WO2023245753A1 - 一种BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法和用途 - Google Patents

一种BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法和用途 Download PDF

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WO2023245753A1
WO2023245753A1 PCT/CN2022/104800 CN2022104800W WO2023245753A1 WO 2023245753 A1 WO2023245753 A1 WO 2023245753A1 CN 2022104800 W CN2022104800 W CN 2022104800W WO 2023245753 A1 WO2023245753 A1 WO 2023245753A1
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biomass carbon
doped biomass
biox
preparation
doped
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French (fr)
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严玉婷
毛罕平
李立治
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江苏大学
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
    • G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
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  • the invention belongs to the field of biomass carbon materials and their applications, and in particular relates to a BiOX/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite material and its preparation method and use.
  • Tofu residue is a by-product of tofu processing and is rich in nutrients. Its crude protein content can reach 25% to 30%. It is one of the cheap feeds for pigs.
  • Tofu residue is very limited. Our country is a big planting country of soybeans, with an annual output of more than 3 million tons of tofu residue. If we can make full use of these tofu residue, we can not only turn waste into treasure, but also reduce the environmental burden.
  • Biomass carbon has a large specific surface area, developed pore structure and abundant surface functional groups, and has good adsorption capacity for metal ions in water. Moreover, biomass carbon raw materials are easily available and simple to prepare, so it is expected to be used as a cheap Adsorbents are used in practical wastewater treatment. At present, most domestic and foreign research in this field focuses on the preparation and adsorption of biomass charcoal, but there are few studies on the application of biomass charcoal in other fields.
  • BiOI bismuth oxyiodide
  • BiOBr bismuth oxybromide
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing BiOX/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite materials, using discarded lobster shells, crab shells or tofu residue as raw materials to prepare BiOX/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite materials. Realize the "turning waste into treasure” of renewable biological resources. And study the use of the BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite prepared by this method to detect ATP (adenosine triphosphate) or Escherichia coli through photoelectrochemical technology.
  • ATP adenosine triphosphate
  • the BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite prepared by microwave method is used as a photoelectrically active material to construct photoelectrochemical sensors, which can be used in the field of plant nutrient composition detection and food safety, broadening the application fields of biomass carbon and BiOX.
  • a method for preparing BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite materials including the following steps:
  • step 1 Disperse the N-doped biomass carbon obtained in step 1 into a mixed solution of HCl and HNO to obtain mixed liquid A; put mixed liquid A into an ultrasonic cleaner for ultrasonic treatment, filter, wash, and place the filter residue in an oven in, until it dries to obtain acidified N-doped biomass carbon, denoted as NBC;
  • step 2 Add the acidified N-doped biomass carbon and Bi(NO 3 ) 3 ⁇ 5H 2 O obtained in step 2 to acetic acid, and conduct ultrasonic treatment to form suspension A; under strong stirring, add the KX aqueous solution dropwise to the suspension.
  • liquid A a mixed liquid is obtained; after continuous stirring, the mixed liquid is transferred to a CEM microwave synthesizer, the microwave power is set, and a constant temperature reaction is performed.
  • BiOX/NBC nanocomposite a BiOX/N-doped biomass char biomass char composite material, denoted as BiOX/NBC nanocomposite, X is I or Br.
  • step 1 the strong base is NaOH or KOH; the inert atmosphere is Ar; the calcination conditions are heating from room temperature to 700°C at 5°C/min and holding for 2 hours; the drying is drying at 80°C for 24 hours. .
  • step 2 in the mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 , the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1, and the ultrasonic treatment time is 6 hours.
  • step 3 in suspension A, the dosage ratio of acidified N-doped biomass carbon, Bi(NO 3 ) 3 ⁇ 5H 2 O, and acetic acid is: 1 to 20 mg: 0.01 to 0.05 mol: 40 mL, so The continuous stirring time is 30 minutes.
  • step 3 the concentration of KX in the KX aqueous solution is 0.5 mol/L, and the volume ratio of suspension A to KX aqueous solution is 2:1.
  • step 3 the temperature of the constant temperature reaction is 150°C to 180°C, the microwave power is 200W, and the constant temperature reaction time is 1 hour; the calcination temperature in the tube furnace is 300°C, and the calcination time is 2 hours.
  • the BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite prepared in the present invention is used to prepare a photoelectrochemical sensor for detecting ATP or E. coli.
  • BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite to prepare photoelectrochemical sensors for ATP detection includes the following steps:
  • step (A2) Take 10 ⁇ L ⁇ 50 ⁇ L of the suspension described in step (A1) and modify it on the ITO electrode, dry it at room temperature to obtain the modified electrode, marked as BiOX/NBC/ITO, and then drop-coat 10 ⁇ 50 ⁇ L ATP aptamer solution , obtain aptamer/BiOX/NBC/ITO electrode;
  • step (A1) the concentration of BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite in the suspension is 5 mg/mL.
  • step (A2) the ATP aptamer sequence is: 5'-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3'.
  • step (A3) the concentration of the ATP solution is 1 ⁇ 10 -12 ⁇ 1 ⁇ 10 -5 mol/L; the intensity of the xenon light source is 25% ⁇ 100%.
  • BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite to prepare photoelectrochemical sensors for detecting Escherichia coli includes the following steps:
  • E.coli O157:H7 aptamer solution onto the above electrode surface to obtain E.coli O157:H7 aptamer/BiOX/NBC/ Refrigerate the ITO electrode at 4°C overnight, rinse with PBS buffer solution, dry, and then apply 5 to 10 ⁇ L of bovine serum albumin (1 mmol/L) on the electrode surface, and leave it at room temperature for 1 hour to block the non-specific components on the modified electrode.
  • the anisotropic adsorption site is finally rinsed with ultrapure water to remove unbound aptamers;
  • the i ⁇ t curve method is used to collect photoelectrochemical signals; then E The .coli O157:H7 aptamer/BiOX/NBC/ITO electrode is immersed in the E.coli O157:H7 dispersion and incubated.
  • the detection range is: 0.5 ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL.
  • step (B1) the concentration of BiOX/NBC nanocomposite in the dispersion is 5 mg/mL.
  • step (B3) the aptamer sequence number of E.coli O157:H7 is: ATCCGTCACACCTGCTCTACTGGCCGGCTCAGCATGACTAAGA-AGGAAGTTATGTGGTG TTGGCTCCCGTAT-3', and the concentration of bovine serum albumin is 1 mmol/L.
  • step (B4) the concentration of the E.coli O157:H7 dispersion is 0.5-5 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL; the intensity of the xenon light source is 25%-100%, and the incubation time is 0.5h.
  • the present invention uses discarded lobster shells, crab shells or tofu residue as raw materials to prepare BiOX/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite materials to achieve "turning waste into treasure” of renewable biological resources.
  • the present invention utilizes the protein present in lobster shells, crab shells or tofu residue itself to achieve N doping without the need to add additional nitrogen sources.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite materials by microwave method at low temperature.
  • the process is simple, the raw materials required are all cheap and easily available in the market, the cycle is short, and it is suitable for industrialization. Production.
  • N-doped biomass carbon can effectively improve the absorption and electron transfer capabilities of BiOI or BiOBr under visible light, and improve the photoelectrochemical performance of BiOI or BiOBr.
  • This invention uses biomass carbon material as a sensitized carbon material in the field of photoelectrochemistry for the first time.
  • the present invention uses the prepared BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite material as a photoelectrically active material to construct a photoelectrochemical sensor, which can be used in the field of plant nutrient component detection and food safety.
  • the photoelectric sensor constructed based on BiOX/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite proposed by the present invention realizes the detection of ATP or E. coli.
  • the present invention proposes for the first time a sensor for detecting ATP based on the "on-off-on" photoelectrochemical signal.
  • Figure 1 is the XRD spectrum of the BiOI/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite prepared in Example 3;
  • Figure 2 is the infrared spectrum of the BiOI/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite prepared in Example 3;
  • Figure 3 is the XPS spectrum of the BiOI/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite prepared in Example 3;
  • Figure 4 is a photocurrent curve of the BiOI/N-doped biomass carbon nanocomposite prepared in Example 3 under different circumstances.
  • Curve a is the photocurrent of the BiOI/NBC/ITO electrode
  • curve b is the aptamer.
  • /BiOI/NBC/ITO electrode curve c is the photocurrent of ATP/aptamer/BiOI/NBC/ITO electrode.
  • Figure 5 is the XRD spectrum of the BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite material prepared in Example 5, in which curve a represents the BiOBr nanosheets and curve b represents the BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite material;
  • Figure 6 is the XPS spectrum of the BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite prepared in Example 5.
  • Figure 7 is the photocurrent results of the BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite prepared in Example 5 under different conditions.
  • Figure A shows the E.coli O157:H7 aptamer/BiOBr/NBC/ITO electrode as the E.coli concentration changes. The photocurrent intensity generated increases.
  • Figure B shows the optimal linear range of the E.coli O157:H7 aptamer/BiOBr/NBC/ITO electrode.
  • a preparation method for BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite material including the following steps:
  • the calcining conditions are to raise the temperature from room temperature to 5°C/min. to 700°C, keep warm for 2 hours, cool and wash with distilled water until neutral, collect the solids, and dry at 80°C for 24 hours to prepare N-doped biomass carbon;
  • step 1 Disperse the N-doped biomass carbon obtained in step 1 into a mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 (the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1) to obtain mixed liquid A; put mixed liquid A into an ultrasonic cleaner and sonicate Treat for 6 hours, filter, wash with a large amount of C 2 H 5 OH and deionized water, place the filter residue in an oven at 80°C until it is dry, and obtain acidified N-doped biomass carbon, recorded as NBC;
  • a mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1
  • the prepared BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite is used to prepare a photoelectrochemical sensor to detect ATP, including the following steps:
  • step (2) Take 10 ⁇ L ⁇ 50 ⁇ L of the suspension described in step (1) and modify it on the ITO electrode, dry it at room temperature to obtain the modified electrode, recorded as BiOI/NBC/ITO, and then drop-coat 10 ⁇ 50 ⁇ L ATP aptamer solution (The aptamer sequence is: 5'-ACCTGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3'), and the aptamer/BiOI/NBC/ITO electrode is obtained;
  • a preparation method for BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite material including the following steps:
  • the calcining conditions are to increase the temperature from room temperature to 5°C/min. 700°C, incubate for 2 hours, cool and wash with distilled water until neutral, collect the solids, and dry at 80°C for 24 hours to prepare N-doped biomass carbon;
  • step 1 Disperse the N-doped biomass carbon obtained in step 1 into a mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 (the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1) to obtain mixed liquid A; put mixed liquid A into an ultrasonic cleaner and sonicate Treat for 6 hours, filter, wash with a large amount of C 2 H 5 OH and deionized water, place the filter residue in an oven at 80°C until it is dry, and obtain acidified N-doped biomass carbon, recorded as NBC;
  • a mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1
  • the prepared BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite is used to prepare a photoelectrochemical sensor to detect ATP, including the following steps:
  • step (2) Take 10 ⁇ L of the suspension described in step (1) and modify it on the ITO electrode, dry it at room temperature to obtain the modified electrode, marked as BiOI/NBC/ITO, and then drop-coat 10 ⁇ L of ATP aptamer solution (aptamer
  • the sequence is: 5'-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3'), and the aptamer/BiOI/NBC/ITO electrode is obtained;
  • a preparation method for BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite material including the following steps:
  • the calcining conditions are to raise the temperature from room temperature to 5°C/min. to 700°C, keep warm for 2 hours, cool and wash with distilled water until neutral, collect the solids, and dry at 80°C for 24 hours to prepare N-doped biomass carbon;
  • step 1 Disperse the N-doped biomass carbon obtained in step 1 into a mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 (the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1) to obtain mixed liquid A; put mixed liquid A into an ultrasonic cleaner and sonicate Treat for 6 hours, filter, wash with a large amount of C 2 H 5 OH and deionized water, place the filter residue in an oven at 80°C until it is dry, and obtain acidified N-doped biomass carbon, recorded as NBC;
  • a mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1
  • the prepared BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite is used to prepare a photoelectrochemical sensor to detect ATP, including the following steps:
  • step (2) Take 50 ⁇ L of the suspension described in step (1) and modify it on the ITO electrode, dry it at room temperature to obtain the modified electrode, marked as BiOI/NBC/ITO, and then drop-coat 50 ⁇ L of ATP aptamer solution (aptamer
  • the sequence is: 5'-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3'), and the aptamer/BiOI/NBC/ITO electrode is obtained;
  • Figure 1 is the XRD spectrum of BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite.
  • the characteristic peak energy that appears corresponds to the BiOI standard card of the tetragonal crystal system (JCPDS NO.10-0445). These diffraction peaks are attributed to the crystal planes (101), (102), (110), respectively. (104), (212) and (220).
  • JCPDS NO.10-0445 tetragonal crystal system
  • these diffraction peaks are attributed to the crystal planes (101), (102), (110), respectively.
  • 104 compared with BiOI monomer, no relevant characteristic peaks of medium NBC were observed, which is due to the smaller amount of NBC doping.
  • FIG. 2 is the infrared spectrum of the BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite prepared in Example 3; as shown in the figure, BiOI (curve a) and BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite (curve b)
  • the absorption peak appearing at 512 cm -1 is attributed to the stretching vibration of Bi-O.
  • curves a and b have obvious absorption peaks at 1621cm -1 and 3430cm -1 , which are attributed to the stretching vibration of ⁇ (OH) and ⁇ (OH) respectively. This is due to the absorption of a small amount of water on the surface of the material.
  • Curves b and c show stretching vibrations of CN and CO at 1400cm -1 and 1078cm -1 respectively, which can be attributed to the NBC doped BiOI.
  • the above results indicate that BiOI and NBC are successfully compounded.
  • Figure 3 is the XPS spectrum of the BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite prepared in Example 3; it can be seen from the XPS full spectrum that the BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite is composed of Bi, I, C and O Elemental composition, similarly, the N element in NBC was not observed in the XPS full spectrum. This is because the content of N element is less compared with other elements, so it is not easy to be observed.
  • FIG 4 shows the change of photocurrent signal during the sensor preparation process.
  • the electrode modified by BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite (curve a) has a strong photocurrent response due to its efficient charge separation; and After combining the aptamer/BiOI/NBC/ITO modified electrode (curve b), the photocurrent is significantly reduced. This is due to the steric hindrance effect of the aptamer, which hinders the diffusion of electrons to the electrode surface.
  • the ATP solution was drop-coated on the prepared aptamer/BiOI/NBC/ITO electrode (curve c), the photocurrent increased. This is mainly because the aptamer on the electrode can specifically recognize ATP, causing ATP to escape from the material surface.
  • a preparation method for BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite material including the following steps:
  • the calcining conditions are to increase the temperature from room temperature to 5°C/min. 700°C, incubate for 2 hours, cool and wash with distilled water until neutral, collect the solids, and dry at 80°C for 24 hours to prepare N-doped biomass carbon;
  • step 1 Disperse the N-doped biomass carbon obtained in step 1 into a mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 (the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1) to obtain mixed liquid A; put mixed liquid A into an ultrasonic cleaner and sonicate Treat for 6 hours, filter, wash with a large amount of C 2 H 5 OH and deionized water, place the filter residue in an oven at 80°C until it is dry, and obtain acidified N-doped biomass carbon, recorded as NBC;
  • a mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1
  • the prepared BiOI/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite is used to prepare a photoelectrochemical sensor to detect ATP, including the following steps:
  • step (2) Take 30 ⁇ L of the suspension described in step (1) and modify it on the ITO electrode, dry it at room temperature to obtain the modified electrode, marked as BiOI/NBC/ITO, and then drop-coat 30 ⁇ L of ATP aptamer solution (aptamer
  • the sequence is: 5'-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3'), and the aptamer/BiOI/NBC/ITO electrode is obtained;
  • a preparation method for BiOBr/N doped biomass carbon nanocomposite material including the following steps:
  • step 1 Add the N-doped biomass carbon obtained in step 1 to the mixed solution of HCl and HNO 3 (the volume ratio of HCl and HNO 3 is 3:1) to obtain mixed liquid A; put mixed liquid A into an ultrasonic cleaner and sonicate Treat for 6 hours, filter, wash (with a large amount of C 2 H 5 OH and deionized water), place the filter residue in an oven at 80°C until it is dry, and obtain acidified N-doped biomass carbon, recorded as NBC;
  • BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite After the reaction is completed, collect the solids by centrifugation and washing; then, disperse the solids into absolute ethanol, dry, and then collect the samples. Put it into a tube furnace with N2 atmosphere and calcine it at 300°C for 2 hours, recorded as BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite; according to the above process, monomer BiOBr is prepared without adding N-doped biomass carbon, and the actual product is: BiOBr nanosheets.
  • the prepared BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite material is used to prepare a photoelectrochemical sensor for detecting Escherichia coli, including the following steps:
  • the prepared BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite was dispersed in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to obtain a dispersion.
  • the concentration of the dispersion was 5 mg/mL;
  • Unbound aptamer the aptamer sequence number of E.coli O157:H7 is: ATCCGTCACACCTGCTCTACTGGCCGGCTCAGCATGACTAAGA-AGGAAGTTATGTGGTGTTGGCTCCCGTAT-3'.
  • the i ⁇ t curve method Collect photoelectrochemical (PEC) signals; then immerse the E.coli O157:H7 aptamer/BiOBr/NBC/ITO electrode in different concentrations of E.coli O157:H7 dispersion and incubate it for 0.5h before detection.
  • Figure 5 is the XRD diffraction pattern of BiOBr nanosheets (curve a) and BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite (curve b).
  • the characteristic peaks appearing in all materials can correspond to the BiOBr standard card of the tetragonal crystal system (JCPDS No.73-2061). These diffraction peaks are attributed to the crystal planes (011), (012), and (110) respectively. ), (112), (020), (014), (211), (212), (220), (124) and (032).
  • FIG. 6 is the XPS full spectrum of BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite. It can be seen from the figure that BiOBr/NBC nanocomposite is composed of Bi, Br, O and C elements.
  • the concentrations of E.coli O157:H7 to be tested are 0CFU/mL, 0.5CFU/mL, 5CFU/mL, 50CFU/mL, 500CFU/mL, 1000CFU/mL, 2000CFU/mL, 5 ⁇ 10 5 CFU/mL, 5 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL, as shown in Figure 7, A, the intensity of the photocurrent decreased as the E.coli concentration increased. As shown in B of Figure 7, a standard curve was drawn based on the photocurrent intensity (I) and the changes in different E.coli concentrations.
  • the optimal linear range was 0.5 CFU/mL ⁇ 5 ⁇ 10 6 CFU/mL, and the lowest detection limit was :0.17CFU/mL, it can be concluded that the invented photoelectrochemical aptasensor can sensitively detect E.coli.

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Abstract

一种BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法和用途，X为I或Br。制备方法包括如下步骤：步骤1、制备N掺杂生物质炭；步骤2、制备酸化的N掺杂生物质炭；步骤3、制备BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料。利用废弃的龙虾壳、蟹壳或豆腐渣作为原料，制备BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料，实现可再生生物资源的"变废为宝"，基于BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料构建的光电传感器实现了对ATP或大肠杆菌的检测。

Description

一种BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法和用途 技术领域
本发明属于生物质炭材料及其应用领域，尤其涉及一种BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料及其制备方法和用途。
背景技术
中国是龙虾和螃蟹的养殖和食用大国，每年产生的龙虾壳、蟹壳以万吨计，这些龙虾壳、螃蟹壳常被当作废弃物，不只是很大的浪费，也给生态环境造成了极大的危害。实际上，龙虾壳、螃蟹壳中含有大量的有用化学物质，如甲壳素、蛋白质、碳酸钙及少量脂类物质，但目前大多只用于甲壳素的提取，要减少龙虾壳、螃蟹壳的丢弃，必须寻求新的资源化途径。
豆腐渣是豆腐加工的副产品，含有较丰富的营养物质，其粗蛋白含量可达25％～30％，是喂猪的廉价饲料之一。但是，目前对豆腐渣的科研用途非常有限。我国是大豆的种植大国，年产豆腐渣约为300多万吨，若能充分利用这些豆腐渣，既可以变废为宝，同时又可以减轻环境负担。
生物质炭具有较大的比表面积、发达的孔隙结构和丰富的表面官能团，对水体中的金属离子有较好的吸附能力，且生物质炭原料易得，制备简单，有望作为一种廉价的吸附剂应用于实际废水治理。目前国内外在该领域的研究多集中在生物质炭的制备、吸附上，但是生物质炭应用于其他领域的研究并不多见。
近年来，碘化氧铋(BiOI)或溴化氧铋(BiOBr)以其良好的能带结构、独特的层状四方结构等特点，被证明具有优异的光性能，但是目前为止，对BiOI或BiOBr的研究还普遍集中在光催化性能研究上，对其他应用领域涉及较少。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法，利用废弃的龙虾壳、蟹壳或豆腐渣作为原料，制备BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料，实现可再生生物资源的“变废为宝”。并研究通过该方法制备得到的BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料通过光电化学技术检测ATP(三磷酸腺苷)或大肠杆菌的用途。通过微波法制备的BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料作为光电活性材料来构建光电化学传感器，可用于植物营养成分检测及食品安全领域，拓宽了生物质炭以及BiOX的应用领域。
本发明是通过如下技术方案实现的：
一种BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤1、制备N掺杂生物质炭
将洗净的龙虾壳、螃蟹壳或豆腐渣置于氧化铝坩埚中，再加入足量强碱，在惰性气氛下于管式炉中煅烧，冷却后洗至中性，收集固体，干燥，制得N掺杂生物质炭；
步骤2、制备酸化的N掺杂生物质炭
将步骤1得到的N掺杂生物质炭分散到HCl和HNO 3的混合溶液中，得到混合液A；将混合液A放入超声波清洁器中超声处理，过滤，洗涤，将滤渣放置在的烘箱中，直到其干燥，得到酸化的N掺杂生物质炭，记为NBC；
步骤3、制备BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料
取步骤2得到的酸化的N掺杂生物质炭和Bi(NO 3) 3·5H 2O加入到乙酸中，超声处理，形成悬浮液A；在强烈搅拌下，将KX水溶液逐滴添加到悬浮液A中，得到混合液；将混合液连续搅拌后，转移至CEM微波合成器中，设定微波功率，进行恒温反应，反应完毕后，通过离心、洗涤收集固体；然后，将固体分散到无水乙醇中，干燥，再将干燥后的产物放入N 2气氛的管式炉中煅烧，得到BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭生物质炭复合材料，记为BiOX/NBC纳米复合材料，X为I或Br。
步骤1中，所述强碱为NaOH或KOH；所述惰性气氛为Ar；所述煅烧条件为自室温以5℃/min升温至700℃，保温2h；所述干燥为80℃条件下干燥24h。
步骤2中，所述HCl和HNO 3的混合溶液中，HCl和HNO 3体积比为3:1，所述超声处理时间为6h。
步骤3中，悬浮液A中，所使用的酸化的N掺杂生物质炭、Bi(NO 3) 3·5H 2O、乙酸的用量比为：1～20mg：0.01～0.05mol：40mL，所述连续搅拌时间为30min。
步骤3中，KX水溶液中KX的浓度为0.5mol/L，悬浮液A与KX水溶液的体积比为2:1。
步骤3中，所述恒温反应的温度为150℃～180℃，微波功率为200W，恒温反应时间为1h；所述管式炉中的煅烧温度为300℃，煅烧时间为2h。
将本发明制得的BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学传感器检测ATP或大肠杆菌的用途。
BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学传感器检测ATP的用途，包括如下步骤：
(A1)将BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料分散于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中制备成悬浮液；
(A2)取10μL～50μL步骤(A1)中所述悬浮液修饰在ITO电极上，在室温下干燥得到修饰电极，记为BiOX/NBC/ITO，再滴涂10～50μL ATP的适配体溶液，得到适配体/BiOX/NBC/ITO电极；
(A3)取10～50μL不同浓度的ATP溶液滴涂在适配体/BiOX/NBC/ITO电极上，得到ATP/ 适配体/BiOX/NBC/ITO电极，以ATP/适配体/BiOX/NBC/ITO电极作为工作电极，饱和甘汞电极作为参比电极，铂丝作为对电极，经过电化学工作站三电极系统，在氙灯光源的照射下，基于BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料构建的光电化学传感器用于检测ATP。
步骤(A1)中，所述悬浮液中BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的浓度为5mg/mL。
步骤(A2)中，所述ATP适配体序列为：5’-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3’。
步骤(A3)中，所述ATP溶液的浓度为1×10 -12～1×10 -5mol/L；氙灯光源的强度为25％～100％。
BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学传感器检测大肠杆菌的用途，包括如下步骤：
(B1)BiOX/NBC纳米复合材料分散液的制备
将所制备的BiOX/NBC纳米复合材料分散于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中，得到分散液；
(B2)ITO电极表面预处理
将1×0.5cm 2的ITO电极先用1mol/L氢氧化钠溶液煮沸15～20分钟，再依次用丙酮、二次蒸馏水、乙醇超声清洗，氮气吹干备用；
(B3)光电化学生物界面的构建
移取步骤(B1)制备的BiOX/NBC纳米复合材料分散液10～30μL滴涂到步骤(B2)制备的ITO电极表面，记为BiOX/NBC/ITO，烘干，在BiOX/NBC/ITO表面滴涂5～10μL戊二醛，最后将6～10μL 3～5μmol/L的大肠杆菌O157:H7适配体溶液修饰到上述电极表面，得到E.coli O157:H7适配体/BiOX/NBC/ITO电极，4℃冷藏过夜，用PBS缓冲溶液润洗，干燥，再在电极表面滴涂5～10μL的牛血清蛋白(1mmol/L)，静置于室温下1h用以封闭修饰电极上的非特异性吸附位点，最后用超纯水进行润洗去除未结合的适配体；
(B4)E.coli O157:H7浓度与PEC信号之间的对应关系
将步骤(B3)制备的E.coli O157:H7适配体/BiOX/NBC/ITO电极置于PBS缓冲溶液中(pH＝7～8，浓度0.1mol/L)，作为工作电极，施加偏压为0.0V，以铂丝电极为对电极，饱和甘汞电极为参比电极，经过电化学工作站三电极系统，在氙灯光源的照射下，采用i～t曲线法收集光电化学信号；再将E.coli O157:H7适配体/BiOX/NBC/ITO电极浸入E.coli O157:H7分散液温育，检测范围为：0.5～5×10 6CFU/mL。
步骤(B1)中，所述分散液中BiOX/NBC纳米复合材料的浓度为5mg/mL。
步骤(B3)中，所述E.coli O157:H7的适配体序列号为：ATCCGTCACACCTGCTCTACTGGCCGGCTCAGCATGACTAAGA-AGGAAGTTATGTGGTG TTGGCTCCCGTAT-3’，所述牛血清蛋白的浓度为1mmol/L。
步骤(B4)中，所述E.coli O157:H7分散液的浓度为0.5～5×10 6CFU/mL；氙灯光源的强度为25％～100％，所述温育的时间为0.5h。
本发明的有益效果：
1、本发明利用废弃的龙虾壳、蟹壳或豆腐渣作为原料，制备BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料，实现可再生生物资源的“变废为宝”。
2、本发明利用龙虾壳、螃蟹壳或豆腐渣本身存在的蛋白质实现了N掺杂，不需要额外加入氮源。
3、本发明提供了一种在低温下微波法制备BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法，工艺简单，所需原料均为市场上便宜易得的原料，周期短，适合工业化生产。
4、本发明首次提出N掺杂生物质炭能够有效地改善BiOI或BiOBr在可见光下的吸收和电子传递能力，提高BiOI或BiOBr光电化学性能。
5、本发明首次将生物质炭材料作为光电化学领域的敏化碳材料。
6、本发明以制备的BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料作为光电活性材料来构建光电化学传感器，可用于植物营养成分检测领域及食品安全领域。
7、本发明所提出的基于BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料构建的光电传感器实现了对ATP或大肠杆菌的检测。
8、本发明首次提出一种基于光电化学信号“开-关-开”的检测ATP的传感器。
附图说明
图1是实施例3制备的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的XRD谱图；
图2是实施例3制备的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的红外谱图；
图3是实施例3制备的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的XPS谱图；
图4是实施例3制备的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料在不同情况下的光电流曲线图，其中，曲线a为BiOI/NBC/ITO电极的光电流，曲线b为适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极的光电流，曲线c为ATP/适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极的光电流。
图5是实施例5制备的BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料的XRD谱图，其中，曲线a为BiOBr纳米片，曲线b为BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料；
图6是实施例5制备的BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料的XPS谱图；
图7是实施例5制备的BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料在不同情况下的光电流结果，其中，图A为E.coli O157:H7适配体/BiOBr/NBC/ITO电极随着E.coli浓度的增加产生的光电流强度，图B为E.coli O157:H7适配体/BiOBr/NBC/ITO电极的最佳线性范围。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例和附图对本发明的技术内容及实施方式进行进一步具体说明。
实施例1：
一种BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤1、制备N掺杂生物质炭
将洗净的龙虾壳(来源于水产市场的小龙虾)置于氧化铝坩埚中，再加入足量NaOH，在Ar气氛下于管式炉中煅烧，煅烧条件为自室温以5℃/min升温至700℃，保温2h，冷却后用蒸馏水洗至中性，收集固体，80℃条件下干燥24h，制得N掺杂生物质炭；
步骤2、制备酸化的N掺杂生物质炭
将步骤1得到的N掺杂生物质炭分散到HCl和HNO 3的混合溶液中(HCl和HNO 3体积比为3:1)，得到混合液A；将混合液A放入超声波清洁器中超声处理6h，过滤，用大量的C 2H 5OH和去离子水洗涤，将滤渣放置在80℃的烘箱中，直到其干燥，得到酸化的N掺杂生物质炭，记为NBC；
步骤3、制备BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料
取1mg步骤2得到的酸化的N掺杂生物质炭和0.01mol Bi(NO 3) 3·5H 2O加入到40mL乙酸中，超声处理10min，形成悬浮液A；在强烈搅拌下，将KI水溶液(0.01mol KI+20mL H 2O)逐滴添加到悬浮液A中(产生沉淀)，得到混合液；将混合液连续搅拌(30min)后，取25mL转移至CEM微波合成器中，设定微波功率(MP)200W，反应温度(T)150℃，反应时间(t)1h，反应完毕后，通过离心、洗涤收集固体；然后，将固体分散到无水乙醇中，干燥，再将样品放入N 2气氛的管式炉中300℃煅烧2h，得到BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料，记为BiOI/NBC纳米复合材料；按照上述工艺在不添加N掺杂生物质炭的情况下制备单体BiOI。
将制得的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学传感器来检测ATP的用途，包括如下步骤：
(1)将BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料分散于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中制备成5mg/mL的悬浮液；
(2)取10μL～50μL步骤(1)中所述悬浮液修饰在ITO电极上，在室温下干燥得到修饰电极，记为BiOI/NBC/ITO，再滴涂10～50μL ATP的适配体溶液(适配体序列为：5’-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3’)，得到适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极；
(3)取10～50μL浓度为1×10 -12～1×10 -5mol/L的ATP溶液分别滴涂在适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极上，得到ATP/适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极，以ATP/适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO 电极作为工作电极，饱和甘汞电极作为参比电极，铂丝作为对电极，经过电化学工作站三电极系统，在氙灯光源(光源的强度为25％)的照射下进行光电化学分析；基于BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料构建的光电化学传感器用于检测ATP。
实施例2：
一种BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤1、制备N掺杂生物质炭
将洗净的螃蟹壳(来源于水产市场的螃蟹)置于氧化铝坩埚中，再加入足量KOH，在Ar气氛下于管式炉中煅烧，煅烧条件为自室温以5℃/min升温至700℃，保温2h，冷却后用蒸馏水洗至中性，收集固体，80℃条件下干燥24h，制得N掺杂生物质炭；
步骤2、制备酸化的N掺杂生物质炭
将步骤1得到的N掺杂生物质炭分散到HCl和HNO 3的混合溶液中(HCl和HNO 3体积比为3:1)，得到混合液A；将混合液A放入超声波清洁器中超声处理6h，过滤，用大量的C 2H 5OH和去离子水洗涤，将滤渣放置在80℃的烘箱中，直到其干燥，得到酸化的N掺杂生物质炭，记为NBC；
步骤3、制备BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料
取20mg步骤2得到的酸化的N掺杂生物质炭和0.05mol Bi(NO 3) 3·5H 2O加入到40mL乙酸中，超声处理10min，形成悬浮液A；在强烈搅拌下，将KI水溶液(0.01mol KI+20mL H 2O)逐滴添加到悬浮液A中(产生沉淀)，得到混合液；将混合液连续搅拌(30min)后，取25mL转移至CEM微波合成器中，设定微波功率(MP)200W，反应温度(T)160℃，反应时间(t)1h，反应完毕后，通过离心、洗涤收集固体；然后，将固体分散到无水乙醇中，干燥，再将样品放入N 2气氛的管式炉中300℃煅烧2h，得到BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料，记为BiOI/NBC纳米复合材料；按照上述工艺在不添加N掺杂生物质炭的情况下制备单体BiOI。
将制得的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学传感器来检测ATP的用途，包括如下步骤：
(1)将BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料分散于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中制备成5mg/mL的悬浮液；
(2)取10μL步骤(1)中所述悬浮液修饰在ITO电极上，在室温下干燥得到修饰电极，记为BiOI/NBC/ITO，再滴涂10μL ATP的适配体溶液(适配体序列为：5’-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3’)，得到适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极；
(3)取10μL浓度为1×10 -12～1×10 -5mol/L的ATP溶液分别滴涂在适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO 电极上，得到ATP/适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极，以ATP/适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极作为工作电极，饱和甘汞电极作为参比电极，铂丝作为对电极，经过电化学工作站三电极系统，在氙灯光源(光源的强度为75％)的照射下进行光电化学分析；基于BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料构建的光电化学传感器用于检测ATP。
实施例3：
一种BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤1、制备N掺杂生物质炭
将洗净的龙虾壳(来源于水产市场的小龙虾)置于氧化铝坩埚中，再加入足量NaOH，在Ar气氛下于管式炉中煅烧，煅烧条件为自室温以5℃/min升温至700℃，保温2h，冷却后用蒸馏水洗至中性，收集固体，80℃条件下干燥24h，制得N掺杂生物质炭；
步骤2、制备酸化的N掺杂生物质炭
将步骤1得到的N掺杂生物质炭分散到HCl和HNO 3的混合溶液中(HCl和HNO 3体积比为3:1)，得到混合液A；将混合液A放入超声波清洁器中超声处理6h，过滤，用大量的C 2H 5OH和去离子水洗涤，将滤渣放置在80℃的烘箱中，直到其干燥，得到酸化的N掺杂生物质炭，记为NBC；
步骤3、制备BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料
取10mg步骤2得到的酸化的N掺杂生物质炭和0.02mol Bi(NO 3) 3·5H 2O加入到40mL乙酸中，超声处理10min，形成悬浮液A；在强烈搅拌下，将KI水溶液(0.01mol KI+20mL H 2O)逐滴添加到悬浮液A中(产生沉淀)，得到混合液；将混合液连续搅拌(30min)后，取25mL转移至CEM微波合成器中，设定微波功率(MP)200W，反应温度(T)180℃，反应时间(t)1h，反应完毕后，通过离心、洗涤收集固体；然后，将固体分散到无水乙醇中，干燥，再将样品放入N 2气氛的管式炉中300℃煅烧2h，得到BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料，记为BiOI/NBC纳米复合材料；按照上述工艺在不添加N掺杂生物质炭的情况下制备单体BiOI。
将制得的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学传感器来检测ATP的用途，包括如下步骤：
(1)将BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料分散于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中制备成5mg/mL的悬浮液；
(2)取50μL步骤(1)中所述悬浮液修饰在ITO电极上，在室温下干燥得到修饰电极，记为BiOI/NBC/ITO，再滴涂50μL ATP的适配体溶液(适配体序列为：5’-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3’)，得到适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极；
(3)取50μL浓度为1×10 -12～1×10 -5mol/L的ATP溶液分别滴涂在适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极上，得到ATP/适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极，以ATP/适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极、适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极、BiOI/NBC/ITO电极作为工作电极，饱和甘汞电极作为参比电极，铂丝作为对电极，经过电化学工作站三电极系统，在氙灯光源(光源的强度为100％)的照射下进行光电化学分析；基于BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料构建的光电化学传感器用于检测ATP。
图1是BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的XRD谱图。如图所示，所出现的特征峰能与四方晶系的BiOI标准卡片(JCPDS NO.10-0445)相对应，这些衍射峰分别归属于晶面(101)，(102)，(110)，(104)，(212)和(220)。然而与BiOI单体相比，并未观察到中NBC的相关特征峰，这是由于NBC掺杂量较少。此外，在XRD图谱中没有杂质峰出现，表明所合成的材料都具有较高的晶体质量。
图2是实施例3制备的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的红外谱图；如图所示，BiOI(曲线a)和BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料(曲线b)在512cm -1出现的吸收峰归属于Bi-O的伸缩振动。此外，曲线a和b在1621cm -1和3430cm -1处都有明显的吸收峰，分别归属于δ(O-H)和ν(O-H)的伸缩振动，这是由于材料表面吸收了少量的水。曲线b和曲线c在1400cm -1和1078cm -1处分别出现C-N和C-O的伸缩振动，这可以归因于BiOI中被掺杂了NBC。上述结果表明BiOI和NBC被成功复合。
图3是实施例3制备的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的XPS谱图；由XPS全谱图可知，BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料由Bi，I，C和O元素组成，同样，在XPS全谱中并没有观察到NBC中的N元素，这是由于与其他元素相比N元素的含量较少，因而不易被观察到。
图4是传感器制备过程中的光电流信号的变化，BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料修饰的电极(曲线a)由于其高效的电荷分离，使其具有较强的光电流响应；而结合适配体之后的适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO修饰的电极(曲线b)，光电流显著降低，这是由于适配体的位阻效应，阻碍了电子向电极表面的扩散。将所制备的适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极上滴涂ATP溶液后(曲线c)，光电流增强，这主要是因为电极上的适配体能够特异性识别ATP，使ATP从材料表面释放，从而使由于适配体阻碍的电子传递得以恢复，进而使传感器的光电流得到恢复，从而实现了一种基于光电化学信号“开-关-开”的检测ATP的传感器的构建。
实施例4：
一种BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤1、制备N掺杂生物质炭
将洗净的螃蟹壳(来源于水产市场的螃蟹)置于氧化铝坩埚中，再加入足量KOH，在Ar气氛下于管式炉中煅烧，煅烧条件为自室温以5℃/min升温至700℃，保温2h，冷却后用蒸馏水洗至中性，收集固体，80℃条件下干燥24h，制得N掺杂生物质炭；
步骤2、制备酸化的N掺杂生物质炭
将步骤1得到的N掺杂生物质炭分散到HCl和HNO 3的混合溶液中(HCl和HNO 3体积比为3:1)，得到混合液A；将混合液A放入超声波清洁器中超声处理6h，过滤，用大量的C 2H 5OH和去离子水洗涤，将滤渣放置在80℃的烘箱中，直到其干燥，得到酸化的N掺杂生物质炭，记为NBC；
步骤3、制备BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料
取5mg步骤2得到的酸化的N掺杂生物质炭和0.03mol Bi(NO 3) 3·5H 2O加入到40mL乙酸中，超声处理10min，形成悬浮液A；在强烈搅拌下，将KI水溶液(0.01mol KI+20mL H 2O)逐滴添加到悬浮液A中(产生沉淀)，得到混合液；将混合液连续搅拌(30min)，将混合液连续搅拌(30min)后，取25mL转移至CEM微波合成器中，设定微波功率(MP)200W，反应温度(T)170℃，反应时间(t)1h，反应完毕后，通过离心、洗涤收集固体；然后，将固体分散到无水乙醇中，干燥，再将样品放入N 2气氛的管式炉中300℃煅烧2h，得到BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料，记为BiOI/NBC纳米复合材料；按照上述工艺在不添加N掺杂生物质炭的情况下制备单体BiOI。
将制得的BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学传感器来检测ATP的用途，包括如下步骤：
(1)将BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料分散于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺中制备成5mg/mL的悬浮液；
(2)取30μL步骤(1)中所述悬浮液修饰在ITO电极上，在室温下干燥得到修饰电极，记为BiOI/NBC/ITO，再滴涂30μL ATP的适配体溶液(适配体序列为：5’-ACCTGGGGGAGTATTGCGGAGGAAGGT-3’)，得到适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极；
(3)取30μL浓度为1×10 -12～1×10 -5mol/L的ATP溶液分别滴涂在适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极上，得到ATP/适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极，以ATP/适配体/BiOI/NBC/ITO电极作为工作电极，饱和甘汞电极作为参比电极，铂丝作为对电极，经过电化学工作站三电极系统，在氙灯光源(光源的强度为50％)的照射下进行光电化学分析；基于BiOI/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料构建的光电化学传感器用于检测ATP。
实施例5
一种BiOBr/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤1、制备N掺杂生物质炭
将豆腐渣(购买于豆制品市场)置于氧化铝坩埚中，再加入NaOH(保证KOH足量)，在Ar气氛下于管式炉中煅烧(自室温以5℃·min -1升温至700℃，保温2h)，冷却后(用蒸馏水)洗至中性，收集固体，干燥(80℃条件下干燥24h)，制得N掺杂生物质炭；
步骤2、制备酸化的N掺杂生物质炭
将步骤1得到的N掺杂生物质炭加入到HCl和HNO 3的混合溶液中(HCl和HNO 3体积比为3:1)，得到混合液A；将混合液A放入超声波清洁器中超声处理6h，过滤，洗涤(用大量的C 2H 5OH和去离子水)，将滤渣放置在80℃的烘箱中，直到其干燥，得到酸化的N掺杂生物质炭，记为NBC；
步骤3、制备BiOBr/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料
取10mg步骤2得到的酸化的N掺杂生物质炭和0.03mol Bi(NO 3) 3·5H 2O加入到40mL乙酸中，超声处理(10min)，形成悬浮液A；在强烈搅拌下，将KBr水溶液(0.01mol KBr+20mL H 2O)逐滴添加到悬浮液A中(产生沉淀)，得到混合液；将混合液连续搅拌(30min)后，取25mL转移至CEM微波合成器中，设定微波功率(MP)200W，反应温度(T)180℃，反应时间(t)1h，反应完毕后，通过离心、洗涤收集固体；然后，将固体分散到无水乙醇中，干燥，再将样品放入N 2气氛的管式炉中300℃煅烧2h，，记为BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料；按照上述工艺在不添加N掺杂生物质炭的情况下制备单体BiOBr，实际制得的是BiOBr纳米片。
将制得的BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学传感器检测大肠杆菌的用途，包括如下步骤：
(1)BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料分散液的制备
将所制备的BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料分散于N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中，得到分散液，分散液的浓度为5mg/mL；
(2)ITO电极表面预处理
将1×0.5cm 2的ITO电极先用1mol/L氢氧化钠煮沸15～20分钟，再依次用丙酮、二次蒸馏水、乙醇超声清洗，氮气吹干备用；
(3)光电化学生物界面的构建
用微量注射器移取步骤(1)制备的BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料分散液20μL滴涂到步骤(2)制备的ITO电极表面(记为BiOBr/NBC/ITO)，红外灯烘干，在BiOBr/NBC/ITO表面滴涂8μL戊二醛(GA)，最后将8μL 4μmol/L的大肠杆菌O157:H7(E.coli O157:H7)适配体溶液修饰到上述电极表面，得到E.coli O157:H7适配体/BiOBr/NBC/ITO电极，并于4℃冰箱中储存过 夜，用PBS缓冲溶液(pH＝7.0，浓度0.1mol/L)润洗多次去除物理吸附，电极在N 2氛围中干燥，再在其表面滴涂8μL的牛血清蛋白(BSA)(1mmol/L)，并置于室温下1h用以封闭修饰电极上的非特异性吸附位点，最后用超纯水进行润洗去除未结合的适配体；所述E.coli O157:H7的适配体序列号为：ATCCGTCACACCTGCTCTACTGGCCGGCTCAGCATGACTAAGA-AGGAAGTTATGTGGTGTTGGCTCCCGTAT-3’。
(4)E.coli O157:H7浓度与PEC信号之间的对应关系
将步骤(3)制备的E.coli O157:H7适配体/BiOBr/NBC/ITO电极置于5mL PBS缓冲溶液中(pH＝7～8，浓度0.1mol/L)，作为工作电极，施加偏压为0.0V，以铂丝电极为对电极，饱和甘汞电极为参比电极，经过电化学工作站三电极系统，在氙灯光源的照射下(光强度为75％)，采用i～t曲线法收集光电化学(PEC)信号；再将E.coli O157:H7适配体/BiOBr/NBC/ITO电极浸入不同浓度的E.coli O157:H7分散液温育，温育0.5h后再进行检测。
图5是BiOBr纳米片(曲线a)和BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料(曲线b)的XRD衍射图谱。如图所示，所有材料出现的特征峰都能与四方晶系的BiOBr标准卡片(JCPDS No.73-2061)相对应，这些衍射峰分别归属于晶面(011)，(012)，(110)，(112)，(020)，(014)，(211)，(212)，(220)，(124)和(032)。此外，在XRD图谱中没有杂质峰出现，表明通过溶剂热法制备得到了晶型单一的四方晶系BiOBr纳米片，且生物质炭的引入并未影响到BiOBr的晶型结构。然而并未观察到生物质炭的相关特征峰，这是由于生物质炭掺杂量较少。
通过XPS表征，进一步探究了BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料化学组成和电子结构。图6是BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料的XPS全谱，由图可知，BiOBr/NBC纳米复合材料由Bi，Br，O和C元素组成。
待测E.coli O157:H7浓度依次为0CFU/mL，0.5CFU/mL，5CFU/mL，50CFU/mL，500CFU/mL，1000CFU/mL，2000CFU/mL，5×10 5CFU/mL，5×10 6CFU/mL，如图7的A中所示，光电流的强度随着E.coli浓度的增加而降低。如图7的B所示，以光电流强度(I)和不同E.coli浓度变化值绘制标准曲线，得到最佳线性范围为0.5CFU/mL～5×10 6CFU/mL，最低检测限为：0.17CFU/mL，由此得出结论，所发明的光电化学适配体传感器对E.coli可以进行灵敏检测。

Claims (8)

  1. 一种BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料的制备方法，其特征在于，包括如下步骤：
    步骤1、制备N掺杂生物质炭
    将洗净的龙虾壳、螃蟹壳或豆腐渣置于氧化铝坩埚中，再加入足量强碱，在惰性气氛下于管式炉中煅烧，冷却后洗至中性，收集固体，干燥，制得N掺杂生物质炭；
    步骤2、制备酸化的N掺杂生物质炭
    将步骤1得到的N掺杂生物质炭分散到HCl和HNO 3的混合溶液中，得到混合液A；将混合液A放入超声波清洁器中超声处理，过滤，洗涤，将滤渣放置在的烘箱中，直到其干燥，得到酸化的N掺杂生物质炭，记为NBC；
    步骤3、制备BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料
    取步骤2得到的酸化的N掺杂生物质炭和Bi(NO 3) 3·5H 2O加入到乙酸中，超声处理，形成悬浮液A；在强烈搅拌下，将KX水溶液逐滴添加到悬浮液A中，得到混合液；将混合液连续搅拌后，转移至CEM微波反应器中，设定微波功率，进行恒温反应，反应完毕后，通过离心、洗涤收集固体；然后，将固体分散到无水乙醇中，干燥，再将干燥后的产物放入N 2气氛的管式炉中煅烧，得到BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭生物质炭复合材料，记为BiOX/NBC纳米复合材料，X为I或Br。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤1中，所述强碱为NaOH或KOH；所述惰性气氛为Ar；所述煅烧条件为自室温以5℃/min升温至700℃，保温2h；所述干燥为80℃条件下干燥24h。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤2中，所述HCl和HNO 3的混合溶液中，HCl和HNO 3体积比为3:1，所述超声处理时间为6h。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤3中，悬浮液A中，所使用的酸化的N掺杂生物质炭、Bi(NO 3) 3·5H 2O、乙酸的用量比为1～20mg：0.01～0.05mol：40mL，所述连续搅拌时间为30min。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤3中，KX水溶液中KX的浓度为0.5mol/L，悬浮液A与KX水溶液的体积比为2:1。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤3中所述恒温反应的温度为150℃～180℃，微波功率为200W，恒温反应时间为1h；所述管式炉中的煅烧温度为300℃，煅烧时间为2h。
  7. 权利要求1～6任意一项制得的BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学传感器检测ATP的用途。
  8. 权利要求1～6任意一项制得的BiOX/N掺杂生物质炭纳米复合材料用于制备光电化学 传感器检测大肠杆菌的用途。
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