CA2451610C - Method for manufacturing gaseous diffusion electrodes - Google Patents
Method for manufacturing gaseous diffusion electrodes Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CA2451610C CA2451610C CA2451610A CA2451610A CA2451610C CA 2451610 C CA2451610 C CA 2451610C CA 2451610 A CA2451610 A CA 2451610A CA 2451610 A CA2451610 A CA 2451610A CA 2451610 C CA2451610 C CA 2451610C
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- silver
- band
- calender
- dimension
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8896—Pressing, rolling, calendering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8878—Treatment steps after deposition of the catalytic active composition or after shaping of the electrode being free-standing body
- H01M4/8882—Heat treatment, e.g. drying, baking
- H01M4/8885—Sintering or firing
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/08—Fuel cells with aqueous electrolytes
- H01M8/083—Alkaline fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE10130441A DE10130441B4 (de) | 2001-06-23 | 2001-06-23 | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gasdiffusionselektroden |
| DE10130441.2 | 2001-06-23 | ||
| PCT/EP2002/006706 WO2003004726A2 (de) | 2001-06-23 | 2002-06-18 | Verfahren zum herstellen von gasdiffusionselektroden |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2451610A1 CA2451610A1 (en) | 2003-01-16 |
| CA2451610C true CA2451610C (en) | 2010-11-09 |
Family
ID=7689282
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA2451610A Expired - Fee Related CA2451610C (en) | 2001-06-23 | 2002-06-18 | Method for manufacturing gaseous diffusion electrodes |
Country Status (12)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US7226885B2 (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP1402587B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JP2004533544A (enExample) |
| KR (1) | KR100855922B1 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN1272865C (enExample) |
| AT (1) | ATE279023T1 (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU2002325243A1 (enExample) |
| BR (1) | BR0210536B1 (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2451610C (enExample) |
| DE (2) | DE10130441B4 (enExample) |
| RU (1) | RU2290454C2 (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2003004726A2 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (21)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE10130441B4 (de) * | 2001-06-23 | 2005-01-05 | Uhde Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gasdiffusionselektroden |
| TW558833B (en) * | 2002-09-09 | 2003-10-21 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Gas diffusion electrode and the method for making the same |
| DE102004034885A1 (de) * | 2004-07-19 | 2006-02-16 | Uhde Gmbh | Silber-Gasdiffusionselektrode für den Einsatz in CO2-haltiger Luft |
| KR100682862B1 (ko) * | 2005-01-11 | 2007-02-15 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 전기 화학 전지용 전극, 그 제조 방법 및 이를 채용한전기 화학 전지 |
| DE102005023615A1 (de) | 2005-05-21 | 2006-11-23 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Gasdiffusionselektroden |
| ITMI20060726A1 (it) * | 2006-04-12 | 2007-10-13 | De Nora Elettrodi S P A | Elettrodo a diffusione gassosa per celle a percolazione di elettrolita |
| CN101191237B (zh) * | 2006-11-29 | 2010-04-14 | 中国石油天然气集团公司 | 一种制氢储氢一体化电极制备方法 |
| KR101160853B1 (ko) | 2009-12-18 | 2012-07-02 | 주식회사 미트 | 면상발열체 시트 제조장치 및 그의 제조방법 |
| CN101774666B (zh) * | 2010-01-29 | 2011-12-21 | 北京化工大学 | 一种2-乙基蒽醌改性气体扩散电极及其制备方法 |
| DE102010030203A1 (de) * | 2010-06-17 | 2011-12-22 | Bayer Materialscience Ag | Gasdiffusionselektrode und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| DE102010039846A1 (de) | 2010-08-26 | 2012-03-01 | Bayer Materialscience Aktiengesellschaft | Sauerstoffverzehrelektrode und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| DE102011008163A1 (de) | 2011-01-10 | 2012-07-12 | Bayer Material Science Ag | Beschichtung für metallische Zellelement-Werkstoffe einer Elektrolysezelle |
| DE102011005454A1 (de) * | 2011-03-11 | 2012-09-13 | Bayer Materialscience Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Sauerstoffverzehrelektroden |
| EP2573213B1 (de) * | 2011-09-23 | 2017-10-25 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Sauerstoffverzehrelektrode und verfahren zu ihrer herstellung |
| CN102517602B (zh) * | 2011-12-29 | 2014-10-29 | 北京化工大学 | 一种气体扩散电极的明胶造孔方法 |
| AU2013328267B2 (en) | 2012-10-09 | 2018-06-28 | Phinergy Ltd | Electrode assembly and method for its preparation |
| DE102015215309A1 (de) | 2015-08-11 | 2017-02-16 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Präparationstechnik von kohlenwasserstoffselektiven Gasdiffusionselektroden basierend auf Cu-haltigen-Katalysatoren |
| DE102017209960A1 (de) | 2017-06-13 | 2018-12-13 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen einer Elektrode, insbesondere für eine Batterie |
| DE102018211189A1 (de) * | 2018-07-06 | 2020-01-09 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Elektrodenmaterialbandes |
| DE102019203373A1 (de) | 2019-03-13 | 2020-09-17 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Gasdiffusionslage für eine Brennstoffzelle und Brennstoffzelle |
| DE102022004678A1 (de) | 2022-12-13 | 2024-06-13 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Verfahren zur Elektrolyse von Kohlendioxid mit Vorreduktion einer Silberoxid-enthaltenden Gasdiffusionselektrode |
Family Cites Families (34)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1546728C3 (de) | 1965-09-18 | 1975-07-17 | Varta Batterie Ag, 3000 Hannover | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines silberhaltigen pulverförmiger! Katalysators für Sauerstoffelektroden |
| US3502509A (en) * | 1966-05-23 | 1970-03-24 | Allis Chalmers Mfg Co | Silver catalyzed fuel cell electrode |
| US3505129A (en) | 1967-01-16 | 1970-04-07 | Hooker Chemical Corp | Chemical coating process for metal |
| US3668101A (en) * | 1968-07-22 | 1972-06-06 | Nat Res Dev | Membrane electrodes and cells |
| US3553032A (en) * | 1969-01-21 | 1971-01-05 | Sony Corp | Method of making a fuel cell electrode by thermal decomposition of silver carbonate |
| FR2049151A7 (en) | 1969-06-04 | 1971-03-26 | United Aircraft Corp | Silver mercury catalyst for fuel cell cath- - ode |
| US3930094A (en) * | 1972-08-31 | 1975-12-30 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Hydrophobic mats for gas diffusion electrodes |
| JPS5738185A (en) * | 1980-08-20 | 1982-03-02 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Ink jet recording paper |
| JPS6044786B2 (ja) * | 1980-10-30 | 1985-10-05 | 日本電池株式会社 | ガス拡散電極 |
| US4500647A (en) * | 1980-10-31 | 1985-02-19 | Diamond Shamrock Chemicals Company | Three layer laminated matrix electrode |
| US4370284A (en) * | 1980-10-31 | 1983-01-25 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Non-bleeding electrode |
| US4518705A (en) * | 1980-10-31 | 1985-05-21 | Eltech Systems Corporation | Three layer laminate |
| US4357262A (en) * | 1980-10-31 | 1982-11-02 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Electrode layer treating process |
| DE3303779A1 (de) | 1983-02-04 | 1984-08-16 | Hoechst Ag, 6230 Frankfurt | Verfahren zur herstellung eines katalytisch wirksamen elektrodenmaterials fuer sauerstoffverzehr-elektroden |
| DE3331699C2 (de) * | 1983-09-02 | 1985-10-31 | Accumulatorenwerke Hoppecke Carl Zoellner & Sohn GmbH & Co KG, 5790 Brilon | Sauerstoffelektrode für alkalische galvanische Elemente und Verfahren ihrer Herstellung |
| DE3342969A1 (de) | 1983-11-28 | 1985-06-05 | Varta Batterie Ag, 3000 Hannover | Poroese gaselektrode |
| US4585711A (en) * | 1983-12-15 | 1986-04-29 | Communications Satellite Corporation | Hydrogen electrode for a fuel cell |
| DE3437472A1 (de) * | 1984-10-12 | 1986-04-24 | Varta Batterie Ag, 3000 Hannover | Verfahren zur herstellung von gasdiffusionselektroden-koerpern |
| US4568442A (en) * | 1985-02-01 | 1986-02-04 | The Dow Chemical Company | Gas diffusion composite electrode having polymeric binder coated carbon layer |
| NL8502435A (nl) | 1985-09-05 | 1987-04-01 | Electrochem Energieconversie | Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een katalytische laag voor een brandstofcelelectrode en een dergelijke katalytische laag. |
| EP0241432B1 (en) * | 1986-03-07 | 1993-08-11 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo K.K. | Gas permeable electrode |
| JPH0719608B2 (ja) * | 1986-06-05 | 1995-03-06 | 電気化学工業株式会社 | ガス拡散電極用材料の製造方法 |
| DE3710168A1 (de) | 1987-03-27 | 1988-10-13 | Varta Batterie | Verfahren zur herstellung einer kunststoffgebundenen gasdiffusionselektrode mit metallischen elektrokatalysatoren |
| JPH03112056A (ja) * | 1989-09-27 | 1991-05-13 | Toshiba Corp | 電池用ガス拡散電極 |
| JPH04118859A (ja) * | 1990-09-10 | 1992-04-20 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | リン酸型燃料電池の製造方法 |
| CA2077474A1 (en) * | 1992-02-21 | 1993-08-22 | Carl W. Townsend | Dual porosity gas evolving electrode |
| JPH07176310A (ja) * | 1993-12-20 | 1995-07-14 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 電極及びその電極とイオン交換膜との接合体 |
| JP3481010B2 (ja) * | 1995-05-30 | 2003-12-22 | ジャパンゴアテックス株式会社 | 高分子固体電解質膜/電極一体成形体及びその製法 |
| DE19611510A1 (de) * | 1996-03-23 | 1997-09-25 | Degussa | Gasdiffusionselektrode für Membranbrennstoffzellen und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| JPH10208757A (ja) * | 1997-01-20 | 1998-08-07 | Fuji Electric Co Ltd | 燃料電池発電装置 |
| JPH1140168A (ja) * | 1997-07-15 | 1999-02-12 | Jatco Corp | ガス拡散電極及び該ガス拡散電極を用いた燃料電池 |
| JP2909539B1 (ja) * | 1998-05-29 | 1999-06-23 | 長一 古屋 | ガス拡散電極 |
| RU2152670C1 (ru) * | 1999-10-29 | 2000-07-10 | Серопян Георгий Ваграмович | Газодиффузионный электрод и способ его изготовления |
| DE10130441B4 (de) * | 2001-06-23 | 2005-01-05 | Uhde Gmbh | Verfahren zum Herstellen von Gasdiffusionselektroden |
-
2001
- 2001-06-23 DE DE10130441A patent/DE10130441B4/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2002
- 2002-06-18 EP EP02758237A patent/EP1402587B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-18 AU AU2002325243A patent/AU2002325243A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-06-18 AT AT02758237T patent/ATE279023T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-06-18 RU RU2004101764/15A patent/RU2290454C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-06-18 BR BRPI0210536-5A patent/BR0210536B1/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-06-18 DE DE50201245T patent/DE50201245D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-18 KR KR1020037015632A patent/KR100855922B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-06-18 US US10/481,775 patent/US7226885B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2002-06-18 JP JP2003510479A patent/JP2004533544A/ja active Pending
- 2002-06-18 WO PCT/EP2002/006706 patent/WO2003004726A2/de not_active Ceased
- 2002-06-18 CN CNB028123433A patent/CN1272865C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2002-06-18 CA CA2451610A patent/CA2451610C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP1402587B1 (de) | 2004-10-06 |
| JP2004533544A (ja) | 2004-11-04 |
| BR0210536B1 (pt) | 2012-01-24 |
| KR100855922B1 (ko) | 2008-09-02 |
| US20040152588A1 (en) | 2004-08-05 |
| WO2003004726A3 (de) | 2003-10-02 |
| WO2003004726A2 (de) | 2003-01-16 |
| DE50201245D1 (de) | 2004-11-11 |
| CN1272865C (zh) | 2006-08-30 |
| RU2290454C2 (ru) | 2006-12-27 |
| DE10130441A1 (de) | 2003-03-27 |
| KR20040020910A (ko) | 2004-03-09 |
| CN1526179A (zh) | 2004-09-01 |
| US7226885B2 (en) | 2007-06-05 |
| DE10130441B4 (de) | 2005-01-05 |
| ATE279023T1 (de) | 2004-10-15 |
| HK1065647A1 (en) | 2005-02-25 |
| CA2451610A1 (en) | 2003-01-16 |
| BR0210536A (pt) | 2004-06-22 |
| AU2002325243A1 (en) | 2003-01-21 |
| RU2004101764A (ru) | 2005-06-10 |
| EP1402587A2 (de) | 2004-03-31 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| CA2451610C (en) | Method for manufacturing gaseous diffusion electrodes | |
| US4127468A (en) | Process for preparing a metal electrode | |
| Shahrokhian et al. | Vertically standing Cu2O nanosheets promoted flower-like PtPd nanostructures supported on reduced graphene oxide for methanol electro-oxidation | |
| US20190032231A1 (en) | Metal-containing cluster catalyst, and electrode for carbon dioxide reduction and carbon dioxide reduction apparatus including the same | |
| Kostowskyj et al. | Silver nanowire catalysts for alkaline fuel cells | |
| KR20000058668A (ko) | 연료전지용 탄소 지지체에 직접 촉매를 코팅하는 방법 및그 방법에 의하여 제조된 전극 | |
| Hernandez-Saravia et al. | Fabrication of nanoporous gold-islands via hydrogen bubble template: An efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions | |
| KR100742698B1 (ko) | 코팅된 촉매 재료 | |
| US20120329642A1 (en) | Platinum-palladium catalyst with intermediate layer | |
| CN103938014A (zh) | 一种准晶脱合金化制备的纳米多孔Pd材料及其制备工艺 | |
| Lee et al. | Pulsed laser-driven green synthesis of trimetallic AuPtCu nanoalloys for formic acid electro-oxidation in acidic environment | |
| Ávila-Bolívar et al. | On the activity and stability of Sb2O3/Sb nanoparticles for the electroreduction of CO2 toward formate | |
| Brandiele et al. | Laser-optimized Pt-Y alloy nanoparticles embedded in Pt-Y oxide matrix for high stability and ORR electrocatalytic activity | |
| Oshchepkov et al. | Metal–metal (hydr) oxide heterostructures for electrocatalysis of hydrogen electrode reactions | |
| US3429751A (en) | Electrolytically dissolving one alloy component from a raney-type alloy encased in a porous inert material | |
| US20080292944A1 (en) | Silver Gas Diffusion Electrode for Use in Air Containing Co2, and Method for the Production Thereof | |
| Xie et al. | Facile construction of core-shell AuPd nanochain networks in one-pot for ethanol oxidation | |
| Yongprapat et al. | The enhanced activity of AuAg/C nanonetwork catalysts for glycerol electrooxidation by small amounts of Pd | |
| El-Nagar et al. | Electrocatalysis of formic acid electro-oxidation at platinum nanoparticles modified surfaces with nickel and cobalt oxides nanostructured | |
| Savinova et al. | Copper colloids stabilized by water-soluble polymers: Part II. Their application as catalysts for dihydrogen evolution | |
| RU2075800C1 (ru) | Герметичный щелочной химический источник тока | |
| Yi et al. | Hydrothermal synthesis of titanium-supported nanoporous palladium–copper electrocatalysts for formic acid oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction | |
| RU216310U1 (ru) | Водородный электрод из тонкой палладиевой пленки модифицированной наночастицами ядро-оболочка | |
| HK1065647B (zh) | 制备气体扩散电极的方法 | |
| Holade et al. | Efficient Design and Fabrication of Porous Metallic Electrocatalysts |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| MKLA | Lapsed |
Effective date: 20170619 |