EA036699B1 - Heat-insulating air dome - Google Patents

Abstract

An air dome includes of one or several membrane shells made of a textile reinforced plastic film. These membrane shells are equipped on the entire surface of the underside thereof with juxtaposed flat pockets (12) which are heat-sealed on, bonded to, sewn on, or riveted on, each of which is designed to be open on one side, for inserting a heat-reflective mat (13). Such mats are hybrid heat insulating mats having metalized films or aluminum films reflecting infrared radiation. They can have multiple layers of absorption-reducing air-bubble film to reduce the transmission heat losses. The openings of the pockets are closed by means of a touch and close fastener or zip fastener. A membrane is assembled from strip-like film webs (8), which are equipped along the longitudinal sides thereof with a keder (5) and are connected with each other by connecting profiles (1) in a tensile force-locked manner.

Description

Air support structures provide undeniable advantages for various areas of application, since they can be used to organize indoor pools, storage, industrial premises and temporary halls for various events. They consist of a dome-shaped shell made of a textile-reinforced polymer membrane, which is fixed at the edges at the base and sealed against the overlapping interior space. With the help of compressors, an increased pressure is created inside relative to atmospheric air, which pumps the membrane and firmly holds it in a similar state. This requires an insignificant and almost imperceptible difference between the internal and external pressures, since the load is created only by the membrane's own weight and atmospheric factors (wind, snow). Typically this corresponds to a load of approx. at 25-35 kg / m ² . To avoid air escaping when entering and exiting the pavilion, 4-leaf revolving doors or sluices are provided at the entrances to ensure the necessary tightness. Distinguish between single and multi-layer membrane shells, with each layer performing its own special function. The outer sheath is generally made from a fiber-reinforced membrane of the highest quality synthetic material that is generally opaque. The outer shell is essentially a static membrane that absorbs atmospheric loads such as wind and snow and is appropriately treated to protect it from UV radiation and pollution. Single and multi-layer intermediate layers with air pockets provided on the inside primarily have an insulating function. Their task is to optimize the thermal conductivity coefficient of the pavilion towards increasing thermal insulation. The innermost membrane forms the final layer of a two- or multi-layer air envelope. White is chosen to provide reflective properties. In tennis halls up to a minimum of 3 m, darker colors (eg green or blue) are used to make tennis balls more visible to tennis players. Being the so-called. mobile or movable structures, air support structures are subject to a special DIN standard. They can be dismantled and installed in a different location without much cost, unlike real estate.

A significant disadvantage of such air support structures is generally poor thermal insulation, which requires high energy costs for heating. In this regard, the Swiss Conference of the Specialized Cantonal Center for Energy has developed a recommendation EN-8 on heated air domes (December 2007), the content of which boils down to the following: Existing outdoor sports facilities, such as swimming pools and tennis courts, can be sheltered from autumn until spring with the help of inexpensive mobile air support structures to ensure the possibility of their year-round use. Membrane roofed structures have a high energy consumption, which is why these recommendations have been developed for such structures. Below, air support structures for outdoor pools will be discussed in more detail, since the issue of higher heat consumption of pools is of greater importance compared to indoor tennis courts. The cost of an air support structure made of a film material to cover a pool 58 m long and 28 m wide was, for example, in the Swiss Schaffhausen, approx. 0.5 million Swiss francs. Heating costs, depending on the conditions, are approx. 1/6 of the manufacturing cost, i.e. during the heating season 2004/2005 they amounted to CHF 81,000, in 2005/2006. - 86,000 Swiss francs. The membrane with a 2x2 layer structure is likely to reduce heat consumption and thus gas bills by approx. by 30%.

Back in March 1993, the Swiss Federal Office for Energy (BFE) published a brochure Efficient use of energy in indoor swimming pools with the following parameters of cubic capacity or conditionally heated area, while it contained the flow rates of the pools, renovated and built in 1993, made with a traditional fixed external structure of the building. These values include the sum of the indicators of heat consumption (usually fossil fuels) and electricity (including water treatment, ventilation, lighting, dressing room lighting, etc.) that were needed for these buildings.

Swimming pool Water area (m ² ) Updated pools, 1993 year (MJ / m ² a) Built pools, 1993 year (MJ / m ² a) Small 200-300 1,300 1 100 Average Approx. 00 1100 900 Large Over 1,000 1000 800

In new buildings, the heat / power ratio is approximately 1: 1. For example, the indoor pool in Uster, Switzerland, renovated in 1988, shows the following totals:

Eteplo 479 MJ / m a + Eel.energy. 587 MJ / m a ⁼ Еitog 1 066 MJ / m а

Since 1993, the most significant change has been the SIA 380/1 standard (ed. 2001), which introduced a separate category Indoor swimming pools, taking into account the high indoor temperature 1,036699 (28 ° C). To test each individual element of the building structure identified requirements - U _{roof, walls} = 0.18 W / m ² K and U _window = 1.0 W / m ² K (climate Zurich, excluding the maximum lobe, typical requirements in cantons (MuKEn), module 2).

There are no recent consumption figures. At present, it should be assumed that the flow rates in new basins will be more than two times lower. Heat and electricity consumption indicators must be indicated separately, and not as shown in the table above, i.e. in summed unweighted form.

An energy analysis of outdoor pools with an installed air dome showed the following: The air dome film is of decisive importance in the structure. The state-of-the-art technology makes it possible to equip roofs with membranes having a 2x2 layer structure, which ensures a heat transfer coefficient of approx. at the level of 1.1 W / m ² K. There are also roofs with three- or only two-layer membranes with a significantly lower heat transfer coefficient (with a three-layer design approx. 1.9 W / m ² K). The extra cost for the best solution to create a pool cover is perfectly reasonable due to the high indirect costs associated with energy consumption. On the contrary, a certain permeability of the film to sunlight can be regarded as a positive circumstance. The energy transmission coefficient is approximately 0.1 (0.07 to 0.2). It should also be borne in mind that heat transfer is also inherent in structural elements on the ground. In an indoor pool, these elements are carefully insulated. If the outdoor pool is covered only for the winter, thermal insulation is rarely provided for these elements. In order to reduce heat loss into the ground in the concrete foundation 23 between the two anchors of the membrane around the perimeter, insulation is embedded with a depth of approx. 1 m. This reduces heat leakage into the ground (for calculation see standard EN 13370).

Below is a comparison of the heat consumption values of various configurations of film structures used to cover an outdoor pool in Schaffhausen, energy permeability 0.1:

Film size 64 mx 30 m Two-layer film U = 2.7 W / m ² K Three-layer film U = 2.7 W / m ² K A film with the structure of 2x2 U = 2,7 W / m ² K Heat consumption of film shell 2 500 MJ / m ² and 2000 MJ / m ² and 1,500 MJ / m ² and Net demand for heating capacity at outdoor air temperature - 8 ° С and indoor air temperature + 28 ° С (without ventilation) 200 kWt 140 kWt 80 kWt

All in all, this means that even with a three-layer membrane (heat transfer coefficient approx. 1.9 W / m ² K) the energy consumption is approx. 2,000 MJ / m ² as well. This flow rate is approximately 4 times higher than the flow rate of a closed medium-sized pool built in 1993. It is therefore not possible to ensure that the valid thermal insulation requirements in accordance with SIA 38011 (ed. 2001) are met at a level of approx. 300 MJ / m ² by a conventional Airdomes having approx. 5-6 less thermal insulation (calculations: R. Mader Engineering Office, Schaffhausen, on behalf of EnFK.). The experience with the Schaffhausen swimming pool confirms these high consumption values, as can be seen from the analysis of consumption data for 2004-2006 carried out by the engineering office Mader.

For gyms with less stringent air temperature requirements, a comparison was made of the annual costs for a typical 35x35m hall.It showed that the additional costs for a membrane with a 2x2 layer structure, even at lower indoor temperatures, are usually pays off only due to lower heating costs, which is confirmed by the table below on the example of a tennis hall measuring 35x35 m with two tennis courts: _____________________________________________________

Film size 40 mx 40 m The bilayer film U = 2,8Vt / m ² K Three-layered film U = 1,70Vt / m ² K The film structure layers 2x2 II = 1,10Vt / m ² K Heat consumption of the film casing 570 MJ / m ² a 330 MJ / m ² and 200 MJ / m ² and Pure need for heating capacity at outside air temperature -8 ° С and indoor air temperature + 16 ° С (without ventilation) 110 kWt 70 kWt 50 kWt

From this, it can be concluded that the existing sports facilities covered with air-supported structures are not able to meet the requirements for thermal insulation of the outer structure of the building. In particular, the use of an air support structure in combination with an open

- The 2,036,699 pool results in very high energy consumption, 4-5 times that of a conventional indoor pool.

Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide an air support structure that provides more effective thermal insulation and is thus able to fulfill the current requirements for thermal insulation of the outer structure of a building. Another object of the present invention is to reduce the time and the number of personnel for the assembly and disassembly of such an air support structure. The third task is to create the possibility of penetration of daylight into such an air-supported structure (with the help of windows it is impossible to ensure full penetration of light to the center) in order to create a pleasant environment inside the structure and an atmospheric and visible connection with the outside world. The fourth challenge is to improve the acoustic performance inside the building and thus create a more pleasant atmosphere.

This problem is solved with the help of an air support structure, in which one or more membrane membranes made of plastic film material are used, and a heat-reflecting mat is located between the outer and inner membranes.

The drawings show examples of the implementation of such air support structures, below is their description, based on the drawings, an explanation of their structure and principle of operation.

The figures show:

fig. 1 - a strip foundation made of concrete, insulated from the inside, with a poured connecting profile that serves as an anchor rail;

fig. 2 - strip of the mounting membrane passing from one side of the hall to the other;

fig. 3 is a section along line A-A in FIG. 2 to demonstrate how two strips of membrane join together along their length with a profile on the outside;

fig. 4 is a section along line AA in FIG. 2 to demonstrate how two strips of membrane join together along their length with a profile on the inside;

fig. 5 - the final section of the membrane strip in longitudinal section, reaching the ground;

fig. 6 - overlapping two membrane strips along their longitudinal edges;

fig. 7 is a schematic view of the structure of a structure consisting of membrane strips arranged together with longitudinal edges connected by a keder and a mating connecting profile;

fig. 8 - connecting profile for two keders running along the longitudinal edge of the film web;

fig. 9 - installation of the keder in the edge region of the membrane strip by welding;

fig. 10 - connection of a keder covered by a piece of film by welding this piece to the edge of the membrane strip;

fig. 11 shows the connection of two membrane strips with a keder along their longitudinal edge by means of the connecting profile shown in FIG. 8;

fig. 12 - connection of two membrane webs along their longitudinal edges, secured by means of a connecting profile and a single keder, only with one of the two membrane edges;

fig. 13 — air support structure in cross section with film webs extending perpendicular to the viewing direction and connecting profiles for a keder for connecting two adjacent film webs;

fig. 14 - two two-layer membrane webs connected to each other after the introduction of a heat-reflecting mat;

fig. 15 is an enlarged view of the insertion of a heat-reflecting mat into a two-layer membrane sheet and an adjacent two-layer membrane sheet with a connecting profile pushed over the two keders;

fig. 16 - one of the frontal sides of the air support structure, i.e. side passing along tennis courts, inflatable tennis hall with two tennis courts, front view;

fig. 17 - construction of front walls using a film web before inflating the air support structure;

fig. 18 - air support structure side view, inflated;

fig. 19 shows this air support structure according to FIG. 16-18, top view, with the lines of the fields of both tennis courts on the floor;

fig. 20 - air support structure for three tennis fields, front view;

fig. 21 is an air support structure, top view, according to FIG. 20 with three tennis fields marked on the floor;

fig. 22 - one of the front or rear sides of the air support structure, i.e. side running along the longitudinal side of tennis fields, with a similar design principle, front view;

fig. 23 - air support structure for three tennis fields, bird's-eye view;

fig. 24 is a top view of another embodiment of a tennis hall air support for two tennis fields;

- 3 036699 fig. 25 is a longitudinal side of this air support structure according to FIG. 16-19, i.e. side running along the end sides of the tennis courts, with a 3.5 m high window facade from the ground, front view, with marked tennis nets;

fig. 26 shows this air support structure according to FIG. 16-19, a view of one of its front sides, which run along the longitudinal sides of the tennis fields, with windows;

fig. 27 is a perspective view of this air support structure with windows overlooking two tennis courts;

fig. 28 is a perspective view from the inside of this air support structure, looking outward towards the corner of the tennis court.

In traditional air-supported structures, the membrane held by air pressure is welded into a single, sealed and durable two- or three-section membrane of several strips, which are joined along the edge with an overlap. 2-3 pieces of the membrane are bolted together using clamping plates. The bolted membrane is then connected at its edge around the entire perimeter to the foundation or ground anchors. As a result, this membrane of a traditional air support structure forms a continuous smooth surface inside and outside, which does not allow fixing anything on its inside, except by gluing. This also makes it impossible to use traditional thermal insulation.

The air support structures of the present invention have in all versions a special means for retaining heat within the structure of the air support structure. The films or membranes of the structure are provided with a heat-reflecting material for thermal insulation of the building. For this purpose, this heat-reflecting material in the form of mats cut to size from the roll is inserted on the inner side of the membrane, for example, in matrix-aligned flat pockets welded to the membrane surface. After inserting the heat-reflecting mats, the pockets are closed, for example, with Velcro or zip fasteners. As a result, the entire membrane is almost completely covered by these invisible heat-reflecting mats hidden in the pockets.

Another advantage is a new design of membranes in comparison with traditional air-supported structures: they consist of several membrane strips connected along their longitudinal sides by means of keders and connecting profiles of keders into one membrane. This is less time-consuming, less staffing, and offers the advantage of being able to quickly dismantle the membrane, making it possible to generally more easily dismantle, move and install the air support structure elsewhere. The individual webs of film are provided with special pockets for insertion, the use of which will be demonstrated and explained below.

To install such an air support structure, a strip foundation 23 of concrete encircling the hall is laid, which runs along the surrounding air support structure under construction. These concrete blocks can be installed in successive sections in a prepared trench. On this strip footing 23, a mounting rail 26 is fixed, which is welded to the concrete-cast steel anchoring element 27, as shown in FIG. 1. Then the strips of membrane 8 falling down to the floor are inserted with the end part of the keders 5 from the front or end side into the receiving groove 30 of the anchor profile 22, as shown by the arrow. The result is a hermetically sealed connection with traction force closure. The individual strips of membrane 8 are connected along their longitudinal edges, which are also equipped with keders, by means of several connecting profiles, so that a single membrane is formed from a large number of adjacent strips of membrane 8. The anchor profiles 22 have a special design that allows them to be inserted into the top-open mounting rails 26 by a pivotal movement about a vertical axis, as shown by the arrows inside the mounting rail 26. As a result, the anchor profile 22 is engaged by both of its ribs 29 at the bottom of both inwardly concave edges 28 a mounting rail 26. Then, by means of one or more compressors, a slightly increased pressure is generated relative to the atmosphere. This slightly increased pressure lifts the membrane up, inflates it and holds it firmly in this position. In this case, the membrane is firmly fixed relative to the strip foundation made of concrete 23, with which the membrane is connected with a traction force lock.

FIG. 2 shows a separate membrane strip 8 in the position as if it were installed in the hall membrane. It extends from the floor, passes through the zenith and descends again to the floor on the other side. Thus, its length is, for example, 42 m if it needs to cover the length of the tennis court. Its width, depending on the version, ranges from 3 to 5 m. It has a two-layer design and thus forms a pocket. A heat-reflecting mat is inserted into this pocket as described below. These mats are roll material, the width of which, for example, can be 2.5 m and the thickness of about 25 mm. A strip 2.5 m wide and 42 m long can be placed in the pocket of the membrane strip, or two similar heat-reflecting mats, partially overlapping along the longitudinal edges of the membrane strip, can be inserted into its

- 4 036699 pocket. For this, a two-layer membrane strip is welded on three sides, while the longitudinal side is left open at first, thereby forming a pocket. This allows a strip of heat-reflecting film to be inserted along the entire length of the membrane strip. After that, the pocket opening in the membrane strip is welded, due to which the membrane strip is tightly closed on all sides, and then several membrane strips are connected to each other by means of connecting profiles with keders located along the edges of the strips.

FIG. 3 shows a cross-section at place A-A of the membrane strip 8, which shows that the overlap (overlap) of both strips is created along their longitudinal edge, and a heat-reflecting film always passes between the inner and outer sides along the entire length of the connected membrane strips. FIG. 3 it can be seen that on the left strip of membrane 8, a keder 5 is welded with a section of film 6 located at the top. The strip of membrane 8 on the right with its longitudinal edge is located above the longitudinal edge of the left strip of membrane 8. Its edge passes into a segment 7, which passes over and around the keder 5. After that, a connecting profile 1 is put on the keder 5, and due to this, a connection with a traction force closure is formed between these two strips of membrane 8 in the transverse direction. From the inside of the two strips of membrane 8, the heat-reflecting mats 13 are visible. They overlap each other slightly, although they are located in different pockets. But due to this, a continuous heat-reflecting layer is formed, passing through the junction of both strips of membranes 8, and this makes it possible to avoid the formation of cold or heat bridges. The membrane strip 8 forms directly the outer membrane, made of a material similar to the traditional design in order to meet the requirements for the outer membrane, and weighs approximately 1 kg / m ² , and the inner membrane can in principle be made with a lower thickness. But since it lies on the floor during the construction process, it must be at least sufficiently tear-resistant and weigh approx. 500-600 g / m ² . It is impregnated to prevent the formation of mildew and mold, and both membranes are also impregnated to repel dirt as has been practiced with traditional technologies. Between these two membranes, pockets for the heat-reflecting mat 13 are formed.

FIG. 4 shows in principle the same thing with the only difference that the keder in this case is directed downward, i.e. towards the interior of the hall, and the connecting profiles are installed on the underside of the inner membrane. These profiles can have a special design, for example, have a groove on their, in this case, the lower side, which can be used, for example, for hanging lighting devices, nets, partitions, curtains, etc. The advantage of the inner membrane is its perforated structure, which ensures effective sound absorption. The sound generated, for example, in tennis halls when the ball hits the racket, or the almost continuous noise in swimming pools, is effectively refracted by the internal perforated membrane, which creates a rather pleasant sound climate.

FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along line B-B in FIG. 2. The two-layer strip of membrane 8 is combined in the lower segment directed towards the floor, as a result of which it passes into a flat tongue 24. It is folded inside the hall, after which it is located on the floor surface. On the outside of the outer strip of membrane 8, a keder 5 welded to it can be seen. It is used for connection to the floor. It is inserted into the profile, which forms the anchor rail on the strip foundation.

FIG. 6 is a perspective view of the overlap. The membrane strip 8 on the left is overlapped by the membrane strip 8 shown on the right. This right strip of the membrane turns into a single-layer film that passes through the keder 5, tightly wrapping it around it, and slightly protrudes beyond the keder 5. After such preparatory measures, the connecting profile can be put on the keder 5.

FIG. 7 schematically shows a certain number of strips of membrane 8 arranged side by side. It is preferable that they run, for example in the case of a tennis hall, along the tennis fields, covering them perpendicular to the direction of installation of the tennis nets on the playing fields.

Below is an explanation of another variant of the process of constructing a membrane from detachable jointed film webs. To this end, FIG. 8 shows a possible connecting profile 1 for keders. It is formed by an aluminum extrusion profile, on the longitudinal sides of which grooves 4 are formed, which are the rim of the keder 2. Each of these rims of the keder 2 in this example is formed by a pipe that has a longitudinal groove or groove 4, so that the arc of the pipe section covers only approx. 270 °. Both holes or grooves 4 in both frames of the keder 2 are turned from each other in opposite directions and face outward, and both pipes are interconnected by a single-piece bridge 3. To connect two strips of membrane 8, similar connecting profiles 1 are used with a length of about 30-50 cm.

The film webs 8 connected with these connecting profiles 1 with their pocket 12 are provided along their longitudinal edges with keders 5. For this purpose, these keders 5 are made, for example, as shown in FIG. 9, in the form of one-piece round plastic profiles with a radially protruding extension 6. The two-layer membrane strip 8 is divided along its edges into two halves 7, which embrace the extension 6 on both sides and are firmly welded to it. The result is a connection

- 5 036699 keder 5 with a sheet of film 8 with traction power closure. It is also possible to weld the edge of the film web 8 to just one side of the extension 6, but in this case the force is not applied quite symmetrically.

Alternatively, the keder 5 can be a rubber round profile 11, covered by a foil 10, the foil 10 being divided into two edge segments 9, as shown in FIG. 10. These two edge segments 9 can, from both sides, perceive in space between themselves the membrane strip 8 with its pocket 12 along its longitudinal edge and they are firmly welded to the membrane strip 8 on both sides with the edge region of the membrane strip 8. This is another a method of creating a connection with a traction force closure perpendicular to the keder 5.

FIG. 11 shows the possibility of joining two adjacent sheets of film 8, the longitudinal edges of which are provided with keders 5. The connecting profiles 1 in the longitudinal direction with respect to the webs of the film 8 are put on the corresponding keders 5 one after the other. The slots that arise between the individual successive connecting profiles 1 enable the membrane thus created to bend, even with a relatively small radius. The slots between successive connecting profiles 1 can be closed with an elastic sealant. Ideally, the lengths of the connecting profiles are used as long as possible. With a large length of several meters, depending on the wall thickness of the profiles, they lend themselves to bending to such a radius that allows you to create a whole membrane dome from one side to the other with the help of a small number of profile sections. A similar film or membrane strip 8 of a tennis hall, which covers the playgrounds in the longitudinal direction, has a length of 42 m.For such a structure, it is sufficient to use several sections of connecting profiles convenient for transportation, for example, 3 sections of 14 m or 4 sections of 10.5 m long or 6 sections of 7 m.

FIG. 12 depicts an alternative method of joining two adjacent sheets of film or strips of membrane 8. In this case, only the strip of membrane 8 on the left of the figure is provided with a keder 5. The strip of membrane 8 on the right is wrapped with its longitudinal region around the keder 5 of another strip of membrane 8, then, as shown in the figure, the connecting profile 1 is put on the keder located directly at an angle of 90 °. The connecting profile covers keder 5 approx. by 270 ° of the arc of the cross-section, and this leads to the formation of a connection of the two sheets of foil 8 with a tensile force locking perpendicular to the keder 5. The size of the individual connecting profiles 1 is, for example, approx. from 30 to 50 cm and therefore can be installed by one installer. It is possible to use longer sections of profiles, the maximum length of which is determined by the transportation possibilities.

FIG. 13 shows a tennis hall in cross section. The webs of the film 8 run perpendicular to the direction of view from the floor of one side upward, bypassing the zenith of the ridge, pass to the other side and fall back to the floor. The connecting profiles 1 in the direction longitudinal with respect to the film webs are put on the corresponding keders 5 one after the other. The slots that arise between the individual successive connecting profiles 1 make it possible to bend the membrane, even with a relatively small radius. These slots can be closed with an elastic sealant.

FIG. 14 shows two webs of film or strips of membrane 8 connected by means of connecting profiles. The membrane strips of film 8 are traditional textile-reinforced synthetic films, the ideal width of which is 3 to 5 m. They can be delivered to the construction site in rolls, for example 42 m long, to cover the entire length of the dome with one piece. If delivered in shorter lengths, they can be welded at the construction site in the traditional way with a small overlap of a few centimeters, thereby providing a strong connection with traction force closure and the required length. These membrane strips 8 are equipped with pockets 12, which are their feature. These pockets 12 run along the width of the strips of the membrane 8 between the keders 5, i.e. their width is approximately 3 to 5 m and they occupy a depth of slightly more than 1.5-2 m, due to which, after inserting a mat with a width of 1.5-2.5 m, a free edge is formed, which is on the open side of the pockets on the inside can be fitted with Velcro fasteners. In the lower part and on the sides, the pockets are firmly welded to the sheet of film 8 or fixed on it with rivets or glue. Heat-reflecting mats 13 of the same dimensions are inserted into these pockets, that is, 1.5 to 2.5 m wide and 3 to 5 m long. Of course, the pockets 12 and the heat-reflecting mats 13 inserted therein can be smaller.

One of the models of these heat-reflecting mats is, for example, Lu.po.Therm B2 + 8, offered by LSP GmbH (Geverbering, 1 5144 Handenberg, Austria) They are also supplied in rolls with a width of 1.5 to 2.5 m and can be cut into pieces 13, in our case, in accordance with the required web width of the film 8, while the depth of the pockets is determined by the width of the rolls. These multi-layer heat-reflecting mats are available in thicknesses up to 12 cm. Insulation materials such as rock wool, polystyrene, polyurethane, cellulose, wood wool, tow or

- 6 036699 others are only capable of retaining heat with a thermal conductivity coefficient equal to λ> 0.026 W / mK, while using these materials they do not take into account that the share of thermal radiation in heat losses, based on temperature, is much higher and is more than 90 %, since T4 = W / m ² . The higher the temperature, the greater the proportion of thermal radiation, which ultimately leads to heat loss. With a multi-layer design of a heat-reflecting mat with a large number of cumulative exchange reactions, cascade thermal protection is provided. Thus, heat-reflecting materials reflect approximately 100% of the incoming thermal radiation. Those. they provide a back reflection of the largest part of the thermal radiation inside the air support structure. Conversely, in summer, the thermal radiation of the sun is reflected, and a pleasant coolness remains inside the air dome, which is very welcome when playing tennis.

The technical specifications for these heat reflecting mats contain the following data:

Technical features Indicators Harmonized technical specifications Thermal insulating properties u = 0.10 W / mJ Thermal conductivity coefficient (lambda) = 0.003 W / mk Emissivity according to 2.2.6 ЕТА-12/0080, Valid until 25.07.2017 Vapor barrier = 1st. Layer Sd = 1,500 m EN 12086+ EN 13984 Water vapor permeability from the 2nd layer Sd = 10 m DIN 52615 Fire resistance Class E EN-13501-1 + A1 Infrared reflection 84%, 95%, 95%, 95% + 82% CUAP 12.01 / 12, Appendix B + C Electrosmog protection HF 40dB = 99.99% Short-range sensor,

In tennis halls, 3 cm thick heat-reflecting mats should be preferred. They are welded around the perimeter, but for fixing, i.e. not for tightness and strength. Raster perforation with T-end threads ensures vapor permeability of the outside. The result is an integrated dew point degassing system. As a factory product, for example, Lu.Po Therm B2 + 8 or any other mat with similar technical and mechanical characteristics in the field of heat reflection is suitable. Lu.Po Therm B2 + 8 fits well as it is thin, elastic and flexible. Thanks to the flexibility of these heat reflecting mats, installation is straightforward, even for corners and contours. They are not hygroscopic, so they provide a stable reflective effect. When installing such air support structures, it is preferable to use a two-layer membrane with a heat-reflecting material inserted in pockets 12 on the inner side of the inner membrane to thermally insulate the building. As the preferred heat reflecting mats, multilayer hybrid insulation mats with integrated energy efficient infrared reflective aluminum foil should be used. Two to eight layers of absorption-reducing bubble film create convection intervals due to the available air bubbles and thus ensure an optimal convection effect. This reduces transmission heat loss. Heat reflecting mats 13 contain up to five layers of metallized film for highly efficient infrared reflection with low self-emissivity. Additionally, there is highly effective protection against high frequency radiation, waves and fields.

Attractive from a construction and technical point of view is the fact that the inserted heat-reflecting mats are extremely light, their specific weight is only 0.430 kg / m ² . In the case of an air-supported structure for three tennis courts with a membrane area of 2,324 m ^{2, the} additional weight is 999.32 kg, that is, about a ton. In comparison with the weight of the snow and the own weight of the film, these are negligible figures.

FIG. 15 shows a sheet of film 8 with one single pocket 12. A heat-reflecting mat 13 is inserted into it on the open side, which completely occupies the inner space of the pocket 12. The opening of the pockets can be equipped with zippers 14, which ensure, after inserting the heat-reflecting mats 13, more or less airtight closing pockets 12. Instead of using zippers 14 to close the pockets, the pockets can also be sealed. On the film sheet 8, the pockets 12 are arranged in a row one after the other or in a matrix form with several rows of pockets. A heat-reflecting mat 13 is inserted into each pocket.

Air support structures equipped with such special heat-reflecting mats 13, which, being located in pockets 12, cover almost the entire area of the membrane inside and outside, provide a lower thermal conductivity coefficient (U) than before, namely less than 1.0 W / m ² K. In addition to the heat-reflecting mats 13, it is also possible to use a special acoustic membrane as an inner membrane, which is also inserted into the pockets 12. This allows the acoustics of the hall to be adapted to different floor coverings and in such a way that it is perceived as comfortable. An inner membrane perforated for this purpose in the hall refracts noise in this case too. In tennis halls, impact noise is largely absorbed. As a result, more

- 7 036699 more comfortable acoustics in the inner space of tennis halls than before.

The individual strips of membrane 8 can be joined by means of connecting profiles 1 and their keders 5 along their longitudinal edges in a traction-locked manner, until the entire membrane is thus assembled on the construction site and placed on the floor. Connecting profiles of the type shown in FIG. 8 can be located both on the inner and outer side of the membrane. Then the outer edges of the resulting membrane are tightly connected to the floor or window frames. In any case, if the strips of membrane 8 are tightly connected in this way by connecting profiles 1 and keders 5, there is no need to use clamping plates with screw connections, which are much more difficult to assemble.

FIG. 16 shows an air dome for two tennis courts overlooking the side that runs along the longitudinal sides of the tennis courts. As a special feature, it is designed in conjunction with the window façade. In this case, it consists of a frame formed by the profiles of window frames 15-18, and is assembled at the construction site, and the lowest row is equipped with a transparent synthetic film - the so-called ETFE film, which is equipped with a border for keders around the perimeter, which need only be inserted into profiles of window frames 15-18. The height of the lowest row of windows is in this case 5.2 m and the width of these windows is 5 m. Thus, they are practically in the form of squares. When using additional intermediate braces, it is possible to use safety glass. As shown in FIG. 17, both profiled struts 18 are first set in a vertical position at the outer ends and left loose. On them from bottom to top with the help of keders, the most extreme strip of membrane 8 of the entire assembled membrane is fixed. From the upper end of these outermost profiled struts 18, the membrane strip 8 is still unsecured and is located in the center on the floor, and at the other end, the web is connected in a similar manner to the unsecured most extreme profile 18 available there.It extends here approximately 42 m.

From the state shown in FIG. 17, the membrane, which is usually fixed in the traditional way on the floor on both sides hermetically and with a traction force in the direction perpendicular to the level of the drawing sheet and which is also fixed at the rear end, as here, on a similar window facade, is inflated by turning on the compressors and pumping air inside. She begins to inflate and rise. In this case, the outermost spacers 18 gradually move into position as shown in FIG. 18, after which they are firmly connected to the upper corners of the already installed profile wall, and also fixed at the bottom on the floor. The top struts are then fitted as shown in FIG. 16, and as soon as the outer edges of the outermost strips of membrane 8 have reached this height, these edges are secured along the upper edges 19 of the front part of the profiles by inserting connecting profiles for keders. Due to this, the tightness of the membrane gradually increases until it is completely and in all places fixed by its edges on the floor or on the front of the profiles 19.

FIG. 19 shows a top view of a given tennis hall with two covered tennis fields with their field lines 20 and nets 21. the hall is presented in a square horizontal projection with side sides 36 m long. The window facades run along the longitudinal sides of the tennis fields, due to which the ball hits them less often than, for example, the sides transverse to the tennis fields.

FIG. 20 shows a tennis hall with three tennis courts. In turn, the 36 m long window facade runs along the longitudinal sides of the tennis courts, as can be seen in the horizontal projection in FIG. 21, and the length of those sides of the air support structure, on which the membrane reaches the floor, is 53.9 m. FIG. 22 shows a wall of profiles of a tennis hall with formed windows 5 m wide and 9 m high, and FIG. 23 shows a bird's eye view of this tennis hall. In contrast to traditional air support structures, this structure has a barrel-shaped roof without a dome with a zenith that descends from all sides to the ground.

FIG. 24 shows another embodiment, in this case a top view. It is designed for two tennis courts and measures 36x36m. FIG. 25 this tennis hall is shown from the side that runs along the end faces of the tennis courts, with the tennis court nets 21 being indicated inside the hall. On the left and right, this air support structure has vertical end parts 3.5 m high with windows, on the upper edge of which the membrane is attached to the side with the help of its keders on profiles 16. Starting from profile 16, the membrane goes obliquely upward to a ridge 9 m high. fig. 26 shows this air support structure with a view of the window facade. Individual windows are 5 m long, 3.5 m high, and the outermost windows are almost equilateral triangles, and the length of the entire window facade is 36 m.

FIG. 27 this tennis hall is shown in a perspective projection, which allows you to more accurately see what advantages such a window facade will have for a favorable atmosphere inside. The window frame in this example is secured to the outside by means of inclined spacers 25 to compensate for the increased internal pressure. The fact that traditional air-supported structures make it impossible to pass

- 8 036699 light from the outside world, is often perceived as a significant disadvantage of such tennis halls and is reluctantly accepted by the public. The proposed tennis air dome with a continuous window facade receives daylight from both sides, which, unlike a traditional air dome, creates an incomparable gaming atmosphere. From the outside, the air support structure gives the impression of a light and stylistically attractive, less voluminous and dynamic structure. FIG. 28 concludes with a view of the tennis court from the inside.

Summing up, it can be noted that this air-supported structure provides a number of important technical advantages over traditional structures:

... Significantly more effective thermal insulation of an air support structure due to convection of thermal radiation on heat-reflecting mats.

... Significantly improved noise absorption increases the level of comfort inside the hall.

... One-sided or two-sided solid window facades allow daylight to enter the air support structure, which significantly improves the atmosphere.

... Ease of use, due to the keders 5 inserted into the connecting profiles 1, greatly facilitates the installation of the air support structure. As a result, significantly fewer personnel are required for both assembly and disassembly. Assembly work can be handled by 4 workers instead of 20. Assembly time is greatly reduced due to ease of use. This saves costs.

... The canvases or strips of membrane 8 of the air dome can be easily dismantled in the spring and rolled into rolls, which will provide a very high ease of storage compared to a traditional air dome.

... Installation does not require special tools. The connecting profiles can be put on the shoes by hand. There is no need to use bolted clamping plates.

... The strip foundations 23 can be manufactured at the manufacturing plant in the form of ready-made concrete elements and delivered in a completely finished form with inserted anchor bars and prepared insulating joints to the construction site and installed there.

... The strip foundations are equipped with connecting profiles 1 in the form of anchor profile rails 22, so that to fasten the strips of film 8 to the floor, it is only necessary to insert the keders 5 on the end sides of the film into the connecting profiles 1.

... No concrete work has to be done on site.

List of used designations:

- connecting profile for keder,

- pipes for the formation of grooves,

- connecting bridge,

- longitudinal groove in the connecting profile 1,

- keder,

- keder extensions,

- halves of the edge of the film,

- membrane strip,

- edge sections of the film 10 around the rubber profile 11,

- a film adjacent to the rubber profile 11,

- round rubber profile,

- pocket on the film sheet 8,

- heat-reflecting mat,

- Velcro to close the pocket 12,

- bottom window frame profile,

- upper window frame profile,

- the window frame profile is vertical,

- frame profile at an angle at the outer end,

- the uppermost struts along the membranes,

- tennis court field lines,

- tennis net,

- anchor profile,

- concrete strip foundation,

- the end part (tongue) of the membrane strip,

- spacers to absorb internal pressure on the window facade,

- mounting rail,

- steel anchoring element in a concrete strip foundation,

- the edges of the mounting rail,

- anchor profile collars 22,

- anchor profile groove 22.

Claims (10)

CLAIM 1. Air support structure with one or more membrane membranes made of plastic film material, the outer and inner membranes consisting of membrane strips (8) extending over the entire structure, which are connected along their longitudinal edges with a traction force lock by means of at least one keder (5) and a profile for the keder (1) in such a way that the longitudinal edge of the membrane strip (8) is connected to the keder (5), and the edge region of the adjacent membrane strip (8) encloses this keder (5) with overlap with one or more connecting profiles for keder, where one or more connecting profiles for the keder (1) are put on the keder (5), with at least one membrane on its lower side has flat welded, glued, sewn on or riveted tight pockets located together over the entire area (12), which are made open on one side, a multi-layer heat-reflecting mat (13) is inserted into the pocket The form of a hybrid insulation mat with a metallized film or aluminum foil that reflects infrared radiation, while these pockets are practically hermetically closed using a zipper (14) or hermetically sealed by welding. 2. An air support structure according to claim 1, characterized in that each heat-reflecting mat is a multilayer hybrid insulation mat with built-in energy-efficient aluminum foil that reflects infrared radiation, containing from 2 to 8 layers of bubble film that reduces absorption, creating due to existing air bubbles, convection intervals, thus ensuring the optimal convection effect to reduce transmission heat losses, and the mat contains several layers of metallized film for highly efficient reflection of infrared radiation with low self-emissivity and effective protection against high-frequency radiation, waves and fields. 3. Air support structure according to one of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the membrane strips (8) in the end areas at a distance of 50 to 100 cm from the end areas have a keder (5) extending across the membrane strip (8), through which they are attached to the anchor rail (22), installed on the strip foundation 23, by means of a connecting profile for a keder (1) with an arbor profile of a keder (2), and a tongue (24) formed between the keder (5) and the end of the membrane strip (8) is placed on the floor in a state bent inside the hall. 4. Air support structure according to one of the previous claims, characterized in that the membrane strips (8) have a width of 3 to 5 m, and their length corresponds to the size of the overlap of the air support structure to be installed, due to which a seamless roof membrane is created along the entire length of the structure ... 5. An air support structure according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that the connecting keder profile (1), which has a keder arbor profile (2), on the side opposite to the keder arbor profile (2) or on both sides has grooves for hanging objects, for example, lighting funds, nets, curtains, partitions, etc. 6. Air support structure according to one of the previous claims, characterized in that the strips of membrane 8 on the inner side of the air support structure are perforated to ensure sound refraction and thus create a pleasant acoustic atmosphere inside the hall. 7. An air support structure according to one of the previous claims, characterized in that on at least one longitudinal or transverse side it has a frame structure, which is connected to an adjacent membrane material, while at least one transparent ETFE is embedded in the frame profile (15) -film for the formation of a window facade. 8. Air support structure according to one of the previous claims, characterized in that on at least one longitudinal or transverse side it has a frame structure with a frame profile (15) along the strip foundation (23) with at least one horizontal frame profile passing over it (16) with a groove on its upper side for inserting a keder (5) adjacent to the top of the film sheet (8), and a groove on its lower side for inserting a keder (5) on a transparent ETFE film adjacent to the bottom, and it also contains vertical frame profiles (17) as spacers with grooves on both sides for inserting the keders (5) into the lateral edges of the transparent sections of the ETFE film, as well as the fact that spacers (18) fixed at an angle are installed on both end sides of the window facade constructed in this way with double-sided grooves for inserting the keders (5) of the window film adjoining from the inside and the film adjoining from the outside (8). 9. Air support structure according to one of the previous paragraphs, characterized in that along the boundaries of its contour, it is held on a strip foundation of pre-made concrete blocks (23), which are installed in a trench surrounding the air support structure around the perimeter, and on the upper side of which an assembly the tire (26) with the opening up, and the fact that the anchor profiles (22) with the membrane keder (5) inserted into their groove (30) with their lower ribs can retract into the opening of this mounting rail (26) and engage inside it at the edges of this opening (28) to provide - 10 036699 for connecting the membrane with a strip foundation made of ready-made concrete blocks (23) with a traction force lock.