Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F283/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G
  • C08F283/12—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers provided for in subclass C08G on to polysiloxanes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
  • C08F2/12—Polymerisation in non-solvents
  • C08F2/16—Aqueous medium
  • C08F2/22—Emulsion polymerisation
  • C08F2/24—Emulsion polymerisation with the aid of emulsifying agents
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/42—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences
  • C08G77/46—Block-or graft-polymers containing polysiloxane sequences containing polyether sequences
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
  • C08G77/12—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to hydrogen
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G77/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G77/04—Polysiloxanes
  • C08G77/20—Polysiloxanes containing silicon bound to unsaturated aliphatic groups

Definitions

• This invention is directed toward a new class of silicone polyethers including methods for making and using the same.
• Silicone polyethers represent a well know class of polyorganosiloxane- poly oxy alkylene copolymers.
• a wide variety of polymeric structures are known including block, branched, raked and gemini-type structures.
• SPEs are used in a wide variety of applications including as surfactants, foaming agents, solubilizers and softeners. They are also known for adding leveling, slip and mar resistance properties to coating formulations as well as for use as additives in personal care products.
• SPEs are classically made via a well-known platinum catalyzed hydrosilylation reaction between an -SiH group of a polyorganohydrogensiloxane and an unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group (e.g.
• the invention includes a novel class of SPEs as represented by formula (I).
• the invention includes methods for preparing such SPEs including combining a) a polyorganohydrogensiloxane (“-SiH polymer”) as represented by formula (VI) and b) a polyoxyalkylene as represented by formula (VII) in the presence of c) a hydrosilylation catalyst.
• the subject method includes combining the aforementioned components a), b) and c) in water.
• the subject method includes combining the aforementioned components a), b) and c) in water and forming an oil-in-water emulsion and conducting an in-situ hydrosilylation to form the subject SPE as a reaction product in the emulsion.
• the subject invention includes a class of silicone polyethers (SPEs) represented by the formula (I): wherein:
• R is the same or different and is selected from: H (hydrogen) and a hydrocarbon group comprising from 1 to 18 carbon atoms and more preferably from 1 to 8 carbon atoms with the proviso that R comprises less than 80, 50, or 25 mol % H. In selected embodiments, R comprises from 0 to 25 or 0 to 5 mol % H.
• hydrocarbon groups include: a) alkyl groups such as: methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl and heptyl; b) aryl groups such as phenyl, tolyl, xylyl and naphthyl; and c) aralkyl groups such as benzyl and phenethyl; however methyl and phenyl groups are preferred with methyl being most preferred.
• R comprises at least 20, 50, 75, 90 or even 95 mol% of methyl groups (as determined by 29 Si NMR).
• m is an integer from 0 to 100, 0 to 70 or 0 to 40.
• n is an integer from 10 to 500, 20 to 200, 40 to 100 or 50 to 70.
• Z is the same or different and is selected from: Y, OH (hydroxyl) and an organosiloxane group represented by the following formula:
• R is as previously defined, R’ is an aliphatic bivalent hydrocarbon (e.g. alkylene) group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and t is 10 to 800.
• R is as previously defined, R’ is an aliphatic bivalent hydrocarbon (e.g. alkylene) group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and t is 10 to 800.
• Y is represented by following formula:
• Ri is the same or different and is selected from an aliphatic hydrocarbon group (e.g. alkyl groups) comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms.
• Rz is represented by the following formula: (IV): -(AO) q -X wherein:
• A is the same or different and is selected from aliphatic bivalent hydrocarbon (e.g. alkylene) group having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms with the proviso that (AO) q comprises at least 3 (e.g. from 8 to 40 or 10 to 40) ethylene oxide moieties.
• R 2 is represented by the following formula:
• X (as set forth in both formulae IV or V) is the same or different and is selected from: H (hydrogen) and an aliphatic hydrocarbon (e.g. alkyl) group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• R3 is the same or different and is an aliphatic bivalent hydrocarbon (e.g. alkylene) group comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. In one class of embodiments, R3 is a methylene group.
• Z is additionally subject to the proviso of comprising: i) 10 to 80 mol% of Y, ii) 0 to 60 mol% OH, and iii) 0 to 60 mol% of the organosiloxane group of formula II.
• Z comprises greater than 40 mol % of Y, and the sum of OH and organosiloxane is less than 60 mol%.
• the subject SPE is represented by the following formula:
• R, m, n, Ri, R2 and R3 are as defined above but where R is preferably methyl, m is preferably from 0 to 40, n is preferably from 20 to 200, Ri is the same or different and is preferably selected from alkyl groups comprising from 8 to 20 carbon atoms and R3 is the same or different and is preferably selected from alkylene groups comprising from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• the subject SPEs may be prepared by combining component a) a polyorganohydrogensiloxane (-SiH Polymer) and component b) a polyoxyalkylene in the presence of component c) a hydrosilylation catalyst.
• component a) a polyorganohydrogensiloxane (-SiH Polymer)
• component b) a polyoxyalkylene
• component c) a hydrosilylation catalyst.
• Each component (a, b and c) is described in more detail below. While the subject combination of components a), b) and c) is unique, the technique for combining these components may employ conventional methods. For example, components a), b) and c) may be combined neat or in an organic solvent. However, in a preferred embodiment, the aforementioned components are combined and reacted to form an in-situ silicone polyether reaction product in water.
• the aforementioned components are combined to form a discontinuous oil phase within a continuous water phase, i.e. an oil-in-water emulsion, in which a hydrosilylation reaction is conducted between components a) and b) to form an in-situ silicone polyether reaction product as part of the discontinuous oil phase.
• a hydrosilylation reaction is conducted between components a) and b) to form an in-situ silicone polyether reaction product as part of the discontinuous oil phase.
• Such processes are often referred to as mechanical suspension polymerization (MSP).
• MSP mechanical suspension polymerization
• components a), b) and c) along with additional optional components as described below may be combined in any order, at least a portion (e.g. majority portion by weight) of components a) and b) are prefenable combined in water with mixing to form a discontinuous (oil) phase prior to addition of the majority of component c).
• the initial water or the emulsion formed from the addition of the aforementioned components may be optionally heated to facilitate the hydrosilylation reaction.
• the water used to prepare the emulsion may be from any source and may optionally be purified, e.g. through filtration, distillation, reverse osmosis techniques, etc.
• the preparation of the subject emulsion does not require the use of surfactants (emulsifiers) other than component b).
• the resulting emulsion including the silicone polyether reaction product may be substantially free of surfactant. That is, by selecting the appropriate molar ratio of alkenyl groups of component b) to SiH groups of component a), all or substantially all the initial surfactant (component b) used to prepare the initial emulsion is reacted with component a) to form the subject silicone polyether reaction product and is no longer present as such in the final emulsion.
• the subject emulsion is prepared without non-reacting surfactants (i.e. surfactants that do not react to form covalent bonds with component a).
• non-reacting surfactants i.e. surfactants that do not react to form covalent bonds with component a.
• the term “substantially free” means less than 1 wt%, preferably less 0.5 wt% and more preferably less than 0.1 wt% and still more preferably less than 0.01 wt%, based upon the total weight of the suspension.
• the silicone polyether reaction product itself is not considered as a “surfactant.”
• Mixing may be used to facilitate the formation of the emulsion. Mixing may occur using any known technique. Representative mixing devices include homogenizer, sonolator, rotor-stator turbines, colloid mill, microfluidizer, sonicator, blades, helix and combination thereof. Representative methodologies are described in US6013682, US8877293 and US2015/0010711. A homogenizer or sonic probe may be used to achieve desired particle size.
• the particles of the discontinuous oil phase preferably have a volume-weighted median value of particle diameter distribution “Dv(0.5)” of from 100 to 7000 nm and more preferably from 200 to 3000 nm as determined via laser diffraction using a Malvern 3000 and in accordance with ISO 13320 (2009). As used herein, the term “particles” refers to the oil phase droplets.
• the class of polyorganohydrogensiloxanes applicable to the present invention is not particularly limited and includes a wide range of commercially available materials. Applicable polymers may have viscosities from 5 to 1000 cSt, more preferably from 10 to 500 cSt measured at 25°C according to ASTM D2196-05. Different polyorganohydrogensiloxanes may be used in combination, e.g. those having different chemical structures, molecule weights and/or viscosities.
• a preferred class of SiH polymers may be represented by the following formula:
• the subject SiH polymers include -SiH groups which may be located on the polysiloxane backbone at terminal (end) and intermediate (pendant) positions.
• the -SiH groups are predominantly located at pendant positions, i.e. greater than 95 wt% and more preferably greater than 99 wt% of all -SiH groups are located at pendant positions along the polysiloxane chain as determined by 29 Si NMR.
• SiH polymers include: SYL-OFFTM 7672 Crosslinker, SYL-OFFTM 7678 Crosslinker, SYL-OFFTM SL 7028 Crosslinker, SYL-OFFTM 7682-000 Crosslinker and XIAMETERTM MHX-1107 Fluid 30 cSt, all available from the Dow Chemical Co.
• the class of polyoxyalkylenes applicable for the present invention may be represented by the following formula: (VII): wherein Ri, R and R3 are as previously defined and R4 is the same or different and is selected from alkenyl and alkynyl.
• applicable polyoxyalkylenes include: ADEKATM REASOAP ER10, ADEKATM REASOAP ER20 and ADEKATM REASOAP ER30 available from Adeka.
• the hydrosilylation catalysts applicable to the present invention are not particularly limited and include platinum, rhodium, iridium, palladium, ruthenium or combinations thereof.
• the hydrosilylation catalyst may be for example, a fine platinum powder, platinum black, platinum acetylacetonate, chloroplatinic acid, an alcoholic solution of chloroplatinic acid, an olefin complex of chloroplatinic acid, a complex of chloroplatinic acid and alkenylsiloxane (e.g.
• divinyltetramethyl disiloxane diluted in dimethylvinylsiloxy end-blocked polydimethylsiloxane which may be prepared according to methods described in US3419593, a complex of platinous chloride and divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane as described in US5175325 or a thermoplastic resin that includes the aforementioned platinum catalyst.
• the hydrosilylation catalyst is a platinum vinyl siloxane complex such as Karstedf s catalyst or Speier's catalyst or combinations thereof.
• hydrosilylation catalyst may be a single catalyst or a combination of two or more catalysts.
• a commercial example of applicable hydrosilylation catalyst includes: SYL-OFFTM 4000 Catalyst.
• the molar ratio of component b) to the SiH groups of component a) is preferably less than 1 : 1, e.g. from 1:1 to 1:2. Using this molar ratio ensures that component b) is fully reacted and that the resulting silicone polyether reaction product (and corresponding emulsion containing the same) is substantially free of residual surfactant.
• concentration of component c) i.e. hydrosilylation catalyst
• an effective amount of catalyst is in a range to provide from 0.1 to 3000 parts per million (ppm) of the actual metal (e.g. platinum) by weight based on the weight of components a) and b).
• the method for preparing the subject SPEs may include the step of combining an alkenyl functional polyorganosiloxane as an additional optional component (“component d”).
• the class of applicable polymers is not particularly limited so long as they include at least one and more preferably at least two alkenyl functional groups (e.g. vinyl, allyl, etc.). While the alkenyl groups may be present at either or both terminal and pendant locations along the siloxane backbone of the polyorganosiloxane, they are preferably located solely at a terminal end.
• the subject alkenyl functional polyorganosiloxane is a vinyl end-blocked polydiorganosiloxane having the general formula: Vi-[Si(R’a)O]v — Si(R’2)Vi, wherein R’ is the same or different and selected from the same hydrocarbon groups as defined above as R, Vi is a vinyl group and v is an integer resulting in the polymer having a viscosity in the range of 5 to 100,000 measured at 25°C according to ASTM D2196- 05. R’ is preferably methyl.
• optional component d) is preferably used in a quantity such that the molar ratio of its alkenyl functional groups to the -SiH groups of component a) is from 2:1 to 0.1:1.
• Representative polymers are described in US10385212.
• Commercial examples of applicable polymers include: SILASTICTM SFD 128, SILASTICTM SFD-120, and DOWSILTM SFD-119, all of which are available from The Dow Chemical Company.
• the method for preparing the subject SPEs may include the step of combining one or more oils as an additional optional component (“component e”).
• the class of applicable oils is not particularly limited and includes: i) hydrocarbon-based oils of a mineral, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g. paraffin oil, hydrogenated isoparaffin, hydrogenated liquid poly decene, petrolatum, olive oil, linseed oil, etc. and ii) non-reactive polyorganosiloxanes, i.e. “silicones.” Oils that are liquid at room temperature are preferred.
• Representative silicones include non-volatile species along with both linear and branched species.
• Representative classes include: polyalkylsiloxanes, polyaryl siloxanes, polyalkylarylsiloxanes, polysiloxane gums, polysiloxane elastomers and combinations thereof.
• a preferred group include DOWSILTM 200 fluids (trimethyl silyl terminated poly dimethylsiloxane) including those having viscosities from about 5 to about 200,000 cSt (centistokes) measured at 25°C according to ASTM D4283-98 (2015). Combinations of different polyorganosiloxanes may be used together.
• optional component e) preferably comprises from 10 to 80 wt% or from 20 to 70 wt% of the discontinuous oil phase of the emulsion.
• optional components d) and/or e) are preferably combined with components a) and b) when forming an initial emulsion of components a) and b).
• the alkenyl functional polyorganosiloxane may participate in the hydrosilylation reaction of components a), e.g. resulting in the formation of organosiloxane group represented by formula (II) on the silicone polyether reaction product
• component e) is preferably non-reactive and does not directly participate (e.g. break or form covalent bonds) in the hydrosilylation reaction. As such, component e) remains present in the discontinuous oil phase of the final emulsion including the silicone polyether reaction product.
• alcohol may be added to the resulting emulsion of the silicone poly ether reaction product.
• the subject emulsions are surprisingly stable even after the addition of sufficient alcohol to form an emulsion having antimicrobial properties.
• the subject emulsions remain stable with the addition of sufficient alcohol to comprise at least 10 wt%, 25 wt%, 50 wt%, 60 wt%, 70 wt%, 80 wt% or even 90 wt% of the total weight of the emulsion.
• the alcohol comprises from 5 to 95 wt%, 10 to 90 wt%, or 25 to 75 wt% of the total weight of the emulsion.
• Ci-Ce monohydric alcohols such as: methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, butanol, t- butanol, 2-butanol, pentanol, hexanol and combinations thereof are generally preferred.
• C2-C4 monohydric alcohols are preferred such as: ethanol, 1 -propanol and 2-propanol and combinations thereof.
• the remaining proportion of the continuous phase of the subject emulsion may comprise water.
• molecular weight refers to the weight average molecular weight as measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using an Agilent Technologies 1260 Infinity chromatograph and toluene as a solvent. The instrument is equipped with three columns, a PLgel 5pm 7.5 x 50 mm guard column and two PLgel 5pm Mixed-C 7.5 x 300 mm columns.
• Calibrations are made using polystyrene standards. Samples are made by dissolving polymer in toluene (-1 mg/mL) and then immediately analyzing the material by GPC (ImL/min flow, 35 °C column temperature, 25-minute run time). Particle size measurements were determined as the volume-weighted median value of particle diameter distribution (Dv50) of using a MastersizerTM 3000 laser diffraction particle size analyzer from Malvern Instruments in accordance with ISO 13320 (2009).
• Dv50 volume-weighted median value of particle diameter distribution
• sample emulsions were prepared using the components specified in the table above. Emulsions were prepared via a classic phase inversion process involving the sequential addition of water to an oil in the presence of a polyoxyalkylene which ultimately undergoes phase inversion forming a water-in-oil emulsion. Following this method, the designated oil, SiH polymer, and alkenyl functional polyorganosiloxane (if used), were first mixed followed by the addition of the designated polyoxyalkylene, inversion water and the hydrosilylation catalyst (if used), followed by the sequential addition of the remaining water. Unless otherwise specified, all components were mixed at 3500 rpm for 30 seconds using a dental mixer (Hauschild SpeedMixer). Reaction between polyoxyalkylene and SiH polymer was allowed to occur for approximately one week at room temperature (RT) followed by measurements of particle size distribution (Malvern Metasizer 3000). Emulsions prepared without catalysts served as comparisons.
• RT room temperature
• Malvern Metasizer 3000 particle
• the stability of the sample emulsions was measured after allowing the emulsions to set for approximately 1 week. Stability was tested for the sample emulsions as prepared and/or after the addition of isopropanol (i.e. 1 g of emulsion mixed with 5 g of isopropanol). The stability of the emulsion was assessed visually according to the following standard: (1) fully coalesced, (2) partially coalesced/creamed, (3) no sign of coalescence.
• Sample emulsions were prepared using the components specified below in Table 2. To evaluate hydrophobicity performance, sample emulsions were applied to paper, i.e. (LENETA FORM N2A-2) and pine blocks. The sample emulsions applied to paper were prepared using DOWSILTM 200 Fluid 100,000 cSt, whereas those applied to pine were prepared using DOWSILTM 200 Fluid 12,500 cSt. For paper, sample emulsions were applied as 120-)im-thick coatings which were dried overnight at room temperature and analyzed using the sessile drop method (Biolin Scientific Theta Optical). Water contact angles were estimated based on images captured 19 seconds after the deposition of 2.5 pl droplets and averaged over three measurements.
• sample emulsions were first diluted to 10 wt% silicone (i.e. the sum of components a and e) and applied at an average density of 5.6 mg/cm 2 and then dried at room temperature for approximately one week. The resulting wetting performance of each sample was then assessed 10 minutes after the deposition of 0.1ml droplets of water using the following numerical scale from 1 to 5 using an average of three measurements.
• silicone i.e. the sum of components a and e
• inventive sample no. 4 showed statistically significant improvement in hydrophobicity for both paper and pine along with improved stability in isopropanol (IP A) as compared with comparative sample nos. 1-3 and 5-6.
• IP A isopropanol
• the addition of a catalyst had little impact on the performance of the comparative samples, i.e. 1 vs. 2 and 5 vs. 6.
• Example 2 Sample emulsions nos. 7-9 were prepared using the components specified below in Table 3.
• each sample was tested for stability as per the methodology previously described.
• Each sample utilized a different species of polyoxy alkylene, all of which being selected from the claimed genus. As indicated below, each emulsion had good stability.
• a comparison sample emulsion (no. 10) was prepared using a polyoxyalkylene species (Allyl Polyether 1) falling outside the claimed genus. That is, while Allyl Polyether 1 has a similar number of repeating alkoxy (EO) units and alkyl groups as those of claimed genus, Allyl Polyether 1 has a different structure. See the respective structures provided above.
• comparative sample no. 10 demulsified and underwent phase segregation over the course of the reaction. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the position of the allyl group of Allyl Polyether 1 partitions into the silicone discontinuous phase upon reaction, rather than remaining at the water-oil interface. Consequently, the emulsion is destabilized.
• Sample nos. 11 thru 15 illustrate the stability of the subject emulsions in isopropanol (IP A) when prepared with a wide variety of oils. These samples were prepared using the components listed below in Table 5 in accordance with the methodology previously described with the following exceptions: samples 13 and 14 where first mixed in a dental mixer as per the methodology previously described and then mixed at 11000 rpm using a rotor-stator disperser (ULTRA- TURRAX homogenizer), and then finally mixed at 3500 rpm for 30 seconds using a dental mixer.
• a rotor-stator disperser ULTRA- TURRAX homogenizer
• This example illustrates ability to include additional reactive polymers, (e.g. SiH Polymer 2 and SILASTICTM SFD 128 Polymer) in the subject emulsions, e.g. to increase molecular weight and crosslinking while still maintaining good emulsion stability.
• additional reactive polymers e.g. SiH Polymer 2 and SILASTICTM SFD 128 Polymer
• hydrosilylation is believed to take place both within the emulsion droplets to form a branched polymer (e.g. between SiH Polymer 2 and SILASTICTM SFD 128 Polymer) but also at the interface between the polyoxy alkylene and SiH polymer 1. That is, the addition of other reactive polymers (such as SiH Polymer 2 and SILASTICTM SFD 128 Polymer) does not interfere with the improved alcohol stability of the emulsions including the subject silicone polyether reaction product.
• SiH Polymer 2 and SILASTICTM SFD 128 Polymer does not interfere with the improved alcohol stability of the emulsions including the
• Sample emulsions were prepared using the components listed in Table 7 and then tested for stability in isopropanol. As illustrated by the test results reported below, the location of the SiH group in the SiH polymer had a significant impact on stability, i.e. SiH polymers 3 and 5-7 had SiH groups located solely at terminal positions whereas SiH polymers 1 and 4 had SiH groups located at pendant positions along the polyorganosiloxane backbone. H NMR analysis of the sample emulsions confirmed that the SiH groups of SiH Polymers no. 3 and 5-7 remained largely unreacted in sample Nos. 18 and 20-22 in contrast with the SiH Polymers no. 1 and 4 in sample emulsions nos.
• a silicone polyether reaction product was prepared neat by blending 0.6g of SiH Polymer 1 and 4g polyoxyalkylene (ADEKATM REASOAP ER- 10) with 0.1 g of SYL-OFF 4000 Catalyst and allowed to react for approximately one week at room temperature. After one week the blend that was initially a liquid formed a powdery solid. 4.60g of the solid was then combined with the 60.00g of silicone oil (DOWSILTM 200 Fluid 12500 cSt) and 35.4g of inversion water followed by mixing at 3500 rpm for 30 seconds using a dental mixer (Hauschild SpeedMixer). After which, a coarse emulsion (sample no. 24) was formed where big droplets were surrounded by jelly-like particles.
• the subject silicone polyether reaction product Unlike when formed in-situ as part of a water-in-oil emulsion, when prepared neat, the subject silicone polyether reaction product was unable to form an equivalent stable emulsion. That is, the pre-formed silicone polyether reaction product did not function as an effective surfactant.

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