WO2023048006A1 - アルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法、及びアルカリ水電解用隔膜 - Google Patents
アルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法、及びアルカリ水電解用隔膜 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023048006A1 WO2023048006A1 PCT/JP2022/034076 JP2022034076W WO2023048006A1 WO 2023048006 A1 WO2023048006 A1 WO 2023048006A1 JP 2022034076 W JP2022034076 W JP 2022034076W WO 2023048006 A1 WO2023048006 A1 WO 2023048006A1
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- layer
- diaphragm
- alkaline water
- water electrolysis
- mass
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- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium dihydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005345 coagulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015271 coagulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007766 curtain coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000006165 cyclic alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanol Chemical compound OC1CCCCC1 HPXRVTGHNJAIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002704 decyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000007607 die coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003438 dodecyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007756 gravure coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003187 heptyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004051 hexyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005462 imide group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001841 imino group Chemical group [H]N=* 0.000 description 1
- 238000002847 impedance measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N isooleic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC=CCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QXJSBBXBKPUZAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007561 laser diffraction method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011133 lead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 159000000003 magnesium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[Mg+2] AXZKOIWUVFPNLO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005439 maleimidyl group Chemical group C1(C=CC(N1*)=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 125000002960 margaryl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000956 methoxy group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003595 mist Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000001421 myristyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N octadecanoic acid Natural products CCCCCCCC(C)CCCCCCCCC(O)=O OQCDKBAXFALNLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAQDNRLCLMAVQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N octan-2-ol Chemical compound CCCCCCC(C)O.CCCCCCC(C)O XAQDNRLCLMAVQN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N oleic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O ZQPPMHVWECSIRJ-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002958 pentadecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004346 phenylpentyl group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)CCCCC* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004344 phenylpropyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphinic acid Chemical group O[PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphonic acid group Chemical group P(O)(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003207 poly(ethylene-2,6-naphthalate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001230 polyarylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 229920001707 polybutylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011112 polyethylene naphthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001470 polyketone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000306 polymethylpentene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011116 polymethylpentene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005672 polyolefin resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001205 polyphosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011176 polyphosphates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007519 polyprotic acids Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000915 polyvinyl chloride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003138 primary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004079 stearyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003509 tertiary alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003396 thiol group Chemical group [H]S* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002889 tridecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000002948 undecyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229930195735 unsaturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003169 water-soluble polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/02—Hydrogen or oxygen
- C25B1/04—Hydrogen or oxygen by electrolysis of water
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/46104—Devices therefor; Their operating or servicing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
- C25B13/02—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by shape or form
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
- C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
- C25B13/04—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material
- C25B13/08—Diaphragms; Spacing elements characterised by the material based on organic materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/70—Assemblies comprising two or more cells
- C25B9/73—Assemblies comprising two or more cells of the filter-press type
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/46115—Electrolytic cell with membranes or diaphragms
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis and a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- Alkaline water electrolysis electrolysis of alkaline water
- Alkaline water electrolysis electrolysis of alkaline water
- Such alkaline water electrolysis has an anode chamber in which an anode is arranged and a cathode chamber in which a cathode is arranged.
- a compartmentalized electrolytic cell is used.
- Electrolysis of alkaline water transfers electrons (or ions) from the cathode chamber to the anode chamber. Therefore, the diaphragm is required to have high ionic conductivity. Furthermore, the electrolysis of alkaline water is carried out using alkaline water with a high concentration of about 30% at 80 to 100° C. and under a high pressure of 1 MPa or more in some cases. Therefore, heat resistance, alkali resistance, etc. are also required.
- a porous membrane made of an organic polymer such as polysulfone containing inorganic particles such as magnesium hydroxide is known.
- a method using a non-solvent induced phase separation method (NIPS method) is known as a production method thereof (for example, Patent Document 1).
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis in which the formation of macrovoids is suppressed.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis having a porous layer, wherein the porous
- RX (1) (In formula (1), R represents a hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms, and X represents a hydrophilic functional group.)
- the content of the compound represented by the general formula (1) is preferably 2 to 30% by mass with respect to 100% by mass as the total content of the organic polymer and the inorganic particles.
- the present invention also provides a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis comprising a porous layer containing an organic polymer and inorganic particles, The pair of main surfaces of the porous layer form the front and back surfaces of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis,
- the two cross-sectional layers including the front and back surfaces are the surface layer and the back surface layer, and the other cross-sectional layer is the internal layer.
- the internal layer is a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis having a larger average pore size than at least one of the surface layer and the back layer.
- the present invention also provides a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis comprising a porous layer containing an organic polymer and inorganic particles, and a porous support,
- the porous layer includes a non-impregnated layer that is not impregnated into the porous support, Among the three cross-sectional layers obtained by dividing the cross-section of the non-impregnated layer into three equal parts in the thickness direction, one cross-sectional layer including the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis is the surface layer, and two cross-sections other than the surface layer Assuming each layer as an inner layer, At least one of the internal layers is a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis having a larger average pore size than the surface layer.
- the present invention also provides a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis comprising a porous layer containing an organic polymer and inorganic particles, and a porous support,
- the porous layer includes an impregnated layer in which the porous support is impregnated and a non-impregnated layer in which the porous support is not impregnated,
- one cross-sectional layer including the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis is a surface layer, and two cross sections other than the surface layer
- At least one of the inner layers is a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis having a larger average pore size than the impregnated layer.
- At least one of the internal layers preferably has a larger average pore size than the surface layer.
- a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis having a porous layer in which the formation of macrovoids is suppressed can be produced.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a photograph (observation image) of a cross section (mainly a non-impregnated layer portion) of a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis taken using a scanning electron microscope with reference lines and the like.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a photograph (observation image) of a cross section (mainly an impregnated layer portion) of a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis taken using a scanning electron microscope with reference lines and the like.
- ⁇ to ⁇ means “ ⁇ or more and ⁇ or less”.
- 35 to 400 nm means “35 nm or more and 400 nm or less”.
- the method for producing a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention is a method for producing a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis comprising a porous layer, comprising: an organic polymer, inorganic particles, a compound represented by the following general formula (1), and a solvent obtaining the porous layer using the composition comprising RX (1)
- RX represents a hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms
- X represents a hydrophilic functional group.
- the manufacturing method of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention is also referred to as the manufacturing method of the present invention.
- the compound represented by formula (1) is also referred to as compound (A), and the composition as composition (P).
- Organic polymers include fluorine-based resins, olefin-based resins, aromatic hydrocarbon-based resins, and the like.
- Fluorinated resins include ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polytetrafluoroethylene, tetrafluoro ethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether copolymer, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer and the like.
- Olefin resins include polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutene, polymethylpentene, and the like.
- Aromatic hydrocarbon resins include polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polybutylene naphthalate, polystyrene, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyphenylsulfone, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyimide, and polyamideimide.
- the organic polymer may contain only one type of the enumerated fluorine-based resin, olefin-based resin, aromatic hydrocarbon-based resin, or the like, or may include two or more types.
- Aromatic hydrocarbon-based resins are preferable from the viewpoint of excellent heat resistance, pressure resistance, and alkali resistance, and at least one selected from polysulfone, polyethersulfone, and polyphenylsulfone is more preferable, and from the viewpoint of being easily dissolved in a solvent. Polysulfone is more preferred.
- Inorganic particles include metal hydroxides or metal oxides such as magnesium, zirconium, titanium, zinc, aluminum and tantalum; sulfates such as calcium, barium, lead and strontium; nitrides such as titanium, zirconium and hafnium; , carbides such as hafnium, and the like.
- the inorganic particles may contain only one of the listed metal hydroxides, metal oxides, sulfates, nitrides, carbides, etc., or may contain two or more of them. From the viewpoint of increasing the ionic conductivity of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis, metal hydroxides or metal oxides are preferred, and magnesium hydroxide, zirconium hydroxide, titanium hydroxide, zirconium oxide and titanium oxide are more preferred. Zirconium hydroxide, titanium hydroxide and titanium oxide are more preferred, magnesium hydroxide, zirconium hydroxide and titanium hydroxide are more preferred, and magnesium hydroxide is particularly preferred.
- the inorganic particles may be surface-treated.
- the surface treatment is a known surface treatment using, for example, a silane coupling agent, stearic acid, oleic acid, phosphate ester, or the like.
- the shape of the inorganic particles is not restricted. Any shape such as irregular shape, granular shape, granular shape, flake shape, plate shape such as hexagonal plate shape, and fibrous shape may be used. Granular, flaky, and plate-like are preferred, flaky and plate-like are more preferred, and flaky is even more preferred, from the viewpoint of enhancing adhesion to the organic polymer. From the viewpoint of increasing the strength of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis, it is preferably flaky or plate-like, and more preferably flaky.
- the average particle size of inorganic particles is not limited. From the viewpoint of increasing the strength of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis, the thickness is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 2.0 ⁇ m or less. 0.08 ⁇ m or more and 1.5 ⁇ m or less is more preferable, and 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1 ⁇ m or less is even more preferable.
- the average particle size means the volume average particle size (D50) obtained from particle size distribution measurement by laser diffraction method. Specifically, the particle size distribution is measured using a laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution analyzer (for example, "model number LA-920" manufactured by Horiba Ltd.), and the median diameter (D50) in the volume-based particle size distribution is averaged. Particle size. A measurement sample is obtained by mixing particles with ethanol and irradiating ultrasonic waves to disperse the particles.
- the aspect ratio of inorganic particles is not limited. From the viewpoint of increasing the ion conductivity of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis, it is preferably 2.0 or more and 8.0 or less. 2.5 or more and 7.0 or less are more preferable, and 3.0 or more and 6.0 or less are still more preferable.
- Aspect ratio means the ratio [(a)/(b)] between the longest diameter (a) and the shortest diameter (b). Observe the inorganic particles with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and measure the ratio [(a)/(b)] using analysis software for each of 10 arbitrary inorganic particles in the obtained image. . The average value of the ratio [(a)/(b)] of 10 inorganic particles is taken as the aspect ratio of the inorganic particles.
- the shortest diameter among diameters perpendicular to the longest diameter is defined as the shortest diameter (b).
- the inorganic particles are preferably magnesium hydroxide because they are excellent in alkali resistance and durability, and a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis can be obtained at a relatively low cost.
- the average particle size of magnesium hydroxide is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more and 2.0 ⁇ m or less as described above.
- the aspect ratio of magnesium hydroxide is preferably 2.0 or more and 8.0 or less as described above.
- Magnesium hydroxide preferably has a crystallite size of 35 nm or more in the direction perpendicular to the (110) plane measured by X-ray diffraction. By doing so, the ion conductivity of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis can be further enhanced. In particular, it is more preferably 40 nm or more, still more preferably 50 nm or more, even more preferably 60 nm or more, and particularly preferably 65 nm or more. Although the upper limit is not limited, it is usually 400 nm or less, preferably 350 nm or less, more preferably 300 nm or less.
- the crystallite diameter in the direction perpendicular to the (110) plane measured by X-ray diffraction of magnesium hydroxide is preferably 35 to 400 nm, more preferably 40 to 350 nm, and still more preferably 50 to 300 nm. , more preferably 60 to 300 nm, particularly preferably 65 to 300 nm.
- Magnesium hydroxide preferably has a crystallite size of 15 nm or more in the direction perpendicular to the (001) plane measured by X-ray diffraction. By doing so, the ion conductivity of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis can be further enhanced. In particular, 18 nm or more is more preferable, 21 nm or more is still more preferable, and 24 nm or more is even more preferable. Although the upper limit is not limited, it is usually 300 nm or less, preferably 250 nm or less, more preferably 200 nm or less.
- the crystallite diameter in the direction perpendicular to the (001) plane measured by X-ray diffraction of magnesium hydroxide is preferably 15 to 300 nm, more preferably 18 to 250 nm, and still more preferably 21 to 200 nm. and more preferably 24 to 200 nm.
- the crystallite size is determined by the powder X-ray diffraction method.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of magnesium hydroxide particles is measured, and from the spread (half width) of the diffraction line attributed to the lattice plane of interest, the crystallite diameter (crystallite in the direction perpendicular to the lattice plane) is calculated using Scherrer's formula diameter).
- Examples of methods for obtaining magnesium hydroxide having a specific crystallite size range include the following methods. That is, an aqueous solution of magnesium salt (magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, etc.) or an aqueous dispersion of magnesium oxide obtained by a conventionally known method is used as a raw material, and alkaline physical properties (lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, Ammonia water, etc.) is added to prepare magnesium hydroxide by performing a hydration reaction.
- magnesium salt magnesium chloride, magnesium nitrate, etc.
- alkaline physical properties lithium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, Ammonia water, etc.
- the solubility of the generated magnesium hydroxide can be adjusted and the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction can be adjusted.
- Particles with different crystallite sizes can be prepared by appropriately adjusting the temperature (eg, 150° C. to 270° C.) and time (eg, 30 minutes to 10 hours). The larger the amount of acid added, the more the crystal grows and the larger the crystallite size. Also, the higher the temperature of the hydrothermal reaction and the longer the time, the more the crystal growth progresses and the larger the crystallite size.
- the inorganic particles may be commercially available.
- magnesium hydroxide 200-06H manufactured by Kyowa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., UP650-1 manufactured by Ube Material Co., Ltd., MAGSTAR#20 manufactured by Tateho Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., #200 manufactured by Kamijima Chemical Industry Co., etc. may be used. .
- Compound (A) is represented by the following general formula (1).
- RX (1) RX (1)
- R in general formula (1) is a hydrocarbon group having 6 or more carbon atoms.
- Hydrocarbon groups are not limited. It may be an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, an aromatic hydrocarbon group, a saturated hydrocarbon group, an unsaturated hydrocarbon group, a chain hydrocarbon group, a cyclic hydrocarbon group, or the like.
- the hydrocarbon group is preferably an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an aryl group or an aromatic alkyl group.
- Alkyl groups include hexyl group, 3-methylpentyl group, 2,2-dimethylbutyl group, 2,3-dimethylbutyl group, heptyl group, octyl group, 1-methylheptyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, nonyl group and decyl group.
- undecyl group dodecyl group, tridecyl group, tetradecyl group, pentadecyl group, hexadecyl group, heptadecyl group and octadecyl group; cyclic alkyl groups such as cyclohexyl group; An alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms is preferred, an alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms is more preferred, and an alkyl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms is even more preferred.
- the alkenyl group is a group in which one C—C single bond is a double bond among the listed alkyl groups.
- An alkenyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms is preferred, and an alkenyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms is more preferred.
- Aryl groups include phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, naphthyl, anthryl, biphenyl, triphenyl and the like.
- a phenyl group, a tolyl group and a xylyl group are preferred.
- An aryl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms is preferred, and an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms is more preferred.
- Aromatic alkyl groups include benzyl, phenethyl, phenylpropyl, phenylpentyl, phenylhexyl, and phenyloctyl groups.
- An aromatic alkyl group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms is preferred, an aromatic alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms is more preferred, and an aromatic alkyl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms is even more preferred.
- the hydrocarbon group is preferably a hydrocarbon group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms. at least one selected from an alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and an aromatic alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms; more preferred. Further, the hydrocarbon group is preferably at least one selected from an alkyl group and an aromatic alkyl group, and at least one selected from an alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms and an aromatic alkyl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms.
- At least one selected from alkyl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms and aromatic alkyl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms is more preferable, and at least one selected from alkyl groups having 6 to 10 carbon atoms is Even more preferred.
- the hydrocarbon group may have a substituent.
- a substituent is a halogen atom, an alkoxy group, or the like.
- a halogen atom is a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom, an iodine atom and the like.
- a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom and a bromine atom are preferred.
- Alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, s-butoxy, t-butoxy, pentyloxy, phenoxy, cyclohexyloxy, and benzyloxy groups.
- An alkoxy group having 1 to 18 carbon atoms is preferred, an alkoxy group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms is more preferred, and a methoxy group is even more preferred.
- X in general formula (1) is a hydrophilic functional group.
- Hydrophilic functional groups are not limited. Carboxy group (-COOH), phosphate group (-OPO(OH) 2 ), hydroxyl group (-OH), sulfonic acid group (-SO 3 H), phosphonic acid group (-PO(OH) 2 ), phosphinic acid group Acidic functional groups such as (--PO(OH)--) and mercapto groups (---SH); basic functional groups such as amino groups, ammonium groups, imino groups, amide groups, imide groups and maleimide groups.
- the compound (A) interacts with the organic polymer at the R (hydrocarbon group) portion to form X (hydrophilic functional group) It is believed to interact with the inorganic particles in part. It is presumed that this interaction suppresses the formation of macrovoids. The presumed reason will be described later.
- Compound (A) is preferably removed after forming the porous layer in order to increase the ion conductivity of the obtained porous layer.
- the hydrophilic functional group is preferably a hydroxyl group or a carboxyl group, more preferably a hydroxyl group, which have an appropriate interaction force with the inorganic particles.
- the boiling point of compound (A) at normal pressure is preferably 300° C. or lower, more preferably 250° C. or lower, and even more preferably 200° C. or lower.
- compound (A) is preferably a saturated aliphatic alcohol having 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
- cyclohexanol, 1-hexanol, 2-hexanol, 2-methyl-1-pentanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 2-octanol (1-methylheptanol), 2-ethylhexanol, 1-nonanol Selected from primary alcohols such as 1-decanol, 1-undecanol and 1-dodecanol; secondary alcohols such as 2-hexanol and 3-methyl-2-pentanol; and tertiary alcohols such as 2-methyl-2-pentanol. is preferred.
- the solubility of compound (A) in water at 25° C. is preferably 0.001 to 5% by mass. By doing so, it is easy to suppress the formation of macrovoids. In particular, 0.01 to 3% by mass is more preferable, and 0.05 to 2% by mass is even more preferable.
- a solvent is an organic solvent capable of dissolving the organic polymer.
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone is preferred in terms of excellent solubility of organic polymers and excellent dispersibility of inorganic particles.
- the solvent may include a non-organic solvent such as water.
- the total content of the organic polymer, inorganic particles, and compound (A) in composition (P) is preferably 20% by mass or more relative to 100% by mass of composition (P). Above all, 30% by mass or more is more preferable, and 40% by mass or more is even more preferable. Although the upper limit is not limited, it is preferably 80% by mass or less, more preferably 60% by mass or less, and even more preferably 50% by mass or less. That is, the total content of the organic polymer, inorganic particles, and compound (A) in the composition (P) is preferably 20 to 80% by mass, more preferably 30 to 80% by mass, relative to 100% by mass of the composition (P). 60 mass %, more preferably 40 to 50 mass %.
- the content of the inorganic particles in the composition (P) is preferably 50 to 90% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the total content of the organic polymer and the inorganic particles.
- the upper limit is more preferably 85% by mass, still more preferably 80% by mass.
- the lower limit is more preferably 55% by mass, still more preferably 60% by mass.
- the content of the inorganic particles in the composition (P) is more preferably 55 to 85% by mass, still more preferably 60 to 80% by mass, based on 100% by mass of the total content of the organic polymer and the inorganic particles.
- the content of the compound (A) in the composition (P) is preferably 2 to 30% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the total content of the organic polymer and the inorganic particles. In particular, 2.5% by mass or more is more preferable, 3% by mass or more is even more preferable, and 5% by mass or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 20 mass % or less is more preferable, and 15 mass % or less is still more preferable.
- the content of the compound (A) in the composition (P) is more preferably 2.5 to 20% by mass, more preferably 3 to 15% by mass, relative to the total content of the organic polymer and the inorganic particles of 100% by mass. %, more preferably 5 to 15 mass %.
- Composition (P) may contain a dispersant.
- Dispersants include cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, polymer dispersants, and the like.
- the cationic surfactant preferably has a hydrocarbon chain with 5 or more carbon atoms.
- the anionic surfactant preferably has a hydrocarbon chain with 5 or more carbon atoms.
- the polymeric dispersant preferably contains a hydrocarbon chain having 5 or more carbon atoms as a structural unit (repeating unit) and has a hydrophilic functional group.
- Hydrophilic functional groups include acidic functional groups such as carboxy groups, phosphoric acid groups, and sulfonic acid groups; basic functional groups such as amino groups. A carboxy group and a phosphate group are particularly preferred.
- the content of the dispersant in the composition (P) is preferably more than 0.01% by mass and 8.0% by mass or less, and 0.1% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the inorganic particles contained in the composition (P). 6.0 mass % or less is more preferable, and 1.0 mass % or more and 5.0 mass % or less is still more preferable.
- the composition (P) may contain hydrophilic additives.
- the hydrophilic additive can be an organic hydrophilic additive or an inorganic hydrophilic additive.
- organic hydrophilic additives include water-soluble polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethyleneimine having a molecular weight of less than 100,000, polyacrylic acid, and dextran; surfactants; glycerin; Polyethylenimine and polyacrylic acid are particularly preferred.
- Inorganic hydrophilic additives are metal chlorides such as calcium chloride, magnesium chloride, lithium chloride, sodium chloride, potassium chloride. Metal chlorides are particularly preferred.
- the content of the hydrophilic additive in the composition (P) is preferably 0.001 to 20% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the inorganic particles.
- the hydrophilic additive is a metal chloride
- the content is preferably 0.001 to 15% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 12% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 0.05%, based on 100% by mass of the inorganic particles. 10% by mass is more preferred.
- Composition (P) may contain other additives as needed.
- the step of obtaining a porous layer using the composition (P) includes steps (1) to (3) below.
- Step (1) is a step of mixing an organic polymer, inorganic particles, a compound (A), and a solvent to prepare a composition (P).
- the mixing method and procedure are not limited.
- a known mixing method may be used.
- a method using a mixer, ball mill, jet mill, disper, sand mill, roll mill, pot mill, or paint shaker may be used. Any mixing procedure may be used.
- the three components of the organic polymer, the inorganic particles and the compound (A) may be mixed in the solvent simultaneously or in any order.
- the organic polymer, the inorganic particles, and the compound (A) may be separately mixed in a solvent, and the mixed solution thereof may be mixed.
- Step (2) is a step of applying the composition (P) obtained in step (1) to a substrate or porous support to form a coating film.
- Methods of coating the base material include die coating, spin coating, gravure coating, curtain coating, spray, applicator, and coater.
- the substrate is a film or sheet made of a resin such as polytetraethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetal, polymethyl methacrylate, polycarbonate, or the like, a glass plate, or the like. Films or sheets of polytetraethylene terephthalate are preferred.
- the step (2) is preferably a step of applying the composition (P) to the porous support.
- the application method is not limited. A method of directly applying the composition (P) to a porous support, a method of immersing a porous support in the composition (P), and a method of applying the composition (P) onto the above-described substrate to form a coating film. A method of forming a coating film, bringing the porous support into contact with the coating film, and impregnating the porous support with the composition (P) may be used.
- the coating film may be provided on one side or both sides of the porous support.
- the entire coating film may be laminated on the surface of the porous support, or a part thereof may be impregnated into the porous support and the remaining part thereof may be laminated on the surface of the porous support.
- the coating film may be partially impregnated in the thickness direction of the porous support, or the entire thickness direction of the porous support may be impregnated. good too.
- Porous supports are resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyphenylsulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyketone, polyimide, polyetherimide, and fluorine-based resins. 1 type of these may be included, and 2 or more types may be included. At least one selected from polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyphenylene sulfide is preferable, and at least one selected from polypropylene and polyphenylene sulfide is more preferable from the viewpoint of excellent heat resistance and alkali resistance.
- the form of the porous support is not limited.
- a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, a mesh, a porous membrane, or a mixed fabric of a nonwoven fabric and a woven fabric may be used.
- a non-woven fabric, a woven fabric, or a mesh is preferred, a non-woven fabric or a mesh is more preferred, and a non-woven fabric is even more preferred.
- the porous support is preferably a nonwoven fabric, woven fabric, or mesh containing at least one resin selected from polypropylene, polyethylene, and polyphenylene sulfide. More preferred are nonwoven fabrics or meshes comprising polyphenylene sulfide.
- the thickness of the porous support in the form of a sheet is not limited. For example, it is 30 to 2000 ⁇ m. 50 to 1000 ⁇ m is preferred, 80 to 500 ⁇ m is more preferred, and 80 to 250 ⁇ m is even more preferred.
- the thickness of the porous support can be obtained by observing the cross section with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). For example, the average value of thicknesses at arbitrary five points may be used as the thickness of the porous support.
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- Step (3) is a step of forming the coating film obtained in step (2) into a porous layer.
- at least a non-solvent induced phase separation method is performed.
- a liquid (non-solvent-containing liquid) containing a non-solvent for the organic polymer contained in the coating film obtained in step (2) is used.
- this non-solvent-containing liquid is brought into contact with the coating film, the non-solvent diffuses into the coating film.
- the solvent in the coating film that is soluble in the non-solvent is eluted from the coating film.
- the organic polymer that is insoluble in the non-solvent solidifies to form a porous layer.
- the coating film does not contain compound (A)
- the interaction between the organic polymer and the inorganic particles in the coating film is not so strong. Therefore, when the coating film is brought into contact with the non-solvent-containing liquid, the non-solvent-containing liquid tends to enter the coating film rapidly and in large amounts. Since the portion occupied by the mixed liquid of the non-solvent-containing liquid and the solvent constituting the coating film becomes voids, a large number of macrovoids are likely to be formed.
- the coating contains a compound (A) having a hydrophobic hydrocarbon group (R) and a hydrophilic functional group (X). It is believed that the hydrocarbon group (R) interacts with the organic polymer and the hydrophilic functional group (X) of compound (A) interacts with the inorganic particles. This interaction may extend two-dimensionally or three-dimensionally, like the hydrogen bonding of water molecules.
- the diffusion rate of water is kept lower than when the compound (A) is not contained because the hydrophobic component is dispersed throughout the coating film. be done. As a result, it is believed that the formation of macrovoids is suppressed.
- the method of bringing the coating film into contact with the non-solvent-containing liquid includes a method of immersing the coating film in the non-solvent-containing liquid (coagulation bath).
- the non-solvent has the property of not substantially dissolving the organic polymer.
- the phrase “substantially insoluble in the organic polymer” means that the solubility of the organic polymer is 100 mg or less per 100 g of the solvent at 25°C.
- the non-solvent includes water such as pure water, distilled water, and ion-exchanged water; lower alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and propyl alcohol; or mixed solvents thereof. From the viewpoint of waste liquid treatment, water is preferable, and ion-exchanged water is more preferable.
- the non-solvent-containing liquid may contain a non-solvent.
- the concentration of the non-solvent in the non-solvent-containing liquid may be 100% by weight or close to 100% by weight.
- the non-solvent-containing liquid may contain a solvent other than the non-solvent.
- Solvents other than non-solvents are not limited. For example, it is preferably the same solvent as the solvent contained in the coating film.
- the concentration of the non-solvent in the non-solvent-containing liquid is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and even more preferably 40% by mass or more.
- it is preferably 90% by mass or less, more preferably 80% by mass or less, and even more preferably 60% by mass or less. That is, the non-solvent concentration in the non-solvent-containing liquid is preferably 10 to 90% by mass, more preferably 20 to 80% by mass, and even more preferably 40 to 60% by mass.
- the temperature of the non-solvent-containing liquid when contacting the coating is not limited.
- a temperature of 5 to 70° C. is preferable in terms of uniformly solidifying the coating film.
- 10 to 50°C is more preferred, and 15 to 30°C is even more preferred.
- the time for which the coating film is immersed in the non-solvent-containing liquid is not limited. 0.5 to 30 minutes is preferred, 1 to 20 minutes is more preferred, and 2 to 15 minutes is even more preferred.
- a vapor-induced phase separation method is performed before the non-solvent-induced phase separation method.
- the coating film obtained in step (2) is exposed to vapor containing a non-solvent for the organic polymer (non-solvent-containing gas).
- the method of exposing the coating film obtained in step (2) to the non-solvent-containing gas is not limited. A method of blowing a non-solvent-containing gas onto the coating film surface, a method of exposing the coating film to the gas phase portion of a reservoir containing a heated non-solvent-containing liquid, and the like may be used.
- the non-solvent in the vapor-induced phase separation method is the same as the non-solvent in the non-solvent-induced phase separation method.
- the non-solvent-containing gas may contain a gas normally contained in air such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, etc., and may contain vapor of a solvent similar to the solvent contained in the coating film.
- the non-solvent containing gas should just contain the non-solvent.
- the concentration of the nonsolvent in the nonsolvent-containing gas is preferably 50 to 100% by volume, more preferably 70 to 100% by volume, and 80 to 100% by volume with respect to 100% by volume of the nonsolvent-containing gas. is more preferred.
- the temperature of the non-solvent containing gas when contacting the coating is not limited.
- a temperature of 50 to 80° C. is preferable in terms of uniformly solidifying the coating film. In particular, 55 to 75°C is more preferred, and 60 to 70°C is even more preferred.
- the time for contacting the coating film with the non-solvent-containing gas is preferably 1 to 60 seconds, more preferably 2 to 30 seconds, and even more preferably 3 to 15 seconds.
- a porous layer containing an organic polymer and inorganic particles is obtained by steps (1) to (3).
- This porous layer may be used as a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- the porous layer obtained in step (3) may contain the non-solvent contained in the non-solvent-containing liquid and the solvent component contained in the coating film formed in step (2). These substances can affect the performance of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- the method for producing a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention preferably further includes the following step (4). (4) A step of drying the porous layer.
- Step (4) is a drying step for removing the non-solvent, compound (A), etc. contained in the porous layer obtained in step (3).
- the drying temperature is preferably 60 to 150°C, more preferably 60 to 130°C.
- the drying time is preferably 2 to 60 minutes, more preferably 2 to 30 minutes, even more preferably 5 to 30 minutes. Drying may be performed under normal pressure or under reduced pressure. Vacuum drying at 0.03 to 0.06 atmospheres is preferred to facilitate removal of volatile components.
- a known step such as a step of press treatment may be included in order to uniformize the density of the diaphragm.
- Diaphragm for Alkaline Water Electrolysis The diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention will be described.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis can be obtained, for example, by the manufacturing method described in the above "1. Manufacturing method of diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis".
- a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis comprises a porous layer containing an organic polymer and inorganic particles. Preferably, it further comprises a porous support.
- the organic polymer, inorganic particles, and porous support are the same as those described in "1. Manufacturing method of diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis".
- the preferred organic polymer is polysulfone.
- the inorganic particles are preferably magnesium hydroxide.
- the porous support is a non-woven fabric or mesh comprising polyphenylene sulfide.
- the content of the organic polymer is not restricted. It is preferably 10 to 50% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the porous layer. Within this range, the ionic conductivity and mechanical strength are excellent. Above all, 15% by mass or more is more preferable, and 20% by mass or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 45 mass % or less is more preferable, and 40 mass % or less is still more preferable. That is, the content of the organic polymer is more preferably 15 to 45% by mass, still more preferably 20 to 40% by mass, relative to 100% by mass of the porous layer.
- the content of inorganic particles is not particularly limited. It is preferably 50 to 90% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the porous layer. Within this range, the ionic conductivity is excellent. Above all, 55% by mass or more is more preferable, and 60% by mass or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 85 mass % or less is more preferable, and 80 mass % or less is still more preferable. That is, the content of inorganic particles is more preferably 55 to 85% by mass, still more preferably 60 to 80% by mass, relative to 100% by mass of the porous layer.
- the porous layer may contain the compound (A).
- the compound (A) is the same as that described in "1. Manufacturing method of diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis".
- the content of compound (A) is not limited. 10 mass % or less is preferable with respect to 100 mass % of porous layers. In particular, 5% by mass or less is more preferable, and 1% by mass or less is even more preferable.
- the porous layer may contain a dispersant.
- the dispersant is the same as that described in "1. Manufacturing method of diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis”. Content of the dispersant is not limited. It is preferably more than 0.01% by mass and 8.0% by mass or less, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 6.0% by mass or less, and 1.0% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the inorganic particles in the porous layer % or more and 5.0 mass % or less is more preferable.
- the porous layer can of course contain impurities.
- impurity as used herein means a component that is not intentionally mixed regardless of whether it is unavoidable or unavoidable.
- the content of the porous layer in the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis is not limited. It is preferably 10 to 80% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis. Above all, 15% by mass or more is more preferable, and 20% by mass or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 75 mass % or less is more preferable, and 70 mass % or less is still more preferable.
- the content of the porous layer in the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis is more preferably 15 to 75% by mass, still more preferably 20 to 70% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- the porous layer may be provided on one side or both sides of the porous support.
- the entire porous layer may be laminated on the surface of the porous support, or a part thereof may be impregnated into the porous support and the remainder may be laminated on the surface of the porous support.
- the porous layer may impregnate a part of the porous support in the thickness direction, or may impregnate the entire thickness of the porous support. may Therefore, for example, two porous layers laminated on the front and back surfaces of a porous support may be integrated by a porous layer impregnated in the porous support.
- the porous layer constituting the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention contains 50% or less of macrovoids having a major axis of 30 ⁇ m or more and a minor axis of 5 ⁇ m or more. From the viewpoint of improving the mechanical strength of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis, it is more preferably 30% or less, even more preferably 20% or less, and even more preferably 10% or less. For example, it may be 0% or more and 18% or less, preferably 0% or more and 12% or less.
- the content of macrovoids means the ratio of the total area of macrovoids to the area of the porous layer in the cross section in the thickness direction of the porous layer.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis does not contain a porous support, the content of macrovoids in the porous layer is within the above range.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis includes a porous support, the content of macrovoids in the non-impregnated portion of the porous layer where the porous support is not impregnated falls within the above range.
- a method for measuring the content of macrovoids will be described in detail in Examples.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention is characterized by the form of the porous layer.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (S1), the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (S2), and the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (S3) will be described for each form of the porous layer.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (S1) is a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis comprising a porous layer containing an organic polymer and inorganic particles, and the pair of main surfaces of the porous layer are front and back surfaces of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- the two cross-sectional layers including the front and back surfaces are the surface layer and the back surface layer
- the other cross-sectional layer is the inner layer
- the inner layer is a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis in which the average pore size is larger than that of at least one of the surface layer and the back layer.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (S1) is also called diaphragm (S1).
- the diaphragm (S1) is the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention in a form that does not contain a porous support. Since it does not contain a porous support, the pair of main surfaces of the porous layer form the front and back surfaces of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- the front and back surfaces of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis are not particularly distinguished, and for convenience of explanation, one of the pair of main surfaces of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis is referred to as the front surface and the other as the back surface.
- a cross-sectional layer (surface layer) including the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis, a cross-sectional layer (inner layer) not including the front and back surfaces of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis, A cross-sectional layer (back layer) including the back side of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis is obtained.
- the average pore size of the inner layer is larger than the average pore size of at least one of the surface layer and the back layer. From the viewpoint of improving the mechanical strength, the average pore size of the inner layer is preferably larger than the average pore size of both the surface layer and the back layer.
- the ratio of the average pore size of the inner layer to the average pore size of at least one of the surface layer and the back layer is greater than 1.0. Above all, 1.1 or more is preferable, and 1.2 or more is more preferable. Moreover, 3.0 or less is preferable, 2.5 or less is more preferable, and 2.0 or less is still more preferable.
- the average pore size of the inner layer is not particularly limited. It is preferably 0.1 to 5.0 ⁇ m in terms of improving mechanical strength. Above all, 0.2 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 0.3 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 4.0 micrometers or less are more preferable, and 3.0 micrometers or less are still more preferable. That is, the average pore size of the inner layer is more preferably 0.2-4.0 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.3-3.0 ⁇ m.
- the average pore size of the surface layer and back layer is not particularly limited. 0.05 to 3.0 ⁇ m is preferable in terms of improving mechanical strength. Above all, 0.1 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 0.2 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, it is more preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less. Both the surface layer and the back layer preferably have such an average pore size. That is, the average pore size of the surface layer and back layer is more preferably 0.1 to 2.5 ⁇ m, still more preferably 0.2 to 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (S2) is a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis comprising a porous layer containing an organic polymer and inorganic particles, and a porous support,
- the porous layer includes a non-impregnated layer that is not impregnated into the porous support,
- the cross-sectional layer including the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis is the surface layer, and the two cross-sectional layers other than the surface layer are used.
- At least one of the two internal layers is a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis having a larger average pore size than the surface layer.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (S2) is also called diaphragm (S2).
- the diaphragm (S2) is the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention in a form containing a porous support. Since the porous support is included, one of the pair of main surfaces of the porous layer forms the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- one cross-sectional layer (surface layer) including the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis and two cross-sectional layers (inner layers) not including the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis. is obtained.
- At least one of the two internal layers of the diaphragm (S2) has a larger average pore size than the surface layer.
- the diaphragm (S2) may have a porous layer having this configuration on at least one main surface of the porous support.
- the ratio of the average pore size of the inner layer having the larger average pore size to the average pore size of the surface layer is greater than 1.0. Above all, 1.1 or more is preferable, and 1.2 or more is more preferable. Moreover, 3.0 or less is preferable, 2.5 or less is more preferable, and 2.0 or less is still more preferable. That is, the average pore size ratio r11 is preferably more than 1.0 and 3.0 or less, more preferably 1.1 or more and 2.5 or less, and still more preferably 1.2 or more and 2.0 or less.
- the average pore size of the inner layer having the larger average pore size is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of improving the strength balance, the thickness is preferably 0.1 to 5.0 ⁇ m. Above all, 0.2 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 0.3 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 4.0 micrometers or less are more preferable, and 3.0 micrometers or less are still more preferable. That is, the average pore size of the inner layer having the larger average pore size is more preferably 0.2 to 4.0 ⁇ m, still more preferably 0.3 to 3.0 ⁇ m. It is preferred that the average pore size of the inner layer having the smaller average pore size also have such an average pore size.
- the average pore size of the surface layer is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of improving the strength balance, the thickness is preferably 0.05 to 3.0 ⁇ m. Above all, 0.1 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 0.2 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, it is more preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less. That is, the average pore size of the surface layer is more preferably 0.1 to 2.5 ⁇ m, still more preferably 0.2 to 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the inner layer adjacent to the surface layer has a larger average pore size than the surface layer. Furthermore, it is preferred that both inner layers have a larger average pore size than the surface layer.
- a part of the porous layer of the diaphragm (S2) is preferably impregnated into the porous support. That is, the porous layer preferably includes an impregnated layer in which the porous support is impregnated and a non-impregnated layer in which the porous support is not impregnated. At least one of the two internal layers in the non-impregnated layer preferably has a larger average pore size than the impregnated layer.
- the ratio of the average pore size of the inner layer having the larger average pore size in the non-impregnated layer to the average pore size of the impregnated layer is preferably greater than 1.0. 1.2 or more is more preferable, and 1.4 or more is still more preferable. Moreover, 3.0 or less is preferable, 2.5 or less is more preferable, and 2.0 or less is still more preferable. That is, the average pore diameter ratio r12 is preferably more than 1.0 and 3.0 or less, more preferably 1.2 or more and 2.5 or less, and still more preferably 1.4 or more and 2.0 or less.
- the average pore size of the impregnation layer is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of improving the strength balance, the thickness is preferably 0.05 to 3.0 ⁇ m. Above all, 0.1 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 0.2 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, it is more preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less. That is, the average pore size of the impregnated layer is more preferably 0.1 to 2.5 ⁇ m, still more preferably 0.2 to 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the non-impregnated layer is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of improving the strength balance, the thickness is preferably 20 to 150 ⁇ m. Especially, 30 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 40 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, it is more preferably 120 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness is the thickness of each non-impregnated layer. That is, the thickness of the non-impregnated layer is more preferably 30 to 120 ⁇ m, still more preferably 40 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the impregnation layer is not particularly limited.
- the thickness is preferably 50 to 300 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of excellent strength and low resistance. Especially, 80 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 130 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 250 micrometers or less are more preferable.
- the thickness of the impregnation layer is more preferably 80-250 ⁇ m, still more preferably 130-250 ⁇ m.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (S3) is a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis comprising a porous layer containing an organic polymer and inorganic particles, and a porous support, wherein the porous layer is attached to the porous support.
- the alkaline water electrolysis is performed.
- one cross-sectional layer including the surface of the diaphragm is defined as a surface layer and two cross-sectional layers other than the surface layer are defined as internal layers, at least one of the internal layers has an average pore size larger than that of the impregnated layer. It is a diaphragm for water electrolysis.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis is excellent in both ion conductivity and gas barrier properties.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (S3) is also called diaphragm (S3).
- the diaphragm (S3) is the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention in a form containing a porous support. Since the porous support is included, one of the pair of main surfaces of the porous layer forms the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- one cross-sectional layer (surface layer) including the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis and two cross-sectional layers (inner layers) not including the surface of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis. is obtained.
- At least one of the two inner layers of the diaphragm (S3) has a larger average pore size than the impregnated layer.
- the diaphragm (S3) may have a porous layer having this configuration on at least one main surface side of the porous support.
- the ratio of the average pore size of the inner layer having the larger average pore size in the non-impregnated layer to the average pore size of the impregnated layer is preferably greater than 1.0. Above all, 1.2 or more is more preferable, and 1.4 or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 3.0 or less is preferable, 2.5 or less is more preferable, and 2.0 or less is still more preferable. That is, the average pore diameter ratio r22 is preferably more than 1.0 and 3.0 or less, more preferably 1.2 or more and 2.5 or less, and still more preferably 1.4 or more and 2.0 or less.
- the average pore size of the inner layer having the larger average pore size in the non-impregnated layer is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of improving the strength balance, the thickness is preferably 0.1 to 5.0 ⁇ m. Above all, 0.2 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 0.3 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 4.0 micrometers or less are more preferable, and 3.0 micrometers or less are still more preferable. That is, the average pore size of the inner layer having the larger average pore size in the non-impregnated layer is more preferably 0.2 to 4.0 ⁇ m, still more preferably 0.3 to 3.0 ⁇ m. It is preferable that the inner layer having the smaller average pore size in the non-impregnated layer also has such an average pore size.
- the average pore size of the impregnation layer is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of improving the strength balance, the thickness is preferably 0.05 to 3.0 ⁇ m. Above all, 0.1 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 0.2 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, it is more preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less. That is, the average pore size of the impregnated layer is more preferably 0.1 to 2.5 ⁇ m, still more preferably 0.2 to 2.0 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the non-impregnated layer is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of improving the strength balance, the thickness is preferably 20 to 150 ⁇ m. Especially, 30 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 40 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, it is more preferably 120 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less. That is, the thickness of the non-impregnated layer is more preferably 30 to 120 ⁇ m, still more preferably 40 to 100 ⁇ m. When non-impregnated layers exist on both sides of the porous support, the thickness is the thickness of each non-impregnated layer.
- the thickness of the impregnation layer is not particularly limited.
- the thickness is preferably 50 to 300 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of excellent strength and low resistance. 80 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 130 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, it is more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less. That is, the thickness of the impregnation layer is more preferably 80-250 ⁇ m, more preferably 130-200 ⁇ m. When impregnated layers are present on both sides of the porous support, it is the thickness of each non-impregnated layer.
- the average pore size of the inner layer having the larger average pore size in the non-impregnated layer is larger than the average pore size of the surface layer.
- the ratio of the average pore size of the inner layer having the larger average pore size to the average pore size of the surface layer is preferably greater than 1.0. Above all, 1.1 or more is more preferable, and 1.2 or more is even more preferable. Moreover, 3.0 or less is preferable, 2.5 or less is more preferable, and 2.0 or less is still more preferable. That is, the average pore diameter ratio r21 is preferably more than 1.0 and 3.0 or less, more preferably 1.1 or more and 2.5 or less, and still more preferably 1.2 or more and 2.0 or less.
- the average pore size of the surface layer is not particularly limited. From the viewpoint of improving the strength balance, the thickness is preferably 0.05 to 3.0 ⁇ m. Above all, 0.1 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 0.2 ⁇ m or more is even more preferable. Moreover, it is more preferably 2.5 ⁇ m or less, and still more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or less. That is, the average pore size of the surface layer is more preferably 0.1 to 2.5 ⁇ m, still more preferably 0.2 to 2.0 ⁇ m. It is preferred that the average pore size of the inner layer having the smaller average pore size also have such an average pore size.
- the inner layer adjacent to the surface layer has a larger average pore size than the surface layer. Furthermore, it is preferred that both inner layers have a larger average pore size than the surface layer.
- Observation Image Acquisition A cross section is obtained by cutting the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis in the thickness direction. The cross section is observed with a field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) to obtain an observed image. An example of an observed image is shown in FIG. An observation image 100 in FIG. 1 is assumed to be a rectangle having a horizontal length L1 and a vertical length L2. Also, the observation image 100 is obtained by selecting the imaging magnification so that the entire thickness direction of the non-impregnated layer 110 is included. The vertical direction of the observed image 100 is the thickness direction of the non-impregnated layer 110 , and the horizontal direction is the planar direction of the non-impregnated layer 110 .
- FE-SEM field emission scanning electron microscope
- the arbitrary main surfaces of the non-impregnation layer 110 be the upper side in the form of a diaphragm (S1).
- the side opposite to impregnation layer 120 is the upper side. In this way, five observation images 100 are acquired.
- the lateral length L1 is not particularly limited. For example, it is about 50 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the vertical length L2 may be selected according to the thickness of the non-impregnated layer 110 . For example, it is about 20 to 150 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 1 shows an observed image 100 surrounded by a dotted line.
- Observed image 100 includes non-impregnated layer 110 .
- a center line XL1 parallel to the vertical direction is drawn at the center of the observed image 100 in the horizontal direction. Let the area on the left side of the center line XL1 be the left area AL1 and the area on the right side be the right area AR1.
- the uppermost position 103 in the left area AL1 and the uppermost position 104 in the right area AR1 is defined as a lower reference line LL1.
- the lower reference line LL1 is regarded as the lower contour line of the non-impregnated layer 110 .
- the uppermost position refers to the position with the greatest distance from the lower side of the observed image 100 .
- an upper internal demarcation line UIL1 parallel to the upper reference line UL1 and passing through the intersection 13 and a lower internal demarcation line LIL1 parallel to the upper reference line UL1 and passing through the intersection 14 are drawn. If the distance from the intersection 15 to the intersection 16 is shorter, the intersections 17 and 18 are set on the right side of the observed image 100 from the intersection 15 side so as to divide the intersections 15 to 16 into three equal parts. Then, an upper internal demarcation line UIL1 parallel to the upper reference line UL1 and passing through the intersection 17 and a lower internal demarcation line LIL1 parallel to the upper reference line UL1 and passing through the intersection 18 are drawn.
- the non-impregnated layer 110 has a region 111 sandwiched between the upper reference line UL1 and the upper internal dividing line UIL1, and the upper internal dividing line UIL1. and a region 112 sandwiched between the lower internal demarcation line LIL1 and a region 113 sandwiched between the lower internal demarcation line LIL1 and the lower reference line LL1.
- the region 111 is the surface layer
- the region 112 is the internal layer
- the region 113 is the back layer.
- region 111 is the surface layer and regions 112 and 113 are internal layers.
- the average pore diameter of each layer (surface layer, inner layer, back layer) in the non-impregnated layer 110 can be determined by image analysis. It is preferable to use commercially available image analysis software. For example, Scion Image (manufactured by Scion) and Image-Pro Premier (manufactured by Media Cybernetics).
- the average pore size in the surface layer is determined as follows. First, a measurement region is selected so that 50 or more holes are included. Next, the pore size of each pore observed within the measurement area is calculated. The pore diameter is calculated by the above image analysis software as the average value of the length of a line segment passing through two points on the periphery of the pore and the center of gravity. The pore is an opening formed by lack of organic polymer or inorganic particles.
- This measurement is performed for five different measurement areas. Let the average value of the values obtained at five locations be the average pore diameter of the surface layer. The average pore diameters of the inner layer and the back layer are also obtained in the same manner.
- the observation image 200 is obtained by selecting the photographing magnification so that the entire thickness direction of the impregnated layer 220 is included.
- the vertical direction of the observed image 200 is the thickness direction of the impregnation layer 220
- the horizontal direction is the plane direction of the impregnation layer 220 .
- the side on which the non-impregnated layer 210 is provided is the upper side. When two non-impregnated layers 210 are connected by one impregnated layer 220, any non-impregnated layer 210 is the upper side. In this way, five observation images 200 are obtained.
- the lateral length L1 is not particularly limited. For example, it is about 50 to 150 ⁇ m.
- the length L2 in the longitudinal direction may be selected according to the thickness of the non-impregnated layer. For example, it is about 20 to 150 ⁇ m.
- FIG. 2 shows an observed image 200 surrounded by a dotted line.
- Observation image 200 includes non-impregnated layer 210 and impregnated layer 220 .
- a center line XL2 parallel to the vertical direction is drawn at the center of the observed image 200 in the horizontal direction. Let the area on the left side of the center line XL2 be a left area AL2 and the area on the right side be a right area AR2.
- the average pore diameter of the impregnated layer 220 can be determined by image analysis. It is preferable to use commercially available image analysis software. For example, Scion Image (manufactured by Scion) and Image-Pro Premier (manufactured by Media Cybernetics).
- the average pore size of the impregnated layer is obtained as follows. First, a measurement region is selected so that 50 or more holes are included. Next, the pore size of each pore observed within the measurement area is calculated. The pore diameter is calculated by the above image analysis software as the average value of the length of a line segment passing through two points on the periphery of the pore and the center of gravity. The pore is an opening formed by lack of organic polymer or inorganic particles.
- This measurement is performed for five different measurement areas. Let the average value of the value obtained in five places be the average pore diameter of an impregnation layer.
- Diaphragms (S1) to (S3) Preferred Embodiments of Diaphragms (S1) to (S3) will be described.
- the diaphragms (S1) to (S3) will simply be referred to as diaphragms when not distinguished from each other.
- the diaphragm (S1) preferably contains 50% or less of macrovoids having a major axis of 30 ⁇ m or more and a minor axis of 5 ⁇ m or more in the inner layer. It is more preferable that the content of macrovoids in the surface layer and the back layer is 50% or less.
- Separators (S2) to (S3) preferably contain 50% or less of macrovoids having a major axis of 30 ⁇ m or more and a minor axis of 5 ⁇ m or more in at least one of the two internal layers in the non-impregnated layer. It is more preferable that the content of macrovoids in the surface layer is 50% or less.
- the diaphragm preferably has a mass reduction rate of 2% or less in an ultrasonic test. Within this range, the constituent components of the diaphragm are suppressed from coming off, so the mechanical strength is excellent.
- the mass reduction rate is more preferably 1.5% or less, still more preferably 1.2% or less, and even more preferably 1% or less. A method for measuring the mass reduction rate will be described in detail in Examples.
- the diaphragm preferably has a membrane resistance of 0.30 ⁇ cm 2 or less. Within this range, ionic conduction in alkaline water electrolysis is good, resulting in excellent electrolysis efficiency. A method for measuring the membrane resistance will be described in detail in Examples.
- the diaphragm preferably has a ratio of membrane resistance after 240-hour durability to membrane resistance after 24-hour durability (membrane resistance ratio) of 0.7 or more in the thermal alkali durability test. Within this range, the alkali resistance is excellent because the influence of the hot alkali is small. A method for measuring the film resistance ratio will be described in detail in Examples.
- the diaphragm preferably has an air permeability of 50 to 5000 seconds. Within this range, gas is less likely to permeate through the diaphragm, resulting in excellent gas barrier properties.
- the air permeability is more preferably 100 to 1000 seconds, even more preferably 150 to 800 seconds. A method for measuring air permeability will be described in detail in Examples.
- the diaphragm preferably has a thickness of 50 to 2000 ⁇ m. Within this range, it is easy to balance mechanical strength, gas barrier properties, and ionic conductivity.
- the thickness is more preferably 100-1000 ⁇ m, still more preferably 100-500 ⁇ m, and most preferably 150-350 ⁇ m. A method for measuring the thickness of the diaphragm will be described in detail in Examples.
- the diaphragm preferably has an air permeability per unit thickness, ie, a value obtained by dividing the air permeability of the diaphragm by the thickness of the diaphragm, of 0.6 or more. Within this range, gas is less likely to permeate through the diaphragm, resulting in excellent gas barrier properties.
- the air permeability per unit thickness is more preferably 0.65 or more, still more preferably 0.70 or more, and even more preferably 0.75 or more.
- the upper limit of the air permeability per unit thickness is not limited, it is preferably 4.00 or less, more preferably 3.50 or less.
- the air permeability per unit thickness is preferably 0.6 or more and 4.00 or less, more preferably 0.65 or more and 3.50 or less, still more preferably 0.70 or more and 3.50 or less, still more preferably It is 0.75 or more and 3.50 or less.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention can be used for electrolysis of alkaline water.
- An alkaline water electrolysis apparatus provided with the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention and an alkaline water electrolysis method will be described.
- An alkaline water electrolysis device includes an anode, a cathode, and a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- an alkaline water electrolysis apparatus has an electrolytic cell in which an anode chamber in which an anode exists and a cathode chamber in which a cathode exists are separated by a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis is preferably installed near the anode or the cathode, and more preferably installed so as to be in contact with the anode and the cathode (so-called zero-gap structure). As the distance between the electrodes decreases, the electrical resistance decreases and the efficiency of electrolysis improves.
- the anode and cathode are not particularly limited.
- a conductive substrate provided with a catalyst layer may be used.
- the conductive substrate may be copper, lead, nickel, chromium, titanium, gold, platinum, iron, metal compounds thereof, metal oxides, alloys containing two or more of these metals, and the like.
- the catalyst layer may be a metal compound containing nickel, cobalt, palladium, iridium, platinum, or the like, a metal oxide, an alloy, or the like.
- the catalyst layer may be omitted.
- the shape of the electrode may be a known shape such as a sheet shape, a rod shape, a prism shape, etc., but the sheet shape is preferable from the viewpoint of increasing the contact area with the diaphragm and improving the efficiency of electrolysis.
- the electrolytic device may comprise other commonly used members. Examples thereof include a gas-liquid separation tank for separating generated gas and electrolyte, a condenser for stably performing electrolysis, a mist separator, and the like.
- the alkaline water electrolysis method is carried out by filling the above-described alkaline water electrolysis apparatus with an electrolytic solution (an alkaline aqueous solution in which potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide is dissolved) and applying an electric current to the electrolytic solution.
- the concentration of the alkali metal hydroxide in the electrolytic solution is preferably 20-40 mass %.
- the temperature for electrolysis is preferably 50 to 120°C, more preferably 80 to 90°C.
- the current density for electrolysis is usually 0.2 A/cm 2 or higher, preferably 0.3 A/cm 2 or higher. If the current density is high, a large amount of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas can be obtained in a short time.
- the voltage for electrolysis is, for example, 1.5-2.5V.
- the current density is adjusted within this range.
- the pressure for electrolysis is not particularly limited. Normal pressure may be used, or pressurization may be used. Since the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis of the present invention is excellent in gas barrier properties, it can be used even under high pressure of 1 MPa or more (for example, 3 MPa).
- a cross section obtained by cutting approximately the center of the produced diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis in the thickness direction was observed with an FE-SEM (manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation, model number: S-4800) to obtain an observed image. The magnification was 300 times.
- a measurement area of the observed image was a range of 60 ⁇ m in the depth direction from the outermost surface of the non-impregnated layer of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis and a range of about 400 ⁇ m in the direction orthogonal to the depth direction. Void images in the measurement region were extracted using image analysis software (Scion Image, manufactured by Scion).
- the longitudinal length (Lt) along the thickness direction of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis and the lateral length (Lf) perpendicular to the thickness direction were obtained.
- the thickness direction is the direction in which the pair of main surfaces of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis face each other. Therefore, the vertical length (Lt) is defined as the distance along the opposing direction between the point closest to one side and the point closest to the other side in the opposing direction in the outline of the void image.
- the horizontal length (Lt) was defined as the distance along the direction perpendicular to the opposing direction between the point on the most one side and the point on the other side of the outline of the void image in the direction perpendicular to the opposing direction.
- Mass reduction rate (%) 100 ⁇ (mass (g) after ultrasonic test/mass (g) before ultrasonic test ⁇ 100).
- the membrane resistance of the produced diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis was measured as follows. That is, two diaphragm samples for measurement are cut out from one sheet of the manufactured diaphragm and prepared. Using each diaphragm sample, a cell formed with the following cell configuration was allowed to stand in a constant temperature bath at 25°C for 30 minutes, and then AC impedance was measured under the following measurement conditions. Membrane resistance is calculated by the following formula using the intercept component (Ra) of the real part of the AC impedance measured when the diaphragm sample is not set and the intercept component (Rb) of the real part of the AC impedance measured when no diaphragm sample is set.
- ⁇ Measurement of membrane resistance ratio in thermal alkali endurance test A 3 cm square was cut from the manufactured diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis to obtain a test piece. Two test pieces were prepared. Two of these test pieces were placed in a fluororesin container (made of PFA), immersed in 30 g of a 30% KOH aqueous solution, and held at 90°C. After 24 hours and 240 hours from the start of holding at 90 ° C., the test piece was taken out, the membrane resistance was measured at room temperature, and It was calculated as a membrane resistance ratio after the endurance test.
- the air permeability Z per unit thickness of the produced diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis was calculated from the following equation using the air permeability and thickness obtained by the above method.
- Z air permeability of diaphragm (seconds)/thickness of diaphragm ( ⁇ m)
- ⁇ Measurement of average pore size> The average pore diameter of the produced diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis was measured according to the methods described in ⁇ Method for Determining Average Pore Diameter in Non-Impregnated Layer>> and ⁇ Method for Determining Average Pore Diameter in Impregnated Layer>>.
- Image-Pro Premier manufactured by Media Cybernetics was used as image analysis software.
- Example 1 (1. Preparation of inorganic particle dispersion) Magnesium hydroxide (average particle size 0.20 ⁇ m, plate-like, aspect ratio 6.21) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (manufactured by FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) were mixed at a mass ratio of 1:1. This mixture was dispersed in a pot mill containing zirconia media balls at room temperature for 6 hours to obtain a magnesium hydroxide dispersion.
- Magnesium hydroxide average particle size 0.20 ⁇ m, plate-like, aspect ratio 6.21
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone manufactured by FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- composition 100 parts by mass of the obtained magnesium hydroxide dispersion and polysulfone resin (manufactured by BASF, product number Ultrason S3010) (PSU) at a concentration of 35% by mass at 80 ° C.
- N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd. 57 parts by mass of a polysulfone resin solution obtained by thermally dissolving in (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) and 31 parts by mass of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) are mixed, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol is added.
- a mixture was prepared by adding 20 parts by mass to the total content of 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide and polysulfone. The resulting mixture was mixed at room temperature for about 30 minutes at 1000 rpm in a rotation/revolution mixer (product number Awatori Mixer ARE-500, manufactured by THINKY CORPORATION) to obtain a composition.
- a rotation/revolution mixer product number Awatori Mixer ARE-500, manufactured by THINKY CORPORATION
- the composition was applied (22 mg/cm 2 ) onto a polyphenylene sulfide nonwoven fabric (thickness: 130 ⁇ m, basis weight: 60 g/m 2 ) to impregnate it. Thereafter, the nonwoven fabric impregnated with the composition was bathed in a water tank filled with deionized water at room temperature for 5 minutes. The obtained membrane was dried at 120° C. for 10 minutes to obtain a diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (1).
- Example 1 By partially changing Example 1, the diaphragms for alkaline water electrolysis (2) to (13) of Examples 2 to 13 and the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (C1) of Comparative Example 1 were obtained. Only the changes are described below.
- Example 3 In (1. Preparation of Inorganic Particle Dispersion), titanium oxide (average particle size 0.5 ⁇ m) was used instead of magnesium hydroxide.
- Example 4 In (2. Preparation of composition), lithium chloride (manufactured by FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was further added. The amount of lithium chloride added was 0.7 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- Example 5 In (2. Preparation of composition), lithium chloride (manufactured by Fuji Film Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd., K30) were added. The amount of lithium chloride added was 0.7 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide. The amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone added was 14 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- Example 6 In (2. Preparation of composition), lithium chloride (manufactured by Fuji Film Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (manufactured by Kishida Chemical Co., Ltd., K15) were added.
- the amount of lithium chloride added was 0.7 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- the amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone added was 14 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- Example 7 In (2. Preparation of composition), 1-dodecanol was used instead of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol. The amount of 1-dodecanol added was 3 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total content of magnesium hydroxide and polysulfone.
- Example 8 In (2. Preparation of composition), the amount of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol added was changed. The amount of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol added was 42 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the total content of magnesium hydroxide and polysulfone.
- Example 10 In (2. Preparation of composition), lithium chloride (manufactured by Fuji Film Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd., K30) were added. The amount of lithium chloride added was 0.7 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide. The amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone added was 14 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- the coating method was changed as follows.
- the composition was put into a SUS vat, and then a polyphenylene sulfide nonwoven fabric (thickness: 130 ⁇ m, basis weight: 60 g/m 2 ) was immersed. After that, the polyphenylene sulfide nonwoven fabric was pulled up from the SUS vat. The composition was applied to both sides of the nonwoven fabric in this manner.
- Example 11 In (1. Preparation of inorganic particle dispersion), magnesium hydroxide (average particle size 0.20 ⁇ m, plate shape, aspect ratio 6.21) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was changed to a mass ratio of 3:2. Furthermore, 3 parts by mass of a polyphosphate dispersant was added to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- lithium chloride manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.
- polyvinylpyrrolidone manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd., K30
- the amount of lithium chloride added was 0.7 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- the amount of polyvinylpyrrolidone added was 14 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- Example 12 In (1. Preparation of inorganic particle dispersion), magnesium hydroxide (average particle size 0.20 ⁇ m, plate shape, aspect ratio 6.21) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was changed to a mass ratio of 3:2. Further, 2 parts by mass of phosphate polyester was added as a dispersant to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- composition 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide dispersion, 80 mass of a solution of polysulfone resin (manufactured by BASF, product number Ultrason S3010) dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at a concentration of 30 mass% parts, 7.5 parts by weight of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 4.3 parts by weight of polyethyleneimine (manufactured by Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd., Epomin SP-200), and 18.2 parts by weight of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone were mixed.
- Example 13 In (1. Preparation of inorganic particle dispersion), magnesium hydroxide (average particle size 0.20 ⁇ m, plate shape, aspect ratio 6.21) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) was changed to a mass ratio of 3:2. Further, 2 parts by mass of phosphate polyester was added as a dispersant to 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide.
- composition 100 parts by mass of magnesium hydroxide dispersion, 80 mass of a solution of polysulfone resin (manufactured by BASF, product number Ultrason S3010) dissolved in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone at a concentration of 30 mass% part, 2-ethyl-1-hexanol 12.5 parts by mass, polyacrylic (manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., molecular weight 250,000) 1.3 parts by mass, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone 16.2 parts by mass Mix bottom.
- polysulfone resin manufactured by BASF, product number Ultrason S3010
- 2-ethyl-1-hexanol 12.5 parts by mass
- polyacrylic manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., molecular weight 250,000
- Example 1 shows the results.
- the inner layer 1 in Table 1 means the inner layer closer to the surface layer.
- Inner layer 2 in Table 1 means the inner layer farther from the surface layer.
- Example 9 does not include a porous support, it does not include the inner layer 2 but includes a back layer. Since Example 10 has porous layers on both sides of the porous support, one of the two porous layers is referred to as porous layer 1 and the other is referred to as porous layer 2 .
- the diaphragms for alkaline water electrolysis (1) to (13) of Examples 1 to 13 significantly suppressed the formation of macrovoids. It is considered that this is because 2-ethyl-1-hexanol or the like was added to the composition in Example 1 in the production of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis.
- the diaphragms for alkaline water electrolysis (1) to (8) and (10) to (13) of Examples 1 to 8 and 10 to 13 had an inner layer having a larger average pore size than the surface layer in the non-impregnated layer. .
- the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (9) of Example 9 had an inner layer with a larger average pore size than the two surface layers.
- the non-impregnated layer of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (C1) of Comparative Example 1 the internal layer having a larger average pore diameter than that of the surface layer was not provided.
- the diaphragms for alkaline water electrolysis (1) to (13) of Examples 1 to 13 had an air permeability per unit thickness greater than that of the diaphragm for alkaline water electrolysis (C1) of Comparative Example 1, and thus had excellent gas barrier properties. Similarly, by comparing the membrane resistance, the ionic conductivity was excellent. A comparison of the film resistance ratio in the hot alkali endurance test showed excellent alkali resistance. Excellent mechanical strength by comparison of mass reduction rate in ultrasonic test.
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Abstract
Description
R-X (1)
(式(1)中、Rは炭素数6以上の炭化水素基、Xは親水性官能基を表す。)
上記多孔質層の一対の主面は上記アルカリ水電解用隔膜の表裏面をなし、
上記多孔質層の断面を厚み方向に3等分して得られる3つの断面層において、上記表裏面を含む2つの断面層を表面層及び裏面層とし、他の断面層を内部層としたとき、
上記内部層は上記表面層及び上記裏面層の少なくとも一方より平均孔径が大きい、アルカリ水電解用隔膜である。
上記多孔質層は、上記多孔質支持体に含浸していない非含浸層を含み、
上記非含浸層の断面を厚み方向に3等分して得られる3つの断面層において、上記アルカリ水電解用隔膜の表面を含む1つの断面層を表面層とし、上記表面層以外の2つの断面層をそれぞれ内部層としたとき、
上記内部層のうち少なくとも一方は上記表面層より平均孔径が大きい、アルカリ水電解用隔膜である。
上記多孔質層は、上記多孔質支持体に含浸した含浸層と、上記多孔質支持体に含浸していない非含浸層とを含み、
上記非含浸層の断面を厚み方向に3等分して得られる3つの断面層において、上記アルカリ水電解用隔膜の表面を含む1つの断面層を表面層とし、該表面層以外の2つの断面層をそれぞれ内部層としたとき、
上記内部層のうち少なくとも一方は上記含浸層より平均孔径が大きい、アルカリ水電解用隔膜である。
本発明のアルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法について説明する。本発明のアルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法は、多孔質層を備えるアルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法であって、有機ポリマー、無機粒子、下記一般式(1)で示される化合物、及び溶媒を含む組成物を用いて上記多孔質層を得る工程を有する。
R-X (1)
(式(1)中、Rは炭素数6以上の炭化水素基、Xは親水性官能基を表す。)
なお、本発明のアルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法を、本発明の製造方法とも称する。また、一般式(1)で示される化合物を化合物(A)、組成物を組成物(P)とも称する。
R-X (1)
(1)組成物(P)を調製する工程。
(2)組成物(P)を塗膜とする工程。
(3)塗膜を多孔質層とする工程。
(4)多孔質層を乾燥する工程。
本発明のアルカリ水電解用隔膜について説明する。アルカリ水電解用隔膜は、例えば上述の「1.アルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法」で説明された製造方法により得られる。
アルカリ水電解用隔膜(S1)は、有機ポリマー及び無機粒子を含む多孔質層からなるアルカリ水電解用隔膜であって、上記多孔質層の一対の主面は上記アルカリ水電解用隔膜の表裏面をなし、上記多孔質層の断面を厚み方向に3等分して得られる3つの断面層において、上記表裏面を含む2つの断面層を表面層及び裏面層とし、他の断面層を内部層としたとき、上記内部層は上記表面層及び上記裏面層の少なくとも一方より平均孔径が大きい、アルカリ水電解用隔膜である。
アルカリ水電解用隔膜(S2)は、有機ポリマー及び無機粒子を含む多孔質層と、多孔質支持体とを備えるアルカリ水電解用隔膜であって、
上記多孔質層は、上記多孔質支持体に含浸していない非含浸層を含み、
上記非含浸層の断面を厚み方向に3等分して得られる3つの断面層において、上記アルカリ水電解用隔膜の表面を含む断面層を表面層とし、上記表面層以外の2つの断面層をそれぞれ内部層としたとき、上記2つの内部層のうち少なくとも一方は上記表面層より平均孔径が大きい、アルカリ水電解用隔膜である。
平均孔径が小さい方の内部層の平均孔径もこのような平均孔径を有することが好ましい。
アルカリ水電解用隔膜(S3)は、有機ポリマー及び無機粒子を含む多孔質層と、多孔質支持体とを備えるアルカリ水電解用隔膜であって、上記多孔質層は、上記多孔質支持体に含浸した含浸層と、上記多孔質支持体に含浸していない非含浸層とを含み、上記非含浸層の断面を厚み方向に3等分して得られる3つの断面層において、上記アルカリ水電解用隔膜の表面を含む1つの断面層を表面層とし、該表面層以外の2つの断面層をそれぞれ内部層としたとき、上記内部層のうち少なくとも一方は上記含浸層より平均孔径が大きい、アルカリ水電解用隔膜である。
隔膜(S1)~隔膜(S3)について、非含浸層における平均孔径の求め方の一例を説明する。なお、隔膜(S1)は多孔質支持体に多孔質層が含浸していないから、ここでは非含浸層として扱う。以後、隔膜(S1)~(S3)を区別しない場合は、単に隔膜と称する。
アルカリ水電解用隔膜を厚み方向に切断して断面を得る。断面を電界放出型走査電子顕微鏡(FE-SEM)で観察して観察画像を得る。観察画像の一例を図1に示す。図1の観察画像100は横方向の長さL1、縦方向の長さL2を有する長方形とする。また、非含浸層110の厚み方向全体が含まれるように撮影倍率を選択して観察画像100を得るようにする。観察画像100の縦方向は非含浸層110の厚み方向とし、横方向は非含浸層110の面方向とする。なお、隔膜(S1)の形態では非含浸層110の任意の主面を上側とする。隔膜(S2)~(S3)の形態では含侵層120とは反対側を上側とする。このようにして、観察画像100を5個取得する。
非含浸層110の断面を厚み方向に3等分して表面層、内部層、及び裏面層を決定する。図1を参照しながらこの方法を説明する。図1には、点線で囲まれた観察画像100が示される。観察画像100には非含浸層110が含まれる。観察画像100の横方向の中央に、縦方向に並行な中心線XL1を引く。中心線XL1の左側の領域を左領域AL1、右側の領域を右領域AR1とする。
観察画像100における非含浸層110の上側の輪郭線において、左領域AL1における最も上側の位置101と、右領域AR1における最も上側の位置102とを結ぶ直線を上側基準線UL1とする。以後、上側基準線UL1を非含浸層110の上側の輪郭線とみなす。なお、最も上側の位置とは、観察画像100の上辺からの距離が最も小さい位置を指す。
観察画像100における非含浸層110の下側の輪郭線において、左領域AL1における最も上側の位置103と、右領域AR1における最も上側の位置104と、を結ぶ直線を下側基準線LL1とする。以後、下側基準線LL1を非含浸層110の下側の輪郭線とみなす。なお、最も上側の位置とは、観察画像100の下辺からの距離が最も大きい位置を指す。
上側基準線UL1と観察画像100の左辺との交点11を求める。下側基準線LL1と観察画像100の左辺との交点12を求める。上側基準線UL1と観察画像100の右辺との交点15を求める。下側基準線LL1と観察画像100の右辺との交点16を求める。次に、交点11から交点12までの距離と、交点15から交点16までの距離とのうち、短い方を選択する。図1に示すように交点11から交点12までの距離の方が短い場合は、交点11から交点12を3等分するように、観察画像100の左辺に交点11側から順に交点13、交点14を定める。そして、上側基準線UL1に平行で交点13を通る上側内部区分線UIL1と、上側基準線UL1に平行で交点14を通る下側内部区分線LIL1とを引く。交点15から交点16までの距離の方が短い場合は、交点15から交点16を3等分するように、観察画像100の右辺に交点15側から順に交点17、交点18を定める。そして、上側基準線UL1に平行で交点17を通る上側内部区分線UIL1と、上側基準線UL1に平行で交点18を通る下側内部区分線LIL1とを引く。
以上説明した方法により、非含浸層110は、上側基準線UL1及び上側内部区分線UIL1で挟まれた領域111と、上側内部区分線UIL1及び下側内部区分線LIL1で挟まれた領域112と、下側内部区分線LIL1及び下側基準線LL1で挟まれた領域113と、に区分される。隔膜(S1)においては、領域111が表面層、領域112が内部層、領域113が裏面層である。隔膜(S2)~(S3)においては、領域111が表面層、領域112、113が内部層である。
非含浸層110における各層(表面層、内部層、裏面層)の平均孔径は、それぞれを画像解析して求めることができる。市販の画像解析ソフトを用いることが好ましい。例えば、Scion Image(Sciion社製)、Image-Pro Premier(Media Cybernetics社製)である。
隔膜(S2)~隔膜(S3)について、含浸層における平均孔径の求め方の一例を説明する。以後、隔膜(S2)~(S3)を区別しない場合は、単に隔膜と称する。
(1)断面観察画像の取得
アルカリ水電解用隔膜を厚み方向に切断して断面を得る。断面を電界放出型走査電子顕微鏡(FE-SEM)で観察して観察画像を得る。観察画像の一例を図2に示す。図2の観察画像200は横方向の長さL1、縦方向の長さL2を有する長方形とする。また、含浸層220の厚み方向全体が含まれるように撮影倍率を選択して観察画像200を得るようにする。観察画像200の縦方向は含浸層220の厚み方向とし、横方向は含浸層220の面方向とする。非含浸層210が設けられている側を上側とする。2つの非含浸層210が1つの含浸層220によって接続されている場合は任意の非含侵層210を上側とする。このようにして、観察画像200を5個取得する。
図2を参照しながら含浸層の決定方法を説明する。図2には、点線で囲まれた観察画像200が示される。観察画像200には非含浸層210と含浸層220とが含まれる。観察画像200の横方向の中央に、縦方向に並行な中心線XL2を引く。中心線XL2の左側の領域を左領域AL2、右側の領域を右領域AR2とする。
観察画像200における含浸層220の上側の輪郭線において、左領域AL2における最も上側の位置201と、右領域AR2における最も上側の位置202とを結ぶ直線を上側基準線UL2とする。以後、上側基準線UL2を含浸層220の上側の輪郭線とみなす。なお、最も上側の位置とは、観察画像200の上辺からの距離が最も小さい位置を指す。
観察画像200における含浸層220の下側の輪郭線において、左領域AL2における最も上側の位置203と、右領域AR2における最も上側の位置204とを結ぶ直線を下側基準線LL2する。以後、下側基準線LL2を含浸層220の下側の輪郭線とみなす。なお、最も上側の位置とは、観察画像200の下辺からの距離が最も大きい位置を指す。
含浸層220の平均孔径は画像解析して求めることができる。市販の画像解析ソフトを用いることが好ましい。例えば、Scion Image(Sciion社製)、Image-Pro Premier(Media Cybernetics社製)である。
隔膜(S1)~(S3)の好ましい態様について説明する。以後、隔膜(S1)~(S3)を区別しない場合は、単に隔膜と称する。
本発明のアルカリ水電解用隔膜はアルカリ水の電気分解に使用できる。本発明のアルカリ水電解用隔膜を備えるアルカリ水電解装置とアルカリ水電解方法とについて説明する。
アルカリ水電解装置は陽極、陰極、及びアルカリ水電解用隔膜を含む。具体的には、アルカリ水電解装置は、陽極が存在する陽極室と陰極が存在する陰極室とがアルカリ水電解用隔膜によって隔離された電解槽を有する。
アルカリ水電解方法は、上述したアルカリ水電解装置に電解液(水酸化カリウム又は水酸化ナトリウム等を溶解したアルカリ性水溶液)を満たして、電解液に電流を印加して行う。電解液中のアルカリ金属水酸化物の濃度は20~40質量%が好ましい。電気分解を行う際の温度は50~120℃が好ましく、80~90℃がより好ましい。電気分解を行う際の電流密度は、通常0.2A/cm2以上、好ましくは0.3A/cm2以上である。電流密度が高いと、短時間に多くの水素ガス、酸素ガスを得ることができる。電気分解を行う際の電圧は、例えば1.5~2.5Vである。この範囲で、電流密度が高くなるように調整する。電気分解を行う際の圧力は特に限定されない。常圧であってもよいし、加圧であってもよい。本発明のアルカリ水電解用隔膜はガスバリア性に優れるため、1MPa以上の高圧下(例えば3MPa)でも使用できる。
製造されたアルカリ水電解用隔膜のおよそ中央を厚み方向に切断して得られる断面をFE-SEM(日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製、型番:S-4800)で観察して観察画像を得た。倍率は300倍とした。観察画像に対して、アルカリ水電解用隔膜の非含侵層の最表面から深さ方向に60μmの範囲、且つ深さ方向と直交する方向に約400μmの範囲に亘る領域を測定領域とした。画像解析ソフト(Scion Image、Scion社製)を用いて、測定領域におけるボイド像を抽出した。各ボイド像について、アルカリ水電解用隔膜の厚み方向に沿う縦長さ(Lt)及び厚み方向に垂直な横長さ(Lf)を求めた。厚み方向は、アルカリ水電解用隔膜の一対の主面の対向方向である。したがって、縦長さ(Lt)は、ボイド像の輪郭のうち、上記対向方向において最も一方側の点と最も他方側の点との上記対向方向に沿う距離とした。また、横長さ(Lt)は、ボイド像の輪郭のうち、上記対向方向に垂直な方向において最も一方側の点と最も他方側の点との上記対向方向に垂直な方向に沿う距離とした。このようにして求めた(Lt)、(Lf)の内、大きい方をボイドの長径(Lb)、小さい方をボイドの短径(Ls)とした。この方法で、抽出された各ボイド像の長径(Lb)、短径(Ls)を求めた。長径(Lb)が30μm以上、且つ短径(Ls)が5μm以上のボイド像の個々の面積(S)を求め、それらの合計を求め、得られた合計面積をマクロボイドの総面積(Sy)とした。上記測定領域の面積(St)を求め、(St)に対する(Sy)の割合(Sy/St×100(%))を求めた。同様の操作をおよそ等間隔で離れた任意の5つの視野で実施し、その平均値を長径が30μm以上、且つ短径が5μm以上であるマクロボイドの含有率とした。
製造されたアルカリ水電解用隔膜を5×5cmに切り出して試験片とした。試験片とイオン交換水6ccとをチャック付ポリ袋(生産日本社製、ユニパックC-4)に入れて封止した。水槽を30℃に調温した超音波洗浄機(株式会社エスエヌディ製、型名:US-103)を用意して、チャック付ポリ袋を水槽中に1時間静置した。その後、3分間超音波(高周波出力:100w、発信周波数:38kHz)を照射した。超音波試験の前後において試験片の重さを精密天秤(エー・アンド・デイ社製、型番:GH-200)を用いて測定し、下記式により質量減少率を算出した。
質量減少率(%)=100-(超音波試験後の質量(g)/超音波試験前の質量(g)×100)。
(測定方法)
製造されたアルカリ水電解用隔膜の膜抵抗は次のように測定した。すなわち、製造された1枚の隔膜から測定用の隔膜試料を2枚切り出して準備する。各隔膜試料を用いて、以下のセル構成で形成したセルを25℃の恒温槽内で30分静置した後、以下の測定条件で交流インピーダンス測定を行い、隔膜試料をセットした場合に測定される交流インピーダンスの実部の切片成分(Ra)と、隔膜試料をセットしない場合に測定される交流インピーダンスの実部の切片成分(Rb)を用いて、下記式により膜抵抗を算出する。隔膜試料2枚について上記測定を行い、得られた測定値(2点)の平均値を算出し、これを隔膜の膜抵抗とする。
[膜抵抗(Ωcm2)]=(Ra-Rb)×1.77
(測定条件)
・セル構成。
作用極:Ni板。
対極:Ni板。
電解液:30質量%水酸化カリウム水溶液。
サンプル前処理:上記電解液に1晩浸漬。
測定有効面積:1.77cm2。
・交流インピーダンス測定条件。
印加電圧:10mV vs.開回路電圧。
周波数領域:100kHz~100Hz。
製造されたアルカリ水電解用隔膜を3cm角に切り出して試験片とした。試験片は2枚用意した。この試験片2枚をフッ素樹脂容器(PFA製)に入れて、30gの30%KOH水溶液に浸漬して、90℃で保持した。90℃での保持を開始してから24時間後と240時間後と試験片を取り出し、室温にて膜抵抗を測定し、(240時間後の膜抵抗/24時間後の膜抵抗)を熱アルカリ耐久試験後の膜抵抗比として算出した。
製造されたアルカリ水電解用隔膜の厚みは、デジマチックマイクロメーター(ミツトヨ社製)を用いて測定した。およそ等間隔で離れた任意の10点を測定し、その平均値を採用した。
製造されたアルカリ水電解用隔膜の透気度は、王研式透気度試験機(旭精工社製、型番:EGBO)を用いて測定した。およそ等間隔で離れた任意の3点を測定し、その平均値を採用した。
製造されたアルカリ水電解用隔膜の単位厚みあたりの透気度Zは、上記の方法で求めた、透気度及び厚みを用いて、次式より算出した。
Z=隔膜の透気度(秒)/隔膜の膜厚(μm)
製造されたアルカリ水電解用隔膜の平均孔径は、上述の<<非含浸層における平均孔径の求め方>>、<<含浸層における平均孔径の求め方>>で説明した方法に従って測定した。なお、画像解析ソフトはImage-Pro Premier(Media Cybernetics社製)を用いた。
(1.無機粒子分散液の調製)
水酸化マグネシウム(平均粒子径0.20μm、板状、アスペクト比6.21)とN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)とを質量比1:1で混合した。この混合物を、ジルコニアメディアボールを入れたポットミルにて、室温で6時間分散処理して水酸化マグネシウム分散液とした。
得られた水酸化マグネシウム分散液100質量部と、ポリスルホン樹脂(BASF社製、品番ウルトラゾーンS3010)(PSU)を35質量%の濃度で80℃にてN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(三菱ケミカル社製)に熱溶解させることにより得られたポリスルホン樹脂溶液57質量部と、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(三菱ケミカル社製)31質量部とを混合し、更に、2-エチル-1-ヘキサノールを水酸化マグネシウムとポリスルホンとの合計含有量100質量部に対して20質量部となるように添加して、混合物を調製した。得られた混合物を自転公転ミキサー(シンキー社製、品番あわとり練太郎ARE-500)にて室温で1000rpmで約30分間混合することにより組成物を得た。
ポリフェニレンサルファイド不織布(膜厚130μm、目付60g/m2)上に、組成物を塗布(22mg/cm2)して含浸させた。その後、組成物を含浸させた不織布を、室温にて、イオン交換水を満たした水槽に5分間水浴させた。得られた膜を、120℃にて、10分間乾燥させてアルカリ水電解用隔膜(1)を得た。
(1.無機粒子分散液の調製)において、水酸化マグネシウムの代わりに酸化ジルコニウム(第一稀元素化学工業社製、品番UEP)を用いた。
(1.無機粒子分散液の調製)において、水酸化マグネシウムの代わりに酸化チタン(平均粒子径0.5μm)を用いた。
(2.組成物の調製)において、さらに塩化リチウム(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)を添加した。塩化リチウムの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して0.7質量部とした。
(2.組成物の調製)において、さらに塩化リチウム(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)とポリビニルピロリドン(日本触媒社製、K30)とを添加した。塩化リチウムの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して0.7質量部とした。ポリビニルピロリドンの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して14質量部とした。
(2.組成物の調製)において、さらに塩化リチウム(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)とポリビニルピロリドン(キシダ化学社製、K15と)を添加した。塩化リチウムの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して0.7質量部とした。ポリビニルピロリドンの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して14質量部とした。
(2.組成物の調製)において、2-エチル-1-ヘキサノールの代わりに1-ドデカノールを用いた。1-ドデカノールの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウムとポリスルホンとの合計含有量100質量部に対して3質量部とした。
(2.組成物の調製)において、2-エチル-1-ヘキサノールの添加量を変更した。2-エチル-1-ヘキサノールの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウムとポリスルホンとの合計含有量100質量部に対して42質量部とした。
(2.組成物の調製)において、さらに塩化リチウム(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)とポリビニルピロリドン(日本触媒社製、K30)とを添加した。塩化リチウムの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して0.7質量部とした。ポリビニルピロリドンの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して14質量部とした。(3.アルカリ水電解用隔膜の形成)において、ポリフェニレンサルファイド不織布の代わりにPETフィルムを用いた。PETフィルム状にアルカリ水電解用隔膜を形成したあと、これをPETフィルムから剥離してアルカリ水電解用隔膜(9)とした。
(2.組成物の調製)において、さらに塩化リチウム(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)とポリビニルピロリドン(日本触媒社製、K30)とを添加した。塩化リチウムの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して0.7質量部とした。ポリビニルピロリドンの添加量は、水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して14質量部とした。
(1.無機粒子分散液の調製)において、水酸化マグネシウム(平均粒子径0.20μm、板状、アスペクト比6.21)とN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)との混合比を、質量比3:2となるよう変更した。更に、ポリリン酸エステル分散剤を水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して3質量部添加した。
(1.無機粒子分散液の調製)において、水酸化マグネシウム(平均粒子径0.20μm、板状、アスペクト比6.21)とN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)との混合比を、質量比3:2となるよう変更した。更に、分散剤としてリン酸ポリエステルを水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して2質量部添加した。
(1.無機粒子分散液の調製)において、水酸化マグネシウム(平均粒子径0.20μm、板状、アスペクト比6.21)とN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(富士フイルム和光純薬社製)との混合比を、質量比3:2となるよう変更した。更に、分散剤としてリン酸ポリエステルを水酸化マグネシウム100質量部に対して2質量部添加した。
(2.組成物の調製)において、2-エチル-1-ヘキサノールを添加しなかった。
110、210 非含浸層
111、112、113 領域
120、220 含浸層
Claims (6)
- 多孔質層を備えるアルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法であって、
有機ポリマー、無機粒子、下記一般式(1)で示される化合物、及び溶媒を含む組成物を用いて前記多孔質層を得る工程を有する、アルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法。
R-X (1)
(式(1)中、Rは炭素数6以上の炭化水素基、Xは親水性官能基を表す。) - 前記組成物において、前記一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量が、前記有機ポリマーと前記無機粒子との合計含有量100質量%に対して2~30質量%である、請求項1に記載のアルカリ水電解用隔膜の製造方法。
- 有機ポリマー及び無機粒子を含む多孔質層からなるアルカリ水電解用隔膜であって、
前記多孔質層の一対の主面は前記アルカリ水電解用隔膜の表裏面をなし、
前記多孔質層の断面を厚み方向に3等分して得られる3つの断面層において、前記表裏面を含む2つの断面層を表面層及び裏面層とし、他の断面層を内部層としたとき、
前記内部層は前記表面層及び前記裏面層の少なくとも一方より平均孔径が大きい、アルカリ水電解用隔膜。 - 有機ポリマー及び無機粒子を含む多孔質層と、多孔質支持体とを備えるアルカリ水電解用隔膜であって、
前記多孔質層は、前記多孔質支持体に含浸していない非含浸層を含み、
前記非含浸層の断面を厚み方向に3等分して得られる3つの断面層において、前記アルカリ水電解用隔膜の表面を含む1つの断面層を表面層とし、前記表面層以外の2つの断面層をそれぞれ内部層としたとき、
前記内部層のうち少なくとも一方は前記表面層より平均孔径が大きい、アルカリ水電解用隔膜。 - 有機ポリマー及び無機粒子を含む多孔質層と、多孔質支持体とを備えるアルカリ水電解用隔膜であって、
前記多孔質層は、前記多孔質支持体に含浸した含浸層と、前記多孔質支持体に含浸していない非含浸層とを含み、
前記非含浸層の断面を厚み方向に3等分して得られる3つの断面層において、前記アルカリ水電解用隔膜の表面を含む1つの断面層を表面層とし、該表面層以外の2つの断面層をそれぞれ内部層としたとき、
前記内部層のうち少なくとも一方は前記含浸層より平均孔径が大きい、アルカリ水電解用隔膜。 - 前記内部層のうち少なくとも一方は、前記表面層より平均孔径が大きい、請求項5に記載のアルカリ水電解用隔膜。
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