CA2042367A1 - Welding muff and process for manufacturing it - Google Patents
Welding muff and process for manufacturing itInfo
- Publication number
- CA2042367A1 CA2042367A1 CA002042367A CA2042367A CA2042367A1 CA 2042367 A1 CA2042367 A1 CA 2042367A1 CA 002042367 A CA002042367 A CA 002042367A CA 2042367 A CA2042367 A CA 2042367A CA 2042367 A1 CA2042367 A1 CA 2042367A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- muff
- welding
- reinforcement layer
- muff body
- thermoplastic material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 24
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 3
- -1 such as Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000905957 Channa melasoma Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101150057388 Reln gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
- B29D23/00—Producing tubular articles
- B29D23/001—Pipes; Pipe joints
- B29D23/003—Pipe joints, e.g. straight joints
- B29D23/005—Pipe joints, e.g. straight joints provided with electrical wiring
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/342—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising at least a single wire, e.g. in the form of a winding
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
- B29C65/3476—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being metallic
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
- B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
- B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
- B29C66/5221—Joining tubular articles for forming coaxial connections, i.e. the tubular articles to be joined forming a zero angle relative to each other
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
- B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
- B29C66/5229—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
- B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
- B29C66/5229—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket
- B29C66/52295—Joining tubular articles involving the use of a socket said socket comprising reinforcements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16L47/00—Connecting arrangements or other fittings specially adapted to be made of plastics or to be used with pipes made of plastics
- F16L47/02—Welded joints; Adhesive joints
- F16L47/03—Welded joints with an electrical resistance incorporated in the joint
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
- B29C65/3468—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the means for supplying heat to said heated elements which remain in the join, e.g. special electrical connectors of windings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
- B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
- B29C66/7212—Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the composition of the fibres
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Branch Pipes, Bends, And The Like (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Extrusion Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Ropes Or Cables (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEP3932807.4 | 1989-09-30 | ||
| DE3932807A DE3932807C1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1989-09-30 | 1989-09-30 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2042367A1 true CA2042367A1 (en) | 1991-03-31 |
Family
ID=6390640
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002042367A Abandoned CA2042367A1 (en) | 1989-09-30 | 1990-09-13 | Welding muff and process for manufacturing it |
Country Status (15)
Families Citing this family (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE4203626C2 (de) * | 1992-02-08 | 1993-11-04 | Fischer Georg Rohrleitung | Schweissmuffe und verfahren zu deren herstellung |
| DE4307704A1 (de) * | 1993-03-11 | 1994-09-15 | Wilhelm Hegler | Verfahren zum Verschweißen von aus thermoplastischem Kunststoff bestehenden Rohrstücken |
| EP0635354A1 (de) * | 1993-07-23 | 1995-01-25 | Streng Plastic AG | Elektro-Schweissmuffe |
| CA2255917A1 (en) * | 1996-06-25 | 1997-12-31 | Uponor Bv | Electrofusion fitting |
| DE19807950A1 (de) | 1998-02-25 | 1999-09-09 | Merle | Heizwendelfitting mit Schrumpfmantel |
| NL1009169C2 (nl) | 1998-05-14 | 1999-11-16 | Polva Pipelife Bv | Lasmofverbinding voor hogedrukleiding. |
| US6406063B1 (en) * | 1999-07-16 | 2002-06-18 | Fina Research, S.A. | Pipe fittings |
| RU2245481C1 (ru) * | 2003-07-23 | 2005-01-27 | Осипов Алексей Петрович | Соединение полимерных армированных труб |
| RU2271492C2 (ru) * | 2004-01-21 | 2006-03-10 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Полимак" (ЗАО "Полимак") | Полимерный трубопровод |
| RU2263843C1 (ru) * | 2004-02-16 | 2005-11-10 | Осипов Алексей Петрович | Соединение полимерных труб |
| WO2005105407A1 (de) * | 2004-04-28 | 2005-11-10 | Henry Technologies Gmbh | Verfahren zur herstellung einer hochdruck-rohrverbindung |
| RU2282781C2 (ru) * | 2005-01-11 | 2006-08-27 | ЗАО "МосФлоулайн" | Способ выполнения стыка трубопроводов в полимерной оболочке и устройство для его осуществления |
| RU2294478C1 (ru) * | 2005-06-29 | 2007-02-27 | Алексей Петрович Осипов | Муфта для соединения полимерных армированных труб |
| RU2300691C2 (ru) * | 2005-07-25 | 2007-06-10 | Закрытое акционерное общество "Полимак" (ЗАО "Полимак") | Неразъемное соединение труб из армированного термопласта и способ его осуществления |
| WO2013071448A1 (en) * | 2011-11-16 | 2013-05-23 | Flexpipe Systems Inc. | Connection for a thermoplastic pipe, assembly and method |
| WO2013120201A1 (en) * | 2012-02-17 | 2013-08-22 | 8193053 Canada Ltd. | Pipe, pipe connection and pipeline system |
| RU2611549C1 (ru) * | 2015-10-19 | 2017-02-28 | Закрытое акционерное общество "СМИТ-ГРУПП" | Стыковое соединение изолированных труб или фасонных изделий |
| CN111219559A (zh) * | 2019-10-29 | 2020-06-02 | 浙江庆发管业科技有限公司 | 高压油气管道用pe复合电熔管件及其制造方法 |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB698488A (en) * | 1950-06-09 | 1953-10-14 | Trist & Co Ltd Ronald | Improvements relating to oil seals and like packing members |
| GB829179A (en) * | 1957-01-09 | 1960-02-24 | Union Carbide Corp | Plastic conduit joint |
| GB1121850A (en) * | 1964-11-14 | 1968-07-31 | Furukawa Electric Co Ltd | A jointing method of pipe shaped plastics and the jointing materials |
| NL6601024A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1966-01-27 | 1967-07-28 | ||
| DE3540193C1 (de) * | 1985-11-13 | 1987-04-23 | Friedrichsfeld Gmbh | Elektro-Schweissfitting oder Schweissmuffe |
| CH671444A5 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) * | 1986-06-25 | 1989-08-31 | Fischer Ag Georg | |
| FR2606487B1 (fr) * | 1986-11-07 | 1989-03-10 | Silix | Tubes a base de resine polyolefinique pour la realisation de canalisations, manchons pour leur assemblage et procede pour leur fabrication |
| GB8805911D0 (en) * | 1988-03-12 | 1988-04-13 | Victaulic Plc | Process for jointing of polyolefin bodies |
| US5150922A (en) * | 1989-01-11 | 1992-09-29 | Osaka Gas Co., Ltd. | Electrofusion joint and hot water supply header using the same |
-
1989
- 1989-09-30 DE DE3932807A patent/DE3932807C1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1990
- 1990-09-11 YU YU172090A patent/YU172090A/sh unknown
- 1990-09-13 AU AU62794/90A patent/AU6279490A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-09-13 EP EP90912857A patent/EP0446314A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-09-13 FI FI912498A patent/FI912498A0/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-09-13 CA CA002042367A patent/CA2042367A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-09-13 HU HU8976A patent/HUT58600A/hu unknown
- 1990-09-13 BR BR909006940A patent/BR9006940A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-09-13 WO PCT/CH1990/000218 patent/WO1991004845A1/de not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-09-13 JP JP2511969A patent/JPH04501986A/ja active Pending
- 1990-09-18 GR GR900100705A patent/GR900100705A/el unknown
- 1990-09-28 PT PT95460A patent/PT95460A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-09-28 PL PL28710190A patent/PL287101A1/xx unknown
- 1990-09-28 CS CS904733A patent/CS473390A3/cs unknown
-
1991
- 1991-05-29 NO NO91912066A patent/NO912066L/no unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CS473390A3 (en) | 1992-01-15 |
| AU6279490A (en) | 1991-04-28 |
| YU172090A (sh) | 1992-09-07 |
| NO912066D0 (no) | 1991-05-29 |
| WO1991004845A1 (de) | 1991-04-18 |
| BR9006940A (pt) | 1991-10-08 |
| HU907689D0 (en) | 1991-08-28 |
| FI912498A7 (fi) | 1991-05-23 |
| HUT58600A (en) | 1992-03-30 |
| PT95460A (pt) | 1992-06-30 |
| NO912066L (no) | 1991-05-29 |
| JPH04501986A (ja) | 1992-04-09 |
| GR900100705A (el) | 1992-01-20 |
| FI912498A0 (fi) | 1991-05-23 |
| PL287101A1 (en) | 1991-06-03 |
| DE3932807C1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1991-05-02 |
| EP0446314A1 (de) | 1991-09-18 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| EEER | Examination request | ||
| FZDE | Discontinued |