BR9000291A - Processo de moldagem por injecao de preformas multiplas de material plastico em multiplas camadas e aparelho para moldagem por injecao de material plastico - Google Patents
Processo de moldagem por injecao de preformas multiplas de material plastico em multiplas camadas e aparelho para moldagem por injecao de material plasticoInfo
- Publication number
- BR9000291A BR9000291A BR909000291A BR9000291A BR9000291A BR 9000291 A BR9000291 A BR 9000291A BR 909000291 A BR909000291 A BR 909000291A BR 9000291 A BR9000291 A BR 9000291A BR 9000291 A BR9000291 A BR 9000291A
- Authority
- BR
- Brazil
- Prior art keywords
- injection molding
- plastic material
- appliance
- molding process
- preforms
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/76—Measuring, controlling or regulating
- B29C45/77—Measuring, controlling or regulating of velocity or pressure of moulding material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/16—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
- B29C45/1642—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles having a "sandwich" structure
- B29C45/1646—Injecting parison-like articles
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/16—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
- B29C45/1642—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles having a "sandwich" structure
- B29C45/1643—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles having a "sandwich" structure from at least three different materials or with at least four layers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/16—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
- B29C45/1642—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles having a "sandwich" structure
- B29C45/1646—Injecting parison-like articles
- B29C2045/1648—Injecting parison-like articles the parison core layer being a barrier material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/16—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles
- B29C45/1642—Making multilayered or multicoloured articles having a "sandwich" structure
- B29C2045/1656—Injecting the skin material through the central passage of the multiway nozzle
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
- B29C2949/07—Preforms or parisons characterised by their configuration
- B29C2949/081—Specified dimensions, e.g. values or ranges
- B29C2949/0811—Wall thickness
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
- B29C2949/07—Preforms or parisons characterised by their configuration
- B29C2949/081—Specified dimensions, e.g. values or ranges
- B29C2949/0811—Wall thickness
- B29C2949/0819—Wall thickness of a layer
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/25—Solid
- B29K2105/253—Preform
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US07/301,066 US4990301A (en) | 1989-01-25 | 1989-01-25 | Method and apparatus for injection molding of multilayer preforms |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
BR9000291A true BR9000291A (pt) | 1990-11-27 |
Family
ID=23161782
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
BR909000291A BR9000291A (pt) | 1989-01-25 | 1990-01-24 | Processo de moldagem por injecao de preformas multiplas de material plastico em multiplas camadas e aparelho para moldagem por injecao de material plastico |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4990301A (pt) |
EP (1) | EP0380215A3 (pt) |
JP (1) | JPH02235607A (pt) |
KR (1) | KR900011553A (pt) |
CN (1) | CN1044430A (pt) |
AU (1) | AU4873390A (pt) |
BR (1) | BR9000291A (pt) |
CA (1) | CA2008266A1 (pt) |
Families Citing this family (59)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5167896A (en) * | 1991-01-16 | 1992-12-01 | Kyowa Electric & Chemical Co., Ltd. | Method of manufacturing a front cabinet for use with a display |
JP2918211B2 (ja) * | 1992-11-04 | 1999-07-12 | 河西工業株式会社 | モールドプレス成形方法および成形装置 |
US5474735A (en) * | 1993-09-24 | 1995-12-12 | Continental Pet Technologies, Inc. | Pulse blow method for forming container with enhanced thermal stability |
US5582788A (en) * | 1994-12-28 | 1996-12-10 | Continental Pet Technologies, Inc. | Method of cooling multilayer preforms |
US5662856A (en) * | 1995-07-12 | 1997-09-02 | Imesco, Inc. | Low-pressure method for the preparation of hollow plastic articles |
NL1001417C2 (nl) * | 1995-10-13 | 1997-04-15 | Inter Tooling Services Bv | Inrichting voor het vervaardigen van holle kunststof voorwerpen. |
US5899500A (en) * | 1996-04-09 | 1999-05-04 | Ventra Group, Inc. | Staged coinjection molding process for producing variably flexible articles |
DE19617349C1 (de) | 1996-04-30 | 1997-09-04 | Hans Kuehn | Spritzgießverfahren zur Herstellung von mehrschichtigen Kunststofftuben |
DE19640662C1 (de) * | 1996-10-02 | 1998-03-05 | Krupp Ag Hoesch Krupp | Verfahren zum Spritzgießen von dreischichtigen Spritzlingen und Vorrichtung für die Durchführung des Verfahrens |
US5792397A (en) * | 1996-10-08 | 1998-08-11 | Ritchey; Eugene B. | Method of injection molding |
US5840228A (en) * | 1996-10-08 | 1998-11-24 | Ritchey; Eugene B. | Method of creating indicia on a molded article |
CA2230768C (en) * | 1997-02-28 | 2007-02-13 | John W. Safian | Multilayer container package |
ATE235360T1 (de) * | 1997-06-27 | 2003-04-15 | Altoplast Ag | Verfahren zum herstellen eines vorformlings sowie vorformling zum blasformen eines behälters |
EP0887169A1 (de) * | 1997-06-27 | 1998-12-30 | Altoplast AG | Verfahren zum Herstellen eines mehrschichtigen Vorformlings und nach dem Verfahren hergestellter Vorformling |
US6123211A (en) | 1997-10-14 | 2000-09-26 | American National Can Company | Multilayer plastic container and method of making the same |
CA2219257C (en) * | 1997-10-23 | 2005-05-31 | Mold-Masters Limited | Sprue gated five layer injection molding apparatus |
CA2219247C (en) * | 1997-10-23 | 2006-12-05 | Mold-Masters Limited | Injection molding apparatus having a melt bore through the front end of the pin |
CH692573A5 (de) * | 1997-11-04 | 2002-08-15 | Otto Hofstetter Ag Werkzeug Un | Verfahren zur Herstellung von mehrschichtigen Vorformlingen. |
DE69929055T2 (de) | 1998-05-01 | 2006-07-20 | Duramed Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cincinnati | Verfahren zur spritzgussherstellung von vorrichtungen mit kontrollierter wirkstofffreisetzung und damit hergestellte vorrichtung |
US6305563B1 (en) | 1999-01-12 | 2001-10-23 | Aptargroup, Inc, | One-piece dispensing structure and method and apparatus for making same |
US6440350B1 (en) | 1999-03-18 | 2002-08-27 | Mold-Masters Limited | Apparatus and method for multi-layer injection molding |
US6655945B1 (en) | 1999-03-18 | 2003-12-02 | Mold Masters Limited | Apparatus and method for multi-layer injection molding |
US6398537B2 (en) | 1999-04-02 | 2002-06-04 | Mold-Masters Limited | Shuttle system for an apparatus for injection molding |
US6196826B1 (en) | 1999-05-28 | 2001-03-06 | Mold-Masters Limited | Seepage system for an injection molding apparatus |
US6428727B1 (en) * | 2000-02-17 | 2002-08-06 | The Elizabeth And Sandor Valyi Foundation, Inc. | Process and apparatus for preparing a molded article |
CA2426276C (en) * | 2000-10-19 | 2008-02-19 | Teijin Limited | Multi-layered preform and production process therefor |
US6334774B1 (en) | 2000-11-24 | 2002-01-01 | Phillip Mark | Flow through applicator with resilient tip |
US6596213B2 (en) * | 2001-04-06 | 2003-07-22 | Kortec, Inc. | Method of molding multi-layer polymer plastic articles with control of relative shifting of the core layer |
KR20030006583A (ko) * | 2001-07-13 | 2003-01-23 | 주식회사 천경 | 다층벽 구조를 갖는 용기와 그 제조방법 및 장치 |
US7033656B2 (en) * | 2002-04-12 | 2006-04-25 | Graham Packaging Pet Technologies, Inc. | Graded crystallization of container finishes |
US7491359B2 (en) * | 2003-10-16 | 2009-02-17 | Graham Packaging Pet Technologies Inc. | Delamination-resistant multilayer container, preform, article and method of manufacture |
US7510387B2 (en) * | 2004-06-30 | 2009-03-31 | Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. | Control system for dynamic feed coinjection process |
BE1016289A3 (nl) * | 2004-08-06 | 2006-07-04 | Resilux | Preform voor het blaasvormen van een houder en werkwijze voor het vervaardigen hiervan. |
RS53852B1 (en) | 2004-08-06 | 2015-08-31 | Resilux | REVISED TOBACCO CASTING ELEMENT |
BRPI0518849A2 (pt) * | 2004-12-06 | 2008-12-09 | Eastman Chem Co | concentrado sàlido, processos para a produÇço de uma prÉ-forma, e para a secagem de partÍculas, e, concentrado de polÍmero de poliÉster |
US7462319B2 (en) * | 2004-12-13 | 2008-12-09 | Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd | Injection molding machine apparatus and method with moving platen injection and ejection actuation |
US7651644B2 (en) * | 2006-05-31 | 2010-01-26 | Graham Packaging Company, Lp | Controlling delivery of polymer material in a sequential injection molding process |
US20080093772A1 (en) * | 2006-10-06 | 2008-04-24 | Graham Packing Company, Lp | Method and apparatus for delivering sequential shots to multiple cavities to form multilayer articles |
BE1018460A5 (nl) | 2008-02-12 | 2010-12-07 | Resilux | Kleurvoorvorm en werkwijze voor het vervaardigen hiervan tot een polychromatische kunststofbehouder. |
CN101722624B (zh) * | 2008-10-31 | 2013-05-15 | 东莞市鑫艺来塑胶制品有限公司 | 多色复合组装tpu注塑成型工艺 |
PT2544870T (pt) | 2010-03-08 | 2018-08-10 | Milacron Llc | Métodos de moldagem de artigos poliméricos de várias camadas com controlo sobre a penetração da camada central |
US8822001B2 (en) | 2010-04-27 | 2014-09-02 | Graham Packaging Company, L.P. | Delamination resistant multilayer containers |
PT2593285T (pt) | 2010-07-16 | 2019-04-18 | Milacron Llc | Melhoria da impermeabilidade ao gás em recipientes moldados por injeção |
CN103347672B (zh) | 2010-11-24 | 2016-02-17 | 考泰克公司 | 热密封不良状况防止方法和制品 |
BE1019981A5 (nl) | 2011-05-18 | 2013-03-05 | Resilux | Holle voorwerpen, i.h.b. kunststofvoorvormen, res.-behouders, met een barrierelaag en spuitgietwerkwijze, resp. inrichting voor het vervaardigen ervan. |
US9511526B2 (en) | 2011-08-23 | 2016-12-06 | Milacron Llc | Methods and systems for the preparation of molded plastic articles having a structural barrier layer |
US8491290B2 (en) | 2011-10-21 | 2013-07-23 | Kortec, Inc. | Apparatus for producing non-symmetric multiple layer injection molded products |
JP5817077B2 (ja) * | 2011-11-17 | 2015-11-18 | 株式会社吉野工業所 | 射出成形方法 |
WO2014152014A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-25 | Kortec, Inc. | Methods and systems for the preparation of molded plastic articles having a structural barrier layer |
JP2015016661A (ja) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-29 | 日精樹脂工業株式会社 | ホットランナーノズルとこのホットランナーノズルを用いた多層成形品成形用の金型、このホットランナーノズルを用いた金型への溶融樹脂送り込み方法、このホットランナーノズルを用いた多層成形方法 |
WO2015006757A1 (en) * | 2013-07-12 | 2015-01-15 | Plastipak Packaging, Inc. | Co-injection method, preform, and container |
CN104354272A (zh) * | 2014-10-28 | 2015-02-18 | 苏州广型模具有限公司 | 可自动控制流量的双浇口注塑模具 |
JP5910953B2 (ja) * | 2015-03-05 | 2016-04-27 | 株式会社吉野工業所 | プリフォームの射出成形方法 |
WO2018152621A1 (en) * | 2017-02-21 | 2018-08-30 | Husky Injection Modling Systems Ltd. | Co-injection hot runner nozzle |
WO2018209429A1 (en) * | 2017-05-17 | 2018-11-22 | Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. | Method of and apparatus for producing thin-walled molded containers |
CA3151840A1 (en) * | 2019-09-19 | 2021-03-25 | Husky Injection Molding Systems Ltd. | Apparatus and method for coinjection of a multilayer molded article with a segmented internal layer |
CN116367986A (zh) * | 2020-07-29 | 2023-06-30 | 赫斯基注塑系统有限公司 | 改进多层往复螺杆注射模制机中的喷射可重复性的方法 |
CN116209557A (zh) * | 2020-10-21 | 2023-06-02 | 赫斯基注塑系统有限公司 | 用于注射模制具有高比例内层材料的多层制品的机器和方法 |
WO2023240351A1 (en) * | 2022-06-15 | 2023-12-21 | Top Grade Molds Ltd. | Co-injection molding apparatus |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4035466A (en) * | 1972-09-27 | 1977-07-12 | Erhard Langecker | Method for central injection molding |
US4052497A (en) * | 1973-09-21 | 1977-10-04 | Billion S.A. | Method of injection-moulding by injection of an article composed of at least three different materials |
US4525134A (en) * | 1979-07-20 | 1985-06-25 | American Can Company | Apparatus for making a multi-layer injection blow molded container |
ZA853531B (en) * | 1984-05-29 | 1985-12-24 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Ceric acid decontamination of nuclear reactors |
JPS61108542A (ja) * | 1984-10-31 | 1986-05-27 | 三菱瓦斯化学株式会社 | 多層容器 |
JPS61219644A (ja) * | 1985-03-26 | 1986-09-30 | 東洋製罐株式会社 | 延伸多層プラスチック容器の製法 |
JPS62227712A (ja) * | 1986-03-31 | 1987-10-06 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha Ltd | オレフィン―ビニルアルコール共重合体の射出成形体及びその製法 |
JPS6355A (ja) * | 1986-06-18 | 1988-01-05 | 山村硝子株式会社 | ポリエチレンテレフタレート樹脂製瓶及びその製造方法 |
GB8616460D0 (en) * | 1986-07-05 | 1986-08-13 | Metal Box Plc | Manufacture of articles |
JPS63252705A (ja) * | 1987-04-09 | 1988-10-19 | Japan Steel Works Ltd:The | 複層パリソンの成形装置 |
US4957682A (en) * | 1988-01-19 | 1990-09-18 | Kamaya Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Method of injection molding a three-layered container |
-
1989
- 1989-01-25 US US07/301,066 patent/US4990301A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1990
- 1990-01-12 EP EP19900300356 patent/EP0380215A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1990-01-22 CA CA002008266A patent/CA2008266A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-01-24 KR KR1019900000809A patent/KR900011553A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-01-24 BR BR909000291A patent/BR9000291A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1990-01-24 AU AU48733/90A patent/AU4873390A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1990-01-25 CN CN90100409A patent/CN1044430A/zh active Pending
- 1990-01-25 JP JP2015961A patent/JPH02235607A/ja active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPH02235607A (ja) | 1990-09-18 |
CN1044430A (zh) | 1990-08-08 |
KR900011553A (ko) | 1990-08-01 |
EP0380215A2 (en) | 1990-08-01 |
US4990301A (en) | 1991-02-05 |
CA2008266A1 (en) | 1990-07-25 |
AU4873390A (en) | 1990-08-02 |
EP0380215A3 (en) | 1991-07-10 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
BR9000291A (pt) | Processo de moldagem por injecao de preformas multiplas de material plastico em multiplas camadas e aparelho para moldagem por injecao de material plastico | |
BR8907520A (pt) | Processo para moldagem por injecao de um artigo de plastico oco e o respectivo artigo | |
BR8901482A (pt) | Processo de fundicao por injecao para plasticos e molde para fundicao injetada | |
BR8905351A (pt) | Pre-forma para uso em um processo de moldagem a sopro e recipiente plastico | |
BR9201481A (pt) | Mistura de resinas sinteticas moldavel para producao de articos descartaveis,degradaveis,reciclaveis,artigo manufaturado plastico,processo de producao do mesmo,e,processo para reciclagem do artigo manufaturado | |
BR9207068A (pt) | Processo e aparelho para a moldagem por injeção de um artigo plástico oco e artigo | |
BR9302720A (pt) | Aparelho e processo para a moldagem de um material em chapa amolecivel termicamente | |
BR9100880A (pt) | Processo e dispositivo para fabricacao de recipientes em materias termoplasticas por sopragem ou estiramento-sopragem | |
BR9707692A (pt) | Película para rotulagem em molde recipiente plástico e processo para rotulagem em molde | |
PT906365E (pt) | Processos de reciclagem de plasticos e processo para a fabricacao de materiais de plastico | |
KR900012985A (ko) | 섬유-보강된 열가소성 수지 성형품의 제조 방법 | |
EP0687548A3 (en) | Apparatus for producing a molded article from fiber-reinforced thermoplastic resin, and a mold for producing the same | |
BR9306350A (pt) | Polímero e copolímero de tereftalato de polietileno modificado preforma de frasco para moldagem por injeção frasco moldado por injeção e processo de obtenção de um frasco | |
BR9001858A (pt) | Processo para a fabricacao de um artigo termoplastico moldado e artigo resultante | |
BR9206000A (pt) | Processo e sistema para moldagem por injeção de artigos de plástico | |
BR8903428A (pt) | Composicoes de moldagem e artigos moldados | |
BR8802726A (pt) | Processo para moldar um artigo de espuma e composicao | |
BR9609458A (pt) | Aparelho e processo para produzir artigos termoplásticos moldados | |
BR8905495A (pt) | Pre-forma plastica injetavel e metodo de moldagem por sopro de recipientes termoplasticos | |
BR9205702A (pt) | Composiçáo de moldagem termoplástica e processo para sua produçáo | |
BR9501439A (pt) | Processo de moldagem usando molde de resina sintética molde e peça moldada | |
BR9001949A (pt) | Processo de moldagem por injecao de uma composicao de resina termoplastica contendo fibras longas e artigo moldado obtido | |
BR8406981A (pt) | Aparelho e processo para moldagem por injecao de artigos polimericos | |
BR9203159A (pt) | Processo para tratar garrafas reaproveitaveis de material plastico e aparelho para executar o processo | |
BR9202949A (pt) | Aparelho para e,processo de injetar material de moldagem em um molde de trancamento automatico |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FB20 | Grant procedure suspended (art. 20) | ||
FA2 | Application deemed withdrawn (art. 19(5)) | ||
B15K | Others concerning applications: alteration of classification |
Ipc: B29C 45/16 (2006.01), B29K 105/00 (2006.0 |