CA2461872C

CA2461872C - Enhanced formulations for neutralization of chemical, biological and industrial toxants

Info

Publication number: CA2461872C
Application number: CA2461872A
Authority: CA
Inventors: Mark D. Tucker
Original assignee: Sandia Corp
Current assignee: National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia LLC
Priority date: 2001-10-01
Filing date: 2002-09-20
Publication date: 2013-11-26
Anticipated expiration: 2022-09-20
Also published as: JP2005504856A; KR20040048923A; BR0213019B1; AU2002341750B2; IL161200A0; KR100916328B1; EA200400500A1; WO2003028429A3; BR0213019A; IL161200A; JP4582514B2; CN1612766B; EA009242B1; WO2003028429A2; EP1434625A4; CA2461872A1; MXPA04003037A; EP1434625B1; HK1073618A1; EP1434625A2

Abstract

An enhanced formulation and method of making that neutralizes the adverse health effects of both chemical and biological compounds, especially chemical warfare (CW) and biological warfare (BW) agents, and toxic industrial chemicals. The enhanced formulation according to the present invention is non-toxic and non-corrosive and can be delivered by a variety of means and in different phases. The formulation provides solubilizing compounds that serve to effectively render the chemical and biological compounds, particularly CW and BW compounds, susceptible to attack, and at least one reactive compound that serves to attack (and detoxify or kill) the compound. The formulation includes at least one solubilizing agent, a reactive compound, a bleaching activator and water.

Description

TITLE
ENHANCED FORMULATIONS FOR NEUTRALIZATION OF
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL AND INDUSTRIAL TOXANTS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Field of the Invention (Technical Field):
The present invention relates to formulations for neutralization of chemical, biological and industrial toxants.
Background:
The present invention is directed to materials and methods for neutralization of toxic chemical, biological and industrial compounds or agents, especially chemical and biological weapons agents, and methods of making same. In particular, the present invention is directed to materials containing solubilizing compounds, reactive compounds and bleaching activators that can be delivered as foams, sprays, liquids, fogs and aerosols to enhance the rate of reactions leading to neutralization of chemical compounds, and other additives which serve to kill or attenuate certain biological compounds or agents.
Terrorist threats, potentially involving weapons of mass destruction, are increasing both in the United States and abroad. The use, and threat of use, of chemical and biological agents in the context of weapons of mass destruction are of paramount concern both to national defense as well as to state and local law enforcement.

Certain chemical warfare ("CW") agents known to pose a threat by terrorists share chemical characteristics that present an opportunity for the development of countermeasures. The chemical agents sarin, soman, and tabun (G-agents) are all examples of phosphorus-containing compounds which, when altered chemically, can lose their toxicity. Mustard, which is an example of the H-agents, and VX, which is an example of the V-agents, can also be altered chemically and rendered harmless. In addition, certain of the known BW agents include botulinum toxin, anthrax and other spore-forming bacteria, vegetative bacteria, including plague and various viruses can also be deactivated chemically.
A CW or biological warfare ("BW") attack can involve either local placement or wide dispersal of the agent or agents so as to affect a population of human individuals.
Because of the flexibility with which CW and BW ("CBW") agents can be deployed, respondents might encounter the agents in a variety of physical states including bulk, aerosol and vapors.
An effective, rapid, and safe (non-toxic and non-corrosive) decontamination technology is required for the restoration of civilian facilities in the event of a domestic terrorist attack. Ideally, this technology should be applicable to a variety of scenarios such as the decontamination of open, semi-enclosed, and enclosed facilities as well as sensitive equipment. Examples of types of facilities where the decontamination formulation may be utilized include a stadium (open), an underground subway station (semi-enclosed), and an airport terminal or office building (enclosed). A foaming version is useful for extending the contact time of the formulation on vertical surface.
Decontamination of chemical compounds have focused primarily on chemical warfare agents, particularly on the nerve agents (such as G agents and V agents) and on the blistering agents (such as mustard gas, or simply, mustard). Reactions involved in detoxification of chemical agents can be divided into substitution and oxidation reactions. Decontamination of biological agents is primarily focused on bacterial spores (e.g., anthrax), which are considered to be the most difficult of all microorganisms to kill. Additional background is discussed in U.S. Patents 6,566,574 and 6,723,890.
A need also exists for rapid, safe, and effective neutralization of toxic industrial chemicals, such as Malathion, Hydrogen Cyanide, Sodium Cyanide, Butyl Isocyanate, Carbon Disulfide, and Phosgene gas.

U.S. Patent 6,566,574 is related generally to an aqueous-based decontamination technology ("DF-100") that rapidly neutralizes chemical and biological warfare ("CBW') agents. The formulation:
= is effective for neutralizing both chemical and biological agents;
= is environmentally benign (i.e., non-toxic and non-corrosive);
= works on a number of anticipated material surfaces; and = can be incorporated into a wide variety of carriers (e.g., foams, liquid sprays, fogs) that satisfy a wide variety of operational objectives.
A major interest for the use of the technology was from the civilian first responder (e.g., fire departments, police departments, and HazMat units who would be the first to arrive at the scene of an attack utilizing CBW agents) followed by a secondary interest in use of the formulation for facility restoration. Technical issues exist with DF-100 that make use of the formulation by the civilian first responder less than optimal. These technical problems include: (1) The pH of the DF-100 must be adjusted to optimally decontaminate each specific chemical and biological agent. In other words, a different formulation may be required to neutralize each specific agent.
Although it is relatively simple to adjust the pH of the formulation in the laboratory, this is more difficult in the field and is generally unsuitable for the primary users of the technology (i.e., the civilian first responder). (2) The reaction rate for one chemical agent, Mustard, is rather slow as compared to the reaction rates for other chemical agents.
These technical problems limit the effectiveness of DF-100 in actual use. A
modified formulation, DF-100A, disclosed in U.S. Patent 6,723,890, addressed the requirement to adjust the pH for each specific agent (i.e., the first technical problem described above). However, while DF-100A does improve upon the performance of the formulation at a single pH, it does not completely solve this problem, and does not even address the second technical problem (i.e., the relatively slow reaction rate with Mustard). Additionally, some versions of DF-100/100A can use short-chain alcohols (e.g., isobutanol, isopropanol), which can cause flammability problems if the formulation is packaged in a concentrated form. Also, some versions of OF-100/100A can use diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DEGMBE), which can cause false alarms on some chemical agent sensors and detectors (especially older sensors that are used in some military settings).
As a point of comparison, the following is an example of a preferred formulation for DF-100:

2.6% Variquat 80MCTm (cationic surfactant) 3.3% Adogen 477TM (cationic hydrotrope) 0.8% 1 -Dodecanol (fatty alcohol) 0.5% Isobutanol (short chain alcohol) 1.6% Isopropanol (short chain alcohol) 0.1% Jaguar 8000 TM (cationic polymer) 1.6% Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (solvent) 4% Sodium Bicarbonate (buffer and peroxide activator) 4% Hydrogen Peroxide (liquid oxidant) 75% Water This formulation can be adjusted to a pH value of 8 for optimal decontamination of Mustard and Anthrax spores; and can be adjusted to a pH value of 10.5 for optimal decontamination of VX.
Decontamination of chemical agents is generally effective anywhere between pH
8 and 10.
As a further point of comparison, the following is an example of a preferred formulation for DF-100A:

5.3% Variquat 80MCTm (cationic surfactant) 2.8% Adogen 477 TM (cationic hydrotrope) 0.65% 1-Dodecanol (fatty alcohol) 0.6% Isobutanol (short chain alcohol) 0.1% Jaguar 8000TM (cationic polymer) 1.35% Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (solvent) 4% Potassium Bicarbonate (buffer and peroxide activator) 4% Hydrogen Peroxide (oxidant) 81% Water This formulation can be adjusted to a pH value of 8 for optimal decontamination of Mustard and Anthrax spores; and can be to a pH value of 10 for optimal decontamination of VX. Decontamination of chemical agents is generally effective anywhere between pH 8 and 10. Also, it can be adjusted to a pH of 9.2 for less than optimal decontamination of all agents.
In both of the examples shown above for DF-100 and DF-100A, the hydrogen peroxide and bicarbonate salt react to produce a highly reactive negatively charged nucleophillic species, hydroperoxycarbonate (HC04-), which is a strong oxidant. Other negatively-charged nucleophiles are formed by the use of hydrogen peroxide, including: hydroxyl ions (OH-) and hydroperoxide ions (00H-). The function of the other components in these formulations is discussed extensively in U.S.
Patents 6,566,574 and 6,773,890.
The present invention presents enhanced decontamination formulations (generically designated "DF-200") that include bleaching activators, which leads to faster reaction kinetics, improved performance, and the elimination of the need for pH adjustment.
Although bleaching activators are commonly used in (anionic) laundry detergents, the present invention can employ them with cationic surfactants, and where good solubility in water of the activator is useful for achieving quick reaction times. A desirable bleaching activator for use in the present invention is preferably water-soluble, non-toxic, non-flammable, and low-cost.
Glucose pentaacetate is an 0-acetyl peroxide activator that has been used as an activation agent in a sterilizing composition comprising a cationic surface-active agent and inorganic peroxide (See Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 62-155203, entitled "Sterilizing Composition for Cattle Shed" (1987)). Glucose pentaacetate is a solid at room temperature (i.e., melting point 110 degrees C), and is insoluble in water. In an aqueous solution containing peroxide, it dissolves very slowly in water as it reacts with the peroxide. At a glucose pentaacetate concentration of about 2%, it takes several hours to dissolve. This makes its use less than desirable for rapid deployment configurations.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION fDISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION) According to one aspect of the invention, there is provided a combination of ingredients for use in neutralization of at least one toxant, said combination of ingredients comprising:
at least two solubilizing compounds, wherein at least one solubilizing compound is a cationic surfactant and at least one solubilizing compound is a cationic hydrotrope;
at least one reactive compound, wherein said at least one reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxycarbonate, peracetic acid, sodium perborate, sodium peroxypyrophosphate, sodium peroxysilicate, and sodium percarbonate; and at least one bleaching activator selected from the group consisting of methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, and propylene glycol diacetate, and combinations thereof;
wherein said at least two solubilizing compounds, said at least one reactive compound, and said at least one bleaching activator, when mixed with water and exposed to the at least one toxant, neutralizes the at least one toxant.

According to a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a combination of ingredients for use in neutralization of at least one toxant, said formulation comprising:
at least one cationic surfactant;
at least one reactive compound, wherein said at least one reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxycarbonate, peracetic acid, sodium perborate, sodium 3.0 peroxypyrophosphate, sodium peroxysilicate, and sodium percarbonate;
at least one bleaching activator selected from the group consisting of methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, and propylene glycol diacetate, and combinations thereof; and at least one carbonate salt not one of the at least one reactive compounds;
wherein said at least one surfactant, said at least one reactive compound, said at least one bleaching activator, and said at least one carbonate salt, when mixed with water and exposed to the at least one toxant, neutralizes the at least one toxant.

According to still yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a formulation for use in neutralization of at least one toxant, said formulation comprising:
at least one cationic surfactant;
at least one reactive compound, wherein said at least one reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxycarbonate, peracetic acid, sodium peroxypyrophosphate, sodium peroxysilicate, and sodium percarbonate;
at least one water-soluble bleaching activator selected from the group consisting of methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol diacetate, acetylcholine chloride, monoacetin (glycerol monoacetate), 4-cyanobenzoic acid, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, glycerol triacetate, propylene glycol diacetate, and combinations thereof; and wherein said at least one surfactant, said at least one reactive compound and said at least one water-soluble bleaching activator, when mixed with water and exposed to the at least one toxant, neutralizes the at least one toxant.

According to still yet a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a formulation for use in neutralization of at least one toxant, said formulation comprising:
at least one solubilizing compound, selected from the group consisting of a cationic hydrotrope and a fatty alcohol comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule;
at least one reactive compound, wherein said at least one reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxycarbonate, peracetic acid, sodium perborate, sodium peroxypyrophosphate, sodium peroxysilicate, and sodium percarbonate; and at least one bleaching activator selected from the group consisting of methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol diacetate and combinations thereof;
wherein said at least one solubilizing compound, said at least one reactive compound, and said at least one bleaching activator, when mixed with water and exposed to the at least one toxant, neutralizes the at least one toxant.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated into and form a part of the specification, illustrate one or more embodiments of the present invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. The drawings are only for the purpose of illustrating one or more preferred embodiments of the invention and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
In the drawings:
Fig. 1 is a graph of the effect of DF-200 components on Bacillus globigii (anthrax simulant) spore kill;
Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of a preferred mixing procedure for a first rapid deployment configuration of the present invention ("DF-200HF Rapid Deployment"); and Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a preferred mixing procedure for a second rapid deployment configuration of the present invention ("DF-200HF Slurry Rapid Deployment").
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
(BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION) The present invention addresses the need for a general formulation that neutralizes the adverse effects of either or both chemical and biological toxants, where a toxant is defined as any chemical or biological compound, constituent, species, or agent that through its chemical or biological action on life processes can, if left untreated, cause death, temporary incapacitation, or permanent harm to humans or animals. This includes all such chemicals or biological agents, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere. Neutralization is defined as the mitigation, de-toxification, decontamination, or otherwise destruction of toxants to the extent that the toxants no longer cause acute adverse effects to humans or animals. The formulation and described variations of the present invention can neutralize, and does not itself contain or produce, infection, significant adverse health effects, or even fatality in animals.
An important subset of chemical and biological compounds that the present invention addresses is that of chemical warfare (OW') and biological warfare ("BW") agents. However, the present invention also addresses toxants that can cause potential adverse health effects to animals, including humans, where such adverse health effects include infections, acute and chronic health effects, and fatalities. Such toxants can be found in an agricultural facility, animal or dairy farm, or food products processing or packaging facility. Additionally, the present invention addresses the need for such a formulation that is itself non-toxic and non-corrosive, and that can be delivered by a variety of means and in different phases. Certain embodiments are discussed in U.S. Patents 6,566,574 and 6,723,890. The present invention presents additional embodiments that have substantial differences over both the prior art and the earlier embodiments, as will be described below.
The word "formulation" is defined herein as the activated product or solution (e.g., aqueous solution) that is applied to a surface or body for the purpose of neutralization, with or without the addition of a gas (e.g., air) to create a foam. Unless otherwise specifically stated, the concentrations, constituents, or components listed herein are relative to the weight percentage of the overall activated solution. The word "water" is defined herein to broadly include:
pure water, tap water, deionized water, demineralized water, saltwater, or any other liquid consisting primarily of H20.

One example of a minimum set of constituents for a DF-200 formulation that can achieve a significant rate of spore kill comprises four components:
(1) a solubilizing agent selected from the group consisting of a cationic surfactant (e.g., Variquat 80MCn"), a cationic hydrotrope (e.g., Adogen 4771N), and a fatty alcohol (e.g., 1-Dodecanal);
(2) a beaching activator selected from the group consisting of 0-acetyl, N-acetyl, and nitrile group peroxide activators (e.g., propylene glycol diacetate);
(3) a reactive compound (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid); and (4) water.
The solubilizing agent serves to effectively render the toxant susceptible to attack, while the reactive compound serves to attack and neutralize the toxant, and the bleaching activator enhances the process.
Examples of suitable cationic surfactants include: quaternary ammonium salts and polymeric quaternary salts. Examples of suitable quaternary ammonium salts include: cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium salt, and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide. A preferred cationic surfactant is WITCO VARIQUAT 80MCTM, which is a mixture of benzyl (C12-C16) alkyldimethylammonium chlorides. The concentration of quaternary ammonium salt used in DF-200 formulations is preferably no more than about 10%, because at higher concentrations the quaternary ammonium salt becomes significantly toxic to humans and the environment.
Examples of suitable cationic hydrotropes include: tetrapentyl ammonium bromide, triacetyl methyl ammonium bromide, and tetrabutyl ammonium bromide. A preferred cationic hydrotrope is WITCO ADOGEN 477 TM, which is a pentamethyltallow alkyltrimethylenediammonium dichloride.
Examples of suitable fatty alcohols include alcohols having 8-20 carbon atoms per molecule, such as: 1-dodecanol, pure dodecanol, hexadecanol, and 1-tetradecanol.

Examples of suitable bleaching activators are discussed subsequently.
Examples of suitable reactive compounds include: peroxide compounds; hydrogen peroxide;
urea hydrogen peroxide; sodium perborate; sodium percarbonate; sodium carbonate perhydrate;
sodium peroxypyrophosphate; sodium peroxysilicatehydrogen; peroxide adducts of pyrophosphates;
citrates; sodium sulfate; urea; and sodium silicate; an activated peroxide compound (e.g., hydrogen peroxide + bicarbonate); peracetic acid; oximates (e.g., butane-2,3-dione, monooximate ion, and benzohydroxamate); alkoxides (e.g., methoxide and ethoxide); aryloxides (e.g., aryl substituted benzenesulfonates); aldehydes (e.g., glutaraldehyde); peroxymonosulfate;
Fenton's reagent (a mixture of iron and peroxide); and sodium hypochlorite. Use of these reactive compounds in DF-200 formulations can produce a variety of negatively-charged nucleophiles, e.g., hydroxyl ions (OH-) and hydroperoxide ions ((00H-) produced when using hydrogen peroxide; and/or hydroperoxycarbonate ions (HC04-) produced when hydrogen peroxide is combined with a carbonate salt.
Hydroperoxycarbonate ions (HC04-) are a much stronger oxidant than hydroxyl ions (OH-) or hydroperoxide ions ((DOH), and are especially effective in reacting with biological toxants. When using hydrogen peroxide in DF-200 formulations, its concentration is preferably less than about 10%
because higher concentrations are significantly corrosive, especially in the range of 30-50%
hydrogen peroxide concentration.
To achieve very high rates of spore kill, a carbonate salt (e.g., sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate) is preferably added to the minimum set of constituents for DF-200 formulations described above. When using a peroxide compound (e.g., hydrogen peroxide) as the reactive compound for DF-200, the added carbonate salt combines with, e.g., hydrogen peroxide to form the highly reactive hydroperoxycarbonate species (HC04-). Addition of carbonate salts can also buffer the formulation to optimize the pH.
Hence, a minimum set of constituents for DF-200 formulations that can achieve a very high rate of spore kill can comprise five components:

(1) a solubilizing agent selected from the group consisting of a cationic surfactant (e.g., Variquat 80MCTm), a cationic hydrotrope (e.g., Adogen 477Tm), and a fatty alcohol (e.g., 1-Dodecanal);
(2) a beaching activator selected from the group consisting of 0-acetyl, N-acetyl, and nitrile 5 group peroxide activators (e.g., propylene glycol diacetate);
(3) a reactive component (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, peracetic acid, etc.);
(4) a carbonate salt (e.g., sodium bicarbonate); and (5) water.
10 Examples of suitable carbonate salts include: potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium hydrogen bicarbonate, lithium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, and potassium carbonate.
Figure 1 shows the results of decontamination tests on Bacillus globigii spores (initial 15 concentration 107 spores/mil). The spores were exposed to four different sub-combinations of the various components of DF-200 formulations for 1 hour (the pH of the formulation was 9.8). The degree of spore kill was determined by culturing surviving organisms. As shown in Figure 3, significant spore kill was achieved by using two different combinations: (1) an aqueous solution of 2%
Variquat (cationic surfactant), 2% propylene glycol diacetate (bleaching activator), and 2% hydrogen peroxide (oxidant) and (2) an aqueous solution of 2% Variquat (a cationic surfactant), 5% potassium bicarbonate (buffer and peroxide activator) and 2% hydrogen peroxide (oxidant). However, very high spore kill was achieved by using a third combination, comprising (3) an aqueous solution of 2%
Variquat (a cationic surfactant), 2% propylene glycol diacetate (bleaching activator), 5% potassium bicarbonate (buffer and peroxide activator) and 2% hydrogen peroxide (oxidant).
Next, a variety of alternative embodiments and configurations of DF-200 formulations will be presented.

DF-200HF (High Foam) The present invention provides an enhanced decontamination formulation for high foam applications ("DF-200HF"). An example of a formulation for DF-200HF comprises:
DF-200HF (High Foam) 1-4 % (preferably 2%) Variquat 80MCTm (cationic surfactant) 0.5-3% (preferably 1%) Adogen 477TM (cationic hydrotrope) 0.2-0.8% (preferably 0.4%) 1-Dodecanol (fatty alcohol) 0.05-0.1% Jaguar 8000TM (cationic water-soluble polymer) 0.5% Di(propylene glycol) Methyl Ether (solvent) 0.1-10% (preferably 1-4%) Hydrogen Peroxide (oxidant) 0.1-10% (preferably 2-8%) Bicarbonate salt (buffer and peroxide activator) 1-4% Propylene Glycol Diacetate (bleaching activator) 67-97% Water This formulation is effective at a pH value between 7.5 and 10.5. This formulation can be adjusted to a pH value between 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal decontamination of all target agents. This "high-foam"
formulation includes a cationic water-soluble polymer (e.g., Jaguar 8000Tm), which increases the bulk viscosity of the solution and produces a more stable foam.
Examples of suitable non-anionic water-soluble polymers include: polyvinyl alcohol, guar gum, (cationic or non-ionic) polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, polyacrylamide, polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8000), and JAGUAR 8000 TM (Guar Gum 2-hydroxypropyl ether). A
cationic polymer is preferred over a non-ionic polymer; an anionic polymer does not work well. The fatty alcohol 1-dodecanol serves to increase the surface viscosity of the foam lamellae to also increase foam stability against drainage and bubble collapse.

DF-200LF (Low Foam) The present invention provides an enhanced decontamination formulation for low foam applications ("DF-200LF"). An example of a formulation for DF-200LF comprises:
DF-200LF (Low Foam) 4% Variquat 80MCTm (cationic surfactant) 0.4% Lauramide DEA [N,N-Bis(2-Hydroxyethyl)-Dodecanamide] (foam booster) 1-4% Propylene Glycol Diacetate (bleaching activator) 0.5% Di(propylene glycol) Methyl Ether (solvent) 0.05-0.1% Jaguar 8000TM Polymer (cationic water-soluble polymer) 0.1-10% (preferably 1-4%) Hydrogen Peroxide (oxidant) 0.1-10% (preferably 2-8%) Bicarbonate salt (buffer and peroxide activator) 71-94% Water This formulation is generally effective at a pH value between 7.5 and 10.5.
This formulation can be adjusted to a pH value between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal decontamination of all target agents.
The term 'High Foam' refers to the ability of a formulation to form a highly stable and persistent foam, whereas a tow Foam' formulation forms a much less stable foam. The following tables show the improved performance of DF-200HF and DF-200LF as compared to DF-100A. The notation "ND" refers to a concentration below detectable limits, and "PGD"
refers to propylene glycol diacetate (a preferred bleaching activator).

Table 1: Summary of the reaction rates for Mustard simulant (2-Chloroethyl phenyl sulfide).
Mustard Simulant (% Decontaminated) Formulation 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes DF-100A(pH 8) 18 42 81 DF-100A (pH 9.2) 16 38 83 DF-200HF (2% PGD / 3% H202/ 4.5% Bicarb) 42 62 ND
DF-200HF (2% PGD / 3.5% H202/4% Bicarb) 94 98 ND
DF-200LF (2.5% PGD / 3% H20214.5% Bicarb) 55 91 ND
Table 2: Summary of the reaction rates for VX simulant (0-Ethyl S-Ethyl Phenylphosphonothioate).
VX Simulant (% Decontaminated) Formulation 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes DF-100A (pH 10) 45 99 ND
DF-100A (pH 9.2) 33 71 93 DF-200HF (2% PGD / 3% H202/ 4.5% Bicarb) 63 98 ND
DF-200HF (2% PGD / 3.5% H202/ 4% Bicarb) 66 99 ND
DF-200LF (2.5% PGD / 3% H202/ 4.5 Bicarb) 79 98 ND
Table 3: Summary of the reaction rates for G Agent simulant (Diphenyl chlorophosphate).
G Agent Simulant (% Decontaminated) Formulated 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes DF-100A (pH 8) 53 ND ND
DF-100A (pH 9.2) ND ND ND
DF-200 HF (2% PGD /3% H202/4.5 Bicarb) ND ND ND
DF-200HF (2% PGD /3.5% H2024% Bicarb) ND ND ND
DF-200LF (2.5% PGD / 3% H2024.5% Bicarb) ND ND ND
Table 4: Summary of the kill rates for Anthrax simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) Anthrax Simulant Anthrax Simulant Formulation % Kill after 30 Minutes % Kill after 60 Minutes DF-100A (pH 8) 99.99 99.99999 DF-100A (pH 9.2) 90 99.9 DF-200HF (2% PGD / 3% I-1202/ 4.5 Bicarb) 99.99999 99.99999 DF-200LF (2.5% PGD /3% H202/ 4.5 Bicarb) 99.99999 99.99999 Differences between formulations of DF-200 and DF-100/100A include:
= DF-200 is active against all agents at a single pH. The formulation is effective at pH
values between about 7.5 and 10.5; is more effective at pH values between about 9.2 and 9.8; and is most effective at pH values between about pH 9.6 and 9.8;
= DF-200 has better performance against Mustard;
= DF-200 has better performance against bacterial spores;
= DF-200 has lower concentrations of both the cationic surfactant and/or the cationic hydrotrope, which further lowers the (already low) toxicity and corrosivity properties of the formulation;
= DF-200 has a lower concentration of the foam stability component, 1-Dodecanol;
= DF-200 doesn't use a short-chained alcohol (e.g., isobutanol, isopropanol), which causes flammability problems when the formulation is packaged in a concentrated form;
= DF-200 doesn't use Diethylene Glycol MonoButyl Ether (DEGMBE), which can cause false alarms on some chemical agent sensors and detectors (especially older sensors which are used in some military settings); and = DF-200 can contain a lower concentration of hydrogen peroxide, which also reduces the (already low) toxicity and corrosivity properties of the formulation.
Additional differences between DF-200 and DF-100A include:
= DF-200 performs optimally at a higher pH (about 9.6 to 9.8) as compared to OF-10A. However, note that this is the typical pH value for common household products such as laundry detergents, shampoos, and dishwashing detergents; and = DF-200 has more individual components that should be stored separately (e.g, the hydrogen peroxide and the bleaching activator) from the bulk formulation until use, as compared to OF-100A (where only one component, hydrogen peroxide, should be stored separately). This will be discussed in greater detail below.
One reason for the better performance of DF-200 formulations (e.g., DF-200HF
and DF-200LF) over OF-100 and OF-100A formulations is the addition of a bleaching activator (e.g., propylene glycol diacetate). Bleaching activators can be compounds with 0- or N- bounded acetyl groups that react with the strongly nucleophilic hydroperoxy anion (00H-) to yield peroxygenated species, which are more efficient oxidizers than hydrogen peroxide alone.

II II
RC¨L + 00H- RC-00H + L-10 Since the 1950's, a number of different bleaching activators have been used in commercial laundry detergents, as well as other commercial products. The most common activators are tetraacetyl ethylenediamine (TAED), which is primarily used in Europe and Asia; and n-nonanoyloxybenzenesulfonate (NOBS), which is primarily used in the United States. NOBS is a proprietary chemical of the Proctor and Gamble company. In a laundry detergent, hydrogen peroxide 15 is provided in a solid form (usually as sodium perborate, which reacts in water to form the hydroperoxy anion). The addition of a bleaching activator greatly enhances the ability of a laundry detergent to remove stains from clothing.
It should be noted that TAED and NOBS bleaching activators are extremely insoluble in water 20 (e.g., TAED is only 0.1% soluble at 25 C). To get around this problem in a laundry detergent, the solid TAED or NOBS particles are kept in suspension by the agitating action of the washing machine, where they slowly react with the hydrogen peroxide in the detergent. However, agitation in the field of DF-200 formulations presents practical problems; hence, a water-soluble bleaching activator is preferred.
Useful water-soluble bleaching activators include short-chained organic compounds that contain an ester bond, e.g., ethylene glycol diacetate, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, glycerol diacetate (Diacetin), glycerol monoacetate, glycerol triacetate, and propylene glycol diacetate. A
preferred water-soluble bleaching activator is propylene glycol diacetate (PGD), which is shown below.

II I II
C H3 -C-0 C H2 CHO¨C¨CH 3 This molecule reacts with hydroperoxy anions (001-1), giving up the ester bonds to form two peroxygenated molecules.
Propylene glycol diacetate also acts as an organic solvent that is highly effective in solubilizing insoluble organic molecules (e.g., chemical warfare agents, as well as foam stabilizers/boosters (such as 1-dodecanol and Lauramide DEA)). Therefore, an added function of this compound is that it can be used to supplement the diethylene glycol monobutyl ether (DEGMBE) solvent that is used in DF-100 and DF-100A, or to supplement the Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether solvent used in some DF-200 formulations, thereby allowing the propylene glycol diacetate to serve a dual purpose (i.e., solvent and bleaching activator).
Bleaching activators are generally not stable in water for long periods of time. This is especially true when the aqueous solution is at a high pH (>10). Therefore, for long shelf life, the propylene glycol diacetate (or other bleaching activator) is preferably stored separate from the aqueous solution until use. This is not unlike other products that utilize bleach activators (e.g., laundry detergents), where all the components of the formulation are kept dry and separated until use (in the case of laundry detergent, the bleaching activator is encapsulated to prevent it from reacting with the peroxide component until both components are mixed in water).
Another example of a water-soluble bleaching activator is ethylene glycol diacetate, which works well in DF-200 formulations. However, when ethylene glycol diacetate reacts with hydrogen peroxide, it forms ethylene glycol (i.e., anti-freeze), which is a relatively toxic byproduct. Propylene glycol diacetate, on the other hand, does not form this relatively toxic byproduct.
DF-200NF (Non-Foaming) The present invention is also of a non-foaming embodiment ("DF-200NF") that may be used for specific applications, e.g., the kill of biological organisms, batch processing (such as in chemical agent demilitarization neutralization processes, i.e., in a bath of solution), or spray applications. A
preferred example of this formulation comprises (amounts illustrative):
DF-200NF (Non-Foaming) 1-10% (preferably 2.5%) Benzalkonium Chloride (cationic surfactant) 1-8% Propylene Glycol Diacetate (bleaching activator) 1-16% Hydrogen Peroxide (oxidant) 2-8% Potassium Bicarbonate (buffer and peroxide activator) 65.5-93.5% Water The formulation can be adjusted to a pH value between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimum performance, and is effective for decontamination of all target agents.

The present invention is also of an enhanced version of DF-100A that utilizes the propylene glycol diacetate bleaching activator. A preferred embodiment of this enhanced formulation, ("DF-100E") comprises (amounts illustrative):

5.3% Variquat 80MC TM
2.8% Adogen 477 TM
0.65% 1-Dodecanol 0.5% Isobutanol 0.1% Jaguar 8000TM
1.35% Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 2-8% Bicarbonate Salt 1-4% Hydrogen Peroxide 1-4% Propylene Glycol Diacetate 73-85% Water This formulation can be adjusted to a pH value between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance against all agents. The performance of DF-100E (2% PGD /3.00% H202 / 3.75%
Bicarbonate salt) against chemical simulants is shown below in Table 5:
Table 5: Summary of the reaction rates for the DF-100E formulation in kinetic testing.
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 83 92 ND
G Agents ND ND ND

Tests against the anthrax spore simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) demonstrated 99.9999%
(7-Log) kill after a 30 minute exposure to DF-100E.
Other bleaching activators (such as water-insoluble NOBS or TAED) can be used in place of Propylene Glycol Diacetate in DF-100E. However, as noted above, this produces a slurry mixture instead of a true liquid solution.

The following table summarizes some differences between DF-100, DF-100A, DF-100E, DF-200HF, DF-200LF, DF-200NF, and DF-200HF Slurry:
Table 6: Comparison of Various Decontamination Formulations Reduction of Requires pH Improved Flammable Forms Highly Can Use Saltwater Formulation Adjustment Kinetics Constituents Stable Foam for Makeup Water Slurry Kit Configurations In the following sections, various examples of 2-part, 3-part, and 4-part "kit" configurations are shown for the different embodiments of DF-200 formulations. In general, the 2-part and 3-part kits have the bulk of the water already "pre-packaged" in one of the two (or three) containers (usually the foam component). This allows for rapid deployment of the decontamination solution, the use of small-scale units (e.g., backpacks), and doesn't require any extra water to be provided in the field.
Conversely, the 4-part kits generally require that the make-up water is added in the field at, or near, the site of contamination. This allows the "package" containing the other three parts to be much lighter, which makes it easier to ship and store. However, a source of make-up is required in the field (which can be saltwater).

In general, the DF-200 formulations can be configured either way, with the bulk of the water "pre-packaged", or without, depending on the application.
5 DF-200lIF (Kit Configuration) The DF-2001-IF formulation can be configured as a 4-part kit, and then prepared for field use as follows (amounts illustrative):
DF-200 HF (4-part kit) 10 Part A (Foam Concentrate):
20 g Variquat 80MC TM
10 g Adogen 477TM
4 g b-Dodecanol 1 g Jaguar 8000 TM Polymer 15 5 g Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether 7.5 g Potassium Bicarbonate 141 g Water Part B (Solid Component):
50 g Sodium Percarbonate 20 50 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Part C (Bleaching Activator):
20 g Propylene Glycol Diacetate Part D (Make-up Water):
800 g Water In this example of a 4-part configuration, the bulk of the water is not included in the "package" (i.e., Parts A, B, and C), which minimizes the weight of the package for shipping and storage. Here, the make-up water (Part D) would be supplied in the field at, or near, the site of contamination. The pH of the formulation can be adjusted to be between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance. The formulation as described above will produce 1 liter of "high" foam solution.
In this example, sodium percarbonate supplies a portion of the hydrogen peroxide, a portion of the bicarbonate, and a base for buffering the solution. The remainder of the hydrogen peroxide is supplied by the urea hydrogen peroxide. The total hydrogen peroxide concentration is approximately 3% in this example. The viscosity of the formulation can be adjusted to be between about 4-9 mm2/s.
A variety of different methods can be used in the field to mix the DF-200HF
formulation configured as a 4-part kit, for example:
Method 1: Supply the make-up water (Part D). Then, mix Part B into Part D.
Then, add Parts C and A to Part B+D. Use, preferably, within 8 hours.
Method 2: Mix Part C into Part A. Supply the make-up water (Part D). Then, mix Part B into Part D.
Keep separate until use. When use is required, mix Part A+C into Part B+D.
Use, preferably, within 8 hours of first mixing Parts A+C into Parts B+D.
In general, activated DF-200 formulations are used preferably within 8 hours after mixing, however, they still can be effective for up to 24 hours and longer. DF-200HF
(High Foam) can be applied to a surface for a long period of time, and then rinsed off. However, DF-200LF (Low Foam) can be used in a different manner than the DF-100/100A and DF-200HF
formulations. Instead of leaving DF-200LF on a surface for long periods of time, it can be applied to a surface, left for a relatively short period of time (e.g., 15-60 minutes), and then rinsed off with a high pressure freshwater or salt water spray. This will minimize corrosion of the material to which it is applied, which will make it especially useful for decontaminating aircraft and other equipment where corrosion is a concern. It will also minimize the time required for decontamination, which is especially advantageous for military use (on the battlefield or at fixed sites).

Saltwater can also be effectively used as the make-up water (Part D) for DF-200 formulations. The table below shows the results of kinetic tests using DF-200HF (2% PGD / 3.50%
H202/ 4.0%
Bicarbonate salt) with saltwater (-35,000 ppm total dissolved solids):
Table 7: Summary of the reaction rates for DF-200HF formulation (2% PGD / 3.5%
H202/ 4.0%
Bicarbonate salt) with saltwater used as the make-up water (Part D).
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard 24 42 89 G Agents ND ND ND
VX 62 96 >99 Tests against the anthrax spore simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) demonstrated 99.9999% (7-Log) kill after a one hour exposure to DF-200HF with saltwater used as the make-up water.
Surface testing was conducted with DF-200HF against the Mustard and VX
simulant. For this test, 8 mg of simulant was applied to a 2" diameter test coupon made of CARC
(Chemical Agent Resistant Coating). CARC is a material commonly used to paint military vehicles to protect them against chemical agent attack. After waiting one hour, the test coupon was placed in a horizontal position and covered with 1.0 g of DF-200HF (2% PGD / 3.5% H202/ 4.0%
Bicarbonate salt). After 60 minutes, the test coupon was immersed in 25 ml of acetonitrile for 15 minutes to extract unreacted simulant from the surface. The extraction solvent (acetonitrile) was then analyzed for the unreacted simulant. Results (shown in Table 8) demonstrate more effective decontamination of the test coupon as compared to DF-100A.

Table 8: Results of Surface Testing of DF-200HF on CARC.
mg VX Simulant Mg Mustard Simulant Decon Formulation (Unreacted simulant on (Unreacted simulant on surface after 60 minutes) surface after 60 minutes) Control 8.0 0.3 8.0 0.3 DF-100A (pH 9.2) 2.9 4.5 DF-200HF (2% PGD / 3.5% H202/4.0% Bicarb) 1.4 2.5 DF-200HF Slurry (Kit Configuration) Insoluble bleach activators (such as TAED, NOBS, and N-acetyl glucosamine) can be utilized in place of the (water-soluble) propylene glycol diacetate for DF-200 formulations. However, in this case, the formulation results in a slurry when mixed with water, instead of a true aqueous solution.
The present invention also provides a method to utilize a water-insoluble solid bleach activator (e.g., TAED) to produce a reactive slurry (wherein a slurry is defined as a watery mixture that includes insoluble, undissolved matter). This embodiment, designated "DF-200HF Slurry", is a modification of the DF-200HF formulation. An example of a 4-part kit configuration is shown below (amounts illustrative):

DF-200HF Slurry (4-part kit) Part A (Foam Concentrate):
20 g Variquat 80MCTm g Adogen 477TM
5 4 g 1-Dodecanol 1 g Jaguar 8000Th' Polymer 5 g Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether 7.5 g Potassium Bicarbonate 161 g Water 10 Part B (Solid Component):
50 g Sodium Percarbonate 50 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Part C (Bleaching Activator):
10 g TAED (preferably encapsulated TAED, such as Warwick B637Th') Part D (Make-up Water):
800 g Water (can be freshwater or saltwater supplied at the site where use is to occur) The formulation as described above will produce 1 liter of foam solution. The pH of the final formulation can be adjusted to be between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance. The following mixing procedure can be used: Mix Part B into Part D. Then, add Parts C and A
to Parts B+D. Use, preferably, within 8 hours.
The performance against each chemical agent simulant for DF-200HF Slurry (1%
TAED / 3%
H202 /4% Bicarbonate salt) is shown below in Table 9:

Table 9: Summary of the reaction rates for the DF-200HF Slurry formulation in kinetic testing.
Note that improved performance can be achieved by using higher concentrations of TAED (e.g., 2%
TAED, instead of 1% TAED).

% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 67 96 ND
G Agents ND ND ND

The above examples of different embodiments of DF-200 would typically be used in large-scale operations where dedicated deployment equipment and a source of make-up water is readily available (e.g., for use by the military to decontaminate 'fixed sites' such as airbases and seaports), 10 or used to minimize the volume of 'pre-packaged' water in order to minimize the weight of the formulation that needs to be shipped and stored.
DF-200 Rapid Deployment Configurations The present invention is also of configurations emphasizing the rapid deployment of DF-200 15 formulations, and/or its deployment using small-scale deployment equipment (such as hand-held units, backpack units, or units mounted on small dollies). For these applications, all of the water is 'pre-packaged' into the formulation, so that no extra water is required in the field. A first example of a 3-part kit configuration for a Rapid Deployment version of DF-200HF, "DF-200HF
Rapid Deployment #1", comprises (amounts illustrative):

DF-200HF Rapid Deployment #1 (3-part kit) Part A (Liquid Foam Component):
20 g Variquat 80MCTm g Adogen 477TM
5 4 g 1-Dodecanol 5 g Poly (Ethylene Oxide) 8 g Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 5 g lsobutanol 45 g Potassium Bicarbonate 10 app rox. 19 g Potassium Hydroxide (the pH of Part A should be approximately 10.2) 933 g Water Part B (Solid Oxidant Component):
97 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Part C (Liquid Bleaching Activator):
20 g Propylene Glycol Diacetate This configuration will produce 1 liter of foam solution. The pH of the final formulation can be adjusted to be between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance. The following mixing procedure can be used: Mix Part B into Part A. After dissolution of the urea hydrogen peroxide, add Part C to Part MB. Use, preferably, within 8 hours. The performance of DF-200HF Rapid Deployment against chemical agent simulants is shown below in Table 10:
Table 10: Reaction rates from kinetic testing of DF-200HF Rapid Deployment #1 configuration.
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 48 82 ND
G Agents ND ND ND
VX 71 97 >99 Tests against the anthrax spore simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) demonstrated 99.9999%
(7-Log) kill after a 30 minute exposure to DF-200HF Rapid Deployment.
A schematic example of a preferred mixing procedure for this first example of a rapid deployment configuration of DF-2001-IF is shown in Figure 2. Urea hydrogen peroxide dissolves rapidly in water.
Therefore, the formulation can be prepared and deployed in a very short time at the scene of an incident involving chemical or biological warfare agents, making it ideal for use by civilian first responders (firefighters, HazMat units, police officers, and others who would be the first to arrive at the location of a CBW attack), and/or the military.
However, the particular bleaching activator (propylene glycol diacetate) used in this formulation is not stable in an aqueous solution where the pH is greater than approximately 9.9.
Therefore, it is important to mix the right components in the correct order.
For example, if Part C is mixed into Part A before the addition of Part B, there may be some loss of activity in DF-200HF since the propylene glycol diacetate is exposed to a solution having a pH value >9.9. This is not true, however, if Part B is added to Part A before the addition of Part C, since the addition of Part B to Part A brings the pH of the Part A+B mixture to a value below about 9.9.
The solvent, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, used in Part A (the foam solution) of the first example shown above for DF-200HF Rapid Deployment #1 is different than the solvent that was used in the previously described DF-200HF formulation (Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether), because Di(propylene glycol) methyl ether is not stable in the high pH environment required for the foam component (Part A) in the rapid deployment configuration. Also, note that a short-chained alcohol (i.e., isobutanol) has been added to the foam component (Part A) in the rapid deployment configuration #1 of DF-200lIF. While this low molecular weight alcohol can cause flammability problems in highly concentrated configurations of DF-200HF, it is not a problem in the less concentrated configurations described herein. The use of isobutanol also helps solubilize the 1-dodecanol in Part A, and improves the kinetics (chemical reactivity) of the formulation. In addition, _ 33 the formulation preferably uses a different polymer, poly (ethylene oxide), than the polymer used in the other earlier described DF-200 formulations (i.e., Jaguar 80001TM). This alternative polymer is used because Jaguar 8000 TM is also not stable in the high pH environment of the liquid foam portion (Part A) of the rapid deployment formulation. Accordingly, a preferred formulation for DF-2001-IF
Rapid Deployment #1 comprises:
DF-200HF Rapid Deplovment #1 1-4% (preferably 2%) Variquat 80MC TM (cationic surfactant) 0.5-3% (preferably 1%) Adogen 477 TM (cationic hydrotrope) 0.2-0.8% (preferably 0.4%) 1-Dodecanol (fatty alcohol) 0.5-8% (preferably 0.5%) Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (polymer) 0.6-1.2% (preferably 0.8%) Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether (solvent) 0-1% (preferably 0.5%) Isobutanol (short-chained alcohol) 0.1-10% (preferably 2-8%) Bicarbonate salt (buffer and peroxide activator) 0.1-10% (preferably 1-4%) Hydrogen Peroxide (oxidant) 0.1-10% (preferably 1-4%) Propylene Glycol Diacetate (bleaching activator) 52-97% Water The formulation can be adjusted to a pH value between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance, and is effective for decontamination of all target agents.
A second example of a 3-part kit configuration for a Rapid Deployment version of DF-200HF, "DF-200HF Rapid Deployment #2", comprises (amounts illustrative):

DF-200HF Rapid Deployment #2 (3-part kit) Part A (Liquid Foam Component):
20 g Variguat 80MC TM
g Adogen 477TM
5 4 g 1-Dodecanol g Polyethylene Glycol 8000 polymer 8 g Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 5 g lsobutanol 50 g Potassium Bicarbonate 10 approx. 25 g Potassium Hydroxide (the pH of Part A should be approximately /0.2) 933 g Water Part B (Solid Oxidant Component):
97 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Part C (Liquid Bleaching Activator):
15 20 g Propylene Glycol Diacetate In this second example, Polyethylene Glycol 8000 polymer replaced the poly (Ethylene Oxide) polymer used in DF-200HF Rapid Deployment #1.
20 A third example of a 3-part kit configuration for a Rapid Deployment version of DF-200HF, "DF-200HF Rapid Deployment #3", comprises (amounts illustrative):

DF-200HF Rapid Deployment #3 (3-Dart kit) Part A (Liquid Foam Component):
20 g Variquat 80MC TM
10 g Adogen 477TM
5 4 g 1-Dodecanol 20 g Polyethylene Glycol 8000 polymer 10 g Hexylene Glycol g Potassium Carbonate 5 g Potassium Bicarbonate 10 700 g Water Part B (Solid Oxidant Component):
83 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Part C (Liquid Bleaching Activator):
20 g Glycol Diacetate (i.e., Diacetin) In this third example, Polyethylene Glycol 8000 polymer replaced the poly (Ethylene Oxide) polymer used in DF-200HF Rapid Deployment #1 as a water-soluble polymer. Also, Hexylene Glycol replaced Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether and Isobutanol used as a solvents.
Finally, Glycol Diacetate (i.e., Diacetin) replaced Propylene Glycol Diacetate used as the bleaching activator.
These changes in the third example were made to reduce or eliminate the use of short-chained alcohols and/or high vapor-pressure solvents to prevent possible problems with very long-term (months to years) shelf life of the liquid foam component (Part A), especially at high ambient storage temperatures, due to evaporation of the most-volatile components. Note that the combination of 45 grams of potassium carbonate and the 5 grams of potassium bicarbonate were chosen to supply both the right amount of carbonate/bicarbonate, and to adjust the pH
appropriately. Alternatively, 50 grams of potassium bicarbonate could have been used (with no potassium carbonate), and then the right amount of potassium hydroxide (base) could have been added to increase the pH to the desired value, as is well-known in the art.

DF-2001-IF Slurry Rapid Deployment The present invention is also of a 2-part kit configuration of a rapid deployment embodiment of the DF-200lIF Slurry embodiment ("DF-200HF Slurry Rapid Deployment), in which TAED (or other solid peroxide activator) is utilized as the bleaching activator. This example of a rapid deployment configuration also requires no additional water to be added in the field (amounts illustrative):
DF-200HF-Slurry Rapid Deployment (2-part kit) Part A (Liquid Foam Component):
g Variquat 80MC TM
10 g Adogen 477TM
4 g 1-Dodecanol 15 5 g Poly (Ethylene Glycol) 8 g Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 5 g Isobutanol 50 g Potassium Bicarbonate 28 g Potassium Hydroxide (the pH of Part A should be approximately 10.4) 20 953 g Water Part B (Solid Oxidant and Bleaching Activator):
97 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide g TAED (preferably in encapsulated form, such as Warwick International B637) 25 This formulation will produce 1 liter of foam solution. The pH of the final formulation can be adjusted to be between 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance. The following procedure can be used to mix the formulation: Mix Part B into Part A. Then, wait for at least one minute before use to allow time for the TAED to react with the hydrogen peroxide. Use, preferably, within 8 hours.
It is useful to note that TAED will not immediately dissolve in water, but will remain as solid particles for at least 15-20 minutes. Therefore, a filter or screen may be required so that the undissolved TAED particles will not damage or clog any pumps or other components of the deployment device.
However, the formulation is ready for use approximately 1 minute after addition of the TAED
particles in Part B to Part A.
It is useful to employ an encapsulated form of TAED in this configuration for two reasons.
First, the protective coating (which slowly dissolves in water) will protect the TAED so that it will not react with the urea hydrogen peroxide during storage. Second, the coating will protect the TAED
from the high pH conditions in Part A until the urea hydrogen peroxide dissolves and lowers the pH of the formulation to a value below approximately 9.9. TAED should be used in a similar manner as propylene glycol diacetate with respect to protecting the activator against exposure to high pH
solutions. TAED will lose much of its effectiveness as a bleaching activator if it is exposed to solutions with a pH greater than 9.9. Therefore, the use of an encapsulated form of TAED will minimize its exposure to the high pH conditions immediately after Part B is mixed into Part A. The performance of DF-200HF Slurry Rapid Deployment against chemical agent simulants is given in Table 11 below.
Table 11: Reaction rates in kinetic testing for the DF-200HF Slurry Rapid Deployment formulation.
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 76 97 ND
G Agents ND ND ND

Tests against the anthrax spore simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) demonstrated 99.9999%
(7-Log) kill after a 30 minute exposure to DF-200HF Slurry Rapid Deployment.
A schematic illustrating an example of a process for field mixing DF-200HF
Slurry Rapid Deployment is shown in Figure 3.

_ The above are only a few examples of rapid deployment configurations for DF-formulations. As understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, other rapid deployment configurations are possible by utilizing the fundamental considerations presented in this application.
The present invention is also of a method for preparing the foam component (Part A) of the rapid deployment configurations. The following is an example of such a method:
1. Place the appropriate mass of water in a mixing vessel.
2. While stirring the water in the mixing vessel, add the bicarbonate salt. Stir until completely dissolved.
3. Slowly add the Poly (Ethylene Glycol) polymer to the mixing vessel while rapidly stirring. Be careful to avoid lumps. Stir for approximately 30 minutes, at a minimum.
4. While stirring the foam solution in the mixing vessel, add the Variquat 80MCTm. Stir until completely mixed.
5. While stirring the foam solution in the mixing vessel, add the Adogen 477. Stir until completely mixed.
6. Mix the diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, isobutanol, and 1-dodecanol in a separate vessel. Slowly add this mixture to the foam solution while stirring.
7. While stirring the foam solution in the mixing vessel, slowly add solid KOH until the pH reaches the appropriate value.
Alternative DF-200 Formulations The invention is also of the following alternative DF-200 formulations:
1. An alternative formulation that includes propylene glycol to lower the freezing point of the solution;
2. An alternative formulation that utilizes sodium percarbonate as a solid source of hydrogen peroxide;
3. An alternative formulation that includes a corrosion inhibitor, 4. An alternative formulation that includes glycerol as a viscosity builder for operations such as skin decontamination;
5. An alternative formulation that utilizes 0-acetyl bleaching activators, including one which is available in solid form; and 6. An alternative formulation that utilizes a bleaching activator containing a nitrile group.
DF-200 with Proplvene Glycol The following is a first example of a 2-part kit configuration for DF-200HF
that includes propylene glycol as a freezing point depressant, and where all of the water is 'pre-packaged' in Part A, comprising (amounts illustrative):
DF-200HF Rapid Deployment with Propylene Glycol. first example (2-part kit) Part A (Liquid Foam Component):
g Variquat 80MCTm 15 10 g Adogen 477TM
20 g Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (MW 8000) 8 g Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 5 g lsobutanol 4 g 1-Dodecanol 20 20 g Propylene Glycol Diacetate 150 g Propylene Glycol (freeze-point depressant) approx. 6 g of 10% HCI Solution (sufficient to give a final pH of 2.5 in Part A) 777 g Water Part B (Solid Additive):
97 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide 12 g Potassium Bicarbonate 38 g Potassium Carbonate (buffer, to adjust final pH) This formulation will produce 1 liter of foam solution. The pH of the final formulation can be adjusted to be between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance. A person of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the ratio of potassium carbonate to potassium bicarbonate used in Part B can be adjusted to achieve the desired final pH of the formulation (preferably about 9.6 to about 9.8). Hence, 5 in this example, the potassium carbonate serves as both a base and a source of carbonate/bicarbonate. To prepare this formulation, mix Part B into Part A.
Use, preferably, within 8 hours. The performance of this first example of DF-200HF with propylene glycol against chemical agent simulants is shown in Table 12.
10 Table 12: Reaction rates from kinetic testing for DF-200HF with propylene glycol (first example).
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 16 80 ND
G Agents ND ND ND
VX 66 90 >99 Tests against the anthrax spore simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) demonstrated 99.9999%
15 (7-Log) kill after a 30 minute exposure to DF-200HF with propylene glycol (first example).
When all of the water is "pre-packaged" in Part A, the mixing of the formulation for use can be accomplished in a very short time since it only consists of two parts.
Therefore, it could be deployed very rapidly at the scene of an incident involving chemical and biological warfare agents. This 20 configuration is ideal for use the civilian first responder (firefighter, HazMat units, police officers, and others who would be the first to arrive at the location of a CBW attack).
However, it is heavier to carry than other configurations that add water in the field.
This configuration also incorporates the bleaching activator, propylene glycol diacetate, into 25 the foam component Part A (rather than storing it as a separate, third component). This is possible because the pH of the foam component is less than 3. Propylene glycol diacetate will hydrolyze in solutions of pH greater than 3, but is hydrolytically stable in solutions of pH less than 3. This configuration also uses the polyethylene glycol polymer (PEG 8000) for viscosity enhancement. This polymer is used in many cosmetics and is extremely soluble and stable in water. In addition, it is easier to mix into solution than Jaguar 8000TM or a high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide), since it does not have the tendency to clump.
This configuration includes propylene glycol as a freeze-point depressant.
Propylene glycol is considered to be an environmentally friendly antifreeze. In this case, the concentration is approximately 15% by weight, which lowers the freezing point of Part A to approximately ¨20 C. This configuration has also been tested with good results with propylene glycol concentrations as high as 40% by weight.
An alternative to the first example of DF-200HF with Proplyene Glycol shown above is to use sodium percarbonate as the source of the bicarbonate and as a portion of the peroxide in Part B, instead of using urea hydrogen peroxide. This substitution is useful because sodium percarbonate is much less expensive than urea hydrogen peroxide. This second example of DF-200HF with Proplyene Glycol is shown below (amounts illustrative):

DF-200HF Raoid Deployment with Proolyene Glycol. second example (2-Dart kit) Part A (Liouid Foam Component):
20 g Variquat 80MCT"
g Adogen 477TM
g Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (MW 8000) 8 g Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 5 g lsobutanol 10 4 g 1-Dodecanol 20 g Propylene Glycol Diacetate 150 g Propylene Glycol (freeze-point depressant) approx. 6 g of 10% HCI Solution (sufficient to give a final pH of 2.5 in Part A) 777 g Water 15 Part B (Solid Additive):
90 g Sodium Percarbonate 15 g Citric Acid (buffer, to adjust final pH) This formulation will produce 1 liter of foam solution. The pH of the final formulation can be 20 adjusted to be between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance. The following mixing procedure can be used: Mix Part B into Part A. Use, preferably, within 8 hours.
Alternatively, sodium bisulfate (a common pool conditioning chemical), or other acid, can be used in place of citric acid to adjust the pH. The performance of this second example of DF-200HF with Proplyene Glycol (utilizing sodium percarbonate) against chemical agent simulants is shown in Table 13.
Table 13: Reaction rates from kinetic testing for the second example of DF-200HF with proplyene glycol (utilizing sodium percarbonate).
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 80 ND ND
VX 76 96 >99 In general, sodium percarbonate dissolves much more slowly than urea hydrogen peroxide after it has been added to Part A. However, to increase the dissolution velocity, sodium percarbonate can be milled to approximately a 100 mesh size for use in this configuration. The time to dissolve the sodium percarbonate was decreased from approximately 30 minutes to about 2 minutes when milled sodium percarbonate was used.
DF-200 with Corrosion Inhibitor Corrosion inhibitors can be added to DF-200 formulations to reduce their corrosivity. A
preferred corrosion inhibitor for use in DF-200 formulations is N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine. However, other corrosion inhibitors, such as triethanolamine, ethanolamine salts of C9, C10, and C12 diacid mixtures, dicyclohexyl amine nitrite, and N,N-dibenzylamine, can be used. The Corrosion inhibitors added to DF-200 formulations can serve multiple purposes:
1. a corrosion inhibitor, 2. a pH buffer, 3. a solvent to keep 1-dodecanol in solution, and 4. a co-solvent to solubilize insoluble chemical agents, such as sarin or mustard.
An example of a 3-part kit configuration of DF-200HF with a corrosion inhibitor comprises (amounts illustrative):

DF-200HF Rapid Deployment with Corrosion Inhibitor (3-part kit) Part A (Liquid Foam Component):
20 g Variquat 80MCTm g Adogen 477TM
5 4 g 1-Dodecanol 5 g Poly (Ethylene Glycol) 10 g N,N-dimethyl ethanolamine (corrosion inhibitor) 50 g Potassium Bicarbonate approx. 18 g Potassium Hydroxide (sufficient to give a final pH of 10.2 in Part A) 10 936 g Water Part B (Solid Oxidant Component):
97 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Part C (Liquid Bleaching Activator):
g Propylene Glycol Diacetate This formulation will produce 1 liter of foam solution. The pH of the final formulation can be adjusted to be between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance. The following mixing procedure can be used: Mix Part B into Part A. Then, after dissolution of the urea hydrogen peroxide, add Part C to Part A+B. Use, preferably, within 8 hours. The performance of DF-200HF with corrosion inhibitor is shown below against chemical agent simulants is given in Table 14.
Table 14: Reaction rates in kinetic testing for DF-200HF with a corrosion inhibitor.
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 7 41 79 Tests against the anthrax spore simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) demonstrated 99.9999%
(7-Log) kill after a 60 minute exposure to DF-200HF with a corrosion inhibitor. The addition of the corrosion inhibitor has a detrimental effect on the performance of DF-200 against chemical agents, but has no measured effect on the performance of DF-200HF against biological agents. Similar results were obtained when an alternative corrosion inhibitor, 1%
triethanolamine, was used.
5 DF-200 with Glycerol In another embodiment of a DF-200 formulation, glycerol may be employed as a viscosity builder in place of Jaguar 80001, poly (ethylene oxide), or polyethylene glycol. Glycerol is a common ingredient in cosmetics, where it is used a viscosity builder, as well as a solvent, humectant and emollient. Thus, the use of glycerol in DF-200 formulations can serve multiple purposes:
10 1. Viscosity builder, 2. a humectant (i.e., a substance which moisturizes the skin), 3. a solvent to keep 1-dodecanol in solution, and 4. a co-solvent to solubilize insoluble chemical agents, such as sarin or mustard.
15 An example of a 3-part kit configuration of DF-200HF with glycerol comprises (amounts illustrative):
DF-200HF Rapid Deployment with Glycerol (3-part kit) Part A (Liquid Foam Component):
20 20 g Variquat 80MCT"
10 g Adogen 477T"
4 g 1-Dodecanol 40 g Glycerol (viscosity builder) 40 g Potassium Bicarbonate 25 approx. 17 g Potassium Hydroxide (sufficient to give a final pH of 10.2 in Part A) 906 g Water Part B (Solid Oxidant Component):
97 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide Part C (Liquid Bleaching Activator):
20 g Propylene Glycol Diacetate This formulation will produce 1 liter of foam solution. The pH of the final formulation can be adjusted to be between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance. The following mixing procedure can be used: Mix Part B into Part A. Then after dissolution of the urea hydrogen peroxide, add Part C to Part +/B. Use, preferably, within 8 hours. The performance of DF-200HF with glycerol against chemical agent simulants is given in Table 15.
Table 15: Reaction rates in kinetic testing for DF-200HF with glycerol.
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 63 96 ND
G Agents ND ND ND

Tests against the anthrax spore simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) demonstrated 99.9999%
(7-Log) kill after a 30 minute exposure to DF-200HF with glycerol.
This formulation can be used for direct application to humans because the glycerol will act as a humectant. This formulation could also be utilized, e.g., as a spray or shower, by removing foaming constituents (such as 1-dodecanol and Adogen 477n1), and by reducing the concentration of peroxide. However, a drawback to the use of glycerol is that it is solid at a fairly high temperature (below about 10 C). Therefore, it would preferably be used in controlled temperature conditions (i.e., warm temperature conditions).

Propylene glycol diacetate, a bleaching activator used in many of the previously described DF-200 configurations is not presently available in solid form. However, other bleaching activators are available in solid form.
DF-200 with Acetylcholine Chloride Solid 0-acetyl bleaching activators (e.g., acetylcholine chloride, which is often used in eyedrop solutions) can be used in DF-200 formulations in place of (liquid) propylene glycol diacetate.
The chemical structure of this 0-acetyl bleaching activator is shown below. As can be seen, the molecule contains an 0-acetyl group that can activate peroxide, and it is a quaternary compound, which is very compatible with DF-200 formulations. Acetylcholine chloride is also soluble in water and is very hygroscopic.

I I I
CH3 - C -0 CH2 CH2 ¨ N -CH3 CI

An example of a 2-part kit configuration of DF-200HF using acetylcholine chloride comprises (amounts illustrative):

DF-200HF Rai:Ad Deployment using Acetylcholine Chloride (2-Dart kit) Part A (Liquid Foam Component):
20 g Variquat 80MCTm g Adogen 477Tm 5 30 g Poly (Ethylene Glycol) (MW 8000) 8 g Diethylene Glycol Monobutyl Ether 5 g lsobutanol 4 g 1-Dodecanol 150 g Propylene Glycol 10 50 g Potassium Bicarbonate approx. 17 g Potassium Hydroxide (sufficient to give a final pH of 10.2 in Part A) 803 g Water Part B (Solid Additive):
97 g Urea Hydrogen Peroxide 25 g Acetycholine Chloride (solid bleaching activator) This formulation will produce approximately 1 liter of foam solution. The pH
of the final formulation can be adjusted to be between about 9.6 and 9.8 for optimal performance. To use this formulation, mix Part B into Part A. Use, preferably, within 8 hours. The performance of DF-200HF using acetylcholine chloride against chemical agent simulants is shown in Table 16.
Table 16: Reaction rates from kinetic testing for the DF-200HF using acetylcholine chloride as an activator.
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute , 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 60 98 ND
VX 10 85 >99 Tests against the anthrax spore simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) demonstrated 99.9999%
(7-Log) kill after a 30 minute exposure to DF-200HF using acetylcholine chloride.
Two other 0-acetyl bleaching activators, monoacetin (glycerol monoacetate) and diacetin (glycerol diacetate), have also been tested for their effectiveness in DF-200 formulations. Both of these compounds have also proven to be extremely effective bleaching activators. These compounds are water-soluble liquids.
Experiments have also shown that the peroxide in DF-200 formulations is also effectively activated by a nitrile-containing compound, such as 4-cyanobenzoic acid (which is water-soluble), at a concentration of, for example, 2%, for the neutralization of both chemical agent and biological agent simulants.
DF-200 using Peracetic Acid Tests were conducted using peracetic acid as the oxidant in DF-200, instead of hydrogen peroxide. The following formulation was used:
2% Variquat 80MC TM (cationic surfactant) 2% peracetic acid (oxidant) 5% potassium bicarbonate (buffer and activator) 91% water The pH was adjusted to 9.8 with solid KOH and the formulation was tested against the simulants for mustard, VX, and anthrax spores. The performance of this formulation is shown in Table 17 against chemical agent simulants.

Table 17: Reaction rates in kinetic testing for DF-200 with 2% peracetic acid.
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 27 58 68 5 Tests against the anthrax spore simulant (Bacillus globigii spores) demonstrated 99.9999%
(7-Log) kill after a 30 minute exposure to DF-200 with 2% peracetic acid.
Tests were also conducted for DF-200 using a higher concentration of peracetic acid (3.5%) in the following formulation:
2% Variquat 80MCTm (cationic surfactant) 3.5% peracetic acid (oxidant) 5% potassium bicarbonate (buffer and activator) 89.5% water The pH was adjusted to 9.8 with solid KOH and the formulation was tested against the simulants for mustard, VX, and anthrax spores. The performance of this formulation is shown in Table 18 against chemical agent simulants.
Table 18: Reaction rates in kinetic testing for DF-200 with 3.5% peracetic acid.
% Decontaminated Simulant 1 Minute 15 Minutes 60 Minutes Mustard (HD) 40 94 ND

The results show that use of peracetic acid as an alternative oxidant is effective against chemical agent simulants, but is not as effective as DF-200 formulations using activated hydrogen _ 51 peroxide (i.e., the combination of hydrogen peroxide, bicarbonate, and propylene glycol diacetate) as the oxidant. However, the DF-200 formulations with 2-3.5% peracetic acid are very effective for spore kill. Nevertheless, use of this oxidant is not as attractive as hydrogen peroxide because peracetic acid is not presently available in a safe, convenient solid form, and the shelf life of the liquid form is rather short.
Tests were also conducted to determine the minimum constituents required for spore kill in a DF-200 formulation which utilizes peracetic acid as an oxidant. These results indicate that only three constituents, i.e., peracetic acid, bicarbonate and the cationic surfactant, are necessary to achieve high rates of spore kill.
Live Agent Tests Using DF-200HF
Live agent tests on three chemical agents (soman ("GD"), VX, and mustard ("HD")) and two biological agents (anthrax spores and Yersinia pestis) were conducted. The results of kinetic testing of DF-200HF (using a three-part configuration) on the chemical agents is shown in Table 19.
Table 19: Reaction rates in kinetic testing for DF-200HF against chemical agents.
% Destruction of Chemical Agent at Time Interval 1 minute 15 minutes 60 minutes Chemical Agent GD 99.98 0.01 99.97 0.01 99.98 0.01 VX 91.20 8.56 99.80 0.08 99.88 0.04 HD 78.13 10.53 98.46 1.43 99.84 0.32 After exposure of GD to DF-200HF, methylphosphonic acid (MPA) and pinacolyl methylphosphonic acid (PMPA) were identified as byproducts. After exposure of VX to DF-200HF, ethyl methylphosphonic acid (EMPA) and MPA were identified as byproducts. This indicated that the destruction of the VX followed the more desirable path to the phosphonic acids, rather than to EA2192 (a toxic byproduct which can also be produced during VX degradation).
Lastly, after exposure of HD to DF-2001-IF, the initial degradation products for HD
comprised a mixture of the sulfoxide and sulfone byproducts, followed later by nearly complete disappearance of each of these byproducts after 60 minutes.
Results of tests against anthrax spores is shown in Tables 20 and 21 and against Yersinia pestis (i.e., the plague bacterium) are shown in Table 22 (NG refers to `no growth'). The detection limit for these tests were 10 CFU/ml. Note that the 'error bars' in the '%
Reduction' column takes into account this detection limit.
Table 20: Kill rates for B. anthracis AMES-RIID spores in a solution of DF-200HF.
B. anthracis AMES-RID Average CFU/ml Log Reduction '% Reduction Control 1.21E+07 0 0.00 min contact NO 7 100 .00004 30 min contact NG 7 100 .00004 60 min contact NG 7 100 .00004 Table 21: Kill rates for B. anthracis ANR-1 spores in a solution of DF-200HF.
B. anthracis ANR-1 Average CFU/ml Log Reduction %
Reduction Control 6.42E+07 0 0/00 15 min contact NG 7 100 .00004 30 min contact NG 7 100 .00004 60 min contact NO 7 100 .00004 Table 22: Kill rates for Y. pestis cells in a solution of DF-200HF.
Y. pestis (ATCC 11953) Average CFU/ml Log Reduction %Reduction Control 1.33E+07 0 0.00 15 min contact NG 7 100 .00004 30 min contact NG 7 100 .00004 60 min contact NG 7 100 .00004 The petri dishes used for cell growth on each of these tests were saved for 21 days following the tests to verify that DF-200HF had actually killed the spores, rather than just inhibiting their growth. No growth on any of the petri dishes was observed after the 21-day period.
Toxic Industrial Chemicals Tests Usina DF-200HF
Several toxic industrial chemicals (TICs) have also been tested against DF-200HF. A
summary of the TICs tested to date and the results of those tests is shown in Table 23. Note that the results for malathion, butyl isocyanate, sodium cyanide, and carbon disulfide were obtained by analyzing for the unreacted chemical in foam solution, while the results for phosgene was obtained by analyzing for the chemical in the headspace above a foam solution. These results demonstrate very effective neutralization of these toxic industrial chemicals.
Table 23: Summary of Toxic Industrial Chemical (TIC) Neutralization Tests with DF-200HF.
TIC % Decontaminated 1 minute 15 minutes 60 minutes Malathion (liquid) 89 95 Below Detection Hydrogen Cyanide (gas) >99 >99 >99 Sodium Cyanide (solid) 93 98 >99 Butyl lsocyanate (liquid) 99 Below Detection Below Detection Carbon Disulfide (liquid) >99 >99 Below Detection Phosgene (gas) 98 >99 >99 The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the preceding examples.
Although the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to these preferred embodiments, other embodiments can achieve the same results.
Variations and modifications of the present invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art and it is intended to _ 54 cover in the appended claims all such modifications and equivalents.

Claims

THE EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION IN WHICH AN EXCLUSIVE PROPERTY
OR PRIVILEGE IS CLAIMED ARE DEFINED AS FOLLOWS:

1. A combination of ingredients for use in neutralization of at least one toxant, said combination of ingredients comprising:
at least two solubilizing compounds, wherein at least one solubilizing compound is a cationic surfactant and at least one solubilizing compound is a cationic hydrotrope;
at least one reactive compound, wherein said at least one reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxycarbonate, peracetic acid, sodium perborate, sodium peroxypyrophosphate, sodium peroxysilicate, and sodium percarbonate; and at least one bleaching activator selected from the group consisting of methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, and propylene glycol diacetate, and combinations thereof;
wherein said at least two solubilizing compounds, said at least one reactive compound, and said at least one bleaching activator, when mixed with water and exposed to the at least one toxant, neutralizes the at least one toxant.

2. The combination of ingredients according to claim 1 wherein said cationic surfactant is selected from the group consisting of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium salt, and a mixture of benzyl (C-12-C16) alkyldimethylammonium chlorides.

3. The combination of ingredients according to claim 1 further comprising a water-soluble polymer.

4. The combination of ingredients according to claim 3 wherein the water-soluble polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl alcohol, guar gum, (cationic or non-ionic) polydiallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, polyacrylamide, poly (ethylene oxide), glycerol, polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8000), and JAGUAR
8000.TM.
(Guar Gum 2-hydroxypropyl ether), and combinations thereof.

5. The combination of ingredients according to claim 1 further comprising a fatty alcohol comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule.

6. The combination of ingredients according to claim 1 further comprising a solvent.

7. The combination of ingredients according to claim 6 wherein the solvent comprises a member of the group consisting of Di(propylene glycol) methyl ethers diethylene glycol monobutyl ether and a combination thereof.

8. The combination of ingredients according to claim 1 further comprising a carbonate salt.

9. The combination of ingredients according to claim 8 wherein the carbonate salt is selected from the group consisting of potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium hydrogen bicarbonate, lithium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and combinations thereof.

10. The combination of ingredients according to claim 1 wherein said at least one bleaching activator is water-soluble.

11. The combination of ingredients according to claim 1 wherein said at least one bleaching activator is water-insoluble.

12. The combination of ingredients according to claim 1 wherein the combination of ingredients, when mixed with water, has a pH value between 9.6 and 9.8.

13. A combination of ingredients for use in neutralization of at least one toxant, said formulation comprising:
at least one cationic surfactant;
at least one reactive compound, wherein said at least one reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxycarbonate, peracetic acid, sodium perborate, sodium peroxypyrophosphate, sodium peroxysilicate, and sodium percarbonate;
at least one bleaching activator selected from the group consisting of methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, and propylene glycol diacetate, and combinations thereof; and at least one carbonate salt not one of the at least one reactive compounds;
wherein said at least one surfactant, said at least one reactive compound, said at least one bleaching activator, and said at least one carbonate salt, when mixed with water and exposed to the at least one toxant, neutralizes the at least one toxant.

14. The combination of ingredients according to claim 13 wherein the formulation, when mixed with water, has a pH value between 9.6 and 9.8.

15. The combination of ingredients according to claim 13 wherein said cationic surfactant comprises a quaternary ammonium salt.

16. The combination of ingredients according to claim 15 wherein said quaternary ammonium salt comprises benzalkonium chloride.

17. The combination of ingredients according to claim 13 wherein said at least one carbonate salt is selected from the group consisting potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium hydrogen bicarbonate, lithium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and combinations thereof.

18. The combination of ingredients according to claim 13 consisting of said at least one cationic surfactant, said at least one reactive compound, said at least one bleaching activator, and said at least one carbonate salt.

19. The combination of ingredients according to claim 13 wherein said at least one bleaching activator is water-soluble.

20. The combination of ingredients according to claim 1 packaged in a kit configuration.

21. The formulation according to claim 20 wherein said kit configuration comprises:
a premixed component comprising said at least two solubilizing agents;
a first component comprising said at least one bleaching activator; and a second component comprising said at least one reactive compound.

22. The formulation,according to claim 21 further comprising water and a base.

23. The formulation according to claim 21 wherein said premixed component additionally comprises a water-soluble polymer.

24. The formulation according to claim 21 wherein said premixed component additionally comprises a fatty alcohol comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule.

25. The formulation according to claim 21 wherein said at least one reactive compound comprises urea hydrogen peroxide and wherein said second component comprising said at least one reactive compound additionally comprises sodium percarbonate.

26. The formulation according to claim 21 wherein said premixed component additionally comprises isobutanol and isopropanol.

27. The formulation according to claim 20 wherein said kit configuration comprises:
a first premixed component comprising said at least two solubilizing agents and water; and a second premixed component comprising said at least one bleaching activator and said at least one reactive compound, wherein said at least one bleaching activator is in solid form.

28. The formulation according to claim 27 wherein said first premixed component additionally comprises an acid.

29. The formulation according to claim 27 wherein said at least one bleaching activator comprises acetylcholine chloride.

30. The formulation according to claim 27 wherein said at least one reactive compound comprises urea hydrogen peroxide.

31. The formulation according to claim 27 wherein said at least one bleaching activator is encapsulated to prevent premature reaction with said at least one reactive compound.

32. The formulation according to claim 20 wherein said kit configuration comprises:
a premixed component comprising said at least two solubilizing agents and said at least one bleaching activator; and a component comprising said at least one reactive compound.

33. The formulation according to claim 32 wherein said premixed component additionally comprises water and an acid.

34. The formulation according to claim 32 wherein said component comprising said at least one reactive compound comprises sodium percarbonate and additionally comprises an acid.

35. The formulation according to claim 32 wherein said at least one reactive compound comprises urea hydrogen peroxide and wherein said-component comprising said at least one reactive compound additionally comprises a mixture of potassium carbonate and potassium bicarbonate.

36. A formulation for use in neutralization of at least one toxant, said formulation comprising:
at least one cationic surfactant;
at least one reactive compound, wherein said at least one reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxycarbonate, peracetic acid, sodium peroxypyrophosphate, sodium peroxysilicate, and sodium percarbonate;
at least one water-soluble bleaching activator selected from the group consisting of methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol diacetate, acetylcholine chloride, monoacetin (glycerol monoacetate), 4-cyanobenzoic acid, propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, glycerol triacetate, propylene glycol diacetate, and combinations thereof; and wherein said at least one surfactant, said at least one reactive compound and said at least one water-soluble bleaching activator, when mixed with water and exposed to the at least one toxant, neutralizes the at least one toxant.

37. The formulation according to claim 36 wherein said cationic surfactant comprises a quaternary ammonium salt.

38. The formulation according to claim 37 wherein said quaternary ammonium salt comprises benzalkonium chloride.

39. The formulation according to claim 36 further comprising at least one carbonate salt.

40. The formulation according to claim 39 wherein said at least one carbonate salt is selected from the group consisting potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium hydrogen bicarbonate, lithium bicarbonate, ammonium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and combinations thereof.

41. The formulation according to claim 36 wherein the formulation, when mixed with water, has a pH value between 9.6 and 9.8.

42. The formulation according to claim 36 consisting of said at least one cationic surfactant, said at least one reactive compound, and said at least one water-soluble bleaching activator.

43. The formulation according to claim 1 consisting of:
1-10% benzalkonium chloride;
1-8% propylene glycol diacetate;
1-16% hydrogen peroxide; and 2-8% potassium bicarbonate.

44. A
formulation for use in neutralization of at least one toxant, said formulation comprising:
at least one solubilizing compound, selected from the group consisting of a cationic hydrotrope and a fatty alcohol comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule;
at least one reactive compound, wherein said at least one reactive compound is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen peroxide, urea hydrogen peroxide, hydroperoxycarbonate, peracetic acid, sodium perborate, sodium peroxypyrophosphate, sodium peroxysilicate, and sodium percarbonate; and at least one bleaching activator selected from the group consisting of methyl acetate, dimethyl glutarate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, propylene glycol diacetate and combinations thereof;
wherein said at least one solubilizing compound, said at least one reactive compound, and said at least one bleaching activator, when mixed with water and exposed to the at least one toxant, neutralizes the at least one toxant.