WO2023100548A1 - 負極活物質、二次電池および負極活物質の製造方法 - Google Patents
負極活物質、二次電池および負極活物質の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material and a secondary battery containing the negative electrode active material.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing the negative electrode active material.
- Non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries are used in mobile devices, hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, household storage batteries, etc., and are required to have well-balanced characteristics such as electrical capacity, safety, and operational stability. ing.
- a lithium intercalation compound that releases lithium ions from between layers is mainly used as a negative electrode material, and lithium ions can be intercalated and released between crystal plane layers during charging and discharging.
- various lithium ion batteries using a carbonaceous material such as graphite as a negative electrode active material have been developed and put to practical use.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 disclose a soft carbon material for lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode material comprising a nanomaterial coating supported on the surface layer of soft carbon powder particles and a conductive carbon layer covering the outer surface of the nanomaterial coating. disclosed. However, it is conceivable that many voids are present in soft carbon on which nanomaterials are supported.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a negative electrode material containing composite particles in which amorphous carbon containing specific nanosilicon is attached to the surface of graphite particles.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a negative electrode material for a lithium ion battery in which a granular active material made of graphite and a network structure having a plurality of CO-Si bonds are provided on a part of the surface of the granular active material. are doing.
- JP 2015-128045 A Japanese Patent Publication No. 2017-526118 WO2020/088248 JP 2020-64876 A
- an object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material that provides a secondary battery having high initial discharge capacity, high capacity retention rate and high charge/discharge capacity and having an excellent balance of these properties.
- A represents the average grain size of the granular structure
- B represents the penetration depth of the surface layer into the concave portion.
- Step (1) A step of obtaining a surface layer forming precursor
- Step (2) A step of applying the surface layer forming precursor to the surface of a granular structure mainly composed of graphite having an uneven surface
- Inactive A step [14] of obtaining a negative electrode active material by high-temperature firing at a firing temperature of 1000 to 1300 ° C. in an atmosphere [14].
- a secondary battery comprising the negative electrode active material according to any one of [1] to [14].
- a negative electrode active material that provides a secondary battery having high initial discharge capacity, capacity retention rate, and charge/discharge capacity, and having an excellent balance of these characteristics, and a secondary battery using the negative electrode active material are provided.
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention (hereinafter also referred to as “the present negative electrode active material”) comprises a granular structure (hereinafter also referred to as “the present granular structure”) mainly composed of graphite and having an uneven surface on the surface, At least part of the surface of the present granular structure has a surface layer in which silicon particles having an average particle size of 20 nm to 200 nm are dispersed in a matrix phase.
- the combined use of silicon which has a higher theoretical capacity than graphite, has conventionally been investigated.
- silicon expands up to about 3 to 4 times in volume as lithium is inserted, self-destructs, or separates from the electrode.
- the resulting lithium secondary battery has poor cycle characteristics.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 In order to suppress the volume expansion, a method of coating or adhering the surface of graphite with silicon particles as described in Patent Documents 1 to 4, a method of introducing a three-dimensional network structure, and the like have been proposed.
- the present negative electrode active material uses a granular structure mainly composed of graphite having an uneven surface, and has a surface layer in which silicon particles are dispersed in a matrix phase on at least a part of the surface of the present granular structure. It is believed that the strength between graphite and silicon particles was improved. As a result, it is believed that the initial discharge capacity, capacity retention rate, and charge/discharge capacity of the secondary battery using this negative electrode active material were improved.
- the granular structure is mainly composed of graphite. Assuming that the mass of the present granular structure is 100% by mass, the content of graphite is preferably more than 50% by mass, more preferably 80% by mass or more.
- Graphite which is the main component, includes amorphous carbon such as natural graphite, artificial graphite, and hard carbon or soft carbon. Graphite is preferably natural graphite or artificial graphite from the viewpoint of initial discharge capacity or charge/discharge capacity.
- the granular structure may contain carbon nanotubes, carbon fibers, or a small amount of binder used during the granulation process.
- the graphite When the graphite is natural graphite or artificial graphite, the graphite has an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m and a specific surface area of 0.5 m 2 /g to 20 m 2 /g. This is preferable from the viewpoint of simultaneously suppressing side effects on the surface of graphite during charging and discharging.
- the average particle size is a D50 value that can be measured using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer or the like. D50 can be measured by a dynamic light scattering method using a laser particle size analyzer or the like.
- the average particle diameter is the particle diameter at which the volume cumulative distribution curve is drawn from the small diameter side in the particle diameter distribution, and the cumulative volume reaches 50%.
- the average particle size means D50.
- the specific surface area is the BET specific surface area determined by the BET formula using a specific surface area measuring device from nitrogen gas adsorption measurement.
- the specific surface area means the BET specific surface area.
- the present granular structure has an uneven portion on its surface.
- the uneven portion may be formed on a part of the surface of the present granular structure, and may be formed on the entire surface.
- the irregularities may be formed continuously or intermittently on the surface of the present granular structure. Further, the uneven portion may be formed regularly or irregularly.
- the irregularities may be formed, for example, by roughening the surface of the present granular structure, or may be formed by forming a plurality of holes on the surface. When forming a plurality of holes, the holes may be open holes or communicating holes.
- the unevenness depth which is the average of the distances between the deepest part and the highest part of the adjacent uneven part, is the ratio of the unevenness depth to the grain size of the present granular structure from the viewpoint of the adhesive strength between the surface layer and the present granular structure, which will be described later. is preferably 0.01 or more, more preferably 0.05 or more.
- the mechanical performance of the granular structure may be deteriorated, and the surface layer becomes difficult to enter the irregularities of the granular structure, and voids are generated in the active material, resulting in charging and discharging. Occasionally, there is a possibility of performance deterioration due to permeation of the electrolyte.
- the cross-sectional shape of the uneven portion includes, for example, triangular, rectangular, semi-circular, and semi-elliptical shapes, and a plurality of these shapes may be mixed.
- the average particle size of the present granular structure is preferably 1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 3 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the specific surface area of the present granular structure is preferably 1 m 2 /g to 30 m 2 /g, more preferably 3 m 2 /g to 20 m 2 /g. When the specific surface area is within the above range, appropriate surface voids can be maintained in order to maintain adhesion to the surface layer.
- the cumulative pore volume of pore diameters in the range of 3 nm to 300 nm is preferably 0.001 cm 3 /g or more from the viewpoint of maintaining adhesion to the surface layer.
- the cumulative pore volume of the pore diameter is the cumulative pore volume of pores having a pore diameter in the range of 2 nm or more and 100 nm or less, among the pores measured by the mercury porosimetry.
- the mercury intrusion method is to inject mercury into the hardened body and measure the pore size distribution from the relationship between the pressure and the intrusion amount at that time, assuming that the shape of the pores is cylindrical. calculated by
- the cumulative pore volume is more preferably 0.01 cm 3 /g or more.
- the upper limit of the accumulated pore volume is usually 0.5 cm 3 /g.
- the present negative electrode active material has a surface layer in which silicon particles having an average particle size of 20 nm to 200 nm (hereinafter also referred to as "present silicon particles") are dispersed in a matrix phase on at least part of the surface of the present granular structure. .
- the average particle diameter of the present silicon particles is the value of D50. From the viewpoint of improving cycle performance, the average particle size of the present silicon particles is preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 80 nm or less.
- the average particle size of the present silicon particles is preferably 20 nm or more, more preferably 30 nm or more, from the viewpoint of maintaining good dispersibility of the silicon nanoparticles.
- the particle size of the present silicon particles is preferably distributed over a wide range of 5 nm to 300 nm within the range satisfying the average particle size.
- silicon particles having different particle diameters over a wide range it is easy to increase the packing density of the silicon particles in the present active material.
- the expression "widely distributed" means that the shape of the particle size distribution is not particularly limited as long as the particles exist within the range of the particle size.
- the particle size of the present silicon particles is distributed over a wide range, the particles may be concentrated in a part of the particle size range, and a normal distribution is preferred. Silicon particles with a broad distribution of particle sizes can be produced, for example, by dry or wet mechanical comminution methods.
- the present silicon particles are composed of zero-valent silicon, and for example, a mass of silicon can be pulverized into particles such that the average particle size falls within the above range.
- crushers used for crushing silicon lumps include crushers such as ball mills, bead mills, and jet mills.
- the pulverization may be wet pulverization using an organic solvent, and as the organic solvent, for example, alcohols, ketones, etc. can be preferably used. Group hydrocarbon solvents can also be used.
- the present silicon particles can be obtained by appropriately controlling the pulverization conditions of the silicon particles so that the average particle size falls within the above range, and finally performing classification or the like.
- the shape of the present silicon particles may be granular, needle-like, or flaky as long as it satisfies the above-mentioned average particle size, but the flaky shape is preferable from the viewpoint of improving the performance of the active material.
- the silicon particles are flaky, they are crystalline, and if the crystallite size obtained from the peak at 28.4° in the X-ray diffraction spectrum is 40 nm or less, the initial coulombic efficiency and the capacity retention rate can be improved. preferable.
- the crystallite size is more preferably 30 nm or less. Further, the crystallite size is more preferably 10 nm or more.
- the compound that constitutes the matrix phase is preferably a compound containing silicon, oxygen, and carbon, and the compound containing silicon, oxygen, and carbon preferably has a three-dimensional network structure of silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton and a structure containing free carbon.
- free carbon is carbon that is not contained in the three-dimensional skeleton of silicon-oxygen-carbon. Free carbon includes carbon present as a carbon phase, carbon bonded between carbon phase carbons, and carbon bonded between a silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton and a carbon phase.
- the silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton in the matrix phase is chemically It is highly stable and has a composite structure with free carbon, which facilitates the diffusion of lithium ions along with the reduction in electronic transition resistance. Direct contact between the silicon particles and the electrolytic solution is prevented by tightly enveloping the silicon particles in the composite structure of the silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton and free carbon.
- the present silicon particles in the negative electrode play a role of being the main component for the expression of charge-discharge performance, while avoiding a chemical reaction between silicon and the electrolyte during charge-discharge. As a result, deterioration of the performance of the present silicon particles can be prevented to the maximum.
- the electron distribution inside the silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton changes due to the approach of lithium ions, causing electrostatic bonding and coordination between the silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton and lithium ions. Positional bonds and the like are formed. Lithium ions are stored in the silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton by this electrostatic bond and coordinate bond. On the other hand, since the coordination bond energy is relatively low, the desorption reaction of lithium ions easily occurs. In other words, it is considered that the silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton can reversibly cause intercalation and deintercalation reactions of lithium ions during charging and discharging.
- the free carbon is preferably amorphous carbon.
- the matrix phase preferably contains silicon oxycarbide represented by the following formula (2).
- SiOx Cy (2) In formula (2), x represents the molar ratio of oxygen to silicon, and y represents the molar ratio of carbon to silicon.
- x represents the molar ratio of oxygen to silicon
- y represents the molar ratio of carbon to silicon.
- the compound constituting the matrix phase may contain nitrogen in addition to silicon, oxygen and carbon.
- Nitrogen is a functional group in the raw material used in the manufacturing method of the active material described later, such as phenolic resin, dispersant, polysiloxane compound, other nitrogen compounds, and nitrogen gas used in the firing process. By having an atomic group containing it, it can be introduced into the matrix phase.
- the matrix phase contains nitrogen, the charge/discharge performance and the capacity retention rate tend to be excellent when using the present negative electrode active material.
- the compound constituting the matrix phase is a compound containing silicon, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen
- the matrix phase preferably contains a compound represented by the following formula (3).
- SiOxCyNz (3) In formula (3), x and y have the same meanings as above, and z represents the molar ratio of nitrogen to silicon.
- the matrix phase contains the compound represented by the formula (3), 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 20, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.5 are preferable, and 1.1 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.8, 1.2 ⁇ y ⁇ 15, and 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.4 are more preferable.
- the above x, y and z can be obtained by measuring the mass content of each element and then converting to a molar ratio (atomic number ratio).
- the content of oxygen and carbon can be quantified by using an inorganic elemental analyzer, and the content of silicon can be quantified by using an ICP optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES).
- ICP-OES ICP optical emission spectrometer
- the present active material is locally analyzed, and a large number of measurement points for the content ratio data obtained thereby is obtained. It is also possible to analogize the content ratio of the entire negative electrode active material. Local analysis includes, for example, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) and Electron Probe Microanalyzer (EPMA).
- the surface layer of the present negative electrode active material on at least part of the present granular structure includes the present silicon particles, the silicon oxycarbide as a matrix phase in which the present silicon particles are dispersed, and amorphous carbon as the free carbon. It is preferable that the surface layer contains 1 to 80% by mass of the present silicon particles based on 100% by mass of the total mass of the surface layer. Examples of amorphous carbon include carbon generated by thermal decomposition of organic substances such as aromatic resins.
- the surface layer preferably contains nitrogen from the viewpoint of Si--O--C skeleton stability.
- the matrix phase preferably contains the compound represented by the formula (3).
- the surface layer more preferably contains the present silicon particles in an amount of 10% by mass or more, more preferably 15% by mass or more.
- the surface layer preferably contains the present silicon particles in an amount of 80% by mass or less, more preferably 70% by mass or less.
- the negative electrode active material preferably contains 1 to 80% by mass of the surface layer based on 100% by mass of the total mass of the negative electrode active material.
- the present negative electrode active material preferably contains the surface layer in an amount of 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more, based on 100% by mass of the total mass of the present negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material preferably contains 70% by mass or less of the surface layer, more preferably 60% by mass or less, based on 100% by mass of the total mass of the negative electrode active material. preferable.
- the total mass of the present negative electrode active material is the total mass of the present granular structure and the surface layer that constitute the present negative electrode active material. When the matrix phase contains nitrogen, it is the total amount including nitrogen. When the present negative electrode active material contains a coating layer to be described later, the total mass of the present negative electrode active material is the total mass including the mass of the coating layer in addition to the above.
- the present negative electrode active material has the surface layer on at least a part of the surface of the present granular structure, but from the viewpoint of suppressing the specific surface area and rationalizing the fine structure, 80% or more of the surface of the present granular structure has the above-mentioned surface layer. It is preferable to have a surface layer, and more preferably 90% or more of the surface of the present granular structure has the surface layer.
- the penetration depth of the surface layer into the recesses of the granular structure preferably satisfies the formula (1). 0.01 ⁇ B/A ⁇ 0.3 (1)
- A represents the average grain size of the present granular structure
- B represents the penetration depth of the surface layer into the recess.
- A is the aforementioned D50
- B is measured by SEM observation of the cross section of the particle.
- a and B more preferably satisfy the following formula (4), and more preferably satisfy the following formula (5).
- the present negative electrode active material may contain other necessary third components in addition to the above.
- the surface of the present negative electrode active material may be coated with a coating material.
- a coating material a substance that can be expected to have electronic conductivity, lithium ion conductivity, and an effect of suppressing decomposition of the electrolytic solution is preferable.
- the average thickness of the coating is preferably 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less.
- the average thickness of the coating is preferably 20 nm or more and 200 nm or less. Since the present negative electrode active material has a film having the above average thickness, it is possible to protect the present silicon particles exposed on the surface of the granular structure. Stability and thermal stability are improved. It is possible to further suppress the deterioration of the charge/discharge performance of the secondary battery obtained as a result.
- the content of the coating is 100 mass of the total mass of the present negative electrode active material from the viewpoint of improving the chemical stability and thermal stability of the negative electrode active material. % is preferably 1 to 30% by mass, more preferably 3 to 25% by mass.
- the total mass of the present negative electrode active material is the same as described above.
- the coating examples include electron conductive materials such as carbon, titanium, and nickel. Among these, from the viewpoint of improving the chemical stability and thermal stability of the negative electrode active material, carbon is preferable, and low-crystalline carbon is more preferable.
- the coating is carbon
- the average thickness of the carbon coating is preferably 10 nm or more and 300 nm or less, or the content of carbon is preferably 1 to 10% by mass based on 100% by mass of the total amount of the present negative electrode active material.
- the total amount of the present negative electrode active material is the same as described above.
- the coating is preferably produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).
- the scattering peak intensity ratio I (G band/D band) of the Raman spectrum is preferably in the range of 0.9 to 1.1. It is preferable that the specific surface area by the BET method is 3.5 m 2 /g or less and the true density is 1.9 g/cm 3 or more.
- the present negative electrode active material has a high initial discharge capacity, a high capacity retention rate, and a high charge/discharge capacity, and is excellent in the balance of these characteristics. Exhibits charge-discharge characteristics.
- a slurry comprising the present negative electrode active material, an organic binder, and, if necessary, other components such as a conductive aid is applied in the form of a thin film onto the current collector copper foil. It can be a negative electrode.
- a negative electrode can also be produced by adding a carbon material such as graphite to the slurry. Carbon materials include natural graphite, artificial graphite, amorphous carbon such as hard carbon or soft carbon, and the like.
- the present negative electrode active material and a binder that is an organic binder are kneaded together with a solvent using a dispersing device such as a stirrer, ball mill, super sand mill, pressure kneader, etc. to prepare a negative electrode material slurry, which is then collected. It can be obtained by applying it to an electric body to form a negative electrode layer.
- the negative electrode layer can also be obtained by forming a paste-like negative electrode material slurry into a shape such as a sheet or pellet and integrating this with a current collector.
- organic binder examples include styrene-butadiene rubber copolymer (hereinafter also referred to as "SBR"); methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, (meth) acrylonitrile , and ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, and ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid, and maleic acid (meth)acrylic copolymerization
- Unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymers such as coalescence; A high molecular compound is mentioned.
- these organic binders can be dispersed or dissolved in water, or dissolved in an organic solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP).
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- the content ratio of the organic binder in the negative electrode layer of the lithium ion secondary battery negative electrode is preferably 1% by mass to 30% by mass, more preferably 2% by mass to 20% by mass, and 3% by mass. to 15% by mass is more preferable.
- the present negative electrode active material has high chemical stability and can be used with an aqueous binder, which makes it easy to handle in terms of practical use.
- the negative electrode material slurry may be mixed with a conductive aid, if necessary.
- conductive aids include carbon black, graphite, acetylene black, oxides and nitrides exhibiting conductivity, and the like.
- the amount of the conductive aid used may be about 1% by mass to 15% by mass with respect to the negative electrode active material of the present invention.
- the material and shape of the current collector for example, copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, etc. may be used in the form of a foil, a perforated foil, a mesh, or the like in a strip shape.
- Porous materials such as porous metal (foamed metal) and carbon paper can also be used.
- Examples of the method for applying the negative electrode material slurry to the current collector include a metal mask printing method, an electrostatic coating method, a dip coating method, a spray coating method, a roll coating method, a doctor blade method, a gravure coating method, and a screen printing method. etc. After coating, it is preferable to carry out a rolling treatment using a flat plate press, calendar rolls, or the like, if necessary.
- the negative electrode material slurry can be made into a sheet or pellet form, and integrated with the current collector by, for example, rolling, pressing, or a combination thereof.
- the negative electrode layer formed on the current collector or the negative electrode layer integrated with the current collector is preferably heat-treated according to the organic binder used.
- heat treatment may be performed at 100 to 130°C
- heat treatment is performed at 150 to 450°C. is preferred.
- This heat treatment removes the solvent and hardens the binder to increase the strength, improving the adhesion between particles and between the particles and the current collector.
- These heat treatments are preferably performed in an inert atmosphere such as helium, argon, or nitrogen, or in a vacuum atmosphere in order to prevent oxidation of the current collector during the treatment.
- the negative electrode using the present negative electrode active material preferably has an electrode density of 1 g/cm 3 to 1.8 g/cm 3 , more preferably 1.1 g/cm 3 to 1.7 g/cm 3 , More preferably from 1.2 g/cm 3 to 1.6 g/cm 3 .
- the electrode density there is a tendency that the higher the electrode density, the higher the adhesion and the volume capacity density of the electrode.
- the electrode density is too high, the voids in the electrode are reduced, which weakens the effect of suppressing the volume expansion of silicon or the like, and the capacity retention rate may decrease. Therefore, an optimum range of electrode densities is selected.
- the secondary battery of the present invention includes the present negative electrode active material in the negative electrode.
- a secondary battery having a negative electrode containing the present negative electrode active material a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a solid electrolyte secondary battery are preferable, and excellent performance is exhibited particularly when used as a negative electrode of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. It is something to do.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode containing the negative electrode active material of the present invention are placed facing each other with a separator interposed therebetween, and an electrolytic solution is injected. It can be configured by
- the positive electrode can be obtained by forming a positive electrode layer on the surface of the current collector in the same manner as the negative electrode.
- the current collector may be a strip-shaped one made of a metal or alloy such as aluminum, titanium, or stainless steel in the form of foil, foil with holes, mesh, or the like.
- the positive electrode material used for the positive electrode layer is not particularly limited.
- a metal compound, a metal oxide, a metal sulfide, or a conductive polymer material capable of doping or intercalating lithium ions should be used.
- lithium cobalt oxide LiCoO 2
- lithium nickel oxide LiNiO 2
- lithium manganate LiMnO 2
- lithium manganese spinel LiMn 2 O 4
- lithium vanadium compounds V2O5 , V6O13 , VO2 , MnO2 , TiO2 , MoV2O8 , TiS2 , V2S5 , VS2 , MoS2 , MoS3 , Cr3O8 , Cr 2 O 5
- olivine-type LiMPO 4 (where M is Co, Ni, Mn or Fe), conductive polymers such as polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene and polyacene, porous carbon, etc. can be used.
- the separator for example, a non-woven fabric, cloth, microporous film, or a combination of them can be used, the main component of which is polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery to be manufactured are structured such that they do not come into direct contact with each other, there is no need to use a separator.
- electrolytes examples include lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 and LiSO 3 CF 3 , ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, cyclopentanone, sulfolane.
- the structure of the secondary battery of the present invention is not particularly limited, but usually, a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an optional separator are wound into a flat spiral to form a wound electrode plate group. It is common to have a structure in which flat plates are laminated to form a laminated electrode plate group, and these electrode plate groups are enclosed in an outer package.
- the half-cell used in the examples of the present invention has a negative electrode composed mainly of the present active material and a simple evaluation using metallic lithium as the counter electrode. for comparison.
- a secondary battery using this negative electrode active material is used, for example, as a paper-type battery, a button-type battery, a coin-type battery, a laminate-type battery, a cylindrical battery, a square-type battery, or the like.
- the present negative electrode active material can also be applied to general electrochemical devices having a charging/discharging mechanism of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions, such as hybrid capacitors and solid lithium secondary batteries.
- the present negative electrode active material can be produced, for example, by a method including the following steps (1) to (3).
- Step (1) A step of obtaining a surface layer forming precursor
- Step (2) A step of applying the surface layer forming precursor to the surface of a granular structure mainly composed of graphite having an uneven surface
- Step (3) Inactive A process of obtaining a negative electrode active material by high temperature firing at a firing temperature of 1000 to 1300°C in an atmosphere.
- a surface layer-forming precursor that provides the surface layer in which silicon particles are dispersed in a matrix phase is prepared by the following method.
- Silicon particles can be obtained, for example, by using an organic solvent and pulverizing silicon lumps with a wet powder pulverizer.
- a dispersant may be used to facilitate the crushing of the silicon lumps in the organic solvent.
- Commercially available silicon powder, large-sized silicon particles, and the like are used as the silicon lumps.
- the wet pulverizer is not particularly limited, and includes roller mills, high-speed rotary pulverizers, container-driven mills, bead mills, and the like. In wet pulverization, it is preferable to pulverize until the silicon particles have the particle size of the present silicon particles.
- Organic solvents used in the wet method include those that do not chemically react with silicon. Examples thereof include ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and diisobutyl ketone; alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, normal propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; aromatic benzene, toluene and xylene.
- ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and diisobutyl ketone
- alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, normal propyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol
- aromatic benzene, toluene and xylene include those that do not chemically react with silicon. Examples thereof include ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone and diisobutyl ketone; alcohols such as ethanol, methanol, normal
- Types of the dispersant include aqueous and non-aqueous dispersants. Use of a non-aqueous dispersant is preferred in order to suppress excessive oxidation of the surface of the silicon particles.
- Types of non-aqueous dispersants include polymer types such as polyethers, polyalkylene polyamines, polycarboxylic acid partial alkyl esters, low molecular types such as polyhydric alcohol esters and alkylpolyamines, and polyphosphates. is exemplified by the inorganic type of
- the concentration of silicon in wet grinding is not particularly limited, but when the solvent and optionally a dispersant are included, the total amount of the dispersant and silicon is 100% by mass, and the amount of silicon is 5% to 40% by mass. is preferable, and 10% by mass to 30% by mass is more preferable.
- silicon particles whose particle diameters are broadly distributed from 5 nm to 300 nm as the present silicon particles
- silicon particles can be produced by the following method.
- a wet bead mill is used to control multiple grinding conditions such as the amount of dispersant added, the bead diameter, the number of revolutions, and the grinding time.
- a polysiloxane compound can be used as a raw material for the matrix phase in which the present silicon particles are dispersed.
- the polysiloxane compound is a resin containing at least one of a polycarbosilane structure, a polysilazane structure, a polysilane structure and a polysiloxane structure.
- a resin containing only these structures may be used, or a composite resin having at least one of these structures as a segment and chemically bonded to another polymer segment may be used.
- Forms of composite include graft copolymerization, block copolymerization, random copolymerization, alternating copolymerization, and the like.
- composite resins that have a graft structure in which polysiloxane segments and side chains of polymer segments are chemically bonded
- composite resins that have a block structure in which polysiloxane segments are chemically bonded to the ends of polymer segments. mentioned.
- the polysiloxane segment preferably has a structural unit represented by the following general formula (S-1) and/or the following general formula (S-2).
- the polysiloxane compound more preferably has a carboxy group, an epoxy group, an amino group, or a polyether group at the side chain or end of the siloxane bond (Si--O--Si) main skeleton.
- R 1 represents an optionally substituted aromatic hydrocarbon group, an alkyl group, an epoxy group, a carboxy group, or the like.
- R 2 and R3 represents an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an aryl group or an aralkyl group, an epoxy group, a carboxy group, etc.
- Alkyl groups include, for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, isopentyl group, neopentyl group, tert-pentyl group, 1 -methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, 1-ethylpropyl group, hexyl group, isohesyl group, 1-methylpentyl group, 2-methylpentyl group, 3-methylpentyl group, 1,1 -dimethylbutyl group, 1,2-dimethylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylbutyl group, 1-ethylbutyl group, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl group, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl group, 1-ethyl- 2-methylpropyl group, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl group
- aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-vinylphenyl, and 3-isopropylphenyl groups.
- the aralkyl group includes, for example, a benzyl group, a diphenylmethyl group, a naphthylmethyl group and the like.
- polymer segments other than the polysiloxane segment possessed by the polysiloxane compound include vinyl polymer segments such as acrylic polymers, fluoroolefin polymers, vinyl ester polymers, aromatic vinyl polymers, and polyolefin polymers, Examples include polymer segments such as polyurethane polymer segments, polyester polymer segments, and polyether polymer segments. Among them, a vinyl polymer segment is preferred.
- the polysiloxane compound may be a composite resin in which polysiloxane segments and polymer segments are bonded in a structure represented by the following structural formula (S-3), or may have a three-dimensional network-like polysiloxane structure.
- the carbon atom is the carbon atom that constitutes the polymer segment, and the two silicon atoms are the silicon atoms that constitute the polysiloxane segment
- the polysiloxane segment of the polysiloxane compound may have a functional group capable of reacting by heating, such as a polymerizable double bond, in the polysiloxane segment.
- a functional group capable of reacting by heating such as a polymerizable double bond
- the cross-linking reaction proceeds and the polysiloxane compound becomes solid, thereby facilitating the thermal decomposition treatment.
- polymerizable double bonds examples include vinyl groups and (meth)acryloyl groups. Two or more polymerizable double bonds are preferably present in the polysiloxane segment, more preferably 3 to 200, and even more preferably 3 to 50. In addition, by using a composite resin having two or more polymerizable double bonds as the polysiloxane compound, the cross-linking reaction can be facilitated.
- the polysiloxane segment may have silanol groups and/or hydrolyzable silyl groups.
- Hydrolyzable groups in hydrolyzable silyl groups include, for example, halogen atoms, alkoxy groups, substituted alkoxy groups, acyloxy groups, phenoxy groups, mercapto groups, amino groups, amido groups, aminooxy groups, iminooxy groups, alkenyloxy and the like, and the hydrolyzable silyl group becomes a silanol group by hydrolysis of these groups.
- a hydrolytic condensation reaction proceeds between the hydroxyl group in the silanol group and the hydrolyzable group in the hydrolyzable silyl group, thereby obtaining a solid polysiloxane compound. can.
- a silanol group as used in the present invention is a silicon-containing group having a hydroxyl group directly bonded to a silicon atom.
- the hydrolyzable silyl group referred to in the present invention is a silicon-containing group having a hydrolyzable group directly bonded to a silicon atom, specifically, for example, a group represented by the following general formula (S-4) are mentioned.
- R4 represents a monovalent organic group such as an alkyl group, an aryl group or an aralkyl group
- R5 represents a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, an acyloxy group, an allyloxy group, a mercapto group, an amino group, an amido group, an aminooxy group, iminooxy group or alkenyloxy group
- b is an integer of 0 to 2.
- Alkyl groups include, for example, methyl group, ethyl group, propyl group, isopropyl group, butyl group, isobutyl group, sec-butyl group, tert-butyl group, pentyl group, isopentyl group, neopentyl group, tert-pentyl group, 1 -methylbutyl group, 2-methylbutyl group, 1,2-dimethylpropyl group, 1-ethylpropyl group, hexyl group, isohesyl group, 1-methylpentyl group, 2-methylpentyl group, 3-methylpentyl group, 1,1 -dimethylbutyl group, 1,2-dimethylbutyl group, 2,2-dimethylbutyl group, 1-ethylbutyl group, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl group, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl group, 1-ethyl- 2-methylpropyl group, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl group
- aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-vinylphenyl, and 3-isopropylphenyl groups.
- the aralkyl group includes, for example, a benzyl group, a diphenylmethyl group, a naphthylmethyl group and the like.
- the halogen atom includes, for example, fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, iodine atom and the like.
- alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, sec-butoxy, and tert-butoxy groups.
- acyloxy groups include formyloxy, acetoxy, propanoyloxy, butanoyloxy, pivaloyloxy, pentanoyloxy, phenylacetoxy, acetoacetoxy, benzoyloxy, and naphthoyloxy groups. mentioned.
- allyloxy groups include phenyloxy groups and naphthyloxy groups.
- alkenyloxy groups include vinyloxy, allyloxy, 1-propenyloxy, isopropenyloxy, 2-butenyloxy, 3-butenyloxy, 2-petenyloxy, 3-methyl-3-butenyloxy, 2 -hexenyloxy group and the like.
- Examples of the polysiloxane segment having the structural unit represented by the above general formula (S-1) and/or the above general formula (S-2) include those having the following structures.
- the polymer segment may have various functional groups as necessary to the extent that the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- Such functional groups include, for example, carboxyl group, blocked carboxyl group, carboxylic anhydride group, tertiary amino group, hydroxyl group, blocked hydroxyl group, cyclocarbonate group, epoxy group, carbonyl group, primary amide group, secondary An amide group, a carbamate group, a functional group represented by the following structural formula (S-5), and the like can be used.
- polymer segment may have polymerizable double bonds such as vinyl groups and (meth)acryloyl groups.
- the above polysiloxane compound is preferably produced, for example, by the methods shown in (4) to (6) below.
- a polymer segment containing a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group is prepared in advance, and the polymer segment and the silanol group and/or the hydrolyzable silyl group are and a method of mixing with a silane compound having a polymerizable double bond and carrying out a hydrolytic condensation reaction.
- a polymer segment containing a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group is prepared in advance.
- Polysiloxane is also prepared in advance by subjecting a silane compound having both a silanol group and/or a hydrolyzable silyl group and a polymerizable double bond to a hydrolytic condensation reaction. Then, a method of mixing the polymer segment and polysiloxane and performing a hydrolytic condensation reaction.
- a polysiloxane compound is obtained by the method described above.
- Examples of the polysiloxane compound include the Ceranate (registered trademark) series (organic/inorganic hybrid type coating resin; manufactured by DIC Corporation) and the Compoceran SQ series (silsesquioxane type hybrid; manufactured by Arakawa Chemical Industries, Ltd.). .
- a carbon source resin is used as another raw material for the matrix phase.
- the carbon source resin it is preferable to use a synthetic resin or a natural chemical raw material that has good miscibility with the polysiloxane compound, is carbonized by firing at high temperature in an inert atmosphere, and has an aromatic functional group.
- Synthetic resins include thermoplastic resins such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyacrylic acid, and thermosetting resins such as phenol resin and furan resin.
- Natural chemical raw materials include heavy oils, especially tar pitches such as coal tar, light tar oil, medium tar oil, heavy tar oil, naphthalene oil, anthracene oil, coal tar pitch, pitch oil, mesophase pitch, and oxygen-crosslinked petroleum pitch. , heavy oil, etc., but the use of phenolic resin is more preferable from the viewpoint of inexpensive availability and removal of impurities.
- the carbon source resin is preferably a resin containing an aromatic hydrocarbon moiety
- the resin containing an aromatic hydrocarbon moiety is preferably a phenolic resin, an epoxy resin, or a thermosetting resin.
- the phenolic resin is preferably of resol type. Examples of phenolic resins include the Sumilite Resin series (resol-type phenolic resin, manufactured by Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd.).
- the obtained slurry of silicon particles is mixed with the polysiloxane compound and the carbon source resin to obtain a suspension in which the silicon particles, the polysiloxane compound and the carbon source resin are uniformly dispersed.
- the resulting suspension is subjected to solvent removal and drying to obtain a precursor for forming a surface layer.
- the mixture containing the polysiloxane compound and the carbon source resin is preferably in a state in which the polysiloxane compound and the carbon source resin are uniformly mixed.
- the mixing is performed using a device having a dispersing/mixing function. For example, a stirrer, an ultrasonic mixer, a premix disperser and the like can be used.
- a dryer, a reduced-pressure dryer, a spray dryer, or the like can be used for solvent removal and drying for the purpose of distilling off the organic solvent.
- the surface layer-forming precursor contains 3% to 50% by mass of the present silicon particles, 15% to 85% by mass of the solid content of the polysiloxane compound, and 3% to 70% by mass of the solid content of the carbon source resin.
- the solid content of the silicon particles is 8% to 40% by mass
- the solid content of the polysiloxane compound is 20 to 70% by mass
- the solid content of the carbon source resin is 3% to 60% by mass. is more preferable.
- step (2) the precursor for forming a surface layer obtained in step (1) is applied to the surface of the present granular structure.
- the coating method for example, the present particulate structure is added to a slurry containing the surface layer-forming precursor, and after mixing, the solvent is removed and the mixture is dried. Mixing, desolvation and drying are the same as in step (1) above.
- a granular structure mainly composed of graphite having surface irregularities is prepared by, for example, uniformly mixing graphite with a pore-forming agent or a small amount of a resin binder, and using, for example, a pressing machine or the like, to form pellets, granules, or flakes. etc. Thereafter, the pore-forming agent or resin binder can be removed to produce a granular structure having surface irregularities.
- the pore-forming agent is used to form holes in the molded body by being removed from the molded body by baking, etching, washing, or the like after the molding.
- the material of the pore-forming agent is appropriately selected depending on the method of removing the pore-forming agent.
- Step (3) the present negative electrode active material is fired at a high temperature of 1000° C. to 1300° C. in an inert atmosphere, to which the precursor for forming the surface layer obtained in the above step (2) is applied. substance is obtained.
- the thermally decomposable organic component is completely decomposed, and the other main components are made into a fired product suitable for the negative electrode active material by precisely controlling the firing conditions.
- the raw material polysiloxane compound and carbon source resin are converted into a silicon-oxygen-carbon skeleton and free carbon by the energy of the high-temperature treatment.
- the present granular structure coated with the precursor for forming the surface layer obtained in the step (2) is fired in an inert atmosphere within the above temperature range, thereby forming a microstructure of the present negative electrode active material.
- the present granular structure coated with the precursor for forming the surface layer obtained in the step (2) is fired in an inert atmosphere within the above temperature range, thereby forming a microstructure of the present negative electrode active material.
- the calcination method is not particularly limited, but a reaction apparatus having a heating function may be used in an inert atmosphere, and continuous and batch processes are possible.
- a fluidized bed reactor, a rotary furnace, a vertical moving bed reactor, a tunnel furnace, a batch furnace, a rotary kiln, or the like can be appropriately selected as the firing apparatus according to the purpose.
- the present negative electrode active material obtained in the step (3) may be pulverized and classified as necessary. Pulverization may be performed with a bead mill, a jet mill, or the like. Classification may be performed using a wind classifier, a wet classifier, or the like. The pulverization step can be omitted if the precursor mixture is controlled to have a shape near the target particle size by spray drying or the like before firing in step (3), and firing is performed in that shape.
- the present negative electrode active material obtained in steps (1) to (3) is subjected to, for example, a thermally decomposable carbon source gas and carrier nitrogen in a chemical vapor deposition apparatus.
- a thermally decomposable carbon source gas and carrier nitrogen in a chemical vapor deposition apparatus.
- the present negative electrode active material when used as a negative electrode active material for a secondary battery, the secondary battery is excellent in initial coulombic efficiency and capacity retention rate.
- the present active material can be used as a negative electrode by the method described above to form a secondary battery having the negative electrode.
- the present negative electrode active material the secondary battery including the present negative electrode active material in the negative electrode, and the method for producing the present negative electrode active material have been described above, the present invention is not limited to the configurations of the above embodiments. In the configuration of the present embodiment and the secondary battery containing the present active material in the negative electrode, any other configuration may be added, or any configuration that exhibits the same function may be substituted. good. Moreover, in the structure of the said embodiment, the manufacturing method of this negative electrode active material may additionally have another arbitrary process, and may replace it with the arbitrary processes which produce a similar effect
- the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to Examples, but the present invention is not limited to these.
- the half-cell used in the examples of the present invention has a negative electrode composed mainly of the silicon-containing active material of the present invention, and a simple evaluation using metallic lithium as the counter electrode. This is to clearly compare the cycle characteristics.
- Synthesis Example 1 Preparation of Silicon Particles Zirconia beads with a particle size of 0.1 mm to 0.2 mm and 100 ml of methyl ethyl ketone solvent (MEK) were put into a container of a small bead mill apparatus of 150 ml at a filling rate of 60%. After that, silicon powder (commercially available) with an average particle size of 5 ⁇ m and a cationic dispersant liquid (BYK-Chemie Japan Co., Ltd.: BYK145) are added, and wet milling is performed under the conditions shown in Table 1 to obtain a solid. Dark brown liquid silicon slurries Si1 to Si6 having a concentration of 30% by mass were obtained. The morphology and size of the pulverized silicon products were confirmed by TEM observation.
- MEK methyl ethyl ketone solvent
- Synthesis Example 2 Treatment for imparting unevenness to the surface of graphite particles was added, and after mixing for 30 minutes with a desktop mixer, it was molded into a cylindrical shape with a pressure of 40 to 80 MPa as shown in Table 2 with a molding machine.
- the molded product was pulverized in a mortar, and the pulverized product was immersed in a 10% by mass sulfuric acid solution for 24 hours at room temperature to dissolve and remove copper. After filtering the mixed liquid, it was dried under reduced pressure at 110° C. for 12 hours to give voids to the surface of the graphite powder.
- the depth of irregularities on the graphite surface was measured by cross-sectional observation with an SEM, and the average particle size, specific surface area, pore volume, and the like of the graphite particles were obtained using a light scattering particle size measuring device and a specific surface area measuring device. Table 2 shows the results.
- Graphite 8 is obtained by pulverizing 15 ⁇ m spherical graphite powder with zirconia balls having a particle size of 5 mm for 10 hours under ball mill conditions to obtain an average graphite particle size of 1.5 ⁇ m, and further using copper particles having an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m. After vacancies were provided, the copper was removed by dissolution.
- Graphite 9 was obtained by molding 15 ⁇ m spherical graphite powder and copper particles with an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m into a cylindrical shape with a molding machine at a pressure of 35 MPa, and then dissolving and removing the copper under the above conditions to provide voids.
- Graphite 10 is obtained by molding spherical graphite powder with an average particle size of 2.5 ⁇ m and copper particles with an average particle size of 1 ⁇ m into a cylindrical shape with a molding machine at a pressure of 70 MPa. made the grant.
- Table 2 shows the conditions for providing voids in graphites 1 to 10.
- Synthesis Example 3 Preparation of Polysiloxane Compound (Synthesis of Condensate of Methyltrimethoxysilane) 1,421 parts by mass of methyltrimethoxysilane (hereinafter abbreviated as "MTMS”) was charged into a reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, thermometer, dropping funnel, condenser and nitrogen gas inlet, and the temperature was raised to 60°C. I warmed up. Then, a mixture of 0.17 parts by mass of iso-propyl acid phosphate ("Phoslex A-3" manufactured by SC Organic Chemical Co., Ltd.) and 207 parts by mass of deionized water was dropped into the reaction vessel over 5 minutes.
- MTMS methyltrimethoxysilane
- the condensate obtained by the above hydrolytic condensation reaction was distilled at a temperature of 40 to 60 ° C. and a reduced pressure of 40 to 1.3 kPa to remove the methanol and water produced in the reaction process, resulting in a number average molecular weight of 1. 1,000 parts by mass of a liquid having an active ingredient content of 70% by mass and containing a condensate of MTMS from 1,000 to 5,000 was obtained.
- the effective ingredient is a value obtained by dividing the theoretical yield (parts by mass) when all the methoxy groups of the silane monomer such as MTMS are condensed by the actual yield (parts by mass) after the condensation reaction [methoxy of the silane monomer] Theoretical yield (parts by mass) when all groups are subjected to condensation reaction/Actual yield after condensation reaction (parts by mass)].
- MMA methyl methacrylate
- BMA butyl methacrylate
- BA butyric acid
- MPTS methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
- BuOH butylperoxy-2-ethylhexanoate
- Example 1 The composition weight ratio after baking the polysiloxane resin (curable resin (1)) having an average molecular weight of 3500 and the phenolic resin having an average molecular weight of 3000 prepared as in Synthesis Example 3 is SiOC/C of 50/50. and the silicon slurry of Si3 obtained in Synthesis Example 1 so that the content of silicon particles in the product after high-temperature firing is 50% by weight, and an appropriate amount of Methyl ethyl ketone solvent was added and mixed well in a stirrer. As a result, a silicon particle-containing resin mixture suspension having a solid concentration of 10% by mass was obtained.
- Graphite 2 treated in Synthesis Example 2 was added to 100 parts by mass of the silicon particle-containing resin mixed suspension so as to be 94% by mass after high-temperature firing, and after thorough mixing, the mixture was placed in an oil bath at 120°C under nitrogen flow. Desolvation was performed under the following conditions. Then, it was dried under reduced pressure at 110° C. for 10 hours using a vacuum dryer, and finally baked at a high temperature of 1100° C. for 4 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain composite particles of a black solid. After pulverizing with a planetary ball mill, an active material was produced. The average particle diameter was about 16 ⁇ m in D50, and the specific surface area by the BET method was 3.1 m 2 /g.
- the crystallite was obtained by the Scherrer formula. The size was 21 nm.
- 80 parts of the obtained active material powder, 10 parts of acetylene black as a conductive aid, and 10 parts of a mixture of CMC and SBR as a binder were mixed to prepare a slurry and form a film on a copper foil.
- a half cell of a coin-type lithium secondary battery was prepared using a Li metal foil as a counter electrode, and the charge/discharge characteristics were evaluated using a secondary battery charge/discharge test device (manufactured by Hokuto Co., Ltd.). rice field.
- the cutoff voltage range was 0.005 to 1.5V.
- the charge/discharge measurement results were an initial discharge capacity of 403 mAh/g and an initial coulombic efficiency of 90%.
- a single-layer sheet using LiCoO 2 as a positive electrode active material and aluminum foil as a current collector was used to prepare a positive electrode film, and graphite powder was used at a discharge capacity design value of 400 mAh / g. and the active material powder were mixed to prepare a negative electrode film.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte solution prepared by dissolving lithium hexafluorophosphate in a mixture of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate at a volume ratio of 1/1 at a concentration of 1 mol/L was used as the non-aqueous electrolyte, and polyethylene having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m was used as the separator.
- a laminate-type lithium-ion secondary battery was fabricated using a microporous film made by A laminated lithium ion secondary battery is charged at room temperature at a constant current of 1.2 mA (0.25c based on the positive electrode) until the voltage of the test cell reaches 4.2 V, and after reaching 4.2 V, Charging was performed by decreasing the current so as to keep the cell voltage at 4.2 V, and the discharge capacity was determined.
- the capacity retention rate after 300 cycles at 25°C was 91%. Table 3 shows the results.
- Examples 2 to 9 In the same manner as in Example 1, the amount of graphite 2 treated in Synthesis Example 2 was added to 100 parts by mass of the Si3 silicon particle-containing resin mixed suspension obtained in Synthesis Example 1 having a solid concentration of 10 mass%. was adjusted to 90% by mass to 50% by mass after firing as shown in Table 3, and after thorough mixing, desolvation was performed in an oil bath at 120° C. under nitrogen gas flow conditions. Other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain an active material. A secondary battery using a negative electrode active material containing the obtained active material was evaluated. Table 3 shows the results.
- Examples 10 to 17 Using a curable resin (2) having an average molecular weight of 3200, 100 parts by mass of the Si3 silicon particle-containing resin mixed suspension obtained in Synthesis Example 1 having a solid concentration of 10% by mass was treated in Synthesis Example 2.
- Graphite 1 (Example 10), Graphite 3 (Example 11), Graphite 4 (Example 12), Graphite 5 (Example 13), Graphite 6 (Example 14), Graphite 7 (Example 15), Graphite 8 (Example 16) and graphite 3 (Example 17) were added so as to be 85% by mass each after firing. After thorough mixing, the solvent was removed in an oil bath at 120° C. under nitrogen gas flow conditions. Other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain an active material. A secondary battery using a negative electrode active material containing the obtained active material was evaluated. Table 4 shows the results.
- Examples 18-20 Synthesized into a silicon particle-containing resin mixture suspension of Si1 (Example 18), Si2 (Example 19) and Si4 (Example 20) obtained in Synthesis Example 1 with a solid concentration of 10% by mass and 100 parts by mass Graphite 2 treated in Example 2 was added to the high temperature firing at 85% by weight each and mixed well. Thereafter, the solvent was removed in an oil bath at 120° C. under nitrogen gas flow conditions. Other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain an active material.
- Example 21 Using commercially available monodisperse spherical silicon particles (manufactured by Alfa Aesar) having an average D50 particle size of 50 nm, a resin mixture suspension containing 10 parts by mass of solids was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 1. was prepared. Graphite 2 treated in Synthesis Example 2 was added to 100 parts by mass of the resin mixed suspension so that it became 85% by mass after high-temperature firing, and after sufficiently mixing, in an oil bath at 120 ° C. under nitrogen gas flow conditions. Solvent was removed by Other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain an active material. A secondary battery using a negative electrode active material containing the obtained active material was evaluated. Table 4 shows the results.
- Example 22 Using the silicon particles of Si3 obtained in Synthesis Example 1, under the same conditions as in Example 1, a resin mixture suspension containing 10 parts by mass of solids was prepared. Graphite 9 treated in Synthesis Example 2 was added to 100 parts by mass of the above resin mixture suspension so that it became 85% by mass after high-temperature firing, and after thorough mixing, in an oil bath at 120 ° C. under nitrogen gas flow conditions. Solvent was removed by Other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain an active material. A secondary battery using a negative electrode active material containing the obtained active material was evaluated. Table 4 shows the results.
- Example 23 Graphite 10 treated in Synthesis Example 2 was added to 100 parts by mass of the silicon particle-containing resin mixture suspension of Si3 obtained in Synthesis Example 1 with a solid concentration of 10 mass%, and 85 mass% after high temperature firing. After being thoroughly mixed, the solvent was removed in an oil bath at 120° C. under nitrogen gas flow conditions. Other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain an active material. A secondary battery using a negative electrode active material containing the obtained active material was evaluated. Table 4 shows the results.
- Comparative example 1 Using spherical graphite having an average D50 particle size of 15 ⁇ m, the particle size distribution and specific surface area were measured, and then an active material was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1. A secondary battery using a negative electrode active material containing the obtained active material was evaluated. Table 4 shows the results.
- Comparative example 2 Commercially available graphite particles having a D50 average particle size of 15 ⁇ m were added to 100 parts by mass of the Si5 silicon particle-containing resin mixture suspension obtained in Synthesis Example 1 with a solid concentration of 10 mass %, and 85 mass % after high temperature firing. and mixed well. After that, the solvent was removed in an oil bath at 120° C. under nitrogen gas flow conditions. Other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain an active material. A secondary battery using a negative electrode active material containing the obtained active material was evaluated. Table 4 shows the results.
- Comparative example 3 Commercially available graphite particles having a D50 average particle size of 15 ⁇ m were added to 100 parts by mass of the Si6 silicon particle-containing resin mixture suspension obtained in Synthesis Example 1 with a solid concentration of 10 mass %, and 85 mass % after high temperature firing. and mixed well. After that, the solvent was removed in an oil bath at 120° C. under nitrogen gas flow conditions. Other conditions were the same as in Example 1 to obtain an active material. A secondary battery using a negative electrode active material containing the obtained active material was evaluated. Table 4 shows the results.
- each evaluation method is as follows.
- D50 Measured using a laser diffraction particle size distribution analyzer (Mastersizer 3000, manufactured by Malvern Panalytical).
- Specific surface area Measured by BET method from nitrogen adsorption measurement using a specific surface area measuring device (BELSORP-mini manufactured by BEL JAPAN).
- 29 Si-NMR JNM-ECA600 manufactured by JEOL RESONANCE was used.
- Crystallite size Measured with an X-ray diffractometer (SmartLab, manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) and calculated by the Scherrer formula.
- Specific surface area Measured with a specific surface measuring device (BELSORP VAC3, manufactured by Microtrack Bell).
- Battery characteristics evaluation Battery characteristics are measured using a secondary battery charge-discharge test device (manufactured by Hokuto Denko Co., Ltd.), room temperature 25 ° C., cutoff voltage range from 0.005 to 1.5 V, charge / discharge rate is 0
- the charging/discharging characteristics were evaluated under conditions of constant current/constant voltage charging/constant current discharging at 0.2 C (after 4 cycles) and 1 C (1 to 3 times). At the time of switching between charging and discharging, the battery was left in an open circuit for 30 minutes.
- the initial discharge capacity, initial charge/discharge efficiency, and capacity retention rate after 300 cycles were determined as follows.
- the secondary battery using the present negative electrode active material has an initial discharge capacity of 400 or more, an initial efficiency of 80% or more, and a capacity retention rate after 300 cycles of 80% or more, all of which are high. It also has a good balance of these. The reason for this is thought to be that, compared to commercially available graphite, the graphite having the uneven surface has improved adhesion strength to the surface layer, and as a result, secondary battery characteristics such as initial discharge capacity have been improved. .
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Abstract
Description
非水電解質二次電池としては、主に、リチウムイオンを層間から放出するリチウムインターカレーション化合物を負極物質に用い、充放電時にリチウムイオンを結晶面間の層間に吸蔵放出できる。例えば黒鉛等の炭素質材料を負極活物質に用いた各種リチウムイオン電池の開発が進み、実用化もされている。
さらに、近年、各種電子機器および通信機器の小型化およびハイブリッド自動車等の急速な普及に伴い、これら機器等の駆動電源として、より高容量であり、かつサイクル特性や放電レート特性等の各種電池特性が更に向上した二次電池の開発が強く求められている。
例えば特許文献1および2はソフトカーボン粉末粒子の表層に担持されたナノ材料コーティングと、前記ナノ材料コーティングの外表面を被覆する導電性カーボン層を含むリチウムイオン二次電池負極材用ソフトカーボン材料を開示している。しかし、ナノ材料が担持されたソフトカーボンは、空隙が多く存在することが考えられる。空隙が多く存在すると充放電時にナノ材料と電解液の接触を抑制する効果が限られ、その結果、ナノ粒子上に電解液の分解反応が進み活物質の性能低下が回避できない場合がある。
即ち本発明は、初回放電容量、容量維持率および充放電容量が高く、またこれら特性のバランスに優れた二次電池を与える負極活物質を提供することを目的とする。
[1] 表面に凹凸部を有する主に黒鉛からなる粒状構造体と、前記粒状構造体の表面の少なくとも一部に、平均粒径が20nmから200nmのシリコン粒子がマトリクス相中に分散した表面層を有する負極活物質。
[2] 前記シリコン粒子は、フレーク状かつ結晶質であり、X線回折において2θが28.4°の結晶子サイズが40nm以下である前記[1]に記載の負極活物質。
[3] 前記粒状構造体の凹部内部への前記表面層の侵入深さが下記式(1)を満たす前記[1]または[2]に記載の負極活物質。
0.01≦B/A≦0.3 (1)
ただし、式(1)中、Aは前記粒状構造体の平均粒径、Bは前記表面層の凹部内部への侵入深さを表す。
[4] 前記粒状構造体は、3nmから300nmの範囲にある細孔径の積算細孔容積が0.001cm3/g以上である前記[1]から[3]のいずれかに記載の負極活物質。
[5] 前記黒鉛は、天然黒鉛あるいは人造黒鉛であり、平均粒径が1μmから25μm、比表面積が0.5m2/gから20m2/gである前記[1]から[4]のいずれかに記載の負極活物質。
[6] 前記表面層の質量が前記負極活物質の全質量を100%として1質量%から80質量%である前記[1]から[5]のいずれかに記載の負極活物質。
[7] 前記表面層はシリコンオキシカーバイド、非晶質炭素および前記シリコン粒子を含み、前記シリコン粒子が前記表面層の全質量を100質量%として、1から80質量%である前記[1]から[6]のいずれかに記載の負極活物質。
[8] 前記表面層は、更に窒素を含む前記[7]に記載の負極活物質。
[9] 前記シリコン粒子の粒径が、5nmから300nmにブロード分布している前記[1]から[8]のいずれかに記載の負極活物質。
[10] 前記粒状構造体の平均粒径が1μmから30μm、比表面積が1m2/gから30m2/gである前記[1]から[9]のいずれかに記載の負極活物質。
[11] 前記粒状構造体の表面に、さらに炭素被膜を有する前記[1]から[10]のいずれかに記載の負極活物質。
[12] 前記炭素被膜が負極活物質の全質量を100質量%として1質量%から10質量%である前記[11]に記載の負極活物質。
[13] 下記工程(1)から(3)を含む前記[1]から[13]のいずれかに記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
工程(1)表面層作製用前駆体を得る工程
工程(2)表面に凹凸を有する主に黒鉛からなる粒状構造体の表面に前記表面層作製用前駆体を塗布する工程
工程(3)不活性雰囲気中、焼成温度1000℃から1300℃で高温焼成して負極活物質を得る工程
[14] 前記[13]で得られる負極活物質の粉末を、化学気相蒸着装置内で、熱分解性炭素源ガスとキャリア不活性ガスのフローの中、700℃から1000℃の温度範囲にて炭素被膜で被覆する負極活物質の製造方法。
[15] 前記[1]から[14]のいずれかに記載の負極活物質を含む二次電池。
従来、リチウム二次電池の高容量化を目的に黒鉛より高い理論容量を有するシリコンの併用が検討されている。しかしながらシリコンは、リチウムの挿入に伴って最大約3から4倍まで体積が膨張して自壊することや、電極から剥離してしまうこと知られている。その結果、シリコンを含む活物質を負極に用いた場合、得られるリチウム二次電池のサイクル特性が低下することが知られている。
本負極活物質は表面に凹凸がある黒鉛を主成分とする粒状構造体を用い、前記本粒状構造体の表面の少なくとも一部にシリコン粒子がマトリクス相中に分散した表面層を有することで、黒鉛とシリコン粒子との強度が改良されたと考えられる。その結果、本負極活物質を用いた二次電池の初回放電容量、容量維持率および充放電容量が改良されたと考えられる。
主成分である黒鉛は、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛、ハードカーボンまたはソフトカーボンのような非晶質炭素が挙げられる。黒鉛は初回放電容量または充放電容量の観点から、天然黒鉛または人造黒鉛が好ましい。
本粒状構造体は黒鉛以外にカーボンナノチューブや炭素繊維、または造粒工程時に用いられる少量なバインダーなどを含んでもよい。
なお平均粒径はレーザー回折式粒度分析計などを用いて測定することができるD50の値である。D50は、レーザー粒度分析計などを用い動的光散乱法により測定することができる。平均粒径は、粒子径分布において、小径側から体積累積分布曲線を描いた場合に、累積50%となるときの粒子径である。以下、平均粒径とはD50のことである。
また比表面積は、窒素ガス吸着測定より、比表面積測定装置を用いてBETの式により求めたBET比表面積である。以下、比表面積とはBET比表面積のことである。
前記凹凸部は例えば本粒状構造体の表面を粗面化して形成してもよく、表面に複数の孔を形成することで凹凸部としてもよい。複数の孔を形成する場合、孔は開放孔であっても連通孔であってもよい。
凹凸部の断面形状は例えば、三角形、矩形、半円形、半楕円状形等の形状が挙げられ、これら形状が複数種、混じっていてもよい。
また前記本粒状構造体の比表面積は、1m2/gから30m2/gが好ましく、3m2/gから20m2/gがより好ましい。比表面積が前記範囲であると、表面層との密着性を維持するために適切な表面空隙を保つことができる。
前記積算細孔容積は0.01cm3/g以上がより好ましい。また積算細孔容積の上限値は、通常、0.5cm3/gである。
本シリコン粒子の平均粒径は前記D50の値である。本シリコン粒子の平均粒径は、サイクル性能改善の観点から、100nm以下が好ましく、80nm以下がより好ましい。また本シリコン粒子の平均粒径は、シリコンナノ粒子の良好な分散性を維持する観点から、20nm以上が好ましく、30nm以上がより好ましい。
シリコンの塊の粉砕に用いる粉砕機としては、ボールミル、ビーズミル、ジェットミルなどの粉砕機が例示できる。また、粉砕は有機溶剤を用いた湿式粉砕であってもよく、有機溶剤としては、例えば、アルコール類、ケトン類などを好適に用いることができるが、トルエン、キシレン、ナフタレン、メチルナフタレンなどの芳香族炭化水素系溶剤も用いることができる。
シリコン粒子の粉砕条件を適切に制御することで平均粒径が前記範囲となるようにし、最後に分級等することで、本シリコン粒子が得られる。
マトリクス相がフリー炭素を含む構造を有している場合、フリー炭素は非晶質炭素が好ましい。
SiOxCy (2)
式(2)中、xはケイ素に対する酸素のモル比、yはケイ素に対する炭素のモル比を表す。
本負極活物質を二次電池に用いた場合、充放電性能と容量維持率とのバランスが優位になるという観点から、1≦x≦2が好ましく、1.1≦x≦1.8がより好ましく、1.2≦x≦1.7がさらに好ましい。
また、本負極活物質を二次電池に用いた場合、充放電性能と初回充放電効率のバランスとの観点から、1≦y≦20が好ましく、1.2≦y≦15がより好ましい。
マトリクス相を構成する化合物がケイ素、酸素、炭素および窒素を含む化合物の場合、マトリクス相は下記式(3)で表される化合物を含有するのが好ましい。
SiOxCyNz (3)
式(3)中、xおよびyは前記と同じ意味であり、zはケイ素に対する窒素のモル比を表す。
マトリクス相が前記式(3)で表される化合物を含む場合、本活物質を二次電池に用いた際の充放電性能や容量維持率の観点から、1≦x≦2、1≦y≦20、0≦z≦0.5が好ましく、1.1≦x≦1.8、1.2≦y≦15、0≦z≦0.4がより好ましい。
なお、前記x、yおよびzの測定は前記方法によって実施することが好ましいが、本活物質の局所的な分析を行い、それにより得られた含有比データの測定点数を多く取得して、本負極活物質全体の含有比を類推することでも可能である。局所的な分析としては、例えばエネルギー分散型X線分光法(SEM-EDX)や電子線プローブマイクロアナライザ(EPMA)が挙げられる。
非晶質炭素としては芳香族樹脂など有機物熱分解の炭素が挙げられる。
また表面層は前記に加えて窒素を含むのがSi-O―C骨格安定性の観点から好ましい。表面層が窒素を含む場合、マトリクス相は前記式(3)で表される化合物を含有するのが好ましい。
前記表面層は本シリコン粒子を10質量%以上含むのがより好ましく、15質量%以上がさらに好ましい。前記表面層は本シリコン粒子を80質量%以下含むのが好ましく、70質量%以下がより好ましい。
なお本負極活物質の全質量とは、本負極活物質を構成する本粒状構造体と表面層の合計質量である。前記マトリクス相が窒素を含む場合は、窒素も含む合計量である。本負極活物質が後述する被覆層を含む場合は、本負極活物質の全質量は前記に加えて被覆層の質量を含む合計量である。
0.01≦B/A≦0.3 (1)
ただし、式(1)中、Aは前記本粒状構造体の平均粒径、Bは前記表面層の前記凹部内部への侵入深さを表す。ここでAは前記D50であり、Bは粒子断面のSEM観察により測定される。
前記AとBは、粒状構造体強度と表面層密着性の観点から、下記式(4)を満たすのがより好ましく、下記式(5)を満たすのがさらに好ましい。
0.05≦B/A≦0.25 (4)
0.10≦B/A≦0.20 (5)
また本負極活物質は被覆材により表面が被覆されていてもよい。被覆材としては、電子伝導性、リチウムイオン伝導性、電解液の分解抑制効果が期待出来る物質が好ましい。
また本負極活物質の表面が前記被膜により被覆されている場合、負極活物質の化学安定性や熱安定性の改善の観点から、被膜の含有量は前記本負極活物質の全質量を100質量%として、1から30質量%が好ましく、3から25質量%がより好ましい。なお本負極活物質の全質量とは前記と同じである。
被膜が炭素の場合、炭素被膜の平均厚みは10nm以上300nm以下、または、炭素の含有量は本負極活物質の全量を100質量%として、1から10質量%が好ましい。本負極活物質の全量は前記と同じである。
炭素被膜の場合、前記ラマンスペクトルの散乱ピーク強度比I(Gバンド/Dバンド)は、0.9から1.1の範囲であるのが好ましい。BET法による比表面積は3.5m2/g以下、真密度は1.9g/cm3以上が好ましい。
具体的には、本負極活物質と有機結着剤と、必要に応じてその他の導電助剤などの成分を含んで構成されるスラリーを集電体銅箔上へ薄膜状に塗付して負極とすることができる。また、前記のスラリーに黒鉛など炭素材料を加えて負極を作製することもできる。
炭素材料としては、天然黒鉛、人工黒鉛、ハードカーボンまたはソフトカーボンのような非晶質炭素などが挙げられる。
かかる範囲において、本負極活物質は、化学安定性が高く、水性バインダーも採用することができる点で、実用化面においても取り扱い容易である。
工程(1)表面層作製用前駆体を得る工程
工程(2)表面に凹凸を有する主に黒鉛からなる粒状構造体の表面に前記表面層作製用前駆体を塗布する工程
工程(3)不活性雰囲気中、焼成温度1000℃から1300℃で高温焼成して負極活物質を得る工程
マトリクス相にシリコン粒子が分散している前記表面層を与える表面層作成用前駆体は以下の方法で作成される。
シリコン粒子は例えば、有機溶媒を用い、シリコン塊を湿式粉末粉砕装置にて粉砕して得られる。有機溶媒においてシリコン塊の粉砕を促進させるために分散剤を用いても良い。シリコン塊としては市販のシリコン粉体や大粒径のシリコン粒子等が用いられる。
湿式粉砕装置としては、特に限定されるものでなく、ローラーミル、高速回転粉砕機、容器駆動型ミル、ビーズミルなどが挙げられる。
湿式粉砕ではシリコン粒子が本シリコン粒子の粒径となるまで粉砕するのが好ましい。
湿式ビーズミル装置を用いて、分散剤添加量、ビーズ径、回転数、粉砕時間など複数粉砕条件の制御が挙げられる。
上述方法によりポリシロキサン化合物が得られる。
ポリシロキサン化合物としては、例えば、セラネート(登録商標)シリーズ(有機・無機ハイブリッド型コーティング樹脂;DIC株式会社製)やコンポセランSQシリーズ(シルセスキオキサン型ハイブリッド;荒川化学工業株式会社製)が挙げられる。
フェノール樹脂としては、例えばスミライトレジンシリーズ(レゾール型フェノール樹脂,住友ベークライト株式会社製)が挙げられる。
得られた懸濁液を脱溶媒と乾燥を経て表面層作製用前駆体が得られる。ポリシロキサン化合物と炭素源樹脂を含む混合物は、ポリシロキサン化合物と炭素源樹脂とが均一に混合した状態であることが好ましい。前記混合は分散・混合の機能を有する装置を用いて行われる。例えば、攪拌機、超音波ミキサー、プリミックス分散機などが挙げられる。有機溶媒を溜去することを目的とする脱溶剤と乾燥の作業では、乾燥機、減圧乾燥機、噴霧乾燥機などを用いることができる。
工程(2)では前記本粒状構造体の表面に前記工程(1)で得られた表面層作製用前駆体を塗布する。
塗布方法は例えば、前記表面層作成用前期体を含むスラリーに前記本粒状構造体を添加し混合後、脱溶媒と乾燥を行う方が挙げられる。混合、脱溶媒、乾燥については前記工程(1)と同じである。
なお孔形成剤とは、前記成形後、焼成、エッチング、洗浄等により成形体から除去されることで成形体に孔を形成するために用いられるものである。孔形成剤の除去方法により孔形成剤の材質は適宜選定されるが、例えば、耐酸性または耐アルカリ性に劣る銅等の金属、焼成温度が黒鉛より低い無機物、熱分解容易な有機物が挙げられる。
工程(3)は、上記工程(2)で得られた表面層作製用前駆体が塗布された本粒状構造体を不活性雰囲気中、温度1000℃から1300℃で高温焼成することで本負極活物質が得られる。焼成により熱分解可能な有機成分を完全分解させ、その他の主成分を焼成条件の精密制御により本負極活物質に適した焼成物となる。具体的にいうと、原料のポリシロキサン化合物および炭素源樹脂が高温処理のエネルギーによってケイ素-酸素-炭素骨格とフリー炭素に転化される。
本活物質は前記方法により負極として用い、前記負極を有する二次電池とすることができる。
本活物質および本活物質を負極に含む二次電池は前記実施形態の構成において、他の任意の構成を追加してもよいし、同様の機能を発揮する任意の構成と置換されていてもよい。
また本負極活物質の製造方法は前記実施形態の構成において、他の任意の工程を追加で有してもよいし、同様の作用を生じる任意の工程と置換されていてもよい。
尚、本発明の実施例で用いるハーフセルは、負極に本発明のケイ素含有活物質を主体とする構成とし、対極に金属リチウムを用いた簡易評価を行っているが、これはより活物質自体のサイクル特性を明確に比較するためである。
150mlの小型ビーズミル装置の容器中に60%の充填率で粒径が0.1mmから0.2mmのジルコニアビーズおよび100mlのメチルエチルケトン溶媒(MEK)を入れた。その後、平均粒径が5μmのシリコン粉体(市販品)とカチオン性分散剤液(ビックケミー・ジャパン株式会社:BYK145)を入れ、表1に記載の条件下にてビーズミル湿式粉砕を行い、固形物濃度が30質量%の濃い褐色液体状のシリコンスラリーSi1からSi6を得た。TEM観察でシリコン粉砕品の形態およびサイズを確認し、表1に示したように、それぞれをSi1、Si2、Si3、Si4、Si5およびSi6とした。
黒鉛1から7は、表2に示した平均粒径が2.5μmから15μmの範囲にある200gの球状黒鉛粉末に表2に記載の平均粒径を有する200gの銅粒子を加えて、卓上ミキサーで30分間混合後、成型機にて表2に示したように40から80MPaの圧力で円柱状に成型した。成型物を乳鉢で粉砕し、粉砕物を10質量%の硫酸溶液に24時間、室温で浸漬し、銅を溶解除去した。混合液を濾過後、110 ℃、12時間にて減圧乾燥して黒鉛粉末表面に空隙を付与した。
黒鉛表面上の凹凸深度はSEMによる断面観察にて計測し、光散乱型粒径測定装置や比表面積測定装置を用いて黒鉛粒子の平均粒径と比表面積および細孔容積などを求めた。結果を表2に示した。
黒鉛10は平均粒径2.5μmの球状黒鉛粉末と平均粒径が1μmの銅粒子を成型機にて70MPaの圧力で円柱状に成型後、上記の条件下にて銅を溶解除去して空隙付与を行った。
黒鉛1から10の空隙付与の条件を表2に示した。
(メチルトリメトキシシランの縮合物の合成)
攪拌機、温度計、滴下ロート、冷却管および窒素ガス導入口を備えた反応容器に、1,421質量部のメチルトリメトキシシラン(以下、「MTMS」と略記する。)を仕込み、60℃まで昇温した。次いで、前記反応容器中に0.17質量部のiso-プロピルアシッドホスフェート(SC有機化学株式会社製「Phoslex A-3」)と207質量部の脱イオン水との混合物を5分間で滴下した後、80℃の温度で4時間撹拌して加水分解縮合反応させた。
上記の加水分解縮合反応によって得られた縮合物を、温度40から60℃及び40から1.3kPaの減圧下で蒸留し前記反応過程で生成したメタノールおよび水を除去することによって、数平均分子量1,000から5000のMTMSの縮合物を含有する有効成分が70質量%の液を1,000質量部得た。なお、「40から1.3kPaの減圧下」とは、メタノールの留去開始時の減圧条件が40kPaで、最終的に1.3kPaとなるまで減圧する条件をいう。また、前記有効成分とは、MTMS等のシランモノマーのメトキシ基が全て縮合反応した場合の理論収量(質量部)を、縮合反応後の実収量(質量部)で除した値〔シランモノマーのメトキシ基が全て縮合反応した場合の理論収量(質量部)/縮合反応後の実収量(質量部)〕により算出したものである。
撹拌機、温度計、滴下ロート、冷却管及び窒素ガス導入口を備えた反応容器に、150質量部のブタノール(以下、「BuOH」とも記す。)、105質量部のフェニルトリメトキシシラン(以下、「PTMS」とも記す。)、277質量部のジメチルジメトキシシラン(以下、「DMDMS」とも記す。)を仕込んで80℃まで昇温した。
次いで、同温度で21質量部のメチルメタアクリレート(以下、「MMA」とも記す。)、4質量部のブチルメタアクリレート(以下、「BMA」とも記す。)、3質量部の酪酸(以下、「BA」とも記す。)、2質量部のメタクリロイルオキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン(以下、「MPTS」とも記す。)、3質量部のBuOHおよび0.6質量部のブチルペルオキシ-2-エチルヘキサノエート(以下、「TBPEH」とも記す。)を含有する混合物を、前記反応容器中へ6時間で滴下した。滴下終了後、更に同温度で20時間反応させて加水分解性シリル基を有する数平均分子量が10,000のビニル重合体(a2-1)の有機溶剤溶液を得た。
次いで、この液に合成例1で得られた472質量部のMTMSの縮合物(a1)と80質量部の脱イオン水を添加し、同温度で10時間撹拌して加水分解縮合反応させたものを、合成例1と同様の条件で蒸留することによって生成したメタノールおよび水を除去した。次いで、250質量部のBuOHを添加し、不揮発分が60.1質量%の硬化性樹脂組成物(1)を1,000質量部得た。
撹拌機、温度計、滴下ロート、冷却管及び窒素ガス導入口を備えた反応容器に、150質量部のBuOH、249質量部のPTMS、263質量部のDMDMSを仕込んで80℃まで昇温した。次いで、同温度で18質量部のMMA、14質量部のBMA、7質量部のBA、1質量部のアクリル酸(以下、「AA」とも記す。)、2質量部のMPTS、6質量部のBuOHおよび0.9質量部のTBPEHを含有する混合物を、前記反応容器中へ5時間で滴下し、滴下終了後、更に同温度で10時間反応させて加水分解性シリル基を有する数平均分子量が20,100のビニル重合体(a2-2)の有機溶剤溶液を得た。
次いで、この液に76質量部の3-グリシドキシプロピルトリメトキシシラン、231質量部の前記MTMSの縮合物、56質量部の脱イオン水を添加し、同温度で15時間撹拌して加水分解縮合反応させたものを、前記と同様の条件で蒸留することによって生成したメタノールおよび水を除去し、次いで、250質量部のBuOH を添加し、不揮発分が60.0質量%の硬化性樹脂組成物(2)を1,000質量部得た。
上記合成例3のように作製した平均分子量が3500のポリシロキサン樹脂(硬化性樹脂(1))および平均分子量が3000のフェノール樹脂を焼成後の組成重量比がSiOC/Cが50/50となるように樹脂固形物重量構成比の45/55で加え、高温焼成後の生成物中にシリコン粒子含有量を50重量%となるように合成例1で得られたSi3のシリコンスラリーと、適量のメチルエチルケトン溶媒を添加して撹拌機中にて十分に混合させた。その結果、固形物濃度が10質量%のシリコン粒子含有樹脂混合懸濁液得た。100質量部の前記シリコン粒子含有樹脂混合懸濁液に上記合成例2で処理した黒鉛2を高温焼成後に94質量%になるように入れて、十分に混合後に120℃のオイルバス中、窒素フォロー条件下にて脱溶媒を行った。その後、真空乾燥機を用いて110℃で減圧乾燥を10時間行い、最後に窒素雰囲気中で1100℃、4時間、高温焼成して黒色固形物の複合粒子を得た。遊星型ボールミルで粉砕後に活物質を作製した。平均粒径はD50で約16μmであり、BET法による比表面積は3.1m2/gであった。Cu-Kα線による粉末X線回折(XRD)の測定結果によりSi(111)結晶面に帰属される回折ピークである2θが28.4°の半値幅に基づき、シェラー式により求めた、結晶子サイズは21nmであった。
フルセルの評価は、正極材料としてLiCoO2を正極活物質、集電体としてアルミ箔を用いた単層シートを用いて、正極膜を作製し、400mAh/gの放電容量設計値にて黒鉛粉体と活物質粉末を混合して負極膜を作製した。非水電解質には六フッ化リン酸リチウムをエチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートを体積比で1/1として混合液に1mol/Lの濃度で溶解した非水電解質溶液を用い、セパレータに厚さ30μmのポリエチレン製微多孔質フィルムを用いたラミ型リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。ラミ型リチウムイオン二次電池を室温下、テストセルの電圧が4.2Vに達するまで1.2mA(正極基準で0.25c)の定電流で充電を行い、4.2Vに達した後は、セル電圧を4.2V に保つように電流を減少させて充電を行い、放電容量を求めた。25℃で300 サイクル後の容量維持率が91%であった。結果を表3に示す。
実施例1と同じように、固形物濃度が10質量%である100質量部の合成例1で得られたSi3のシリコン粒子含有樹脂混合懸濁液に合成例2で処理した黒鉛2の添加量を表3に記載のように、焼成後に90質量%から50質量%になるように調整し、十分に混合後に120℃のオイルバス中、窒素ガスフロー条件下にて脱溶媒を行った。その他の条件は、実施例1と同様にして活物質を得た。得られた活物質を含む負極活物質を用いた二次電池の評価を行った。結果を表3に示した。
平均分子量が3200の硬化性樹脂(2)を用いて固形物濃度が10質量%の100質量部の合成例1で得られたSi3のシリコン粒子含有樹脂混合懸濁液に合成例2で処理した黒鉛1(実施例10)、黒鉛3(実施例11)、黒鉛4(実施例12)、黒鉛5(実施例13)、黒鉛6(実施例14)、黒鉛7(実施例15)、黒鉛8(実施例16)および黒鉛3(実施例17)を焼成後にそれぞれ85質量%になるように入れた。十分に混合後、120℃のオイルバス中、窒素ガスフロー条件下にて脱溶媒を行った。その他の条件は、実施例1と同様にして活物質を得た。得られた活物質を含む負極活物質を用いた二次電池の評価を行った。結果を表4に示した。
固形物濃度が10質量%の100質量部の合成例1で得られたSi1(実施例18)、Si2(実施例19)およびSi4(実施例20)のシリコン粒子含有樹脂混合懸濁液に合成例2で処理した黒鉛2を高温焼成にそれぞれ85質量%になるように入れて、十分に混合した。その後、120℃のオイルバス中、窒素ガスフロー条件下にて脱溶媒を行った。その他の条件は、実施例1と同様にして活物質を得た。その後、活物質の粉末のそれぞれ25gを化学気相蒸着装置(CVD、ディスクロータリキルン、高砂工業株式会社)の反応容器に入れて、アセチレンの流量を0.3L/min、窒素の流量を0.7L/minとして混合ガスフロー中、900℃で反応時間を1時間、2時間および3時間と変更して炭素被膜を行った。熱分析結果によると炭素被膜量はそれぞれ2%、4%および8%となった。得られた炭素被膜活物質の性状および二次電池の評価結果を表4に示す。
D50の平均粒径が50nmである市販単分散球状のシリコン粒子(Alfa Aesar社製)を用いて、実施例1と同様な条件下にて固形物濃度が10質量部含有する樹脂混合懸濁液を調製した。100質量部の上記樹脂混合懸濁液に合成例2で処理した黒鉛2を高温焼成後に85質量%になるように入れて、十分に混合後に120℃のオイルバス中、窒素ガスフロー条件下にて脱溶媒を行った。その他の条件は、実施例1と同様にして活物質を得た。得られた活物質を含む負極活物質を用いた二次電池の評価を行った。結果を表4に示した。
前記合成例1で得られたSi3のシリコン粒子を用いて、実施例1と同様な条件下にて固形物濃度が10質量部含有する樹脂混合懸濁液を調製した。100質量部の上記樹脂混合懸濁液に合成例2で処理した黒鉛9を高温焼成後に85質量%になるように入れて、十分に混合後に120℃のオイルバス中、窒素ガスフロー条件下にて脱溶媒を行った。その他の条件は、実施例1と同様にして活物質を得た。得られた活物質を含む負極活物質を用いた二次電池の評価を行った。結果を表4に示した。
固形物濃度が10質量%である100質量部の合成例1で得られたSi3のシリコン粒子含有樹脂混合懸濁液に合成例2で処理した黒鉛10を高温焼成後に85質量%になるように入れて、十分に混合後に120℃のオイルバス中、窒素ガスフロー条件下にて脱溶媒を行った。その他の条件は、実施例1と同様にして活物質を得た。得られた活物質を含む負極活物質を用いた二次電池の評価を行った。結果を表4に示した。
D50の平均粒径が15μmの球状の黒鉛を用いて、粒径分布や比表面積の測定を実施後、実施例1と同様にして活物質を得た。得られた活物質を含む負極活物質を用いた二次電池の評価を行った。結果を表4に示した。
固形物濃度が10質量%である100質量部の合成例1で得られたSi5のシリコン粒子含有樹脂混合懸濁液にD50の平均粒径が15μmの市販の黒鉛粒子を高温焼成後に85質量%になるように入れて、十分に混合した。その後に120℃のオイルバス中、窒素ガスフロー条件下にて脱溶媒を行った。その他の条件は、実施例1と同様にして活物質を得た。得られた活物質を含む負極活物質を用いた二次電池の評価を行った。結果を表4に示した。
固形物濃度が10質量%である100質量部の合成例1で得られたSi6のシリコン粒子含有樹脂混合懸濁液にD50の平均粒径が15μmの市販の黒鉛粒子を高温焼成後に85質量%になるように入れて、十分に混合した。その後に120℃のオイルバス中、窒素ガスフロー条件下にて脱溶媒を行った。その他の条件は、実施例1と同様にして活物質を得た。得られた活物質を含む負極活物質を用いた二次電池の評価を行った。結果を表4に示した。
表3および表4中、各評価方法は以下のとおりである。
D50:レーザー回折式粒度分布測定装置(マルバーン・パナリティカル社製、マスターサイザー3000)を用いて測定した。
比表面積:比表面積測定装置(BELJAPAN社製、BELSORP-mini)を用いて窒素吸着測定より、BET法で測定した。29Si-NMR:JEOL RESONANCE社製、JNM-ECA600を用いた。
積算細孔容積:水銀ポロヒーター(島津製作所Micromeritic製オートポアIV9520)で測定した。
比表面積:比表面測定装置(BELSORP VAC3、マイクロトラック・ベル社製)で測定した。
Claims (15)
- 表面に凹凸部を有する主に黒鉛からなる粒状構造体と、前記粒状構造体の表面の少なくとも一部に、平均粒径が20nmから200nmのシリコン粒子がマトリクス相中に分散した表面層を有する負極活物質。
- 前記シリコン粒子は、フレーク状かつ結晶質であり、X線回折において2θが28.4°の結晶子サイズが40nm以下である請求項1に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記粒状構造体の凹部内部への前記表面層の侵入深さが下記式(1)を満たす請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質。
0.01≦B/A≦0.3 (1)
(ただし、式(1)中、Aは前記粒状構造体の平均粒径、Bは前記表面層の凹部内部への侵入深さを表す。) - 前記粒状構造体は、3nmから300nmの範囲にある細孔径の積算細孔容積が0.001cm3/g以上である請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記黒鉛は、天然黒鉛あるいは人造黒鉛であり、平均粒径が1μmから25μm、比表面積が0.5m2/gから20m2/gである請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記表面層の質量が前記負極活物質の全質量を100%として1質量%から80質量%である請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記表面層はシリコンオキシカーバイド、非晶質炭素および前記シリコン粒子を含み、前記シリコン粒子が前記表面層の全質量を100質量%として、1から80質量%である請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記表面層は、更に窒素を含む請求項7に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記シリコン粒子の粒径が、5nmから300nmの範囲に分布している請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記粒状構造体の平均粒径が1μmから30μm、比表面積が1m2/gから30m2/gである請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記粒状構造体の表面に、さらに炭素被膜を有する請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質。
- 前記炭素被膜が負極活物質の全質量を100質量%として1質量%から10質量%である請求項11に記載の負極活物質。
- 下記工程(1)から(3)を含む請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質の製造方法。
工程(1)表面層作製用前駆体を得る工程
工程(2)表面に凹凸を有する主に黒鉛からなる粒状構造体の表面に前記表面層作製用前駆体を塗布する工程
工程(3)不活性雰囲気中、焼成温度1000℃から1300℃で高温焼成して負極活物質を得る工程 - 請求項13で得られる負極活物質の粉末を、化学気相蒸着装置内で、熱分解性炭素源ガスとキャリア不活性ガスのフローの中、700℃から1000℃の温度範囲にて炭素被膜で被覆する負極活物質の製造方法。
- 請求項1または2に記載の負極活物質を含む二次電池。
Priority Applications (5)
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| CN202280076915.3A CN118266103A (zh) | 2021-12-03 | 2022-10-27 | 负极活性物质、二次电池及负极活性物质的制造方法 |
| JP2023521877A JP7323089B1 (ja) | 2021-12-03 | 2022-10-27 | 負極活物質、二次電池および負極活物質の製造方法 |
| US18/715,930 US20250112237A1 (en) | 2021-12-03 | 2022-10-27 | Negative electrode active material, secondary battery, and method for manufacturing negative electrode active material |
| TW112107824A TW202418626A (zh) | 2021-12-03 | 2023-03-03 | 負極活性物質、二次電池及負極活性物質之製造方法 |
| JP2023111321A JP7552803B2 (ja) | 2021-12-03 | 2023-07-06 | 負極活物質、二次電池および負極活物質の製造方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| DE102023128572A1 (de) * | 2023-06-28 | 2025-01-02 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Ausbrennen des anodenhohlraums bei kohlenstoffanoden mit hohem siliziumgehalt für lithium-ionen-batterien |
| JP2025032989A (ja) * | 2023-08-28 | 2025-03-12 | エコプロ ビーエム カンパニー リミテッド | 二次電池用負極活物質、その製造方法、二次電池用負極およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
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| WO2025135798A1 (ko) * | 2023-12-21 | 2025-06-26 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 음극 활물질, 이를 포함하는 음극 및 이차전지 |
| KR20250152366A (ko) * | 2024-04-16 | 2025-10-23 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 전고체 전지용 음극 및 이를 포함하는 전고체 전지 |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008186732A (ja) * | 2007-01-30 | 2008-08-14 | Nippon Carbon Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用負極活物質、それを使用した負極及び製造方法 |
| JP2009266795A (ja) * | 2008-04-29 | 2009-11-12 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用陰極活物質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
| WO2016121324A1 (ja) * | 2015-01-28 | 2016-08-04 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及び非水電解質二次電池 |
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2022
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- 2022-10-27 JP JP2023521877A patent/JP7323089B1/ja active Active
- 2022-10-27 CN CN202280076915.3A patent/CN118266103A/zh active Pending
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- 2023-07-06 JP JP2023111321A patent/JP7552803B2/ja active Active
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2008186732A (ja) * | 2007-01-30 | 2008-08-14 | Nippon Carbon Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用負極活物質、それを使用した負極及び製造方法 |
| JP2009266795A (ja) * | 2008-04-29 | 2009-11-12 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | リチウム二次電池用陰極活物質及びこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
| WO2016121324A1 (ja) * | 2015-01-28 | 2016-08-04 | 三洋電機株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及び非水電解質二次電池 |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023128572A1 (de) * | 2023-06-28 | 2025-01-02 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Ausbrennen des anodenhohlraums bei kohlenstoffanoden mit hohem siliziumgehalt für lithium-ionen-batterien |
| JP2025032989A (ja) * | 2023-08-28 | 2025-03-12 | エコプロ ビーエム カンパニー リミテッド | 二次電池用負極活物質、その製造方法、二次電池用負極およびこれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
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| JPWO2023100548A1 (ja) | 2023-06-08 |
| JP7552803B2 (ja) | 2024-09-18 |
| JP2023134577A (ja) | 2023-09-27 |
| US20250112237A1 (en) | 2025-04-03 |
| TW202418626A (zh) | 2024-05-01 |
| CN118266103A (zh) | 2024-06-28 |
| JP7323089B1 (ja) | 2023-08-08 |
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