope. These values include the sum of heat (mostly fossil fuels) and electricity (including water treatment, ventilation, lighting, cloakroom ventilation, etc.) that were necessary for these buildings. Small 200-300 1,300 1,100 Medium approx. Up to 1,000 1,100 900 Large over 1,000 1,000 800

In new buildings, the ratio of heat to electricity is about 1: 1. For example, the indoor swimming pool in Uster, Switzerland, which was renovated in 1988, shows the following summands: EWheat479 MJ / m <2> a + EStrom587 MJ / m <2> a = ETotal1'066 MJ / m <2> a The most important change since 1993 has been the SIA 380/1 (2001 edition), which introduced a separate category “indoor swimming pools” taking into account the high indoor temperature of 28 ° C. For an individual component verification, there were requirements for U roof, wall = 0.18 W / m <2> K and U window = 1.0 W / m <2> K (Zurich climate, without taking the maximum proportion into account, MuKEn module 2). More recent consumption figures are not available. Today it can be assumed that the consumption figures for new bathrooms can be more than halved. The key figures for heat and electricity are to be shown separately and not - as in the table above - added unweighted.

An energetic consideration for outdoor pools with an air dome roof shows the following: A crucial component is the foil of the air dome. With today's state of the art, the roof can be built with 2x2 membranes, which results in a U-value of around 1.1 W / m 2 K. There are also roofs with 3 or only 2-layer membranes with a significantly poorer U-value (3-layer approx. 1.9 W / m 2 K). For the covering of a swimming pool, the additional price for the best construction makes sense in any case, considering the high follow-up costs due to the energy consumption. In contrast, a certain permeability of the film for solar radiation is to be rated positively. The g-value is estimated to be 0.1 (0.07-0.2). It must also be taken into account that the components protruding into the ground also cause heat to be dissipated. In an indoor swimming pool, these components are well insulated. If an existing outdoor swimming pool is only covered for the winter, these components are rarely insulated. In order to reduce the heat losses in the ground, an approx. 1 m deep perimeter insulation must be integrated into the concrete foundation between the two anchorages of the membrane. This can reduce the heat flow into the ground (for calculation see standard EN 13370).

In the following, a comparison of the heat requirements for different film structures or structures made of membranes for the roofing of an outdoor swimming pool in Schaffhausen, Switzerland is given, with a g-value of 0.1: Heat requirement film envelope 2,500 MJ / m 2 a 2'000 MJ / m <2> a 1'500 MJ / m <2> a Pure heat output requirement with outside - 8 ° C and inside + 28 ° C (without ventilation) 200 kW 140 kW 80 kW As a result, this means that even with a 3-layer membrane (U-value approx. 1.9 W / m 2 K), that is to say a membrane made of three superimposed films, the energy requirement is about 2,000 MJ / m 2 a. This consumption is about four times higher than for a medium-sized indoor swimming pool built in 1993. The applicable requirements for thermal insulation according to SIA 38011 (2001 edition) of approx. 300 MJ / m <2> a can therefore not be met by around 5 to 6 times with a conventional air dome. (Calculations: Ingenieurbüro R. Mäder, CH-Schaffhausen, on behalf of EnFK.) The operating experience of the spa in Schaffhausen confirms these high consumption values, as the evaluation of the consumption data from 2004 to 2006 by the Mäder engineering company showed.

For sports halls with less stringent room temperature requirements, a comparison of the annual costs was made for a typical hall of 35 m × 35 m. This shows that the additional costs for a 2 × 2-layer membrane can usually be amortized even at the lower internal temperatures with the lower heating costs alone, as shown in the table below for a tennis hall of 35m × 35m with 2 playing fields : Heat requirement Foil envelope 570 MJ / m <2> a 330 MJ / m <2> a 200 MJ / m <2> a Pure heat output requirement with outside - 8 ° C and inside + 16 ° C (without ventilation) 110 kW 70 kW 50 kW In summary, it can be stated that sports facilities currently covered with air domes cannot meet the thermal insulation requirements of the building envelope. In particular, roofing an open-air pool with an air dome leads to a very high energy consumption, which is more than four to five times higher than for a "normal" indoor pool.

The object of the present invention is therefore to provide an air dome which offers significantly better thermal insulation and thus can meet the applicable requirements for thermal insulation of a building envelope. A further object of this invention is to be able to erect such an air dome more quickly and with far less personnel expenditure and, if necessary, to be able to dismantle it again just as quickly and easily. Finally, it is a third task to flood such an air dome with daylight in a special design (with small individual windows a complete flooding up to the middle is not achieved) in order to create an atmosphere and an atmospheric and visible connection with the outside world inside the air dome create. The fourth object of this invention is to improve the acoustics within the air dome and thereby create a more pleasant atmosphere.

This object is achieved by an air dome with one or more superposed membranes made of plastic film material as a canopy, wherein in the case of a single membrane pockets are formed on its underside, in each of which at least one heat reflection mat is included, or in the case of several Overlying membranes between the outermost membrane, i.e. the outer membrane and an innermost membrane, i.e. the inner membrane, at least one heat reflection mat is enclosed, or heat reflection mats are enclosed in pockets on the outer or inner membrane.

In the drawings, exemplary embodiments of such air domes are shown and they are described below with reference to these drawings, their structure is explained and their effect is explained.

It shows: FIG. 1: A strip foundation made of concrete, insulated on the inside, with a cast connecting profile as an anchor rail; FIG. 2: A membrane strip of the membrane to be constructed extending from one side of the hall to the other; FIG. 3: A section along the line A-A in FIG. 2, to show how two membrane strips are connected to one another along their length with a profile on the outside; FIG. 4: a section along the line A-A in FIG. 2, to show how two membrane strips are connected to one another along their length with a profile on the inside; FIG. 5: The end section of a membrane strip reaching the floor is shown in a longitudinal section; FIG. 6: The overlap of two membrane strips along their longitudinal edges; FIG. 7: The structure of a hall by means of membrane strips lined up next to one another, the longitudinal edges of which are connected to one another by means of a piping and associated connecting profile, shown schematically; FIG. 8: A connecting profile for two welts running along the longitudinal edge of a film web; FIG. 9: The welding of a welt into the edge area of a membrane strip; FIG. 10: The connection of a welt, which is encompassed by a film section, by welding this film section to the edge of the membrane strip; FIG. 11: The connection of two membrane strips, each with a piping along their longitudinal edge, by means of a connection profile according to FIG. 8; FIG. 12: The connection of two membrane strips along their longitudinal edges, fastened by means of a connection profile and a single piping, only to one of the two membrane edges; FIG. 13: An air dome in cross section, with foil webs running transversely to the viewing direction and the connecting profiles for the piping, for connecting two adjacent foil webs; FIG. 14: Two 2-ply membrane strips to be connected to one another, when a heat reflection mat is inserted; FIG. 15: The insertion of a heat reflection mat into a 2-layer membrane strip, shown enlarged, and the adjacent 2-layer membrane strip with a connecting profile to be pushed over the adjacent piping; FIG. 16: One front side of an air dome, that is, running along the tennis courts, as an air-borne tennis hall for two tennis courts in an elevation; FIG. 17: The front wall construction with the film web used before the subsequent inflation of the air dome; FIG. 18: A longitudinal view of the air dome after it has been inflated; FIG. 19: This air dome according to FIGS. 14 to 16, seen in a plan, with the field lines of the two tennis courts on its floor; FIG. 20: An air dome for three tennis courts in a front view; FIG. 21: The floor plan of the air dome according to FIG. 18, with three tennis courts drawn on its floor; FIG. 22: The window front of a front or back of an air dome, that is to say running along the top of the tennis courts, according to the same construction principle, in an elevation; FIG. 23: An air dome for three tennis courts shown in a bird's eye view; FIG. 24: The floor plan of a further embodiment of a tennis air dome for two tennis courts; FIG. 25: The long side of this air dome according to FIG. 16, that is to say running along the top of the tennis courts, with a window front 3.5 meters high from the floor, shown in an elevation, with tennis nets drawn in; FIG. 26: This air dome according to FIGS. 16 and 17 in a view of one of its front sides, which runs along the long sides of the tennis courts, with a window front made up of a large number of windows; FIG. 27: A perspective view of this air dome with window fronts, seen over the two tennis courts; Figure 28: A perspective view from the inside of this air dome, seen over a tennis court to the outside, towards a corner.

In conventional air domes, the membrane to be carried by means of air pressure is welded together airtight and firmly from several membrane strips that overlap at the edge to form a 2-3 part membrane. The 2-3 foils of the membrane are screwed together using clamping plates. The then screwed together multi-layer membrane is then attached with its edge all around to foundations or to ground anchors. This membrane of a conventional air dome thus forms a continuous, smooth surface inside and outside, and it is not possible to attach anything to it on the inside, except by means of gluing. This also makes it impossible to apply conventional thermal insulation.

The air domes according to the invention have in all versions a very special equipment for retaining their heat inside the air dome. Your foils or membranes are provided with a heat reflective material for thermal building insulation. For this purpose, this heat reflective material is inserted in the form of mats, which are cut from a roll, on the inside of the membrane into flat pockets which are arranged like a matrix and which are welded onto the membrane. The pockets are closed after the heat reflection mats have been inserted, for example by means of a Velcro fastener or a zipper. As a result, the entire membrane is covered practically over the entire area by these invisible heat reflection mats stuck in the pockets.

Advantageously, the membranes are also constructed in a new way, compared to those of conventional inflatable halls, namely from several membrane strips that are connected to one another along their long sides by means of piping and piping connection profiles to form a whole membrane. Firstly, this is faster, requires far fewer staff and also offers the advantage that the membrane assembled in this way can easily be dismantled again, so that the air dome as a whole can also be dismantled, moved and rebuilt in another location much more easily. The individual film webs or membrane strips can be equipped with special pockets for insertion, as will be shown and explained later.

To create such an air dome, a strip foundation 23 made of concrete running around the hall is built into which a piping connection profile 1 is either poured or screwed as an anchor rail 22, as shown in FIG. The membrane strips 8 reaching down to the ground are inserted with their end-side anchoring welts 5 into these connecting profiles 1 or anchor rails 22, so that a tensile and airtight connection is created. The individual membrane strips 8 to be arranged next to one another are connected to one another along their longitudinal edges, which are also equipped with piping, by means of several connecting profiles, so that a complete membrane is created that consists of a number of such membrane strips 8 lying next to one another. One or more fans create a slight overpressure in relation to the atmosphere. Because of this overpressure, the membrane composed of such membrane strips 8 rises upwards and is inflated and held stable in this position by the slight overpressure.

In Figure 2, a single membrane strip 8 is shown, in a position as if it were installed in a hall. So it extends from the floor over the zenith of the hall to the other side down to the floor. This membrane strip 8 thus measures 42 meters in length, for example, if it is to span a tennis field lengthways. Its width measures approx. 3 to 5 meters, depending on the version. It is made of two layers and thus forms a pocket. A heat reflection mat is inserted into this pocket, as will be described later. Such mats are roll material that is available in widths of, for example, 2.5 meters, with a thickness of approx. 25 mm. A strip 2.5 m × 42 m in length can be inserted into the pocket of a membrane strip 8, or two such heat reflection mats, slightly overlapping along their longitudinal edge, can be pushed over the entire length of the membrane strip into the pocket formed by it will. For this purpose, the double-layer membrane strip is welded on three sides, and one long side is initially left open so that a pocket is formed. This allows a strip of heat reflective foil to be inserted over the entire length of the membrane strip. The opening of the pocket is then welded to the membrane strip so that the membrane strip is tightly sealed all around, and then several membrane strips are connected to one another by means of connecting profiles with the piping along their edges.

DieFigur 3 shows a cross section at the point AA of the membrane stiffener 8 of Figure 2, from which it can be seen that an overlap of the two adjacent membrane strips 8 is generated along their longitudinal edge, so that there is always a heat reflective film between the inside and outside continuously over the composite membrane strip 8 extends. In FIG. 3 it can be seen that a connecting piping 5 with a film section 6 is welded onto the membrane strip 8 on the left here. The membrane strip 8 on the right rests with its longitudinal edge over the longitudinal edge of the left membrane strip 8. Its edge runs out into a film section 7, which is guided over the connecting piping 5 and around it. A connecting profile 1 is then pushed over this film section 7 and the connecting piping 5, and a tensile force-locking connection between these two membrane strips 8 is thus produced. Inside the two membrane strips 8 can be seen the heat reflection mat 13. The heat reflection mats 13 inside of membrane strips 8 connected to one another along their longitudinal edge overlap slightly, although they are in different pockets. However, this creates a continuous heat reflection layer across the connection between the two membrane strips 8 and thus prevents a cold bridge or thermal bridge from being created. The composite membrane strips 8 directly form the outer membrane and also the inner membrane, made of a material as is conventional for the requirements of an outer membrane and this weighs around 1kg / m 2, and the inner membrane, i.e. the lower side of the membrane strip 8 could in principle be made thin. But because it lies on the floor during the construction of the hall, it must be at least tear-resistant enough, with a weight of approx. 500 to 600 grams / m <2>. It is impregnated to prevent the formation of fungus and mold, and both films of the film strip 8 are also impregnated to repel dirt, as has already been done conventionally. A pocket for the heat reflection mat is formed between these two foils of the membrane strip 8.

InFigur 4 is basically the same shown, only that here the piping is directed downwards, so towards the inside of the hall, and the connecting profiles are then attached to the underside of the inner film of the film strip. These connecting profiles can be specially designed with a groove on their lower side, in which, for example, lighting fixtures, nets, partition walls, curtains etc. can be hung. The inner foils of the membrane strips 8 are advantageously perforated, with the result that efficient soundproofing is achieved. The sound generated by hits on the balls in tennis halls, for example, or in swimming pools where it is regularly loud, the sound is effectively broken on the perforated inner membrane and a far more pleasant sound climate is achieved.

The figure 5 shows the section along the line B-B in Figure 5. The double-layer membrane strip 8 is brought together at the lower section directed towards the floor and thus runs out into a flat tab 24. This is then folded over on the inside of the hall and lies on the floor. One recognizes an anchoring welt 25 welded onto the outside of the outer membrane. This is used to connect to the ground. It is inserted into a profile that forms an anchor rail on a strip foundation.

FIG. 6 shows an overlap in a perspective illustration. The membrane strip 8 on the left in the picture is overlapped by the membrane strip 8 on the right side of the picture. This right membrane strip ends in a single-layer film which is guided over the connecting piping 5 and fully embracing it and extending a little further beyond the connecting piping 5. Prepared in this way, a connection profile can be pushed over the connection piping 5.

The figure 7 shows a schematic representation of a number of membrane strips, one next to the other are arranged. In the case of a tennis hall, for example, they advantageously extend along the tennis courts and thus span them across the course of the tennis nets on the playing fields.

The construction of a membrane from detachably joinable film webs or membrane strips 8 is explained in an alternative embodiment. For this purpose, a possible piping connection profile 1 for the connecting piping 5 is shown in FIG. This is formed by an extruded aluminum profile, which forms a groove 4 as a welt holder 2 on each of its two long sides. Each such welt socket 2 is formed in the example shown by a tube which has a longitudinal slot 4, so that the tube circumference only extends by approximately 270 °. The two openings or grooves 4 in the two welt sockets 2 face away from one another and outwards, and the two tubes are connected to one another in one piece by a connecting web 3. To connect two membrane strips, such connecting profiles 1, each about 30 cm to 50 cm in length, are used.

The film webs or membrane strips 8 that can be connected to such connecting profiles 1 are equipped with connecting welts 5 along their longitudinal edges. For this purpose, these connecting welts 5 are designed, for example, as shown in FIG. 9, as one-piece plastic round profiles with a radially protruding extension 6. A two-layer film is separated along its edge into two tabs 7 which enclose the extension 6 on both sides and are firmly welded to it. This creates a tensile force-locking connection between the connecting welt 5 and the film web or the membrane strip 8. The edge of a film web can also be welded onto just one side of the extension 6, the introduction of force then not being entirely symmetrical.

Alternatively, a rubber round profile can serve as the welt 11, which is encompassed by a film 10, the film 10 then running out into two edge sections 9, as shown in FIG. These two edge sections 9 can accommodate a film web or a membrane strip 8 along their longitudinal edge between them on both sides and they are firmly welded with the film web or the membrane strip 8 on both sides to the edge region of the film web 8. In this way, too, a tensile connection transversely to the welt 5 is produced.

InFigur 11 shows a possibility of connecting two adjacent film webs 8, the longitudinal edges of which are each equipped with a welt 5. The connecting profiles 1 are pushed in the longitudinal direction of the film webs 8 over their piping 5, one after the other. The slots that arise between the individual successive connecting profiles 1 allow a membrane produced in this way to be curved even around a relatively small radius. The slots between the successive connecting profiles 1 can be closed by means of an elastic sealing compound. Ideally, the longest possible connection profile sections are used. With a long length of several meters, depending on the wall thickness of the profiles, they are flexible around a radius that allows a whole dome to be created from membrane strips from one side to the other with only a few profile sections. Such a film web or such a membrane strip 8 of a tennis hall, which spans the playing fields in the longitudinal direction, is approximately 42 m long. A few easily transportable connecting profile sections are sufficient, for example with 3 × 14 m long sections, or 4 × 10.5 m or 6 × 7 m long sections.

In Figure 12, an alternative possibility for connecting two adjacent film webs 8 is shown. Here only the film web 8 on the left in the picture is equipped with a connecting piping 5. The length of the film web 8 on the right is looped around the piping 5 of the other film web 8 and then a connecting profile 1 is pushed over the connecting piping 5, which is set up by 90 °, as shown. This encompasses the connecting piping 5 by more than approx. 270 ° and this causes a tension-locking connection across the connecting piping 5. The individual connecting profiles 1 measure, for example, approx. 30 to 50 cm and can therefore be pushed on by a single fitter. Optionally, longer profile sections can also be used, up to the maximum transportable length.

In Figure 13 one can see a tennis hall in cross section. The film webs or membrane strips 8 run transversely to the viewing direction and extend upwards from the floor, over the zenith of the ridge to the other side and there again to the floor. The connecting profiles 1 are pushed in the longitudinal direction of the film webs over their connecting piping 5, one after the other. The slits formed between the individual successive connecting profiles 1 allow the membrane to be curved even around a relatively small radius. These slots can be closed with an elastic sealant.

The figure 14 shows two film webs or membrane strips 8, which are connected with connecting profiles 1. The film webs 8 are conventional textile-reinforced plastic films, ideally 3 to 5 meters wide. They can be transported to the construction site in rolls, in lengths of, for example, 42 m, in order to form a whole length of the dome from one piece. If they are transported in shorter sections, they can be welded together on the construction site in a conventional manner by slightly overlapping by a few cm with tensile force and tightly in order to achieve the required length. These film webs or membrane strips 8 are now equipped with pockets 12 as a special feature. These pockets 12 extend over the width of the film webs or membrane strips 8 between the connecting welts 5, so are approximately 3 m to 5 m wide, and they are slightly deeper than 1.5 m to 2.5 m, so that after inserting a 1.5 m or 2.5 m wide mat, a free edge is formed, which can be fitted with Velcro fasteners on the inside of the open side of the bag. At the bottom and at the side, the pockets are firmly welded to the film web or the membrane strip 8 or riveted or glued onto the same. Heat reflection mats 13 of the same dimensions are inserted into these pockets, that is to say 1.5 m to 2.5 m wide and 3 m to 5 m long mats. Of course, the pockets 12 and the heat-reflecting mats 13 to be pushed into them can also be made smaller.

These heat reflection mats are known, for example, as Lu.po.Therm B2 + 8 and are available from LSP GmbH, Gewerbering 1, A-5144 Handenberg. They are delivered, among other things, in rolls with a width of 1.5 m or 2.5 m and from these rolls can be cut into sections 13, in the present case to the respective width of the film webs, while the depths of the pockets 12 are designed for the width of the rolls. These multi-layer heat reflection mats are available in versions up to 12 cm thick. While thermal insulation materials such as mineral wool, polystyrene, polyurethane, cellulose, wood wool, hemp or other thermal insulation materials are only able to insulate with a λ> 0.026 W / mK, with such materials it is ignored that the radiant heat is much greater in relation to the temperature Share of heat loss accounts for more than 90%, because T <4> = W / m <2>. The higher the temperature, the more dramatic is the proportion of thermal radiation that ultimately leads to heat loss. The thermal protection is achieved in a cascade-like manner if the thermal reflection mat is designed in several layers, with a large number of cumulative interactions. In this way, these heat-reflecting materials achieve almost 100% reflection of the incoming radiant heat. This is therefore for the most part reflected back into the interior of the air dome. Conversely, in summer, the heat radiation from the sun is reflected outside and inside the air dome it remains pleasantly cool, which is particularly welcome when playing tennis. The technical specifications of these heat reflection mats are as follows: Thermal insulation performance U = 0.10 W / m <2> K Emissivity from 2.2.6 ETA-12/0080, WLZ (Lambda) = 0.003 W / mk R = 10 m <2> K / W valid until July 25th, 2017 vapor barrier = 1st layer Sd = 1500m EN 12086 + EN 13984 diffusion-open from 2nd layer Sd = 10m DIN 52615 fire behavior class E EN-13501-1 + A1 infrared reflections 84%, 95%, 95%, 95% + 82% CUAP 12.01 / 12, Appendix B + C Electro-Smog-Shielding HF 40dB = 99.99% near-field probe calibrated

These heat reflection mats are preferably installed in a 3 cm thick version in a tennis hall. They are welded all the way around, only for fixing, so not tight and tight. A grid perforation with T-end threads results in the diffusion-open outside. The dew point degassing is already built in. A suitable product is, for example, Lu.Po Therm B2 + 8 thermal insulation or any other mat with similar technical and mechanical properties in the area of heat reflection. Lu.Po Therm B2 + 8 is well suited because it is thin, simply pliable and flexible. Because these heat reflection mats are highly flexible, their installation is no problem even in corners and contours. They are not hygroscopic and therefore offer a consistent reflective effect. Such an air dome is preferably built with a double-shell membrane with an inlay of a heat reflective material for thermal building insulation in the pockets 12 on the inside of the inner membrane. A multi-layer hybrid insulation mat with integrated, energy-efficient IR-reflecting foils and optionally also aluminum foils is advantageously used as the heat reflection mat. Two to eight layers of absorption-reducing air cushion films result in the convective distances due to the air enclosed in the knobs and thus an optimal convective effect. This reduces the transmission heat losses. The heat reflection mats 13 contain up to five layers of metallized foils for highly effective infrared reflection, with low intrinsic emissions. In addition, there is a highly effective shield against high-frequency radiation.

The fact that the thermal reflection mats to be inserted are very light - with a specific weight of just 0.430 kg / m 2 is also attractive from a structural point of view. With an air dome for three tennis courts, with a membrane area of 2,324 m <2>, this results in an additional load of a total of 999.32 kg, i.e. approx. One ton. Compared to the snow loads to be borne and the dead weight of the foils, this is almost negligible.

The figure 15 shows a film web 8 with a single pocket 12. A heat reflection mat 13 is inserted into this on the open side so that it fills the pocket 12 over the entire surface. The opening of the pockets 12 can be equipped with Velcro fasteners 14 so that the pockets 12 can be closed after the heat-reflecting mats 13 have been inserted. Instead of Velcro fasteners 14, zippers can also be used. On a film web 8, the pockets 12 are arranged in a row adjoining one another or in a matrix-like manner with several rows of pockets. Each is equipped with a heat reflection mat 13.

The air domes equipped with such special heat reflection mats 13, which then cover practically the entire membrane surface inside or outside in pockets 12, produce a far better overall U-value than before, namely below 1.0 W / m 2 K. In addition to the heat reflection mats 13, special acoustic membranes can also be used as inner membranes, which are also pushed into the pockets 12. This allows the hall acoustics to be adapted to different floors and adjusted so that they are perceived as pleasant. The inner membrane in the hall, perforated for this purpose, breaks and in this case breaks the noise. In tennis halls, the impact noises are largely absorbed. The result is much more pleasant acoustics than before in indoor tennis courts.

The individual film webs 8 can be connected by means of the connecting profiles 1 and their connecting piping 5 along their longitudinal edges in a tensile manner until the entire membrane is assembled in this way on the construction site and lies on the ground. The connecting profiles of the type shown in FIG. 6 can be arranged either on the inside or on the outside of the membrane. The outer edges of the membrane created are then tightly connected to the floor or window frames. In any case, if the film webs 8 are sealingly connected in this way with connecting profiles 1 for connecting piping 5, there are no clamping plate screw connections, which are comparatively much more complex to assemble.

The figure 16 shows an air dome for two tennis courts in a view of the side that extends along the longitudinal sides of the tennis courts. It is designed as a special feature with a window front. This consists of a framework of window frame profiles 15 to 18 and is assembled on the construction site, whereby the bottom row is equipped with transparent plastic foils, so-called ETFE foils, which are all around with piped seams and only in the window frame profiles 15 to 18 must be inserted. The height of the bottom row of windows is around 5.2 meters, and the width of the individual windows of the window front is 5 meters. The individual windows are almost square in shape. If further intermediate struts are used, it is also possible to equip them with break-proof window glass. As FIG. 16 shows, the two profile struts 18 are initially set up steeply at the outer ends and left loosely. The outermost film web 8 of the assembled membrane is fastened to them from the bottom upwards again via a connection by means of piping. From the upper end of these outermost profile struts 18, the film web 8 still runs loosely and rests in the middle on the floor, and at the other end it is connected again in the same way to the loose outermost profile 18 there. It extends here over approximately 42 meters.

From the situation as shown in Figure 17, the membrane is otherwise anchored in a conventional manner in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the drawing sheet on both sides, tightly and with tension, which is also attached to such a window front at the rear end, by activating the fan and blowing inflated by air inside. It starts to puff up and rise. The outermost struts 18 gradually assume the positions as shown in Figure 18 and they are then firmly connected to the upper corners of the already standing profile wall and also anchored below on the ground. The upper struts 19 are then installed as shown in FIG. 10 and as soon as the outer edges of the outermost film webs 8 reach this height, these edges are fastened along the upper edges 19 of the profile front by inserting keder connection profiles. As a result, the membrane is gradually sealed off better and better until it is fastened with its edges to the floor or to the profile fronts 19 in a completely sealing manner all around.

The figure 19 shows this tennis hall in a floor plan, with the two spanned tennis fields with their field markings 20 and nets 21 drawn. The hall has a square floor plan, with a side length of 36 meters. The window fronts extend along the long sides of the tennis courts, so that they are also far less hit with balls than the sides facing the tennis courts.

In FIG. 20, a tennis hall for three tennis courts is shown. Again, the 36 meter long window front extends along the long sides of the tennis courts, as can be seen from the floor plan in Figure 21, and those sides of the air dome on which the membrane extends to the ground then measures 53.9 meters. The figure 22 shows the profile wall of this tennis hall with the formed 5 meter wide individual windows and a total of 9 meter high window fronts, and in figure 23 this tennis hall is shown in a bird's eye view. Unlike conventional inflatable halls, this hall has a barrel-shaped roof, no longer a dome with a zenith that extends steadily to the ground on all sides.

The figure 24 shows a further embodiment, here based initially on the floor plan. It is designed for two tennis courts and measures 36m × 36m. In FIG. 25 it is shown in a view from that side which runs along the head sides of the tennis courts, the nets 21 of the tennis courts being shown. On the left and right, this air dome has vertical 3.5 m high end surfaces with windows, from the upper edge of which the membrane is attached to the side with its piping on the profiles 16. From profile 16 the membrane rises at an oblique angle to the 9 m high ridge. Figure 26 shows this air dome seen on a window front. The individual windows are 5 m long and 3.5 m high, and the outermost are almost equilateral triangles, and the entire window front measures 36 m in length.

FIG. 27 shows this tennis hall in a perspective view and gives a better idea of the advantages such a window front offers for the ambiance. The fact that conventional inflatable halls prevent optical communication with the outside world is often perceived as a serious disadvantage of such a tennis hall and is only reluctantly accepted by the public. A tennis air dome with a continuous window front on both sides is flooded with daylight and offers an incomparable playing atmosphere compared to a conventional tennis air dome. From the outside, the air dome appears lighter and stylistically more convincing, less voluminous and more dynamic. Finally, Figure 28 shows how the view over a tennis court looks outside.

In summary, such an air dome offers a number of striking technical advantages over conventional constructions. 1. Enormously much better thermal insulation of the air dome due to convection of the radiant heat on the heat reflection mats. 2. Greatly improved noise insulation increases the sense of well-being inside. 3. One-sided or two-sided continuous window front allows the air dome to be flooded with daylight, which significantly improves the ambiance inside. 4. Due to the simple handling with welts 5 which can be pushed into the connecting profiles 1, the assembly of the air dome is enormously facilitated. Far fewer staff are required for this, both for construction and for dismantling. Instead of 20 fitters, the work can be done by 4 fitters. The assembly time is significantly reduced by the simple handling. This can save costs. 5. The foil webs or membrane strips 8 of the air dome can easily be dismantled in spring and rolled up on rollers and are therefore very easy to store in comparison to a conventional air dome. 6. The assembly does not require any special tools. The connecting profiles can be pushed over the piping by hand. Clamping plates to be screwed on are not necessary. 7. The strip foundations 23 can be manufactured at the factory as concrete elements and, with inserted anchor rails and prepared insulation connections, transported to the construction site and laid there. 8. The strip foundations are equipped with connecting profiles 1 as anchor profile rails 22, so that only their end-side connecting welts 5 have to be pushed into the connecting profiles 1 for the floor fastening of the film webs 8. 9. Concrete work is no longer necessary on site.

Index of digits

1 connection profile for piping 2 tubes for the formation of grooves or piping receiving profiles 3 connecting bridge 4 longitudinal slot in the connecting profile 1 5 piping 6 piping extensions 7 tabs on the film edge 8 film web 9 edge sections of the film 10 around the rubber profile 11 10 film following rubber profile 11 11 Rubber round profile 12 Pocket on film web 8 13 Heat reflection mat 14 Velcro fastener to close the pocket 12 15 Frame profile along the lower edge of the window front 16 Frame profile along the upper edge of the window front 17 Frame profiles vertically in the window front 18 Skew-angled frame profiles at the outer end of the window front 19 Top struts along the membrane 20 Field lines tennis court 21 Tennis net 22 Anchor profile rail 23 Concrete foundation strips 24 End tabs membrane strips 25 Anchoring piping

Claims (13)

1. Air dome with one or more superimposed membranes made of plastic film material as a roof, in the case of a single membrane pockets are formed on its underside, in each of which at least one heat reflection mat (13) is enclosed, or in the case of several superimposed membranes between the outermost membrane, i.e. the outer membrane and an innermost membrane, i.e. the inner membrane, at least one heat reflection mat (13) is enclosed, or heat reflection mats (13) are enclosed in pockets on the outer or inner membrane. 2. Air dome according to claim 1, characterized in that the respective heat reflection mat (13) is a multilayer hybrid insulation mat with integrated IR-reflecting aluminum foils, which consists of two to eight layers of absorption-reducing air cushion foils, to achieve convective distances through the enclosed air the knobs and thus an optimal convective effect to reduce the transmission heat losses, as well as several layers of IR-reflecting metallized foils for infrared reflection and for shielding against high-frequency radiation. 3. Air dome according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the inner and outer membrane are each formed from a plurality of membrane strips (8) arranged next to one another, which each form a strip-shaped part of the outer membrane and a strip-shaped part of the inner membrane, and which along each of their two longitudinal edges are connected to each other with a tensile force fit via at least one piping with a piping connection profile (1) with piping receiving profile (2), with one or more pockets being formed in each membrane strip (8) in which one or more of the said heat reflection mats (13) are inserted filling these pockets (12) so that the heat reflection mats (13) are enclosed between the outer membrane and the inner membrane. 4. Air dome according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the inner and outer membrane are each formed from a plurality of membrane strips (8) arranged next to one another, which along their two longitudinal edges have a tensile connection via at least one welt with a welt profile (1) are connected to each other so that an outer and inner membrane is formed, with each membrane strip itself forming a pocket due to its double layer, which is welded shut on all sides, and in which one or more such heat reflection mats are inserted to fill the pocket, and the Membrane strips (8) have in their end areas, 50 cm to 100 cm from the end, an anchoring piping (5) running transversely to the membrane strip (8), by means of which they are sunk into the ground and around the outside of the air dome running anchor rail with a piping connection profile (1) with piping receiving profile (2) are anchored, and between piping (5) and End of the membrane strip (8) formed flap (24) is folded inwards into the hall on the floor. 5. Air dome according to one of claims 3 to 4, characterized in that the edge areas of the membrane strips (8) overlap along their two longitudinal edges, so that the heat reflection mats (13) inserted in them overlap a bit and the hall thus over their composite outer and inner membrane is continuously enclosed by a heat reflection mat (13). 6. Air dome according to one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that the membrane strips (8) are connected to one another in such a way that the longitudinal edge of a membrane strip (8) is connected to a welt (5) and is single-ply The left edge area of the adjoining membrane strip (8) surrounds this piping (5) in an overlapping manner, and a single or several piping connecting profiles (1) with piping receiving profile (2) as piping frame are pushed over this overlap and piping (5) are. 7. air dome according to one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that the piping connection profiles (1) with their piping receiving profile (2) for connecting two adjacent membrane strips (8) on the opposite of the piping receiving profile (2) Side of the piping connection profile (1) or in both of its side walls have grooves for hanging objects such as lighting fixtures, nets, curtains and partition walls. 8. Air dome according to one of claims 1 to 2, characterized in that the at least one membrane is equipped on its underside covering the entire area with lined-up flat, welded, glued, sewn or riveted pockets (12), each of which is open on one side are, for inserting the multi-layer heat reflection mats (13) in the form of a hybrid insulation mat each with several layers of infrared radiation reflecting metallized foils, these openings being closable by means of a Velcro fastener (14) or zip fastener. 9. Air dome according to one of the preceding claims, that the inner membrane of the air dome is perforated, to bring about a sound refraction and thus to improve the acoustic acoustics inside the hall. 10. Air dome according to one of the preceding claims 3 to 9, characterized in that the membrane strips (8) measure 3 to 5 meters in width and correspond in length to the span of the air dome to be built, so that in the direction over their entire length a seamless membrane can be created. 11. Air dome according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that they have a frame construction on at least one longitudinal or transverse side, which is connected to the adjacent membrane or membranes, and one or more transparent ETFE films in the frame profiles (15) are built in to form a window front from at least one or more windows. 12. Air dome according to claim 11, characterized in that the frame construction includes at least one horizontal frame profile (16) running above the frame profile (15) with a groove on its top, for inserting a welt on the edge of a membrane adjoining above into this groove, and that The upper frame profile (16) has a further groove on its underside for inserting a welt on a transparent ETFE film to be connected below, and is equipped with vertical frame profiles (17) as struts, with grooves on both sides for inserting welts on the side edges of the transparent ETFE film sections, as well as that on both end sides of the window front constructed with inserted ETFE films at an oblique angle arranged support struts (18) are installed, with grooves on both sides for inserting the piping of the ETFE film adjoining inside and the membrane adjoining outside. 13. Air dome according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it rests along the delimitation of its floor plan on concrete strip foundations (23) which can be laid in trenches, these concrete strip foundations (23) each having an anchor rail profile (22) on their upper side ) in the form of a connection profile (1) with a welt receiving profile with grooves (4) for receiving a welt (5), and these anchor rail profiles (22) are either screwed to the associated strip foundation (23) or cast into the same.