AU740476B2 - Method for reducing cavitation in impulse ink jet printing devices - Google Patents
Method for reducing cavitation in impulse ink jet printing devices Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- AU740476B2 AU740476B2 AU45848/99A AU4584899A AU740476B2 AU 740476 B2 AU740476 B2 AU 740476B2 AU 45848/99 A AU45848/99 A AU 45848/99A AU 4584899 A AU4584899 A AU 4584899A AU 740476 B2 AU740476 B2 AU 740476B2
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- pigment
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 33
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 title description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 96
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000003963 antioxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 37
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 claims description 81
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 64
- 230000003078 antioxidant effect Effects 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- -1 glycol alkyl ether Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydroquinone Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 QIGBRXMKCJKVMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- VEZUQRBDRNJBJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone oxime Chemical compound ON=C1CCCCC1 VEZUQRBDRNJBJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- LHGVFZTZFXWLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N guaiacol Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC=C1O LHGVFZTZFXWLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
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- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 8
- YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N catechol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1O YCIMNLLNPGFGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- RRAFCDWBNXTKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N eugenol Chemical compound COC1=CC(CC=C)=CC=C1O RRAFCDWBNXTKKO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- PYGXAGIECVVIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dibutyl decanedioate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OCCCC PYGXAGIECVVIOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229940075894 denatured ethanol Drugs 0.000 claims description 7
- 229920001225 polyester resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- CZBZUDVBLSSABA-UHFFFAOYSA-N butylated hydroxyanisole Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(O)C(C(C)(C)C)=C1.COC1=CC=C(O)C=C1C(C)(C)C CZBZUDVBLSSABA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229940095259 butylated hydroxytoluene Drugs 0.000 claims description 4
- ALOUNLDAKADEEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl sebacate Chemical compound COC(=O)CCCCCCCCC(=O)OC ALOUNLDAKADEEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N triacetin Chemical compound CC(=O)OCC(OC(C)=O)COC(C)=O URAYPUMNDPQOKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyl prop-2-enoate;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;prop-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C.COC(=O)C(C)=C.CCCCOC(=O)C=C QHIWVLPBUQWDMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- LTMRRSWNXVJMBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 2,2-diethylpropanedioate Chemical compound CCC(CC)(C([O-])=O)C([O-])=O LTMRRSWNXVJMBA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
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- UJUCBOIXAMPUQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7-aminothieno[2,3-b]pyrazine-6-carboxylic acid Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(N)=C(C(O)=O)SC2=N1 UJUCBOIXAMPUQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- VIZORQUEIQEFRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl adipate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CCCCC(=O)OCC VIZORQUEIQEFRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- MUXOBHXGJLMRAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl succinate Chemical compound COC(=O)CCC(=O)OC MUXOBHXGJLMRAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BPGDAMSIGCZZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyloxymethyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OCOC(C)=O BPGDAMSIGCZZLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- BEPAFCGSDWSTEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl malonate Chemical compound COC(=O)CC(=O)OC BEPAFCGSDWSTEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- CLPHAYNBNTVRDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N ditert-butyl propanedioate Chemical compound CC(C)(C)OC(=O)CC(=O)OC(C)(C)C CLPHAYNBNTVRDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001087 glyceryl triacetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013773 glyceryl triacetate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229960002622 triacetin Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- KESQFSZFUCZCEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(5-nitropyridin-2-yl)oxyethanol Chemical compound OCCOC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=N1 KESQFSZFUCZCEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 abstract description 35
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- 239000002655 kraft paper Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 135
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 14
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 9
- ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methoxypropan-2-ol Chemical group COCC(C)O ARXJGSRGQADJSQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N diacetone alcohol Chemical compound CC(=O)CC(C)(C)O SWXVUIWOUIDPGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical group [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 4
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- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl phthalate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OC NIQCNGHVCWTJSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
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- MGWAVDBGNNKXQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N diisobutyl phthalate Chemical compound CC(C)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(C)C MGWAVDBGNNKXQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 229960004217 benzyl alcohol Drugs 0.000 description 1
- BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate Chemical compound CCCCC(CC)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(CC)CCCC BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FBSAITBEAPNWJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl phthalate Natural products CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1OC(C)=O FBSAITBEAPNWJG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Natural products C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolane-2,4-dione Chemical compound O=C1COC(=O)C1 JCGNDDUYTRNOFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002989 phenols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N phenyl(114C)methanol Chemical compound O[14CH2]C1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-ZQBYOMGUSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
- B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
- B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
- B41J2/04581—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits controlling heads based on piezoelectric elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
- B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
- B41J2/04501—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits
- B41J2/04588—Control methods or devices therefor, e.g. driver circuits, control circuits using a specific waveform
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/005—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
- B41J2/01—Ink jet
- B41J2/015—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
- B41J2/04—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
- B41J2/045—Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by pressure, e.g. electromechanical transducers
- B41J2/055—Devices for absorbing or preventing back-pressure
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
- C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
- C09D11/324—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
- C09D11/36—Inkjet printing inks based on non-aqueous solvents
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D11/00—Inks
- C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
- C09D11/38—Inkjet printing inks characterised by non-macromolecular additives other than solvents, pigments or dyes
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
- Ink Jet Recording Methods And Recording Media Thereof (AREA)
- Ink Jet (AREA)
- Particle Formation And Scattering Control In Inkjet Printers (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Antibodies Or Antigens For Use As Internal Diagnostic Agents (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US9923098P | 1998-09-04 | 1998-09-04 | |
| US60/099230 | 1998-09-04 | ||
| US09/328,652 US6439709B1 (en) | 1998-09-04 | 1999-06-09 | Method for reducing cavitation in impulse ink jet printing device |
| US09/328652 | 1999-06-09 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| AU4584899A AU4584899A (en) | 2000-05-04 |
| AU740476B2 true AU740476B2 (en) | 2001-11-08 |
Family
ID=26795806
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| AU45848/99A Ceased AU740476B2 (en) | 1998-09-04 | 1999-09-02 | Method for reducing cavitation in impulse ink jet printing devices |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6439709B1 (https=) |
| EP (1) | EP0984048B2 (https=) |
| JP (1) | JP2000086960A (https=) |
| AT (1) | ATE271106T1 (https=) |
| AU (1) | AU740476B2 (https=) |
| CA (1) | CA2281235C (https=) |
| DE (1) | DE69918619T2 (https=) |
| IL (1) | IL131620A0 (https=) |
| NO (1) | NO994287L (https=) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU2003203889B2 (en) * | 2002-04-29 | 2005-06-16 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Method for reducing cavitation in impulse ink jet printing devices |
Families Citing this family (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6391943B2 (en) * | 1998-09-04 | 2002-05-21 | Trident International, Inc. | High resolution pigment ink for impulse ink jet printing |
| US7030173B2 (en) * | 1998-09-04 | 2006-04-18 | Illinois Tool Works, Inc. | High resolution pigment ink for impulse ink jet printing |
| US7077880B2 (en) | 2004-01-16 | 2006-07-18 | Dupont Air Products Nanomaterials Llc | Surface modified colloidal abrasives, including stable bimetallic surface coated silica sols for chemical mechanical planarization |
| US7513920B2 (en) | 2002-02-11 | 2009-04-07 | Dupont Air Products Nanomaterials Llc | Free radical-forming activator attached to solid and used to enhance CMP formulations |
| US20030162398A1 (en) | 2002-02-11 | 2003-08-28 | Small Robert J. | Catalytic composition for chemical-mechanical polishing, method of using same, and substrate treated with same |
| US7417970B2 (en) * | 2004-06-02 | 2008-08-26 | Interdigital Technology Corporation | Configuring an interworking wireless local area network user equipment to access a 3GPP system |
| US20060223909A1 (en) * | 2005-03-31 | 2006-10-05 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Faster drying inkjet ink for porous and non-porous printing |
| JP4869707B2 (ja) * | 2005-12-22 | 2012-02-08 | セイコーエプソン株式会社 | インクジェット記録用油性インク組成物 |
| EP2152437B1 (en) * | 2006-10-11 | 2014-11-26 | Collins Ink Corporation | Radiation curable inks |
| RU2543187C2 (ru) * | 2012-11-26 | 2015-02-27 | Александр Васильевич Исаев | Способ получения черных печатных красок |
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| JPH0912959A (ja) * | 1995-06-28 | 1997-01-14 | Pentel Kk | ボールペン用油性インキ |
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-
1999
- 1999-06-09 US US09/328,652 patent/US6439709B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-08-27 IL IL13162099A patent/IL131620A0/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-08-31 CA CA002281235A patent/CA2281235C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-09-02 AU AU45848/99A patent/AU740476B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1999-09-03 DE DE1999618619 patent/DE69918619T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-03 NO NO994287A patent/NO994287L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1999-09-03 EP EP99307049A patent/EP0984048B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-03 AT AT99307049T patent/ATE271106T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-09-06 JP JP11251682A patent/JP2000086960A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS55115478A (en) * | 1979-02-28 | 1980-09-05 | Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co Ltd | Ink composition for ink jet printing |
| US4793264A (en) * | 1981-12-07 | 1988-12-27 | Dataproducts Corporation | Low corrosion impulse ink jet ink containing anti-oxidant |
| JPH0912959A (ja) * | 1995-06-28 | 1997-01-14 | Pentel Kk | ボールペン用油性インキ |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AU2003203889B2 (en) * | 2002-04-29 | 2005-06-16 | Illinois Tool Works Inc. | Method for reducing cavitation in impulse ink jet printing devices |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP0984048A3 (en) | 2000-05-31 |
| DE69918619T2 (de) | 2004-11-18 |
| EP0984048B1 (en) | 2004-07-14 |
| EP0984048A2 (en) | 2000-03-08 |
| CA2281235A1 (en) | 2000-03-04 |
| AU4584899A (en) | 2000-05-04 |
| DE69918619D1 (de) | 2004-08-19 |
| JP2000086960A (ja) | 2000-03-28 |
| NO994287D0 (no) | 1999-09-03 |
| NO994287L (no) | 2000-03-06 |
| EP0984048B2 (en) | 2008-09-03 |
| CA2281235C (en) | 2003-08-26 |
| US6439709B1 (en) | 2002-08-27 |
| ATE271106T1 (de) | 2004-07-15 |
| IL131620A0 (en) | 2001-01-28 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FGA | Letters patent sealed or granted (standard patent) |