WO2023032441A1 - 造形可能かつ足場不要な軟骨組織の創出法 - Google Patents
造形可能かつ足場不要な軟骨組織の創出法 Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for creating cartilage tissue that can be modeled and does not require a scaffold.
- Non-Patent Document 1 After the development of cartilage combined with an artificial scaffold material such as hydrogel, a more physiological scaffold-free cartilage that does not require a scaffold material has been developed (Non-Patent Document 1). However, scaffold-free cartilage could not be formed into the desired shape because it was cultured three-dimensionally after aggregating cell clusters. Since it is important that the cartilage tissue conforms to the required shape when it is transplanted into a target disease patient, this is one of the most important problems to be overcome.
- An object of the present invention is to develop a method for creating cartilage tissue that solves the following problems. 1. Cartilage differentiation is not hindered by modeling. 2. It is possible to mold into the intended shape without using a scaffold.
- the present inventors have found that when cartilage tissue that can be modeled and does not require a scaffold is created from chondroprogenitor cells, a method of forming small spheroids by aggregating chondroprogenitor cells and reaggregating them into a desired shape is used. considered desirable.
- chondroprogenitor cells are aggregated to form spheroids, if the diameter is 300 ⁇ m or more, oxygen will not reach the spheroids, resulting in cell death due to malnutrition.
- spheroids adhered to the bottom of the plate may suffer from malnutrition and hypoxia on the adhered surface.
- chondroprogenitor cells were seeded and aggregated on a micropattern plate to prepare spheroids with a diameter of 200 ⁇ m.
- the prepared spheroids were arranged in a desired shape, and the spheroids were fused with each other. Since spheroids, which are about 100 times larger than single cells, can be confirmed with the naked eye, they can have a three-dimensional structure that looks like piled up balls.
- the work was performed on the cell culture insert so that the spheroids in contact with the bottom surface would not become undernutrition and hypoxia, and the lower part of the insert was filled with medium.
- the cartilage tissue thus prepared is capable of omnidirectional medium and gas exchange.
- cartilage tissue prepared by culturing for 15 to 30 days by this method was transplanted into a living body, it became mature cartilage.
- Cartilage tissue cultured for 56 to 70 days by this method became hypertrophic cartilage, and when transplanted into a living body, it became bone tissue.
- the present invention was completed based on these findings.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows. (1) Spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells are seeded on a support and shaped into a desired shape, and the spheroids are cultured while supplying medium from the front and back sides of the surface on which the spheroids are seeded. A method for producing an artificial cartilage tissue, comprising fusing them together and allowing the fused spheroids to mature into a cartilage tissue in vitro. (2) The method according to (1), wherein the chondroprogenitor cells are cells differentiated from embryonic stem cells and/or induced pluripotent stem cells.
- chondroprogenitor cells are cells obtained by differentiation-induced perichondrocytes collected from the perichondrium.
- the spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells have a diameter of 20 to 1000 ⁇ m.
- one spheroid contains 100 to 7500 chondroprogenitor cells.
- the spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells are produced by culturing chondroprogenitor cells in a culture substrate having a cell-non-adhesive surface. .
- Spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells were prepared by culturing chondroprogenitor cells in a medium containing TGF- ⁇ , bFGF and Wnt/ ⁇ -catenin inhibitor (1)-(6).
- the method according to any one of (8) The method according to any one of (1) to (7), wherein the fused spheroids are cultured in a medium containing BMP to mature into cartilage tissue.
- the method according to any one of (1) to (8), wherein the culture period of the fusion spheroids for maturation into cartilage tissue is 14 to 42 days.
- the culture period of the fusion spheroids for maturation into cartilage tissue is 42 to 84 days.
- the composition according to (14), which contains the artificial cartilage tissue produced by the method according to (9), is transplanted into a living body, and is used to compensate for the lack of cartilage tissue in the living body.
- the composition according to (14), which contains the artificial cartilage tissue produced by the method according to (10), is transplanted into a living body, and is used to compensate for the lack of bone tissue in the living body.
- a method for producing an artificial bone tissue comprising transplanting the artificial cartilage tissue produced by the method according to (10) into a non-human animal and allowing it to mature into a bone tissue.
- any shape of cartilage tissue having implantable strength can be produced in vitro.
- transplanting the artificial cartilage tissue produced by the method of the present invention into a living body it can become a mature cartilage or bone tissue.
- Fig. 2 shows the fusogenic capacity of human prochondral spheroids.
- a macroscopic image of shaped cartilage in vitro is shown. Histological staining in vitro of shaped cartilage. The marker-positive rate of histological staining in vitro of shaped cartilage is shown.
- ELISA in vitro of shaped cartilage. Macroscopic image of shaped cartilage after transplantation. Shaped cartilage at the time of extraction (arrowhead: outline of cartilage). Macroscopic image of shaped cartilage after transplantation. Shaped cartilage after extraction. Post-implantation CT images of shaped scaffolds are shown.
- Fig. 2 shows a histology of immunological staining after implantation of shaped scaffolds. Macroscopic in vitro of shaped cartilage using auricular perichondrium-derived chondroprogenitor cells is shown.
- the present invention involves forming spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells into a desired shape while seeding them on a support, culturing the spheroids while supplying medium from the front and back sides of the surface on which the spheroids are seeded,
- a method for producing artificial cartilage tissue including fusing spheroids together and maturing the fused spheroids into cartilage tissue in vitro.
- Chondrogenic progenitor cells can be obtained by inducing differentiation from embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and/or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), or by inducing differentiation from perichondrocytes collected from the perichondrium.
- ES cells embryonic stem cells
- iPS cells induced pluripotent stem cells
- Chondrogenic progenitor cells can be induced to differentiate from embryonic stem cells and/or induced pluripotent stem cells.
- An example of the method will be described. First, embryonic stem cells and/or induced pluripotent stem cells are induced to differentiate into mesoderm by the method described in Cell, July 14, 2016, vol. 166, 451-467.
- Dulbecco's Modified Eagles' Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12 (DMEM/F12) with 1% B27 and 1% Glutamax added to basal medium, Activin, bFGF, Wnt promoters (CHIR and WNT3A)
- DMEM/F12 Dulbecco's Modified Eagles' Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12
- Activin bFGF
- Wnt promoters Activin
- mesoderm cells are obtained on the 5th day after the start of differentiation induction.
- TGF ⁇ inhibitors A8301 and SB431542
- PDGFBB PDGFBB
- IGF IGF
- Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12 (DMEM/F12) At 36 to 37°C, plate culture is performed, and the medium is changed every other day to obtain cartilage progenitor cells in 3 to 5 days.
- Chondrogenic progenitor cells may express SOX9, CD44, CD73 and CD105.
- Chondrogenic progenitor cells obtained by the above method are placed in a medium containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12 (DMEM/F12) supplemented with TGF ⁇ inhibitors (A8301 and SB431542), PDGFBB, IGF, etc. It is recommended that the medium be plated at 36-37°C and the medium be changed 2-4 times a week. Chondrogenic progenitor cells with a passage number of 0 to 5 should be used.
- Human-derived embryonic stem cells and/or induced pluripotent stem cells are preferably used, but non-human animals (e.g., experimental animals, pets, working animals, race horses, dogs, etc.) , specifically mouse, rat, rabbit, pig, dog, monkey, cow, horse, sheep, chicken, shark, ray, chimaera, salmon, shrimp, crab, etc.).
- non-human animals e.g., experimental animals, pets, working animals, race horses, dogs, etc.
- Chondrogenic progenitor cells can be induced to differentiate from perichondrocytes.
- An example of the method will be described. First, perichondrium present in tissues such as auricular cartilage and costal cartilage is collected by the method described in PNAS, August 20, 2011, vol. 108, no. 35, 12279-14484. Briefly, perichondrium collected from cartilage tissue such as auricle and costal cartilage is minced, treated with collagenase to separate perichondrocytes, and collected by filtration.
- Perichondrocytes obtained by the above method are in Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12 (DMEM/F12) in medium supplemented with TGF ⁇ inhibitors (A8301 and SB431542), PDGFBB, IGF, etc. If the culture medium is changed every other day, cartilage progenitor cells can be obtained in 3 to 5 days. Chondrogenic progenitor cells may express SOX9, CD44, CD73 and CD105.
- DMEM/F12 Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12
- Chondrogenic progenitor cells obtained by the above method are placed in a medium containing Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12 (DMEM/F12) supplemented with TGF ⁇ inhibitors (A8301 and SB431542), PDGFBB, IGF, etc. It is recommended that the medium be plated at 36-37°C and the medium be changed 2-4 times a week. Chondrogenic progenitor cells with a passage number of 0 to 5 should be used.
- DMEM/F12 Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12
- Perichondrocytes may be mainly derived from humans, but animals other than humans (e.g., laboratory animals, pets, working animals, racehorses, animals used for fighting dogs, specifically mice, rat, rabbit, pig, dog, monkey, cow, horse, sheep, chicken, shark, ray, chimaera, salmon, shrimp, crab, etc.).
- animals other than humans e.g., laboratory animals, pets, working animals, racehorses, animals used for fighting dogs, specifically mice, rat, rabbit, pig, dog, monkey, cow, horse, sheep, chicken, shark, ray, chimaera, salmon, shrimp, crab, etc.
- Spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells are preferably produced without using a cell-adhesive surface such as a matrix (matrix-free). do it.
- the cultureware having a cell-non-adhesive surface should be treated with a low-adsorption surface, for example, the culture surface may be coated with a cell-non-adhesive polymer.
- Cell non-adhesive polymers include phospholipids, phospholipid/polymer complexes, poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), polyvinyl alcohol, agarose, chitosan, polyethylene glycol, albumin, and photocrosslinked superhydrophilic polymers. etc. can be exemplified.
- cultureware having a cell non-adhesive surface examples include Elplasia plate (Corning), Elplasia RB 500 400 NA (Kuraray), 96-well U-bottom plate or V-bottom plate (Sumitomo Bakelite), etc., which are preferably used in the present invention. can do.
- the bottom of the cultureware preferably has a large number of hemispherical or truncated conical depressions.
- a suspension 4 containing 5 to 7 ⁇ 10 6 chondroprogenitor cells was prepared using a 6-well plate cultureware having 2885 hemispherical or truncated conical depressions (the volume of the depressions was 0.068 mm 3 ) per well.
- Spheroids with a size of 200 ⁇ m can be formed by putting ⁇ 5 ml into one well and leaving it in an incubator for 1 to 5 days.
- the spheroids in the microplate are floated by pipetting, collected in a falcon tube, collected at the bottom of the tube using a centrifuge, and the supernatant is aspirated to leave only the spheroids.
- the medium used for spheroid formation may be any medium that forms spheroids, and it is preferable to use a medium for three-dimensional culture of chondroprogenitor cells.
- Other antibiotics-antimycotics, ITS-X, PDGFBB, serum, L-ascorbic acid, dexamethasone, Insulin Growth Factor may be added.
- the culture may be either batch culture, semi-batch culture (fed-batch culture), or continuous culture (perfusion culture).
- static culture aerobic culture, agitation culture, shaking culture, or rotation culture may be used, but static culture is preferred.
- the cell culture temperature for spheroid formation is preferably 30 to 40°C, more preferably 37°C.
- the cell culture period for spheroid formation preferably does not exceed 5 days, more preferably 1 to 5 days.
- the culture medium should be replaced once a day.
- One spheroid is preferably composed of 100 to 7500 (preferably 1000 to 3000) cells, and the cells that constitute the spheroid include cartilage progenitor cells.
- the diameter of the spheroids is preferably 20-1000 micrometers, preferably 200-350 ⁇ m.
- the circularity of spheroids is suitably 0.5 to 1.0, preferably 0.8 to 1.0. Spheroid diameter and circularity can be measured using a Cell 3 iMager Duo.
- the SOX9 positive rate in spheroids is preferably 60% or more, preferably 70-100%, more preferably 80-100%.
- the SOX9 positive rate of spheroids was obtained by cutting out the tissue part from the photographed image using ImageJ, separating the three primary colors (red, green, blue), setting the threshold of the measurement area, and using the area of DAPI (blue) as the denominator. can be calculated by using the area of SOX9(Green) as the numerator.
- spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells are seeded on a support and shaped into a desired shape.
- the support should be one that allows medium components to pass through, is not toxic to spheroids, and is impermeable to spheroids.
- the support has a structure of a porous membrane, it is considered to be advantageous for post-fusion culture in that nutrients can be supplied to the fused spheroids from above and below and oxygen can be supplied.
- the surface of the support has been negatively charged and made hydrophilic by atmospheric corona discharge or vacuum gas plasma polymerization treatment (cell adhesion surface treatment), or the support surface has been treated with gelatin.
- the support has a porous membrane structure, the pore size should be 0.4-8 ⁇ m.
- Falcon cell culture plate (Corning), Falcon multi-cell culture plate (Corning), Falcon cell culture insert (Corning) and the like can be preferably used.
- Spheroids can be seeded on a support using a pipette or spoon.
- Desired shapes include malformed or damaged cartilage tissue (e.g., auricular cartilage, epipharyngeal cartilage, costal cartilage, articular cartilage, epiphyseal cartilage, nasal cartilage, tracheal cartilage, pharyngeal cartilage, intervertebral disc, glenoid labrum, etc.).
- cartilage tissue e.g., auricular cartilage, epipharyngeal cartilage, costal cartilage, articular cartilage, epiphyseal cartilage, nasal cartilage, tracheal cartilage, pharyngeal cartilage, intervertebral disc, glenoid labrum, etc.
- meniscus, and pubic symphysis can be exemplified by shapes (for example, rod-like, plate-like, and spherical) capable of repairing hypoplasia and damaged sites. If a more
- Spheroids should be seeded onto the support at high density.
- High density means that, for spheroids with a diameter of 150 ⁇ m, the number of spheroids existing per 1 cm 3 of space is 9.5 ⁇ 10 4 to 3.8 ⁇ 10 5 , preferably 1.9 ⁇ 10 5 . ⁇ 3.8 x 105 , more preferably 2.9 x 105 to 3.8 x 105 .
- the number of spheroids should be 2 or more, and if the number of spheroids is increased, larger fusion spheroids can be produced.
- spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells are seeded on a support and shaped into a desired shape, and then cultured while supplying a medium from the front and back sides of the surface on which the spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells are seeded. This allows the spheroids to fuse together.
- spheroids containing chondroprogenitor cells on the membrane of the cell culture insert in the intended shape add medium to the bottom of the membrane, and place the culture plate in the incubator while the spheroids on the membrane are immersed in the medium.
- the spheroids can be allowed to fuse with each other by standing still.
- Fusion between spheroids refers to the formation of a continuous structure of multiple spheroids, and the disappearance of the contours of individual spheroids is confirmed. By fusing spheroids together, the spheroids become larger. Therefore, by maturing the fused spheroids (that is, by inducing the differentiation of chondroprogenitor cells in the fused spheroids into chondrocytes), a large cartilage tissue can be produced. can be done.
- the medium used for spheroid-to-spheroid fusion may be any medium suitable for spheroid-to-spheroid fusion, and it is preferable to use the above three-dimensional culture medium for chondroprogenitor cells.
- the culture may be static culture or shaking culture, but static culture is preferred.
- the culture temperature for fusion between spheroids is preferably 30-40°C, more preferably 37°C.
- the culture period for fusion between spheroids is preferably 12 hours to 4 days, more preferably 12 hours to 1 day. It is recommended to change the medium every 2 days.
- the fused spheroids After confirming the fusion between spheroids, let the fused spheroids mature into cartilage tissue in vitro. In order to mature the fused spheroids into cartilage tissue, it is preferable to continue the culture by changing the medium supplied from the front and back sides of the surface on which the spheroids are seeded to the cartilage differentiation medium.
- the chondrogenic differentiation medium may be any medium that allows the fusion spheroids to mature into cartilage tissue, such as Dulbecco's Modified Eagles' Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12 (DMEM/F12), Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium (DMEM), F12-Ham, Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI-1640), Eagle's minimum; essential medium (EMEM), alpha Modified Eagle Minimum Essential Medium ( ⁇ MEM), Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM), F-10 Ham , BMP (BMP4 and BMP2) added.
- DMEM/F12 Dulbecco's Modified Eagles' Medium/Nutrient Mixture F12
- DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium
- DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagles's Medium
- F12-Ham Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- RPMI-1640 Roswell Park Memorial Institute
- EMEM alpha Modified Eagle
- ITS-X TGF- ⁇ (TGF ⁇ 1 and TGF ⁇ 3), bFGF, PDGFBB, Wnt/ ⁇ -catenin inhibitors (Wnt-C59, IWP1, IWP2, IWP3, etc.), serum, L-ascorbic Acid, Dexamethasone, Insulin Growth Factor may be added. Additionally, L-proline may be added.
- Maturation into cartilage can be confirmed by HE staining, Alcian blue staining, and immunohistological staining (type II collagen, type I collagen).
- the cartilage tissue in which the fused spheroids have matured has improved hardness, and is immunohistologically positive for type 2 collagen, a marker for cartilage tissue, over a wide area, and type 1 collagen, a perichondrium marker, around the tissue. is positive, and gene expression of SOX9, a cartilage progenitor marker, and COL11A2, a cartilage marker, can be elevated.
- the positive rate for type 2 collagen in cartilage tissue is preferably 60% or more, preferably 70 to 90%, and the positive rate for type 1 collagen is preferably 20% or less. is between 5 and 15%.
- the positive rate of type 2 collagen and type 1 collagen in cartilage tissue was determined by cutting out the tissue part from the photographed image using ImageJ, separating the three primary colors (red, green, and blue), setting the threshold of the measurement area, and measuring the area of blue. is the denominator, and the areas of Red (type 2 collagen) and Green (type 1 collagen) are used as numerators.
- an artificial cartilage tissue with a diameter ( ⁇ ) of 2 mm or more, 6 mm or more, 40 mm or more, or 80 mm or more and a thickness of 0.5 mm or more, 1 mm or more, 5 mm or more, or 15 mm or more can be produced.
- the present invention provides an artificial cartilage tissue produced by the method described above, which has a diameter of 6 mm or more and a thickness of 0.5 mm or more.
- An artificial cartilage tissue with a diameter of 6 mm or more and a thickness of 0.5 mm or more can be produced from 10 to 10,000 spheroids with a diameter of 20 to 500 ⁇ m.
- An artificial cartilage tissue with a diameter of 0.5-15 mm and a length of 2-80 mm can be produced from 100-30000 spheroids with a diameter of 20-1000 ⁇ m.
- An artificial cartilage tissue with a diameter of 2-5 mm and a length of 4-40 mm can be produced from 500-1500 spheroids with a diameter of 200-350 ⁇ m.
- the hardness of the artificial cartilage tissue is appropriately 0.2-1.0 MPa, preferably 0.4-0.6 MPa.
- the hardness of the artificial cartilage tissue can be measured with a desktop tester (Shimadzu Corporation EZ-Test EZ-SX Jig S346-57829-02).
- cartilage tissue matured in vitro can also be transplanted into non-human animals to mature into bone tissue.
- non-human animals include mice, rats, monkeys, pigs, and the like.
- cartilage tissue (shaped cartilage) obtained by culturing the fused spheroids for a short period of time is transplanted into a living body, it can become more mature cartilage.
- cartilage tissue (shaped hypertrophic cartilage) obtained by culturing the fused spheroids for a long period of time is transplanted into a living body, it can become a bone tissue.
- hypertrophic chondrocytes with hypertrophic cytoplasm are observed. Hypertrophic chondrocytes can generally be observed by immunohistological staining using type 10 collagen as a marker.
- the culture temperature of fusion spheroids for maturation into shaped cartilage is preferably 30-40°C, more preferably 37°C.
- the culture period of the fusion spheroids for maturation into shaped cartilage is preferably 14-42 days, more preferably 21-28 days. Medium should be replaced every 2-3 days. Implantation of shaped cartilage subcutaneously can result in more mature cartilage.
- the transplantation period may be 14-182 days, preferably 28-56 days. Cartilage maturation can be confirmed by the disappearance of cartilage cavities in HE staining and type 1 collagen in immunohistological staining.
- the culture temperature of fusion spheroids for maturation into shaped hypertrophic cartilage is preferably 30-40°C, more preferably 37°C.
- the culture period of the fusion spheroids for maturation into shaped hypertrophic cartilage is preferably 42-84 days, more preferably 56-70 days. Medium should be replaced every 2-3 days.
- Subcutaneous implantation of shaped hypertrophic cartilage is recommended for maturation into bone tissue and the osteochondral transition zone.
- the transplantation period of shaped hypertrophic cartilage for maturation into bone tissue is 28 days or more, preferably 56 days or more.
- the obtained bone tissue can be confirmed by CT image and histological staining, and the osteochondral transition zone can be confirmed by histological staining.
- the shaped hypertrophied cartilage may have a diameter of 1 mm to 20 mm, preferably 5 mm to 10 mm, and a thickness of the shaped hypertrophic cartilage may be 2 mm to 100 mm, preferably 20 mm to 40 mm.
- the present invention also provides an artificial cartilage tissue produced by the above method, which is partially or wholly differentiated into bone tissue after being transplanted into a living body, that is, shaped hypertrophic cartilage.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing an artificial bone tissue, which includes transplanting the artificial cartilage tissue produced by the above method into a non-human animal and allowing it to mature into a bone tissue.
- an artificial bone tissue having a diameter ( ⁇ ) of 2 mm or more, 6 mm or more, 40 mm or more, 6 mm or more, or 80 mm or more and a thickness of 0.5 mm or more, 1 mm or more, 5 mm or more, or 15 mm or more can be produced.
- the present invention also provides an artificial bone tissue produced by the method described above, which has a diameter of 6 mm or more and a thickness of 0.5 mm or more.
- the artificial cartilage tissue (which may or may not be transplanted into a living body) and/or the artificial cartilage tissue prepared by the method of the present invention may be used for treatment or deformation of chondroplasia or the like in the craniofacial region. It can be used for treatment of genital arthritis and other regenerative medicine where the shape is important.
- the present invention provides a composition containing an artificial cartilage tissue produced by the above method, which is transplanted into a living body and used to compensate for the lack of cartilage tissue and/or bone tissue in the living body. do.
- the artificial cartilage tissue is shaped cartilage, it can be transplanted into a living body to compensate for the lack of cartilage tissue in the living body.
- the artificial cartilage tissue When the artificial cartilage tissue is shaped hypertrophic cartilage, it can be transplanted into a living body to compensate for the lack of bone tissue in the living body.
- the present invention also provides a composition containing an artificial bone tissue produced by the method described above, which is implanted into a living body and used to compensate for the lack of bone tissue in the living body.
- the artificial cartilage tissue produced by the method of the present invention is transplanted into a hypoplastic region of cartilage tissue, such as a saddle nose or microtia, for treatment.
- a hypoplastic region of cartilage tissue such as a saddle nose or microtia
- the artificial cartilage tissue prepared by the method of the present invention can be transplanted into the cartilage defect of the articular surface due to osteoarthritis and the like for treatment.
- the artificial bone tissue of the present invention can be used for ⁇ transplantation to facial bone defects due to trauma'', ⁇ transplantation to nasal bones to elevate nasal bridges, implantation to cheekbones to elevate cheekbones, and formation of jaw lines.
- cosmetic surgery such as transplantation to the mandibular region to prevent bone loss,” “bone transplantation to the non-union site for bone ununion after fracture,” and “bone transplantation for bone defects that occur during tumorectomy such as osteosarcoma.” can be used.
- Example 1 Human iPS cell culture method Add 1.5 ml of AK02 medium (Ajinomoto) containing 7 ⁇ l of iMatrix-511 (Nippi) and 1.5 ⁇ l of Y-27632 (Fuji Film Wako Pure Chemical Industries) per well of a 6-well plate and place in an incubator at 37°C. Let it stand for a while. 5 ⁇ 10 3 human iPS cells (Kyoto University iPS Cell Research Institute, 1383D6) were seeded per well of the plate. The medium was replaced with 1.5 ml of AK02 medium (Ajinomoto) every day, and multiple colonies were confirmed on the 7th day.
- the iPS cells were washed with PBS, added with 500 ⁇ l of Accutase (ICT) solution, and allowed to stand in an incubator at 37° C. for 6 minutes. After cell detachment by pipetting, 5 ml of AK02 medium (Ajinomoto) was added and centrifuged at 900 rpm for 5 minutes. After suspension in AK02 medium (Ajinomoto), the iPS cells were cultured again, or differentiation induction into cartilage progenitor cells was performed.
- ICT Accutase
- DMEM/F12 Ham (1:1) Sigma-Aldrich containing 1% Glutamax, 1% B27, 1 ⁇ M A8301 (TOCRIS), 250 nM DMH1 (Selleck), 250 nM PD0325901 (TOCRIS), 1 ⁇ M C59 (Cellagen Tech) changed to medium.
- the medium was changed to DMEM/F12 Ham (1:1) (Sigma-Aldrich) containing 1% Glutamax, 1% B27, 1 ⁇ M C59 (Cellagen Tech), 5 nM SAG21K (TOCRIS), and cultured for 2 days.
- Gene expression analysis using germ layer cell markers (HOXB5, FOXF1, etc.) was performed.
- DMEM/F12 Ham (1:1) (Sigma-Aldrich) was added with 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% ITS-X (Gibco TM ), 15 ng/ml TGF ⁇ 1 (Peprotech), 15 ng/ml bFGF (Wako), 10 ng/ml PDGFBB (Peprotech), 1 ⁇ M WntC59 (Cellagen Tech), 4% Fetal bovine serum (Biowest), 40 ⁇ g/ml L-ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 40 ⁇ g/ml dexamethasone ( Sigma-Aldrich) and a medium containing 10 ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor (Sigma-Aldrich) was used to suspend to 1.4 ⁇ 10 6 /ml.
- Prechondroprogenitor spheroids in the wells of Elplasia plate were collected into falcon tubes by pipetting. Centrifugation was performed at 1000 rpm for 2 minutes and the supernatant was removed. The remaining prechondral progenitor spheroids were collected with a pipette and seeded in an intended shape on the membrane of one well of a 0.4 ⁇ m pore cell culture insert (Falcon, 6-well standard).
- 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% ITS-X (Gibco TM ), 15 ng/ml TGF ⁇ 1 (Peprotech), 15 ng in DMEM/F12 Ham (1:1) (Sigma-Aldrich).
- the seeded cartilaginous precursor spheroids were fused together in about 12 hours, and the disappearance of the contour of the spheroids could be confirmed under a microscope. The next day, the entire amount (3 ml) of the medium under the membrane was replaced.
- 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% ITS-X (Gibco TM ), 5 ng/ml TGF ⁇ 1 (Peprotech), 10 ng/ml in DMEM/F12 Ham (1:1) (Sigma-Aldrich) after 3 days bFGF (Wako), 5 ng/ml PDGFBB (Peprotech), 20 ng/ml BMP4, 1 ⁇ M WntC59 (Cellagen Tech), 2% Fetal bovine serum (Biowest), 40 ⁇ g/ml L-ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 40 ⁇ g/ml The medium was changed to one containing dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor (Sigma-Aldrich).
- Prechondroprogenitor spheroids in the wells of Elplasia plate were collected into falcon tubes by pipetting. Centrifugation was performed at 1000 rpm for 2 minutes and the supernatant was removed. The remaining prechondral progenitor spheroids were collected with a pipette and seeded in an intended shape on the membrane of one well of a 0.4 ⁇ m pore cell culture insert (Falcon, 6-well standard).
- 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% ITS-X (Gibco TM ), 15 ng/ml TGF ⁇ 1 (Peprotech), 15 ng in DMEM/F12 Ham (1:1) (Sigma-Aldrich).
- the seeded cartilaginous precursor spheroids were fused together in about 12 hours, and the disappearance of the contour of the spheroids could be confirmed under a microscope. The next day, the entire amount (3 ml) of the medium under the membrane was replaced.
- 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (Sigma-Aldrich), 1% ITS-X (Gibco TM ), 5 ng/ml TGF ⁇ 1 (Peprotech), 10 ng/ml in DMEM/F12 Ham (1:1) (Sigma-Aldrich) after 3 days bFGF (Wako), 5 ng/ml PDGFBB (Peprotech), 20 ng/ml BMP4, 1 ⁇ M WntC59 (Cellagen Tech), 2% Fetal bovine serum (Biowest), 40 ⁇ g/ml L-ascorbic acid (Sigma-Aldrich), 40 ⁇ g/ml The medium was changed to one containing dexamethasone (Sigma-Aldrich), 10 ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor (Sigma-Aldrich).
- Implantation and Extraction of Shaped Cartilage Mice (NOD/SCID) or rats (IL2rg-KO) were anesthetized by inhaled administration of isoflurane (Pfizer 1 ml/1 ml).
- the graft site was depilated, and a skin incision was made with scissors and forceps with hooks depending on the graft sample.
- a sample which had been three-dimensionally cultured for 15 to 30 days was left subcutaneously, and the suture was closed with a suture thread of No. 6-0 at intervals of 2 mm.
- anesthesia was performed by inhalation administration of isoflurane, and the transplanted sample was excised with scissors and hooked tweezers. Samples were stored in PBS or formalin solution depending on the analysis.
- the hardness of the shaped cartilage tissue was measured using a desktop tester (Shimadzu Corporation EZ-Test EZ-SX Jig S346-57829-02).
- the elastic modulus (MPa) was determined at 0.2 mm-0.6 mm indentation at 3 mm/min.
- the plate was applied to a kimtowel to remove moisture.
- the necessary amount of streptavidin (light shielding required) was adjusted so as to achieve the concentration of WORKING CONCENTRATION in the Certificate of Analysis, and 100 ⁇ l/well was added. It was wrapped in aluminum foil and allowed to stand at room temperature for 20 minutes. After removing the solution from the plate, 200 ⁇ l of PBS-Tween solution was added to each well, and this was repeated three times.
- the plate was applied to a kimtowel to remove moisture. 50 ⁇ l/well of TMB one Solution (light shielding required) was added. It was wrapped in aluminum foil and allowed to develop color at room temperature for several minutes while observing the condition. After color development was confirmed, 50 ⁇ l/well of HCL was added. Absorbance was measured in a plate reader (450 nm) and also at 540 nm or 570 nm as a reference. A standard curve was drawn to calculate the concentration.
- Hematoxylin and eosin staining Paraffin sections were deparaffinized and hydrophilized in the following order: xylene, 100% ethanol, 95% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 70% ethanol, Milli-Q water. It was stained with a hematoxylin solution (Muto Kagaku) for 20 minutes, washed with running water for 10 minutes, and then stained with an eosin solution (Muto Kagaku) for 2 minutes. After washing with running water, dehydration was performed using stepwise ethanol, and after clearing with a xylene solution, the sample was mounted with a water-insoluble mounting medium and a cover glass.
- xylene 100% ethanol, 95% ethanol, 90% ethanol, 70% ethanol, Milli-Q water. It was stained with a hematoxylin solution (Muto Kagaku) for 20 minutes, washed with running water for 10 minutes, and then stained with an eosin solution (Muto Kagaku) for 2 minutes. After washing
- a diluted primary antibody (Anti-Collagen Type II Antibody, clone 6B3 (Merck), Anti-Collagen type I, Human, rabbit-polyclonal (ACRIS)) was reacted at room temperature for 2 hours or at 4° C. overnight. After washing with a 1% TBS-tween solution three times for 5 minutes, the plate was reacted with a fluorescently-labeled secondary antibody at room temperature for 1 hour. After washing with a 1% TBS-tween solution three times for 5 minutes, the cells were mounted with an Apati mounting medium containing a solution in DAPI and a cover glass, and microscopic observation was performed. The positive rate of each antibody was calculated by Image J as the ratio (%) of the positive area of each antibody to the DAPI-positive area.
- spheroids prepared on the Elplasia plate were seeded in an arbitrary shape (rod-shaped in this example) on the cell culture insert. Spheroids with a size of about 200 ⁇ m were confirmed on the cell culture insert under a microscope at the time of seeding, but after 12 hours, the boundary lines between the spheroids disappeared, and fusion between the spheroids was confirmed (Fig. 3).
- the resulting shaped cartilage was stained with alcian blue, which stains the extracellular matrix of cartilage tissue, and was extensively positive for type 2 collagen, a marker for cartilage tissue, with a positive rate of about 80%.
- Type 1 collagen, a perichondrium marker, was also positive around the shaped cartilage, and about 5% were positive (n 4) (Fig. 5A, B).
- the present invention can be used for treatment of achondroplasia in the craniofacial region, treatment of osteoarthritis, and other regenerative medicine where shape is important. It can also be used for orthopedic treatment.
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Abstract
Description
1. 軟骨分化が造形により妨げられない。
2. 足場を利用せずに意図した形状へ造形可能である。
(1)軟骨前駆細胞を含むスフェロイドを支持体上に播種しながら所望の形状に造形すること、該スフェロイドを播種した面の表側及び裏側から培地を供給しながら、該スフェロイドを培養して、スフェロイド同士を融合させること、in vitroで融合スフェロイドを軟骨組織に成熟させることを含む、人工軟骨組織の作製方法。
(2)軟骨前駆細胞が胚性幹細胞及び/又は人工多能性幹細胞から分化誘導した細胞である(1)記載の方法。
(3)軟骨前駆細胞が軟骨膜から採取した軟骨膜細胞を分化誘導した細胞である(1)記載の方法。
(4)軟骨前駆細胞を含むスフェロイドが直径20~1000μmの大きさである(1)~(3)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(5)1個のスフェロイドが、100~7500個の軟骨前駆細胞を含む(1)~(4)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(6)軟骨前駆細胞を含むスフェロイドは、細胞非接着面を有する培養基材中で軟骨前駆細胞を培養して、作製されたものである(1)~(5)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(7)軟骨前駆細胞を含むスフェロイドは、TGF-β、bFGF及びWnt/β-カテニン阻害剤を含む培地中で軟骨前駆細胞を培養して、作製されたものである(1)~(6)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(8)BMPを含む培地中で融合スフェロイドを培養して、軟骨組織に成熟させる(1)~(7)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(9)軟骨組織への成熟のための融合スフェロイドの培養期間が14~42日である(1)~(8)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(10)軟骨組織への成熟のための融合スフェロイドの培養期間が42~84日である(1)~(8)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(11)in vitroで成熟させた軟骨組織を非ヒト動物に移植して、さらに成熟させることを含む(1)~(10)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(12)(1)~(11)のいずれかに記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織であって、直径6mm以上、厚みが0.5 mm以上である前記人工軟骨組織。
(13)(10)記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織であって、生体に移植した後、その一部又は全部が骨組織に分化する前記人工軟骨組織。
(14)(1)~(11)のいずれかに記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織を含む組成物であって、生体に移植して、生体における軟骨組織及び/又は骨組織の不足を補うために用いられる前記組成物。
(15)(9)記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織を含み、生体に移植して、生体における軟骨組織の不足を補うために用いられる(14)記載の組成物。
(16)(10)記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織を含み、生体に移植して、生体における骨組織の不足を補うために用いられる(14)記載の組成物。
(17)(10)記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織を非ヒト動物に移植して、骨組織に成熟させることを含む、人工骨組織の作製方法。
(18)(17)記載の方法により作製された人工骨組織であって、直径6mm以上、厚みが0.5mm以上である前記人工骨組織。
(19)(17)記載の方法により作製された人工骨組織を含む組成物であって、生体に移植して、生体における骨組織の不足を補うために用いられる前記組成物。
本明細書は、本願の優先権の基礎である日本国特許出願、特願2021‐141210の明細書および/または図面に記載される内容を包含する。
〔実施例1〕
ヒトiPS細胞の培養法
6ウェルプレート1ウエルあたりに7μlのiMatrix-511(Nippi)と1.5μlのY-27632(富士フィルム和光純薬)を含むAK02培地(Ajinomoto)を1.5ml加え、37℃のインキュベータ内に1時間静置した。そのプレート1ウェルあたりに5x103個のヒトiPS細胞(京都大学iPS細胞研究所, 1383D6)を播種した。1.5mlのAK02培地(Ajinomoto)による培地交換を毎日行い7日目には複数のコロニーを確認した。継代の際はiPS細胞をPBS洗浄後にAccutase(ICT)溶液を500μl添加し、37℃のインキュベータ内に6分間静置した。ピペッティングによる細胞剥離後、AK02培地(Ajinomoto)を5ml加え、900rpmによる遠心を5分行なった。AK02培地(Ajinomoto)による懸濁を行い、再度iPS細胞の培養、あるいは軟骨前駆細胞への分化誘導を行なった。
6ウェルプレート1ウエルあたりに7μlのiMatrix-511(Nippi)と1.5μlを含むAK02培地(Ajinomoto)を1.5ml加え、37℃のインキュベータ内に1時間静置した。そのプレート1ウェルあたりにヒトiPS細胞を1~1.5x105個を播種した。翌日DMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Glutamax、1% B27、4uM CHIR(CAYMAN)、100nM PIK90(EMD Millipore)、30ng/ml Activin、20ng/ml bFGFを含む培地に交換した。翌日DMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Glutamax、1% B27、3μM CHIR(CAYMAN)、250nM DMH1(Selleck)、20ng/ml bFGF(Wako)を含む培地に交換した。翌日DMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Glutamax、1% B27、1μM A8301(TOCRIS)、250nM DMH1(Selleck)、250nM PD0325901(TOCRIS)、1μM C59(Cellagen Tech)を含む培地に交換した。翌日DMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Glutamax、1% B27、1μM C59(Cellagen Tech)、5nM SAG21K(TOCRIS)を含む培地に交換し、2日間培養し、ヒト中胚葉細胞のマーカー(HOXB5、FOXF1など)を用いた遺伝子発現解析を行なった。
ヒト軟骨膜検体(本人もしくは両親の承諾を得て手術の際に余剰となるヒト耳介軟骨から得られた軟骨膜を使用した。神奈川県立こども医療センターおよび横浜市立大学医学部付属病院の倫理委員会の承認済。)を固形塊が消失するまで剪刀で刻み、0.2%コラゲナーゼ溶液 (worthington) 中に37℃、600rpmで2時間震盪させ、ヒト軟骨膜細胞を分離した。得られた懸濁液を40μmのセルストレーナーで濾過し、1500rpm下で5分間遠心分離を行い、ヒト軟骨膜細胞を回収した。
10cmディッシュに0.1%ゼラチン7mlを投与し、37℃のインキュベータ内に1時間静置した。ディッシュから上清を除去し、DMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、1μM A8301(TOCRIS)、20ng/ml bFGF(Wako)、30ng/ml PDGFBB(Peprotech)、1μM WntC59(Cellagen Tech)、4% Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地を8ml添加した。そのディッシュにヒト中胚葉細胞あるいはヒト耳介軟骨細胞を1.2x106個播種し、37℃のインキュベータ内に静置した。48時間後に培地交換を行い、さらに24時間後にディッシュのコンフルエントを確認し、ヒト軟骨前駆細胞のマーカー(SOX9、CD44、CD73、CD105)を用いた遺伝子発現解析を行なった。
10cmディッシュに播種された軟骨前駆細胞(ヒトiPS細胞由来あるいはヒト耳介軟骨由来どちらでもよい)をPBSで洗浄後、3分間トリプシン溶液処理により剥離した。トリプシン溶液の3倍量に相当する10% Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)を含むDMEM/F12を用いて軟骨前駆細胞を含むトリプシン溶液を失活させ、ファルコンチューブに回収した。これを400G下で3分間遠心操作を行った。細胞上清を除き、DMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、15ng/ml TGFβ1(Peprotech)、15ng/ml bFGF(Wako)、10ng/ml PDGFBB(Peprotech)、1μM WntC59 (Cellagen Tech)、4% Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地を用いて1.4x106/mlとなるように懸濁した。この軟骨前駆細胞懸濁液5ml(7x106の軟骨前駆細胞を含む)をElplasia plate(Corning、6ウェル規格)の1ウェルに投与し、37℃のインキュベータ内に静置した。翌日4ml培地交換を行い、さらに24時間培養した。
Elplasia plate(Corning、6ウェル規格)のウェル内の軟骨前駆スフェロイドをピペッティングによりファルコンチューブに回収した。1000rpm下で2分間遠心操作を行い、上清を取り除いた。残された軟骨前駆スフェロイドをピペットで回収し、0.4μmポアのセルカルチャーインサート(ファルコン、6ウェル規格)の1ウェル分のメンブレン上に意図した形状に播種した。メンブレンの下部にはDMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、15ng/ml TGFβ1(Peprotech)、15ng/ml bFGF(Wako)、10ng/ml PDGFBB(Peprotech)、1μM WntC59(Cellagen Tech)、4%分 Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地を3ml加え、37℃でインキュベータ内に静置した。以下、本報告では棒状の軟骨を例として作成した。播種された軟骨前駆スフェロイドは約12時間で互いに融合し、顕微鏡下でスフェロイドの輪郭の消失を確認できた。翌日メンブレン下部の培地交換を全量(3ml)行った。3日後にDMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、5ng/ml TGFβ1(Peprotech)、10ng/ml bFGF(Wako)、5ng/ml PDGFBB(Peprotech)、20ng/ml BMP4、1μM WntC59(Cellagen Tech)、2% Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地に変更した。さらに3日後にはDMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、2.5ng/ml TGFβ1(Peprotech)、1ng/ml bFGF(Wako)、20ng/ml BMP4(R &D)、1% Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml L-proline(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地に変更した。さらに3日後にはDMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、10ng/ml BMP4、0.5% Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml L-proline(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地に変更し、以降3日ごとに培地交換を行なった。上記方法でメンブレン播種から20日間の培養によりII型コラーゲンやアルシアンブルーを発現する軟骨組織が得られた。
Elplasia plate(Corning、6ウェル規格)のウェル内の軟骨前駆スフェロイドをピペッティングによりファルコンチューブに回収した。1000rpm下で2分間遠心操作を行い、上清を取り除いた。残された軟骨前駆スフェロイドをピペットで回収し、0.4μmポアのセルカルチャーインサート(ファルコン、6ウェル規格)の1ウェル分のメンブレン上に意図した形状に播種した。メンブレンの下部にはDMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、15ng/ml TGFβ1(Peprotech)、15ng/ml bFGF(Wako)、10ng/ml PDGFBB(Peprotech)、1μM WntC59(Cellagen Tech)、4%分 Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地を3ml加え、37℃でインキュベータ内に静置した。以下、本報告では棒状、鼻や耳を模した形状の軟骨を例として作成した。播種された軟骨前駆スフェロイドは約12時間で互いに融合し、顕微鏡下でスフェロイドの輪郭の消失を確認できた。翌日メンブレン下部の培地交換を全量(3ml)行った。3日後にDMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、5ng/ml TGFβ1(Peprotech)、10ng/ml bFGF(Wako)、5ng/ml PDGFBB(Peprotech)、20ng/ml BMP4、1μM WntC59(Cellagen Tech)、2% Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地に変更した。さらに3日後にはDMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、2.5ng/ml TGFβ1(Peprotech)、1ng/ml bFGF(Wako)、20ng/ml BMP4(R &D)、1% Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml L-proline(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地に変更した。さらに3日後にはDMEM/F12 Ham(1:1)(Sigma-Aldrich)に1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(Sigma-Aldrich)、1% ITS-X(GibcoTM)、10ng/ml BMP4、0.5% Fetal bovine serum(Biowest)、40μg/ml L-アスコルビン酸(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml デキサメサゾン(Sigma-Aldrich)、10ng/ml Insulin Growth Factor(Sigma-Aldrich)、40μg/ml L-proline(Sigma-Aldrich)を含む培地に変更し、以降3日ごとに培地交換を行なった。上記方法でメンブレン播種から50日間の培養によりII型コラーゲンやアルシアンブルーが陽性の細胞外基質と細胞質が肥大した肥大軟骨細胞を特徴とする肥大軟骨を得た。
マウス(NOD/SCID)あるいはラット(IL2rg-KO)にイソフルラン(ファイザー1ml/1ml)による吸気投与により、麻酔を行なった。移植部位の除毛を行い、移植サンプルに応じて皮膚切開をハサミと鉤付きピンセットで行なった。三次元培養を15-30日間行なったサンプルを皮下に留置し6-0号の糸付縫合糸で縫合を2mm間隔で閉創した。摘出の際もイソフルラン吸気投与による麻酔を行ないハサミと鉤付きピンセットで移植サンプルの摘出を行なった。サンプルは解析に応じてPBSもしくはホルマリン溶液に保存した。
マウス(NOD/SCID)あるいはラット(IL2rg-KO)にイソフルラン(ファイザー1ml/1ml)による吸気投与により、麻酔を行なった。移植部位の除毛を行い、移植サンプルに応じて皮膚切開をハサミと鉤付きピンセットで行なった。三次元培養を56~70日間行なったサンプルを皮下に留置し6-0号の糸付縫合糸で縫合を2mm間隔で閉創した。マイクロCTを用いて移植後1ヶ月と2ヶ月のサンプルにおいて骨化を確認した。サンプル摘出の際もイソフルラン吸気投与による麻酔を行ないハサミと鉤付きピンセットで移植サンプルの摘出を行なった。サンプルは解析に応じてPBSもしくはホルマリン溶液に保存した。
10cmディッシュで得られた軟骨前駆細胞を回収し、PureLink RNA mini kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific)を用いてRNAを精製した。cDNA合成はHigh capacity cDNA reverse transcription kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific) を用いた。遺伝子の定量の際には内部標準として18S rRNA(Applied Biosystems)を用いた。Light Cycler(登録商標)480(Roche Life Science)を用いて遺伝子の増幅・検出を行なった。
Cell3iMager Duos(SCREEN)にElplasia plateを静置し、高精度明視野解析を行い、各スフェロイドの真円度(0~1.0)、直径(μm)を自動測定した。
軟骨前駆スフェロイドをセルカルチャーインサートに播種した直後、12時間後、10日後に顕微鏡(Olympus IX73)を用いて倍率20x下で形状化軟骨の辺縁を確認した。
卓上試験機(株式会社島津製作所 EZ-Test EZ-SX 治具S346-57829-02)を使用して形状化軟骨組織の硬度を測定した。3mm/minで押し込み0.2mm-0.6mmでの弾性率(MPa)を求めた。
DuoSet(R&D)のCapture, Detection, StandardをCertificate of Analysisの要領に従ってPBS溶液で調整した。96ウェルプレートに100μl/ウェルずつCapture溶液を添加した。プレートをラップで包み室温で一晩静置した。各ウェルからCapture溶液を除去し、PBS-Tween溶液を1wellにつき200μlずつ添加し、3回繰り返した。キムタオルにプレートをあて水分を除去した。Block Ace(DCファーマー)溶液を300μl/wellずつを添加し、ラップで包み、室温で 1時間静置した。プレートから溶液を除去し、PBS-Tween溶液を1wellにつき200μlずつ添加し3回繰り返した。キムタオルにプレートをあて水分を除去した。Standard, Sample, Blankをそれぞれのウェルに100μl/wellずつ添加した。ラップで包み室温で 2時間静置した。プレートから溶液を除去し、PBS-Tween溶液を1wellにつき200μlずつ添加し3回繰り返した。キムタオルにプレートをあて水分を除去した。Detection溶液を100μl/wellずつを添加した。プレートから溶液を除去し、PBS-Tween溶液を1wellにつき200μlずつ添加し3回繰り返した。キムタオルにプレートをあて水分を除去した。Certificate of AnalysisのWORKING CONCENTRATIONの濃度になるようStreptavidin(要遮光)を必要量調整し100μl/ウェルずつを添加した。アルミホイルで包み室温で 20分静置した。プレートから溶液を除去し、PBS-Tween溶液を1wellにつき200μlずつ添加し3回繰り返した。キムタオルにプレートをあて水分を除去した。TMB one Solution (要遮光)を50μl/ウェルずつ添加した。アルミホイルで包み室温で 数分様子をみながら発色させた。発色が確認された後、HCLを50μl/ウェルずつ添加した。プレートリーダーで吸光度を測定し(450nm)、リファレンスとして540nmまたは570nmでも吸光度を測定した。検量線を書き濃度を算出した。
回収されたサンプルはホルマリン(富士フィルム和光純薬)溶液中に一晩静置し、固定を行なった。固定されたサンプルをPBS溶液で室温30分間、70%エタノールで室温30分間洗浄処理を行った。自動包埋機を用いてサンプルを100%エタノールで1時間x7回脱水した後、キシレンで1時間x3回、100%パラフィンで1時間x4回浸漬・包埋をした。包埋されたサンプルはミクロトームで2~4μmの厚さに薄切し、42℃でサンプルの乾燥を行なった。
パラフィン切片をキシレン、100%エタノール、95%エタノール、90%エタノール、70%エタノール、ミリQ水の順に脱パラフィン化、親水化した。ヘマトキシリン溶液(武藤化学)で20分間染色し、流水で10分洗浄後、エオジン溶液(武藤化学)で2分間染色した。流水洗浄後、エタノールを段階的に用いて脱水を行い、キシレン溶液で透徹後にサンプルに非水溶性封入剤とカバーガラスをのせて封入を行なった。
パラフィン切片をキシレン、100%エタノール、95%エタノール、90%エタノール、70%エタノール、ミリQ水の順に脱パラフィン化、親水化した。3%酢酸水溶液で1分間処理したのち、pH2.5のアルシアンブルー溶液(Wako)で40分間染色した。3%酢酸水溶液で5分間処理したのち5分間流水で洗浄した。ケルンエヒロート溶液(武藤化学)で5分間染色したのち1分間流水洗浄を行った。エタノールを段階的に用いて脱水を行い、キシレン溶液で透徹後にサンプルに非水溶性封入剤とカバーガラスをのせて封入を行なった。
パラフィン切片をキシレン、100%エタノール、95%エタノール、90%エタノール、70%エタノール、ミリQ水の順に脱パラフィン化、親水化した。サンプルを0.1%TBS―tween溶液で5分間2回洗浄後、サンプルにペプシン(Abcam)を添加して20分間室温で抗原の賦活化を行なった。1%TBS―tween溶液で5分間洗浄後、室温で30分間プロテインブロッカー(Dako)処理を行なった。希釈した一次抗体(Anti-Collagen Type II Antibody, clone 6B3 (Merck)、Anti-Collagen typeI, Human, rabbit-polyclonal (ACRIS))と室温で2時間または4℃で一晩反応させた。1%TBS―tween溶液で5分間3回洗浄後、蛍光標識された二次抗体と室温で1時間反応させた。1%TBS―tween溶液で5分間3回洗浄後、DAPIに溶液を含むアパチ封入剤とカバーガラスで封入を行ない、顕微鏡観察を行なった。各抗体の陽性率はImage JにてDAPI陽性領域に対する各抗体の陽性領域の割合(%)として算出した。
・ヒトiPS細胞からヒト中胚葉細胞、ヒト中胚葉細胞からヒト軟骨前駆細胞への分化誘導
ヒトiPS細胞(day0)からヒト中胚葉細胞(day5)を経て、ヒト軟骨前駆細胞(day8)の分化誘導を行い、dayごとに遺伝子発現を確認した(図1)。未分化(Undifferentiated)マーカーであるOCT4、NANOGはday0時点で発現が高く、経時的に発現低下が確認された。ヒト中胚葉(Mesodermal)のマーカーにおいても初期から順にBRACHURY、MESOGININ1,FOXF1、HOXB5の上昇が経時的にみられ、発生学的に上昇する順番と矛盾しない結果が得られた。さらに、day8時点では軟骨前駆細胞(Pre-chondrial)マーカーであるSOX9とCD44の発現が高く、かつ間葉系(Mesenchymal)マーカーであるCD73とCD105を発現した軟骨前駆細胞が得られた(n=7)(図1)。
軟骨前駆細胞をElplasia plateに播種後48時間で多数のスフェロイドが形成された(図2A)。Cell3iMager Duosで各スフェロイドの直径(diameter)と真円度(circularity)を計測し、37344個のうち、34261個(91.7%)が直径200~300μm、36262個(97.1%)が真円度0.8~1.0であった。(図2B、C)
ヒト軟骨前駆スフェロイドは免疫組織学的染色により軟骨前駆マーカーであるSOX9と1型コラーゲン陽性であることを確認した(図2D)。スフエロイド内におけるSOX9の陽性率は69%、1型コラーゲンの陽性率は74%だった(図2E)。
Elplasia plateで作成されたスフエロイドはセルカルチャーインサート上に任意の形状(本例では棒状)に播種した。セルカルチャーインサート上において顕微鏡下で播種時には約200μmほどのスフェロイドが確認できたのに対して、12時間後には各スフェロイドの境界線が消失し、スフェロイド同士の融合が確認できた(図3)。
セルカルチャーインサートで20日間三次元培養を行なった結果、マクロ像において高い再現性をもって形状化軟骨が得られた(n=24)(図4)。得られた形状化軟骨は軟骨組織の細胞外気質が染まるアルシアンブルーに染まり、軟骨組織のマーカーである2型コラーゲンが広範にわたり陽性となり、約80%陽性であった。また軟骨膜のマーカーである1型コラーゲンも形状化軟骨の周囲を中心に陽性を示し、約5%が陽性であった(n=4)(図5A、B)。
定量的RT-PCRでは軟骨前駆マーカーであるSOX9、軟骨マーカーであるCOL11A2が軟骨前駆スフェロイド(培養開始10日目))、形状化軟骨(培養開始20日目)、形状化軟骨(培養開始30日目)において経時的に上昇する結果が得られた(n=7-29)(図6)。これらの結果はBMP投与をした場合、投与しない場合と比較してさらに高い遺伝子発現を示した(図6)。
ELISAではヒトHyaluronic acidとヒトMelanoma inhibitory activityの分泌量を10日毎に計測し、形状化軟骨(培養開始20日目)で分泌量が上昇し、以降、形状化肥大軟骨(培養開始50日目)まで維持可能であることを確認した。(n=6-20)(図7)。
皮下移植を1ヶ月行なった結果、マクロ像において形状が維持された形状化軟骨が得られた(図8A、B)。
形状化肥大軟骨の皮下移植を行った結果、移植後1ヶ月と2ヶ月時点でCT撮影にて骨化像が確認できた(図9)。
形状化肥大軟骨の皮下移植を行った結果、移植後3ヶ月時点で免疫組織学的染色にて骨軟骨移行帯とCOL1陽性である骨梁が確認できた(図10)。
・ヒト耳介軟骨膜由来の軟骨前駆細胞を用いた形状化軟骨
ヒト耳介軟骨膜由来の軟骨前駆スフェロイドを用いた場合においても複雑な形状(本例では鼻、耳、棒を模している)が作成可能であることが確認できた(図11)。
本明細書で引用した全ての刊行物、特許および特許出願をそのまま参考として本明細書にとり入れるものとする。
Claims (19)
- 軟骨前駆細胞を含むスフェロイドを支持体上に播種しながら所望の形状に造形すること、該スフェロイドを播種した面の表側及び裏側から培地を供給しながら、該スフェロイドを培養して、スフェロイド同士を融合させること、in vitroで融合スフェロイドを軟骨組織に成熟させることを含む、人工軟骨組織の作製方法。
- 軟骨前駆細胞が胚性幹細胞及び/又は人工多能性幹細胞から分化誘導した細胞である請求項1記載の方法。
- 軟骨前駆細胞が軟骨膜から採取した軟骨膜細胞を分化誘導した細胞である請求項1記載の方法。
- 軟骨前駆細胞を含むスフェロイドが直径20~1000μmの大きさである請求項1~3のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 1個のスフェロイドが100~7500個の軟骨前駆細胞を含む請求項1~4のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 軟骨前駆細胞を含むスフェロイドは、細胞非接着面を有する培養基材中で軟骨前駆細胞を培養して、作製されたものである請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 軟骨前駆細胞を含むスフェロイドは、TGF-β、bFGF及びWnt/βカテニン阻害剤を含む培地中で軟骨前駆細胞を培養して、作製されたものである請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の方法。
- BMPを含む培地中で融合スフェロイドを培養して、軟骨組織に成熟させる請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 軟骨組織への成熟のための融合スフェロイドの培養期間が14~42日である請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 軟骨組織への成熟のための融合スフェロイドの培養期間が42~84日である請求項1~8のいずれかに記載の方法。
- in vitroで成熟させた軟骨組織を非ヒト動物に移植して、さらに成熟させることを含む請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織であって、直径6mm以上、厚みが0.5 mm以上である前記人工軟骨組織。
- 請求項10記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織であって、生体に移植した後、その一部又は全部が骨組織に分化する前記人工軟骨組織。
- 請求項1~11のいずれかに記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織を含む組成物であって、生体に移植して、生体における軟骨組織及び/又は骨組織の不足を補うために用いられる前記組成物。
- 請求項9記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織を含み、生体に移植して、生体における軟骨組織の不足を補うために用いられる請求項14記載の組成物。
- 請求項10記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織を含み、生体に移植して、生体における骨組織の不足を補うために用いられる請求項14記載の組成物。
- 請求項10記載の方法により作製された人工軟骨組織を非ヒト動物に移植して、骨組織に成熟させることを含む、人工骨組織の作製方法。
- 請求項17記載の方法により作製された人工骨組織であって、直径6mm以上、厚みが0.5mm以上である前記人工骨組織。
- 請求項17記載の方法により作製された人工骨組織を含む組成物であって、生体に移植して、生体における骨組織の不足を補うために用いられる前記組成物。
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