WO2014148592A1 - 軟骨細胞の調製方法 - Google Patents
軟骨細胞の調製方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2014148592A1 WO2014148592A1 PCT/JP2014/057673 JP2014057673W WO2014148592A1 WO 2014148592 A1 WO2014148592 A1 WO 2014148592A1 JP 2014057673 W JP2014057673 W JP 2014057673W WO 2014148592 A1 WO2014148592 A1 WO 2014148592A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cartilage
- cells
- tissue
- chondrocytes
- vascular
- Prior art date
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/0062—General methods for three-dimensional culture
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
- A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
- A61K35/32—Bones; Osteocytes; Osteoblasts; Tendons; Tenocytes; Teeth; Odontoblasts; Cartilage; Chondrocytes; Synovial membrane
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/3604—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix characterised by the human or animal origin of the biological material, e.g. hair, fascia, fish scales, silk, shellac, pericardium, pleura, renal tissue, amniotic membrane, parenchymal tissue, fetal tissue, muscle tissue, fat tissue, enamel
- A61L27/3612—Cartilage, synovial fluid
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3804—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by specific cells or progenitors thereof, e.g. fibroblasts, connective tissue cells, kidney cells
- A61L27/3808—Endothelial cells
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L27/00—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses
- A61L27/36—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix
- A61L27/38—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells
- A61L27/3804—Materials for grafts or prostheses or for coating grafts or prostheses containing ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. transplant tissue, natural bone, extracellular matrix containing added animal cells characterised by specific cells or progenitors thereof, e.g. fibroblasts, connective tissue cells, kidney cells
- A61L27/3817—Cartilage-forming cells, e.g. pre-chondrocytes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
- A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N5/00—Undifferentiated human, animal or plant cells, e.g. cell lines; Tissues; Cultivation or maintenance thereof; Culture media therefor
- C12N5/06—Animal cells or tissues; Human cells or tissues
- C12N5/0602—Vertebrate cells
- C12N5/0652—Cells of skeletal and connective tissues; Mesenchyme
- C12N5/0655—Chondrocytes; Cartilage
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5082—Supracellular entities, e.g. tissue, organisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
- A61L2430/06—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for cartilage reconstruction, e.g. meniscus
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2430/00—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration
- A61L2430/10—Materials or treatment for tissue regeneration for reconstruction of tendons or ligaments
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/105—Insulin-like growth factors [IGF]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/11—Epidermal growth factor [EGF]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/113—Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF, FGF-1)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/115—Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/119—Other fibroblast growth factors, e.g. FGF-4, FGF-8, FGF-10
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/12—Hepatocyte growth factor [HGF]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/15—Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/155—Bone morphogenic proteins [BMP]; Osteogenins; Osteogenic factor; Bone inducing factor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/10—Growth factors
- C12N2501/165—Vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2501/00—Active agents used in cell culture processes, e.g. differentation
- C12N2501/30—Hormones
- C12N2501/38—Hormones with nuclear receptors
- C12N2501/39—Steroid hormones
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2502/00—Coculture with; Conditioned medium produced by
- C12N2502/28—Vascular endothelial cells
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
- C12N2513/00—3D culture
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for preparing chondrocytes.
- the method of inducing differentiation into chondrocytes under planar culture using an inducer such as cytokine has the following problems. 1. The cost of the reagent required for differentiation induction is high, and enormous costs are generated for differentiation induction. 2. Since a long culture period (2 to 4 months) is required to induce differentiation into chondrocytes, the risk of medical applications such as tumor formation increases. 3. Differentiated chondrocytes are gel-like and it is extremely difficult to control their morphology during transplantation.
- the method for reconstructing a three-dimensional cartilage tissue using a carrier has the following problems. 1. Since the carrier is a foreign substance in the living body, infection, inflammation, and scar tissue formation resulting from them occur. 2. Since chondrogenic cells are filled or attached to the carrier, an appropriate differentiation process into chondrocytes is not reproduced. 3. Since differentiation induction efficiency into terminally differentiated chondrocytes is low, it is difficult to obtain a uniform and sufficient amount of three-dimensional cartilage tissue.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a chondrocyte preparation method that enables construction of a cartilage tissue that can solve the above problems.
- a three-dimensional culture system was established by reproducing the interaction between chondrogenic cells and vascular endothelial cells, which had not been focused on heretofore.
- the three-dimensional tissue induced in this culture system was able to construct elastic cartilage with higher efficiency than the conventional method (pellet transplantation method) by transplanting to a living body. Focusing on the cell-cell interaction between chondrogenic cells and vascular cells (for example, vascular endothelial cells), there has never been a method for attempting three-dimensional reconstruction of cartilage tissue, and it is a highly novel method. .
- the gist of the present invention is as follows. (1) A method for preparing chondrocytes, comprising co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells. (2) The method according to (1), wherein the chondrogenic cells are amplified by co-culturing the chondrogenic cells with vascular cells. (3) The method according to (1) or (2), wherein a three-dimensional tissue is formed by co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells on a support. (4) The method according to (3), wherein the support is a substrate having a hardness of 0.5 to 25 kPa.
- chondrogenic cells are any of chondrocytes, immature chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, or cartilage stem cells.
- Chondrocytes are obtained from a tissue selected from the group consisting of radial cartilage, nasal cartilage, ear cartilage, tracheal cartilage, laryngeal cartilage, thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, circular cartilage, tendon, ligament, interarticular cartilage and intervertebral disc.
- the immature chondrocyte, cartilage progenitor cell or cartilage stem cell is obtained from a tissue selected from the group consisting of cartilage, perichondrium, bone marrow, placenta, umbilical cord, skin, muscle, fat and periosteum (8 ) The method described. (11) The method according to any one of (1) to (10), wherein the chondrogenic cells and vascular cells are derived from the same individual. (12) The method according to any one of (1) to (10), wherein the chondrogenic cells and vascular cells are derived from different individuals. (13) A composition for cartilage regenerative medicine comprising chondrocytes prepared by the method according to any one of (1) to (12).
- a vascular network is constructed after implantation in a living body.
- vascular perfusion occurs in the vascular network.
- Chondrocytes are produced using chondrocytes prepared by the method according to any one of (1) to (12), cartilage tissue formed from the chondrocytes and / or cells derived from the cartilage tissue.
- cartilage progenitor cells were seeded at low density and co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells by Transwell assay, cartilage progenitor cells proliferated specifically in vascular endothelial cells. The number of cells per unit area after 11 days of co-culture was quantified.
- Human cartilage progenitor cells were three-dimensionally organized in vitro without the use of scaffold materials or growth factors.
- Green Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Normal-Human-Umbilical-Vascular-Endothelial-Cells: HUVEC), Red: Human cartilage progenitor cells (human-cartilage-from-progenitor-cells: hCPCs)
- B Time course in cartilage progenitor cells co-cultured with HUVEC in in vivo Observation. Macro observation (top), live imaging (bottom) (scale bar; 100 ⁇ m). Vascular invasion occurs early after transplantation, followed by vascular regression.
- a chondral progenitor cell co-cultured with HUVEC was pelleted on the left brain of the same cranial window mouse, and a chondrogenic progenitor cell was pellet-grafted on the right brain. 15 days after transplantation, it was found that chondrocyte precursor cells co-cultured with HUVEC began to produce proteoglycans earlier. At 30 and 60 days after transplantation, cartilage progenitor cells co-cultured with HUVEC differentiated into mature chondrocytes.
- Peritoneal membrane cells 3x10 6 cells and vascular endothelial cells 1x10 6 cells, hardness condition First day when cultured on 0.5 kPa gel (hydrogel for cell culture evaluation sample plate (VERITAS)), first day of culture, 2 The state of the three-dimensional tissue formation on the day is shown.
- the state of three-dimensional tissue formation on the first day and the second day of culture when perichondrial cells 3x10 4 cells and vascular endothelial cells 1x10 4 cells are cultured on a culture substrate having a U-bottom shape is shown.
- the present invention provides a method for preparing chondrocytes, comprising co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells.
- ⁇ chondrogenic cells '' refers to cells that can form cartilage, such as BRACHYURY, KDR, CXCR4, PDGFRA, PDGFRB, CD44, SOX5, SOX6, SOX9, RUNX2, CDH1, Aggrecan, Collagen II, Those expressing markers such as Versican, Elsatin, and CSP are preferred.
- Chondrogenic cells can be obtained from a variety of sources and are generally isolated from, but not limited to, auricular cartilage or auricular perichondrium. Furthermore, chondrogenic cells can be distinguished into chondrocytes, immature chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells or cartilage stem cells. Chondrocytes may be obtained from any cartilage of hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage. Specifically, radial cartilage, nasal cartilage, auricular cartilage, tracheal cartilage, laryngeal cartilage, thyroid cartilage It is obtained from arytenoid cartilage, circular cartilage, tendon, ligament, interarticular cartilage, intervertebral disc, and the like.
- chondrocytes in such a dedifferentiated state may be used.
- Immature chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells or cartilage stem cells are obtained from tissues such as cartilage, perichondrium, bone marrow, placenta, umbilical cord, skin, muscle, fat, and periosteum.
- Chondrogenic cells are preferably derived from humans, but animals other than humans (for example, animals used for laboratory animals, pets, working animals, racehorses, dogs, etc., specifically mice, Rat, rabbit, pig, dog, monkey, cow, horse, sheep, chicken, shark, ray, shark, salmon, shrimp, crab, etc.) may be used.
- Vascular cells can be isolated from vascular tissue, but are not limited to cells isolated from vascular tissue, and are induced to differentiate from totipotent or pluripotent cells such as iPS cells and ES cells. It may be a thing.
- vascular cells vascular endothelial cells are preferable.
- “vascular endothelial cells” are cells that constitute vascular endothelium, or cells that can differentiate into such cells (for example, vascular endothelial progenitor cells, blood vessels). Endothelial stem cells).
- a cell is a vascular endothelial cell can be confirmed by examining whether a marker protein, for example, TIE2, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, or CD31 is expressed (any of the above-mentioned marker proteins). If one or more are expressed, it can be judged as a vascular endothelial cell). Further, c-kit, Sca-1 and the like have been reported as markers for vascular endothelial progenitor cells, and expression of these markers can be confirmed as vascular endothelial progenitor cells (S Fang, et al. PLOS Biology. 2012; 10 (10): e1001407.).
- a marker protein for example, TIE2, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3, or CD31 is expressed (any of the above-mentioned marker proteins). If one or more are expressed, it can be judged as a vascular endothelial cell). Further, c-kit, Sca-1 and the like have been reported as
- endothelial cells endothelial cells, umbilical vein endothelial cells, endothelial progenitor cells, endothelial precursor cells, vasculogenic progenitors, hemangioblast (HJ. Joo, et al. Blood. -104. (2011)) is included in the vascular endothelial cells in the present invention.
- the blood vessel cells are mainly derived from humans, but animals other than humans (for example, animals used for laboratory animals, pet animals, working animals, racehorses, dogs, etc., specifically mice, rats, rabbits).
- Chondrogenic cells and vascular cells include cells collected from living organisms, cells obtained by primary or subculture of cells collected from living organisms, and established cells, totipotent or pluripotent cells (for example, immature cells) Any cell such as a cell induced to differentiate from a progenitor cell, a stem cell, an iPS cell, an ES cell, etc.) may be used.
- the chondrogenic cells and the vascular cells may be derived from the same individual or may be derived from different individuals.
- chondrogenic cells and vascular cells are preferably HLA types that are not immune rejected.
- chondrogenic cells By co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells, the interaction between chondrogenic cells and vascular cells leads to a state of pre-chondrocyte (immature chondrocyte) in which chondrogenic cells are destined to cartilage As it changes, cell proliferation is activated.
- pre-chondrocyte implant chondrocyte
- chondrocytes prepared by the method of the present invention includes not only fully differentiated chondrocytes, but also immature chondrocytes (Pre-chondrocyte (immature chondrocyte)), cartilage progenitor cells, cartilage stem cells, and mixtures thereof. Etc. are also included. Differentiation into cartilage includes Alcian Blue staining, markers of undifferentiated differentiation (eg, Collagen 1, CD44) expression, cartilage differentiation markers (eg, Sox9, RUNX2, Aggrecan, Collagen II, Versican, Elsatin, This can be confirmed by enhancing expression of CSPG).
- markers of undifferentiated differentiation eg, Collagen 1, CD44
- cartilage differentiation markers eg, Sox9, RUNX2, Aggrecan, Collagen II, Versican, Elsatin
- Chondrogenic cells are amplified by co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells. (Example 1 described later, FIG. 6) Amplification of cells means that cells self-replicate and proliferate.
- a three-dimensional tissue can be formed by co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells.
- a three-dimensional tissue can be formed by co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells on a support.
- the support is preferably a substrate having a hardness of 0.5 to 25 kPa, and examples of such a substrate include gels (for example, stock solutions to 4-fold diluted Matrigel (registered trademark), agarose gels, acrylamide gels, hydrogels). , Collagen gel, urethane gel, etc.), but is not limited thereto.
- a large three-dimensional structure (that is, a size of about 2 to 3 mm or more) can be formed.
- a large three-dimensional tissue is suitable for subcutaneous mass implantation.
- a three-dimensional tissue can also be obtained by co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells on a plate (eg, U-bottom shape, V-bottom shape, etc.) in which cells are collected on the bottom surface instead of a support such as a gel. Can be formed.
- a small three-dimensional structure (that is, a size of about several hundred ⁇ m or less) can be formed.
- Such a small three-dimensional tissue is suitable for transplantation into an articular cartilage defect.
- FIG. 14 The formation of a three-dimensional tissue was observed in about one day from the start of co-culture of chondrogenic cells and vascular cells. When the culture was further continued (about two days from the start of co-culture), formation of vascular structures was observed in the three-dimensional tissue Thereafter (after about 10 days from the start of co-culture), it has been confirmed that the vascular structure disappears.
- the medium used for co-culture may be any medium that can maintain chondrogenic cells and vascular cells, but fibroblast growth factor 2 (bFGF (FGF2)), fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5 ), Bone morphogenetic factor 2 (BMP2), bone morphogenetic factor 4 (BMP4), bone morphogenetic factor 6 (BMP6), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), transforming growth factor ⁇ 1 (TGF- ⁇ 1), transforming growth factor ⁇ 2 (TGF- ⁇ 2), transforming growth factor ⁇ 3 (TGF- ⁇ 3), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4), osteogenic factor 3 (BMP3), aggrecan, hyaluronic acid (Acid), endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF), endothelial cell growth factor (ECGS), endothelial cell growth factor (ECDGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), acidic fiber Blast growth factor (acidic FGF
- glucocorticoids include hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone, prednisolone and the like.
- vitamins include vitamin C and the like.
- Endothelial cell growth factor ECGF
- endothelial cell growth factor ECGS
- endothelial cell derived growth factor EGF
- epidermal growth factor EGF
- acidic fibroblast growth factor acidic FGF
- basic fibroblast growth factor BFGF
- insulin-like growth factor-1 IGF-1
- macrophage-derived growth factor MDGF
- platelet-derived growth factor PDGF
- tumor angiogenesis factor TAF
- vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF
- bovine brain extraction Fluid BBE
- bovine pituitary extract BPE
- glucocorticoids hydrocortisone, cortisone, corticosterone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone, prednisolone, etc.
- cholesterol various vitamins, etc. support the survival of vascular cells be able to.
- the three-dimensional organization does not necessarily require the presence of the protein preparation as described above, and any medium may be used as long as it maintains vascular cells.
- the differentiation stage of the three-dimensional tissue may be any state such as Pre-chondrocyte (immature chondrocyte) or Mature Chondrocyte.
- the shape of the three-dimensional structure is usually spherical, but a complicated shape such as an ear may be produced depending on the setting of the substrate, and is not particularly limited.
- the three-dimensional tissue formed by the method of the present invention can have a high mechanical strength such that the tissue is not destroyed even if manual compression is performed with tweezers or the like.
- the temperature during the cultivation is not particularly limited, but is preferably 30 to 40 ° C, more preferably 37 ° C.
- the culture period is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 to 20 days, more preferably 2 to 3 days.
- Chondrocytes prepared by the above method (fully differentiated chondrocytes, immature chondrocytes (Pre-chondrocyte (immature chondrocyte)), cartilage progenitor cells, cartilage stem cells, mixtures thereof, etc. may be used. , Which may or may not form a three-dimensional tissue) can be frozen and stored. It can also be used after being frozen and thawed. Therefore, the method for preparing chondrocytes of the present invention may include a step of freezing chondrocytes, and may further include a step of thawing after the step of freezing chondrocytes.
- the chondrocytes prepared by the method of the present invention can be used for cartilage regenerative medicine. Accordingly, the present invention provides a composition for cartilage regenerative medicine comprising chondrocytes obtained by co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells.
- a three-dimensional tissue is formed by co-culture of chondrogenic cells and vascular cells are preferable because they can be transplanted easily. However, even if a three-dimensional tissue is not formed, the cells remain undispersed after transplantation. If it can be stored, it is considered that cartilage can be regenerated. For example, it is considered that transplantation is possible even in a pellet state (a state in which all cells have been sunk by centrifugation).
- the composition of the present invention can be used for transplanting into a living body to form a cartilage tissue. Therefore, the present invention also provides a cartilage regeneration method including transplanting chondrocytes prepared by the above method into a living body to form a cartilage tissue.
- animals other than humans for example, animals used for laboratory animals, pets, working animals, racehorses, dogs, etc., specifically, mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs, Monkey, cow, horse, sheep, chicken, shark, ray, shark, salmon, shrimp, crab, etc.).
- a vascular network can be constructed.
- Vascular perfusion may occur in the vascular network.
- chondrogenic cells can be efficiently engrafted.
- the vascular network After the vascular network is constructed, it can disappear and cartilage tissue lacking vascular structures can be formed.
- FIGS. 2C, 3 and 4 By starting differentiation induction into chondrocytes, vascular structures are gradually eliminated and terminal differentiation of chondrogenic cells occurs. (Example 1 described later, FIGS. 2C, 3 and 4)
- the present invention manufactures a therapeutic three-dimensional cartilage device for realizing cartilage regenerative medicine for patients with facial deformation, patients with arthropathy caused by trauma due to aging or sports, etc. Provide technology to do. Compared with current surgical treatments and conventional regenerative medicine techniques, cartilage regenerative medicine having a dramatic clinical therapeutic effect can be implemented.
- the chondrocytes prepared by the method of the present invention can also be used for screening for drugs effective as pharmaceuticals. According to the present invention, it is possible to reconstruct a disease model three-dimensional cartilage tissue from chondrogenic cells collected from a patient having a cartilage degenerative disease.
- the reconstructed disease model 3D cartilage tissue is expected to be a drug discovery screening system useful for developing new drugs. Accordingly, the present invention provides a drug effective as a pharmaceutical agent using chondrocytes obtained by co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells, cartilage tissue formed from the chondrocytes and / or cells derived from the cartilage tissue.
- a method for screening is provided.
- an effective drug can be selected by adding a candidate substance to a three-dimensional tissue culture system and examining the presence or absence of promotion of cartilage formation.
- screening for compounds that suppress the inflammatory response leads to the development of pharmaceuticals effective in the treatment of diseases such as rheumatic diseases and osteoarthritis.
- an effective drug can be selected by examining whether the production of collagenase and protease (enzyme that dissolves tissue) involved in other joint diseases is suppressed.
- the test substance to be used in the screening method of the present invention may be any known compound and / or novel compound, a high molecular compound (eg, nucleic acid, sugar, lipid, protein, peptide, etc.) and / or low Either or both of the molecular compounds may be used, and these substances may be naturally derived (for example, natural components derived from microorganisms, animals and plants, marine organisms, etc.), or synthesized (for example, Existing compound libraries, compound libraries prepared using combinatorial chemistry techniques, peptide libraries, virtual libraries, etc.).
- a high molecular compound eg, nucleic acid, sugar, lipid, protein, peptide, etc.
- synthetic methods for example, Existing compound libraries, compound libraries prepared using combinatorial chemistry techniques, peptide libraries, virtual libraries, etc.
- the chondrocytes prepared by the method of the present invention can also be used for production of a matrix produced by chondrocytes.
- Chondroitin sulfate extracted from animal-derived cartilage tissues such as sharks is widely used as a health functional food.
- the cartilage tissue artificially reconstructed according to the present invention is a very useful source of cartilage tissue for the efficient production of chondroitin sulfate in the food-related industry. Therefore, the present invention produces chondrocytes using chondrocytes obtained by co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells, cartilage tissue formed from the chondrocytes and / or cells derived from the cartilage tissue.
- a method for preparing a substrate is provided.
- Examples of substrates produced by chondrocytes include chondroitin sulfate, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycan, collagen, elastin, and the like.
- chondrocytes obtained by co-culturing chondrogenic cells with vascular cells
- cartilage tissue formed from the chondrocytes and / or cells derived from the cartilage tissue A known method for extracting a substrate from a culture of cells or tissues may be used.
- Example 1 Creation of elastic cartilage using human cartilage progenitor cells 1. Summary Adult cartilage tissue is a simple organ that lacks blood vessels and nerves, and it is expected that regenerative medicine will be realized earlier than solid organs with complex higher-order structures. Many studies have been reported so far that attempt to induce differentiation of mature chondrocytes using various tissue-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells. However, in the conventional differentiation induction method using a growth factor, the low efficiency of terminal differentiation induction into chondrocytes is a serious unsolved problem.
- cartilage progenitor cells autonomously construct a three-dimensional tissue in vitro. Furthermore, it has been shown that by using this three-dimensional tissue for transplantation, elastic cartilage can be reconstructed with high efficiency as compared with the conventional pellet transplantation method.
- This technology is expected to be an elastic cartilage reconstruction technology that is extremely useful in terms of safety and cost because it is not necessary to use growth factors or scaffold materials.
- congenital malformations of the skull, jaw, and face area will be co-cultured with vascular endothelial cells consistent with the patient's HLA type and cartilage progenitor cells collected and cultured in a minimally invasive manner to induce and transplant 3D organization. It is considered that a new treatment method for tissue deformation caused by injury or trauma can be provided.
- Human auricular chondrocytes have superiority such as cartilage differentiation ability, but in addition to invasion of the harvested site, there is no self-replicating stem cell, so long-term tissue maintenance due to cell life Is difficult.
- BrdU Labeling Retaining assay was confirmed by the presence of Label Retaining Cells (LRCs) for one year after only BrdU administered to mice auricular cartilage membrane portion 25, suggested the presence of cartilage precursor cells in perichondrium It was done. Therefore, the human perichondrium, high proliferative capacity, which is a feature of the progenitor cells, revealed that the cell population exists pluripotent, have developed a technique for separating and culturing progenitor cells 26.
- LRCs Label Retaining Cells
- FGFs Fibroblast Growth Factors
- FGFs are by Gospodarowicz et al. In 1974, have been successfully purified from bovine brain extract was discovered as a growth factor that promotes proliferation of fibroblasts during 27, 1977 in the calf cartilage 28. Mutations in the FGFR gene reveal that hereditary osteogenic diseases such as early fusion of the cranial sutures, achondroplasia with shortened limbs, and hypochondral dysplasia 29,30 occur.
- TGF- ⁇ -mediated Smad2 / 3-mediated signal promotes Sox9 transcriptional activity and regulates complex formation between Sox9 and CBP / p300 in the enhancer region of Co12a1 gene.
- 32 has been shown to promote early differentiation of the Therefore, the cartilage precursor cells or mesenchymal stem cells to induce cartilage differentiation is believed to be necessary to add a growth factor, such as TGFs and FGFs 33 and 34.
- the standard method is to induce cartilage differentiation in cartilage progenitor cells by adding two growth factors, insulin-like growth factor-I and basic-FGF.
- the problem is that the efficiency of cartilage reconstruction is low due to the low survival rate.
- many studies have been made to induce cartilage differentiation from mesenchymal stem cells 35-38 , but the problem is that the efficiency of cartilage reconstruction is low in any method.
- cartilage progenitor cells differentiated from undifferentiated mesenchymal cells appear, and after undergoing mesenchymal aggregation, differentiate and mature into chondrocytes to form cartilage tissue.
- cartilage progenitor cells there are still many unclear points in the physiological differentiation process of cartilage progenitor cells. Therefore, we have clarified physiological differentiation processes that have not been clarified so far, and aimed to establish a highly efficient elastic cartilage creation method by reproducing their interactions.
- Ketaral was used according to the Drug Management Act. Disinfect the NOD / SCID mouse head with 70% ethanol, cut the skin of the head, remove the periosteum on the surface of the skull with a cotton swab, and then use a dental microdrill (Fine Science Tools) to thin the skull into a circle. And carefully removed. Subsequently, the dura was peeled off using tweezers. When bleeding occurred, hemostasis was performed using Sponzel (Astellas Co.).
- mice in which no bleeding or inflammation was seen in the surgical site were used for future experiments.
- mice In order to visualize blood flow in mice, 100 ⁇ l of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran (MW 2,000,000) and tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated dextran (MW 2,000,000) are visualized from the tail vein with a 29 G syringe (Termo). Therefore, 100 ⁇ l of AlexaR647-conjugated mouse-specific CD31 antibody (BD Biosciences Pharmingen) was administered from the tail vein.
- the tissue was embedded in OCT Compound (SAKURA Japan) (30 ml). After standing at 4 ° C for 1 hour, it was snap frozen with liquid nitrogen to prepare a frozen block. The frozen block was sliced into 5 ⁇ m thickness with cryostat HM 500 O (ZEISS) to prepare frozen tissue sections. The prepared tissue sections were subjected to Alcian Blue staining (Muto Chemical) and Elastica Van Gieson staining (Muto Chemical).
- OCT® Compound was removed by washing with 1 ⁇ PBS (phosphate-buffered saline), pre-treated with 3% aqueous acetic acid for 3 minutes, and stained with Alcian® blue staining solution for 60 minutes. The staining solution was dropped with 3% aqueous acetic acid, washed with pure water, and then stained with Cologne Echrotroth for 5 minutes. Excess Cologne Echlot funnel was removed with pure water, then dehydrated with an ascending ethanol series and treated with xylene.
- PBS phosphate-buffered saline
- OCT® Compound was removed, pretreated with 1% hydrochloric acid 70% ethanol for 3 minutes, and immersed in Weigert-resorcin fuchsin solution for 60 minutes.
- the staining solution was dropped with 70% ethanol by 1% hydrochloric acid, and nuclear staining was performed with Weigert's iron hematoxylin solution for 5 minutes.
- the color was developed with mild hot water, immersed in Wangy-Son solution for 15 minutes, dehydrated in ascending ethanol series, and then transparentized with xylene.
- the frozen block was sliced into 5 ⁇ m thickness with cryostat HM 500 O (ZEISS) to prepare frozen tissue sections. Wash the prepared tissue section with 0.1% tween-TBS to remove OCT Compound, wipe off the TBS-T around the frozen section, write the object to be stained with a water repellent pen (DAKO), and apply water repellent treatment. did.
- protein block Serum-Free Ready-to-use (Dako) was used for blocking at 4 ° C. for 24 hours.
- the primary antibody was reacted overnight at 4 ° C.
- Primary antibodies include Alexa Fluor647 anti-mouse CD31 (Biolegend) (1: 200), rabbit anti-polyclonal laminin (Dako) (1: 200), mouse anti-mouse / human CD44 (Biolegend) (1: 200), Rabbit Anti-polyclonal Ki67 (Abcam) (1: 200), rabbit anti-human Collagen type I (MONOSAN) (1: 200), mouse anti-chicken Collagen type II (CHEMICON) (1: 200) were used.
- the provided human auricular elastic cartilage was separated into two layers of perichondrial tissue and cartilage tissue under a stereomicroscope.
- Standard medium DULBECCO'S MODIFIED EAGLE'S MEDIUM NUTRIENT MIXTURE F-12 HAM (D-MEM / F-12; added with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; GIBCO), 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (SIGMA)) SIGMA)
- FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
- SIGMA Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution
- centrifugation (1500 rpm, 4 ° C., 5 min) was performed.
- Each collected cell was seeded in a 35 mm easy grip cell culture dish (FALCON) or a 60 mm cell culture dish (FALCON). The cells were cultured in an incubator in which the gas phase conditions were set at 37 ° C. and the CO 2 concentration was 5%.
- the cells were subcultured using Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium and Ham's F-12 medium (D-MEM / F-12; SIGMA) containing 0.2% Collagenase type II (Worthington).
- D-MEM / F-12 Ham's F-12 medium
- SIGMA Standard TM medium
- the collected cells were centrifuged (1500 rpm, 4 ° C., 5 ° min), washed, seeded in a dish, and cultured again. When the dish reached confluence, the same passage operation was performed and the operation was repeated.
- Viral vectors pGCD ⁇ NsamEGFP and pGCD ⁇ NsamKO were produced by the following method. 293GPG / pGCD ⁇ NsamEGFP cells and 293GPG / pGCD ⁇ NsamKO cells were seeded on a dish coated with poly-L-lysine and cultured using a specially prepared medium (referred to as 293GPG medium).
- the medium was replaced with a medium (denoted as 293GP medium) from which 293GPG medium was removed Tetracycline hydrochloride, Puromycin, and G418 (referred to as Day 0).
- Day 0 Tetracycline hydrochloride, Puromycin, and G418
- the virus was recovered together with the medium from Day 4, and again filled with 293GP medium.
- the collected medium was filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m filter and temporarily stored at 4 ° C.
- the material collected until Day 7 in the above procedure was centrifuged at 6000xg, 4 ° C, 16 hours, 400 ⁇ L of Stempro (invitrogen) was added to the pellet, shaken at 4 ° C for 72 hours, and then collected and stored at -80 ° C . (Indicated as 100-fold concentrated virus solution).
- Perichondrial cells were seeded at a density of 4.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells / cm 2 and cultured in a growth medium. 24 hours later, Cell Culture Inserts (BD Falcon) in which perichondrial cells and HUVEC were seeded at a density of 4.0 ⁇ 10 4 cells / ml were inserted. After culturing for 12 days, a drop of Nuc Blue Live Cell Stain (Molecular Probes) was added to the medium. After standing for 10 minutes in the incubator, the number of cells was measured by IN Cell analyzer 2000 (GE).
- GE IN Cell analyzer 2000
- the standard medium (10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; GIBCO), 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (SIGMA) added to DULBECCO'S MODIFIED EAGLE'S MEDIUM NUTRIENT MIXTURE F-12 HAM (D-MEM / F-12; SIGMA)).
- FBS Fetal Bovine Serum
- SIGMA Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution
- Cartilage differentiation induction medium is 10% FBS (GIBCO), 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (WAKO), Dexamethasone (SIGMA), Insulin Growth Factor-I (SIGMA), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (KAKEN PHARMACEUTICAL) D-MEM / F-12 medium (SIGMA).
- FBS GAA
- WAW L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate
- SIGMA Dexamethasone
- SIGMA Insulin Growth Factor-I
- KAKEN PHARMACEUTICAL D-MEM / F-12 medium
- EGM and Matrigel were added to a 24-well plate, respectively, and left in an incubator for 30 minutes. Mix each cell suspension of 1.0 ⁇ 10 5 cells / ml perichondrial cells and HUVEC, centrifuge (950 rpm, 4 ° C, 5 min), and seed the collected cells in a well with a small amount of growth medium did. After standing for 5 to 20 minutes, 1 ml of medium without addition of EGF (EGM- ⁇ EGF) (lonza) is added from Endothelial Cell Growth Medium SingleQuots Supplements and Growth Factors (EGM), and EGM is changed every day. Cultured for days.
- EGF- ⁇ EGF EGF- ⁇ EGF
- EGM Endothelial Cell Growth Medium SingleQuots Supplements and Growth Factors
- chondrocyte progenitor cells differentiated into mature chondrocytes revealed that they were not stained with Alcian Blue staining 10 days after transplantation when blood vessels had invaded, but 30 days after transplantation. Then it was slightly blue. 60 days after transplantation, in which the blood vessels were completely regressed, the cells were stained in dark blue, and it was confirmed that they had differentiated into mature chondrocytes producing proteoglycans.
- HUVEC built a vascular network 3 days after transplantation and completely regressed 30 days after transplantation. It was confirmed by histological analysis whether the transplanted three-dimensional tissue formed a cartilage tissue, but it was not stained with Alcian Blue staining 3 days after transplantation when blood vessels had invaded, but after transplantation, 15 In the day, a part was stained blue. Thirty days after transplantation after complete regression of blood vessels, a part was stained in dark blue, and 60 days after transplantation, most of the transplanted three-dimensional tissue was stained in dark blue with Alcian Blue ( FIG. 7C).
- the three-dimensional tissue constructed by co-culturing cartilage progenitor cells and HUVEC formed a cartilage tissue producing proteoglycan.
- the cartilage was reconstructed by Safranin O staining, and the cartilage formed by Elastica Van Gieson staining was confirmed to be elastic cartilage.
- Immunohistochemical staining showed that the reconstructed cartilage had perichondrial tissue positive for type I collagen so as to wrap around the aggrecan positive cartilage tissue.
- immunohistochemical staining of hCD31 showed that vascular endothelial cells were present in the reconstructed perichondrial tissue (FIG. 7D).
- Comparison with pellet implantation method 44 compares a conventional method of elastic cartilage reconstruction capability, the efficiency of cartilage reconstruction of the three-dimensional tissue constructed by co-culturing cartilage precursor cells and HUVEC with the Conventional Method
- a pellet was transplanted to the right brain, a three-dimensional tissue constructed by co-culturing cartilage progenitor cells and HUVEC in the left brain of the same cranial window mouse (FIG. 9A).
- the pellet was not stained blue by Alcian blue staining 10 days after transplantation, but the three-dimensional tissue formed by co-culture was stained blue.
- cartilage progenitor cells can be efficiently differentiated into mature chondrocytes producing proteoglycans.
- 30 days after transplantation it was found that the three-dimensional tissue constructed by co-culture formed cartilage tissue producing a large amount of proteoglycan.
- most of the three-dimensional tissue constructed by co-culture was stained dark blue by Alcian Blue staining, confirming the formation of terminally differentiated mature cartilage tissue.
- cartilage tissue producing proteoglycan was formed only in a part of the transplanted pellet (FIG. 9A). This indicates that cartilage progenitor cells co-cultured with HUVEC reconstructed cartilage more efficiently.
- the site stained in blue was extracted from image J, and the area was measured (FIG. 9B).
- the Alcian blue positive area is approximately 100,000 ⁇ m 2 at 10 days after transplantation, approximately 130,000 ⁇ m 2 at 30 days after transplantation, and 60 days after transplantation. It was about 250,000 ⁇ m 2 .
- cartilage tissue having an area of about 35,000 ⁇ m 2 on the 10th day after transplantation, about 20,000 ⁇ m 2 on the 30th day after transplantation, and about 80,000 ⁇ m 2 on the 60th day after transplantation was formed.
- the comparison shows that the three-dimensional tissue constructed by co-culture formed cartilage tissue of 2.85 times 10 days after transplantation, 6.5 times 30 days after transplantation, and 3.27 times area 60 days after transplantation. (FIG. 9C).
- Cartilage tissue is a supporting organ consisting of chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix that surrounds them. Unlike other supporting tissues such as connective tissue and bone tissue, there are no blood vessels, lymph vessels, nerves, etc. in the interstitium of cartilage tissue 45,46 . Therefore, compared such a solid organ having a complex higher-order structure, an area where early realization of regenerative medicine are expected 47,48. In this study, we found that blood vessels that had previously been considered unnecessary were temporarily invaded during the differentiation stage of cartilage progenitor cells by tracking the cartilage formation process using live imaging. Since the transplanted early auricular cartilage swelled immediately after the invasion of blood vessels, it is considered that the cartilage progenitor cells proliferated rapidly.
- this technology which can construct cartilage tissue from cartilage progenitor cells without using growth factors by co-culturing with vascular endothelial cells, has the potential to be a useful technology for clinical application. .
- cartilage progenitor cells can autonomously induce three-dimensional tissues in vitro without using scaffold materials. Since this three-dimensional tissue has mechanical strength and can be transplanted without breaking the shape, it is considered that the shape can be easily controlled at the time of transplantation.
- HLA-compatible vascular endothelial cells in addition to self-cartilage.
- HLA works as an important molecule involved in human immunity. If you receive a cell or organ transplant from a person with an HLA type different from your own, immune rejection occurs, so it is necessary to match the HLA type as much as possible. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a vascular endothelial cell bank that collects, cultures and stores vascular endothelial cells from the umbilical cord.
- the umbilical cord is a biological resource that has been discarded so far, but it is considered that the vascular endothelial cells can be stably supplied by realizing the preservation like the umbilical cord blood.
- vascular endothelial cells can be stably supplied by realizing the preservation like the umbilical cord blood.
- causes congenital malformations or trauma in the skull, jaw, or face area by co-cultured with vascular endothelial cells consistent with the patient's HLA type and cartilage progenitor cells collected and cultured in a minimally invasive manner. It is considered that a new treatment method for tissue deformation can be provided.
- a three-dimensional culture method that has been attracting attention includes a culture method that simulates a microgravity environment by using a rotating incubator called a Rotating Wall Vessel (RWV) bioreactor.
- RWV Rotating Wall Vessel
- the results remained problematic with respect to the strength aspect of the cartilage-like tissue. Therefore, by combining RWV with a unique approach to reproduce the vascularization that occurs in the cartilage formation process, in vitro induction of terminal cartilage differentiation, which was difficult to achieve with conventional culture techniques, is expected.
- cartilage progenitor cells present in the auricular perichondrium have the ability to differentiate into hyaline cartilage, a heterologous cartilage tissue, and that they can be used to reconstruct articular cartilage tissue (unpublished data) . Since this technique efficiently creates cartilage by reproducing transient blood vessel invasion, it is possible to solve the problem of poor efficiency of cartilage reconstruction after transplantation in regenerative treatment of articular cartilage defects .
- the cartilage tissue does not have a healing ability and thus progresses to secondary degenerative diseases such as arthritis and knee osteoarthritis.
- Japan alone there are estimates that there are 25.3 million knee osteoarthritis patients, and the number of patients to be treated is considerable.
- Cited references 1. Chang, SC, Tobias, G., Roy, AK, Vacanti, CA & Bonassar, LJ Tissue engineering of autologous cartilage for craniofacial reconstruction by injection molding.Plast Reconstr Surg 112, 793-799; discussion 800-791 (2003) . 2.Beahm, EK & Walton, RL Auricular reconstruction for microtia: part I. Anatomy, embryology, and clinical evaluation.Plast Reconstr Surg 109, 2473-2482; quiz following 2482 (2002). 3. Firmin, F., Sanger, C. &O'Toole, G. Ear reconstruction following severe complications of otoplasty. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg (2008).
- Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is a negative regulator of bone growth.Cell 22, 911-921, (1996) 31. Serra R, Johnson M, Filvaroff EH, LaBorde J, Sheehan DM, Derynck R, Moses HL. Expression of a truncated, kinase-defective TGF-beta type II receptor in mouse skeletal tissue promotes terminal chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis. Biol 20,541-552, (1997) 32. Furumatsu, T. et al.
- Aruffo, A., Stamenkovic, I., Melnick, M., Underhill, C. B. & Seed, B. CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate.Cell 61, 1303-1313, (1990). 44. Wang, Y., Kim, UJ, Blasioli, DJ, Kim, HJ & Kaplan, DL In vitro cartilage tissue engineering with 3D porous aqueous-derived silk scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells.Biomaterials 26, 7082-7094, (2005) . 45. NewmanAP. Articular cartilage repair. Am J Sports Med 26, 309-324 (1998) 46. Hollander, A. P., Dickinson, S. C. & Kafienah, W.
- Example 2 Cultivation on gels with different hardness
- the perichondrial cells 3x10 6 cells and the vascular endothelial cells 1x10 6 cells collected and passaged in Example 1 were used under the same culture conditions as in Example 1 : Cultured on 0.5 kPa gel (sample plate for hydrogel evaluation for cell culture (VERITAS)).
- FIG. 10 shows the state of three-dimensional tissue formation on the first day, the first day of culture, and the second day of culture.
- FIG. 1 An evaluation sample plate (VERITAS) was used to seed cells under various hardness conditions from 0.2 kPa to 50 kPa. The result is shown in FIG. As a normal culture dish, a 10 cm easy grip cell culture dish (FALCON) was used.
- FALCON 10 cm easy grip cell culture dish
- the perichondrial cells formed a good three-dimensional tissue that could withstand the transplantation operation.
- a normal culture dish was used, a three-dimensional tissue was not formed.
- FIG. 12B shows the state of three-dimensional tissue formation on the first day of D-MEM / F-12 medium (SIGMA) and the second day of culture.
- the seeded perichondrial cells started to aggregate autonomously and formed a spherical three-dimensional tissue of about 400 ⁇ m on the next day. These could be easily recovered while maintaining the shape by pipetting.
- Example 4 Subcutaneous mass transplantation In the same manner as in Example 1, 4 mm size formed by co-culturing perichondrial cells 3x10 6 cells and vascular endothelial cells 1x10 6 cells on Matrigel (BD) 100 three-dimensional tissues were collected with a drug cage and transplanted subcutaneously into NOD SCID mice (Sankyo Lab). The state is shown in FIG. A in FIG. 13 shows a state in which a large amount of three-dimensional tissue is placed under the skin, and B in FIG. 13 shows about 30 three-dimensional tissues that are being collected by a cartridge case.
- BD vascular endothelial cells
- Example 5 the same method as transplant Example 3 to articular cartilage defect, the 600 three-dimensional tissue of 400 ⁇ m size which are formed from the perichondrium cells 3x10 4 cells and vascular endothelial cells 1x10 4 cells, immunodeficiency Transplantation was performed on a 3 mm-sized cartilage defect site created on the articular cartilage surface of a rat (CLEA Japan).
- the state is shown in FIG.
- FIG. 14A shows a state where a three-dimensional tissue of about 400 ⁇ m collected in large quantities at a joint defect site is being transplanted with a pipette.
- FIG. 14B shows the joint defect site immediately after transplantation. After leaving the implant for about 20 minutes, the wound was closed after the three-dimensional tissue did not flow out.
- Chondrogenic cells enhance the expression of differentiation markers by co-culture with vascular endothelial cells Chondrogenic cells cultured in 10 cm Easy Grip Cell Culture Dish (FALCON), and vascular endothelial cells on gel The gene expression of the chondrogenic cells co-cultured with was analyzed by Realtime PCR. Co-culture with vascular endothelial cells attenuated the expression of the collagen I gene, an un (de) differentiated marker (FIG. 15, left), and enhanced the expression of the cartilage differentiation markers SOX9 and Aggrecan (FIG. 15, right) ).
- Example 7 Long-term culture in vitro Perichondrial cells 3x10 6 cells and vascular endothelial cells 1x10 6 cells were co-cultured on Matrigel (BD) for 2 days in Endothelial Cell Growth Medium SingleQuots Supplements and Growth Factors (EGM) (lonza) As a result, a 4 mm large three-dimensional tissue was formed, and the formation of vascular structures was observed.
- EMM Endothelial Cell Growth Medium SingleQuots Supplements and Growth Factors
- Further growth medium (DULBECCO'S MODIFIED EAGLE'S MEDIUM NUTRIENT MIXTURE F-12 HAM (D-MEM / F-12; SIGMA)) supplemented with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS; GIBCO) and 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution (SIGMA) Or cartilage differentiation induction medium (10% FBS (GIBCO), 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution, L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate (WAKO), Dexamethasone (SIGMA), Insulin Growth Factor-I (SIGMA), basic Fibroblast Growth Factor It was confirmed that the blood vessel structure disappeared by culturing in D-MEM / F-12 medium (SIGMA) containing (KAKEN PHARMACEUTICAL) for about 10 days. These could be cultured for a long period of 30 days or longer.
- Example 8 Freezing of three-dimensional tissues by rapid freezing method by vitrification method using growth medium containing 10% DMSO, 5% ethylene glycol and 10% sucrose, and slow freezing method by using TC protector (Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd.) Experiments were performed.
- FIG. 16 shows the results of examination of the support conditions used for producing vascularized cartilage.
- FIG. 17 Creation of human mature cartilage by vascularized cartilage transplantation that was cryopreserved
- FIG. 17A Method -Freezing vascularized cartilage
- the TC protector was dispensed into a freezing tube (200-1000 ul / tube). Thereafter, the three-dimensional structure induced by the 24-well plate was immersed and over night at 4 ° C. for several hours, and then slowly frozen at ⁇ 80 ° C.
- the tissue added with 10% DMSO, 5% ethylene glycol, and 10% sucrose is immersed in EGM medium for 15 to 20 minutes, and then 2M DMSO, 1 M acetate.
- the frozen tissue was transferred from ⁇ 80 ° C. to 37 ° C. water bath, thawed, and transferred to a 15 ml centrifuge tube. 4 ° C., 750 rpm, 3 min. After centrifugation, the supernatant was removed with a pipetman or the like. (The aspirator sucked the tissue and was not used.) After PBS washes (5 ml / tube), centrifuge again at 4 ° C., 1500 rpm, 5 min, and remove the supernatant (by pipetteman etc.) After that, it was used for transplantation or culture experiments. -Subcutaneous transplantation of thawed human vascularized cartilage (Figure 17C)
- mice Six-week-old female NOD / SCID (immune deficient) mice were purchased from Sankyo Lab Service Co., Ltd. The purchased mice were bred and maintained in the Animal Experiment Center, Joint Research Support Department, Advanced Research Center for Medical Science, Yokohama City University. Animal experiments using these mice were conducted in accordance with the guidelines for animal experiments at Yokohama City University Fukuura Campus. After shaving the immunodeficient mouse, the subcutaneous part of the back or the subcutaneous part of the face was incised and removed, and the collected tissue was implanted and transplanted.
- the excised tissue was fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) (Wako) / phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (pH 7.4) at 4 ° C. for 2 hours. Next, it was washed with 100 mM ammonium chloride (Wako) / PBS three times at 4 ° C. for 10 minutes. Then, the sample was immersed in 15% sucrose (Wako) / PBS at 4 ° C. for 1 hour and then allowed to stand still at 30 ° C. in 4% at 30 ° C./PBS. The tissue was embedded in OCT Compound (SAKURA Japan) (30 ml).
- PFA paraformaldehyde
- PBS phosphate buffered saline
- the frozen block was sliced into 5 ⁇ m thickness with cryostat HM 500 O (ZEISS) to prepare frozen tissue sections.
- the prepared tissue sections were subjected to Alcian Blue staining (Muto Chemical) and Elastica Van Gieson staining (Muto Chemical).
- frozen blocks were sliced into 5 ⁇ m thick with cryostat HM 500 O (ZEISS) to prepare frozen tissue sections. Wash the prepared tissue section with 0.1% tween-TBS to remove OCT Compound, wipe off the TBS-T around the frozen section, write the object to be stained with a water repellent pen (DAKO), and apply water repellent treatment. did. Next, blocking was performed at 4 ° C. for 24 hours using protein block serum-free ready-to-use (Dako). The primary antibody was reacted overnight at 4 ° C. After the treatment, it was washed with TBS-T three times for 5 minutes, a secondary antibody was added dropwise, and the mixture was reacted at room temperature for 2 hours.
- DAKO water repellent pen
- FIG. 17A The state of the freezing step of vascularized cartilage is shown in FIG. 17A. Left: Tissue formed in the culture dish, middle: Recovered with a spoon, right: Immediately before freezing the tissue recovered in the freezing solvent (TC Protector).
- FIG. 17B shows a macroscopic observation of human vascularized cartilage that has been thawed one month after freezing.
- FIG. 17C shows histological analysis of a subcutaneously transplanted sample of human vascularized cartilage that has been thawed.
- the transplanted human vascularized cartilage is a cartilage tissue containing a cartilage matrix stained with Alcian blue and type II collagen antibody. It became clear to rebuild.
- Example 11 Long-term culture of vascularized cartilage (FIGS. 18 and 19) Method 150 ⁇ m EGM and Matrigel were added to each 24-well plate, and left in an incubator for 30 minutes. Each cell suspension of 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 cells perichondrocytes and 0.6 ⁇ 10 6 cells HUVEC is mixed, centrifuged (950 rpm, 4 ° C., 5 min), and the recovered cells are collected. Wells were seeded. After standing for 30 minutes, 1 ml of EGM was added and cultured for 3 days.
- the induced three-dimensional tissue was seeded in a culture vessel, and a three-dimensional culture cartilage differentiation medium (DMEM / F12, Dexamethasone, ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, bFGF, IGF-1, ITS-X, 1% Antibiotic Solution)
- Rotational culture was performed by RWV bioreactor (Synthecon) in an incubator where the gas phase conditions were 37 ° C. and the CO 2 concentration was 5%. The rotation speed was adjusted to 7-12 rpm.
- the cell mass having a size of 5 mm to 1 cm was collected, and mechanical strength was confirmed by manual compression with tweezers. After confirming that the strength was sufficient, it was transplanted to the head of an immunodeficient mouse.
- FIG. 18 shows histological analysis of long-term cultured vascularized cartilage.
- FIG. 19 shows transplantation of matured cartilage derived from vascularized cartilage subjected to long-term culture.
- Long-term cultured vascularized cartilage (shown in the lower left small window in the upper left figure) was a cartilage tissue having mechanical strength capable of withstanding subcutaneous tension by transplantation of the face.
- the upper and lower photos show how the swelled parts look at different angles.
- the present invention can be used for regenerative medicine, drug screening, production of a matrix produced by chondrocytes, and the like.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Rheumatology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
- Dermatology (AREA)
- Transplantation (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Developmental Biology & Embryology (AREA)
- Virology (AREA)
- Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
Abstract
Description
1.分化誘導に必要な試薬のコストが高額で、分化誘導に莫大な費用が生じる。
2.軟骨細胞への分化誘導までに長期間(2~4ヶ月の)の培養期間を要するために、腫瘍形成など医療応用上のリスクが高まる。
3.分化誘導された軟骨細胞はゲル状であり、移植時に形態を制御することが著しく困難である。
1.担体が生体にとり異物であることから、感染や炎症、それらに起因する瘢痕組織形成などが生じる。
2.軟骨形成細胞を担体に充填ないし付着させるため、軟骨細胞への適切な分化プロセスが再現されない。
3.終末分化した軟骨細胞への分化誘導効率が低いために、均一で、充分な量の3次元軟骨組織を得ることが困難である。
(1)軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養することを含む、軟骨細胞の調製方法。
(2)軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養することで、軟骨形成細胞が増幅する(1)記載の方法。
(3)支持体上で軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養することにより、三次元組織が形成される(1)又は(2)記載の方法。
(4)支持体が0.5~25 kPaの硬度を有する基材である(3)記載の方法。
(5)底面に細胞が集まるような形状のプレート上で軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養することにより、三次元組織が形成される(1)又は(2)記載の方法。
(6)線維芽細胞増殖因子2(bFGF(FGF2))、線維芽細胞増殖因子4(FGF4)、線維芽細胞増殖因子5(FGF5)、骨形成因子2(BMP2)、骨形成因子3(BMP3)、骨形成因子4(BMP4)、骨形成因子6(BMP6)、結合組織増殖因子(CTGF)、トランスフォーミング増殖因子β1(TGF-β1)、トランスフォーミング増殖因子β2(TGF-β2)、トランスフォーミング増殖因子β3(TGF-β3)、インスリン様成長因子1(IGF-1)、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、アグリカン(Aggrecan)、ヒアルロン酸(Hyaluronic Acid)、内皮細胞成長因子(ECGF)、内皮細胞増殖因子(ECGS)、内皮細胞由来成長因子(ECDGF)、上皮成長因子(EGF)、酸性線維芽細胞成長因子(acidic FGF)、マクロファージ由来成長因子(MDGF)、血小板由来成長因子(PDGF)、腫瘍血管新生因子(TAF)、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)ウシ脳抽出液(BBE)、ウシ脳下垂体抽出液(BPE)、糖質コルチコイド、コレステロール、各種ビタミンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの成分の存在下で、軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養する(1)~(5)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(7)軟骨形成細胞と血管細胞を1:0.3~1の混合比で共培養する(1)~(6)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(8)軟骨形成細胞が、軟骨細胞、未熟軟骨細胞、軟骨前駆細胞又は軟骨幹細胞のいずれかである(1)~(7)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(9)軟骨細胞が、肋骨軟骨、鼻軟骨、耳軟骨、気管軟骨、喉頭軟骨、甲状軟骨、披裂軟骨、環状軟骨、腱、靭帯、関節間軟骨及び椎間板からなる群より選択される組織から得られたものである(8)記載の方法。
(10)未熟軟骨細胞、軟骨前駆細胞又は軟骨幹細胞が、軟骨、軟骨膜、骨髄、胎盤、臍帯、皮膚、筋肉、脂肪及び骨膜からなる群より選択される組織から得られたものである(8)記載の方法。
(11)軟骨形成細胞と血管細胞が同じ個体に由来する(1)~(10)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(12)軟骨形成細胞と血管細胞が異なる個体に由来する(1)~(10)のいずれかに記載の方法。
(13)(1)~(12)のいずれかに記載の方法により調製された軟骨細胞を含む、軟骨再生医療用組成物。
(14)生体内に移植し、軟骨組織を形成させるために用いられる(13)記載の組成物。
(15)生体内に移植した後、血管網が構築される(14)記載の組成物。
(16)血管網に血管潅流が生じる(15)記載の組成物。
(17)血管網が構築された後、消失し、血管構造を欠く軟骨組織が形成される(16)記載の組成物。
(18)(1)~(12)のいずれかに記載の方法により調製された軟骨細胞、該軟骨細胞から形成された軟骨組織及び/又は該軟骨組織由来の細胞を用いて、医薬品として有効な薬剤をスクリーニングする方法。
(19)(1)~(12)のいずれかに記載の方法により調製された軟骨細胞、該軟骨細胞から形成された軟骨組織及び/又は該軟骨組織由来の細胞を用いて、軟骨細胞が産生する基質を調製する方法。
(20)(1)~(12)のいずれかに記載の方法により調製された軟骨細胞を生体内に移植し、軟骨組織を形成させることを含む、軟骨再生方法。
2.サイトカインなど分化誘導に必要な誘導因子を低減することができ、莫大なコスト削減につながる。
3.軟骨形成細胞の分化誘導に必要な培養期間を短縮することができる。
4.培養時に一定の強度を有した3次元組織が形成されるため、移植直後も形状を保ったまま移植することが可能となる。したがって、移植後に得られる3次元組織の形状予測が一定程度可能となる。
5.軟骨形成細胞の移植生着効率・終末分化誘導効率が高いために、少ない細胞数でも効率的に3次元軟骨を形成することができる。
6.高分子ポリマーなどの足場材料が不要なため、炎症や吸収が生じない。
本明細書は、本願の優先権の基礎である日本国特許出願、特願2013‐58534の明細書および/または図面に記載される内容を包含する。
ゲルのような支持体ではなく、底面に細胞が集まるような形状(例えば、U底形状、V底形状など)のプレート上で軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養することによっても、三次元組織を形成することができる。このようなプレート上では、小型(すなわち、数百μm程度又はそれ以下の大きさ)の三次元組織を形成することができる。このような小型の三次元組織は関節軟骨欠損部への移植に適している。(後述の実施例5、図14)
軟骨形成細胞と血管細胞との共培養開始から1日程度で三次元組織の形成が観察され、さらに培養を続けると(共培養開始から2日程度)、三次元組織に血管構造の形成が認められ、その後(共培養開始から10日程度)、血管構造の消失が起こることが確認されている。
本発明の方法により形成される三次元組織は、ピンセット等で用手圧迫を行っても、組織が破壊されない程度の高い力学的強度を有しうる。
〔実施例1〕ヒト軟骨前駆細胞を用いた弾性軟骨創出
1. 要約
成体軟骨組織は血管や神経を欠く単純な臓器であり、複雑な高次構造を有する固形臓器などと比較して、再生医療の早期実現化が期待される。これまでに様々な組織由来間葉系前駆細胞を用いて、成熟軟骨細胞の分化誘導を試みる研究が多数報告されている。しかし、成長因子を用いる従来の分化誘導法では、軟骨細胞への終末分化誘導効率が低いことが重大な未解決課題となっている。
頭蓋・顎・顔面領域の先天奇形や外傷に起因する変形は、全世界で100万人以上の患者が抱えている極めて重要な解決課題であり、これらの疾患に対する新しい治療法の開発が待ち望まれている1。現在、形成外科領域では顔面の変形や先天性奇形に対して、患者自身の軟骨組織を移植する手術が広く行われている2。組織移植に広く用いられている軟骨組織として肋軟骨が挙げられるが、採取に伴う術後の疼痛や胸部の瘢痕が問題となるばかりでなく、前胸部の変形をきたす症例もある。先天性の変形に対する手術は小児期に行われることが多いため、患者へ対する侵襲は相対的に大きく、その負担は計り知れない。また、軟骨組織移植に伴う経年的な組織変形と吸収や、骨組織移植に伴う経月的な組織吸収も極めて大きな問題となっており臨床的に満足のいく長期成績が得られていない3-7。合成高分子化合物などの医用材料を移植する方法もあるが8-13、それらが人体にとって異物であることから、感染や炎症、皮膚穿孔などが生じることが知られており、これらの問題が未解決である12,13。このような問題点を克服することの可能な新しい治療法として、組織再生工学を用いたヒト弾性軟骨の臨床的再構築法の開発が切望されている。
3-1. クラニアルウインドウの作製
6週齢で雌のNOD/SCIDマウスを、三協ラボサービス株式会社より購入した。購入したマウスは、横浜市立大学 先端医科学研究センター 共同研究支援部門動物実験センター内において飼育・維持され、これらを用いた動物実験に関しては、横浜市立大学福浦キャンパス動物実験指針に則って行った。
クラニアルウインドウ作製は主にYuanらの方法に従い行った39。麻酔はケタラール(Sankyo Yell Yakuhin Co.)90 mg/kg, キシラジン(Sigma Chemical CO.)9 mg/kgを滅菌処理したPBSで1個体200 μlの投与量になるように調製し、大腿部筋肉内注射により実施した(ケタラール・キシラジン混合麻酔)。ケタラールは麻薬管理法に従い使用した。70 %エタノールでNOD/SCIDマウス頭部を消毒し、頭部皮膚を切開し、頭蓋骨表面の骨膜を綿棒により除去したのち、歯科用マイクロドリル(Fine Science Tools)を用いて頭蓋骨を円形に薄削し、慎重に取り除いた。続いてピンセットを用いて硬膜を剥離した。出血した際には、スポンゼル(Astellas Co.)を用いて止血を行った。出血が見られないことを確認した後、生理食塩水(Otuka Pharmaceutical Co.)で脳表面を満たして、直径7 mmの特注円形スライドガラス(MATSUNAMI)を表面に乗せ、コートレープラスチックパウダー(Yoshida)とアロンアルファ(Toagosei CO.)をセメント状になるように混合した接着剤により強固に封入した。
作成されたクラニアルウインドウマウスにケタラール・キシラジン混合麻酔を腹腔投与後、頭部ガラスが水平になるよう仰向けにしたマウスをカバーガラス上にセロハンテープで固定し、GFP-mouse(C57BL/6-Tg(CAG-EGFP))(日本SLC)の未成熟な軟骨組織や細胞の観察を行った40,41。観察には、共焦点顕微鏡(Leica)を用いた。また、マウスの血流を可視化するため、尾静脈から29 Gの注射器(Termo)でfluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran(MW 2,000,000)、tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated dextran (MW 2,000,000)を100μl、マウスの血管構造を可視化するために、尾静脈からAlexaR647-conjugated mouse-specific CD31 antibody(BD Biosciences Pharmingen) 100μl投与した。
摘出した組織、および各発生段階の野生型C57BL/6Jマウス(日本SLC)耳介を、4 %パラホルムアルデヒド(PFA)(Wako)/リン酸緩衝食塩液(PBS)(pH7.4)で4 ℃、2時間固定した。次に、100 mM塩化アンモニウム(Wako)/PBSで4 ℃、10分間、3回洗浄した.そして、15 %スクロース(Wako)/PBSに4 ℃、1 時間浸した後,30%スクロース/PBSで4 ℃、over nightで静置した。O.C.T. Compound(SAKURA Japan)(30 ml)に組織を包埋した。4 ℃、1 時間静置した後、液体窒素で急速凍結し、凍結ブロックを作製した。凍結ブロックをクリオスタットHM 500 O(ZEISS)で5 μmの厚さに薄切し、凍結組織切片を作製した。作成した組織切片は、Alcian Blue染色(武藤化学薬品)、Elastica Van Gieson染色(武藤化学薬品)を行った。
摘出した組織、および各発生段階の野生型C57BL/6Jマウス(日本SLC)耳介を、4 %パラホルムアルデヒド(PFA)(Wako)/リン酸緩衝食塩液(PBS)(pH7.4)で4 ℃、2時間固定した。次に、100 mM塩化アンモニウム(Wako)/PBSで4 ℃、10分間、3回洗浄した。そして、30%スクロース/PBSで4 ℃、over nightで静置し、O.C.T. Compound(SAKURA Japan)(30 ml)に組織を包埋した。30分静置した後、液体窒素で急速凍結し、凍結ブロックを作製した。凍結ブロックをクリオスタットHM 500 O(ZEISS)で5 μmの厚さに薄切し、凍結組織切片を作製した。作成した組織切片を0.1%tween-TBSで洗浄してOCT Compoundを除去後、凍結切片周囲のTBS-Tを拭き取り、染色対象を撥水ペン(DAKO)で囲むように書き、撥水処理を施した。次に、protein block Serum-Free Ready-to-use(Dako)を用い、4 ℃で24時間ブロッキングを行った。一次抗体には、一次抗体は4℃で一晩反応させた。処理後、TBS-Tで5分間3回洗浄し、二次抗体を滴下し、室温で2時間反応させた。TBS-Tで5分間3回洗浄し、DAPIを添加したFA Mounting Fluid(Becton Dickinson)にて核染色および封入を行った。一次抗体および二次抗体の希釈には、protein block Serum-Free Ready-to-use(Dako)を用いた。
また、二次抗体は、
Alexa488 Goat Anti-mouse IgG1(Molecular Probe)(1:500)、
Alexa555 Goat Anti-rabbit IgG(Molecular Probe)(1:500)、
Alexa555 Goat Anti-mouse IgG2b(Molecular Probe)(1:500)、
Alexa555 rabbit Anti-rat IgG2b(Molecular Probe)(1:500)、
Alexa546 Goat Anti-rabbit IgG(Molecular Probe)(1:500)、
を使用した。観察には、蛍光顕微鏡(Zeiss)を用いた。
横浜市立大学附属病院倫理委員会より承認を得て(approval #03-074)、小耳症患者より手術の際に余剰となる残存耳介弾性軟骨を供与頂き、研究を遂行した。
実体顕微鏡下で軟骨膜部、軟骨実質部の2層に分離し、組織を細切にした。その後0.2 %Collagenase TypeII(Worthington)に懸濁・振蕩し、基質を分解し細胞を分離した。その際、軟骨膜組織と軟骨膜は2時間、軟骨組織は10~15時間振蕩した。各組織の細胞懸濁液は100 μmのCell Strainer (BD Falcon)で濾過し、遠心分離 (1500 rpm、4 ℃、5 min)した。上清を除去後、Standard medium( 10 %Fetal Bovine Serum(FBS;GIBCO)、1 %Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(SIGMA)を添加したDULBECCO’S MODIFIED EAGLE’S MEDIUM NUTRIENT MIXTURE F-12 HAM(D-MEM/F-12;SIGMA))で洗浄し、遠心分離(1500 rpm、4 ℃、5 min)を行った。回収した各細胞は、35 mmイージーグリップ細胞培養ディッシュ(FALCON)あるいは60 mm細胞培養ディッシュ(FALCON)に播種した。細胞は気相条件を37 ℃、CO2濃度5 %に設定したインキュベーター内で培養を行った。
正常ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(Normal Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells: HUVEC) (Lonza)の継代は、1×PBSで3回洗浄後、0.05 % Tripysin-EDTA(Gibco)を1 ml注入し、インキュベーター内で1分間静置し、Endothelial Cell Growth Medium SingleQuots Supplements and Growth Factors(EGM)(Lonza)を加えてピペッティングし細胞を回収した。回収した細胞は遠心分離(950 rpm、4 ℃、5 min)を行い、洗浄を行った後、ディッシュに播種し再び培養した。ディッシュがコンフルエントに達した際に同様の継代操作を施行し、その操作を繰り返した。
全ての遺伝子組み換え実験は、横浜市立大学DNA組み換え委員会の了承を得たうえで、P2レベル安全キャビネット内にて施行した。
軟骨膜細胞を4.0×104 cells/cm2の密度で播種し,増殖培地で培養を行った。24時間後に、軟骨膜細胞、HUVECそれぞれを4.0×104 cells/mlの密度で播種したCell Culture Inserts(BD Falcon)を挿入した。12日間培養後、培地にNuc Blue Live Cell Stain(Molecular Probes)一滴添加した。インキュベーター内で10分静置後、IN Cell analyzer2000(GE)で細胞数を測定した。なお、本検討においては、増殖培地としてStandard medium ( 10 %Fetal Bovine Serum(FBS;GIBCO)、1 %Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(SIGMA)を添加したDULBECCO’S MODIFIED EAGLE’S MEDIUM NUTRIENT MIXTURE F-12 HAM(D-MEM/F-12;SIGMA))を用いて培養を行った。
軟骨膜細胞を1.0×105 cells/mlの密度で播種し,増殖培地で培養を行った。24時間後に、軟骨膜細胞、血管内皮細胞それぞれを7.5×104 cells/mlの密度で播種したCell Culture Insert(BD)を挿入した。3日間培養後、培地を除去したディッシュに上記の0.2 %Collagenase溶液を注入し、インキュベーター内で20分静置し、Standard mediumを加え、ピペッティングし細胞を回収した。
耳介軟骨膜細胞を用いて積層化培養によって軟骨細胞へ分化誘導を行った。軟骨膜細胞を2.5×104 cells/cm2に調整し細胞培養ディッシュ(FALCON)に播種した。播種後2日間、Standard mediumで培養し、細胞の接着を促した後、軟骨分化誘導培地を用いて5日間培養した。軟骨分化誘導培地は10 %FBS(GIBCO)、1 % Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution、L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate(WAKO)、Dexamethasone(SIGMA)、Insulin Growth Factor-I(SIGMA)、basic Fibroblast Growth Factor(科研製薬)を含有するD-MEM/F-12 medium(SIGMA)である。軟骨分化誘導培地を用い7日間培養を行った後、別に用意した細胞を5×104 cells/cm2に調整し、上から播種し積層化した。2層目を播種後、1層目と同様に2日間はStandard mediumで培養を行い、その後軟骨分化誘導培地を用いて5日間培養を行った。この操作をもう一度繰り返し、計3層に重層化した。なお、細胞の培養はすべて、気相条件を37℃、CO2濃度5%に設定したインキュベーター内で行った。分化させた各細胞は、セルスクレイパー(IWAKI)を用いて剥離した。クラニアルウインドウ内に移植し、共焦点顕微鏡を用い観察を行った。
24-well plateに150 μmのEGMとMatrigelをそれぞれ添加し、インキュベーター内で30分静置した。1.0×105 cells/mlの軟骨膜細胞、HUVECの各細胞懸濁液を混合し、遠心分離(950 rpm、4 ℃、5 min)を行い、回収した細胞を少量の増殖培地でウェルに播種した。5~20分静置後、Endothelial Cell Growth Medium SingleQuots Supplements and Growth Factors(EGM)よりEGF添加を行わない培地(EGM-ΔEGF)(lonza)を1 ml添加し、1日毎にEGMを交換し、3日間培養した。なお、10 %Fetal Bovine Serum(FBS;GIBCO)、1 %Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(SIGMA)を添加したDULBECCO’S MODIFIED EAGLE’S MEDIUM NUTRIENT MIXTURE F-12 HAM(D-MEM/F-12;SIGMA))を用いて培養を行った。
誘導した三次元組織をクラニアルウインドウ内に移植し、肉眼および共焦点顕微鏡によるライブイメージングを実施するとともに、移植15、30、60日後に摘出し、組織化学染色を行った。
Alcian Blue染色した組織切片を、HSオールインワン蛍光顕微鏡(KEYENCE)により組織全体像の画像を取得し、Image J (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/)により、陽性領域を定量した42。
データは、少なくとも3人以上の独立した検体による実験から得たmean±s.d.を表記した。統計学的解析には、まず3あるいは4群のデータに対しKruskal Wallis-H testを行い、P<0.01と判定された場合に、 Mann-Whitney’s U test with Bonferroni correctionによる多重比較検定を行った。有意確率P値がP<0.001またはP<0.01を満たす場合を統計学的有意差ありと判定した。
4-1. 軟骨形成プロセスの追尾定点観察
E17.5のEGFP遺伝子改変マウスの耳介軟骨をクラニアルウインドウ内に移植し、共焦点顕微鏡を用いたライブイメージングを行うことで、軟骨前駆細胞が成熟軟骨細胞に分化するまでの追尾観察を行った。肉眼観察で、移植後1、2目に、移植片の血管とホストマウスの血管の吻合が起き始めていることを確認できた。しかし、移植後5日目以降は、完全に血管が吻合していることが確認された。移植後5日目から血管が徐々に退行していき、移植後11日目には、ほぼ完全に血管が移植片から退行していた(図2A)。tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated dextranとAlexa647-conjugated mouse specific CD31 (mCD31) antibody を血管内に投与することでマウスの血管内皮細胞と血流を可視化したところ、移植後3日に、血流を有した血管が移植した耳介軟骨に侵入していることが確認できた。移植後7日には、一部の血管内皮細胞だけ残し、血管網は退行していた (図2B)。 同時に、円形の形態をしている軟骨前駆細胞が、軟骨細胞と同様な敷石状の形態へと変化していた。移植後10日には、移植した耳介軟骨からは血管が完全に退行していた(図2B)。移植後20日に、軟骨組織を包むように血管を有した軟骨膜組織を形成し、軟骨組織を構成する細胞は敷石状の形態を示した(図2B)。先行研究により、成体のヒトとマウス両方の耳介の軟骨膜組織に、高い軟骨分化能を有している軟骨前駆細胞が存在していることを明らかになっている。移植後20日経過した移植した耳介軟骨は弾性軟骨を形成しているかを組織学的解析により確認したところ、Alcian Blue染色によってプロテオグリカンを産生する軟骨組織が形成され、弾性繊維を染色するElastica Van Gieson染色により、弾性軟骨が形成したことが示された(図2C)。肉眼で、血管退行が起き始めている移植後5日目以降から、移植した発生初期の耳介軟骨が成長していくことが確認できた(図2A)。
血管内皮細胞を支持している基底膜の構成タンパク質であるラミニン、血管内皮細胞マーカーであるmCD31により、E18.5、P0、P2、P10、P30の発達段階の耳介軟骨をクリオスタットで凍結組織切片を作製し、免疫組織化学染色を行った。E18.5の段階で、ラミニン、mCD31を発現する細胞が軟骨形成予定部位に存在していた。P0では、E18.5と比較して血管が多く存在し、P2で最も多くの血管を確認できた。一方で、P10では、血管をわずかに観察することができたが、P30では全く観察することは出来なかった(図3A)。P0、P2、P10、P30の段階での、ラミニン、mCD31を発現する血管と軟骨前駆細胞との距離を測定したところ、P2で最も短い距離(17.8 μm)を計測した (図3B)。
軟骨再構築過程においても血管の侵入が起きているかを検証した。成長因子を添加した分化培地を用い、重層化させることにより、軟骨前駆細胞に軟骨分化誘導を行った。培養上清が粘性を帯びたときに、セルスクレイパーを用いて細胞を回収し、ペレット化することで、クラニアルウインドウに移植した(図4A)。fluorescent-conjugated dextranを血管内に投与することで血流を可視化したところ、10日後に移植したペレットに血管が侵入していき、移植30日後まで血管は侵入したままであった。60日後になると、移植したペレットから血管は完全に退行した(図4B) 。軟骨前駆細胞が成熟軟骨細胞へ分化したかを、組織学的解析により確認したところ、血管が侵入していた移植後10日ではAlcian Blue染色で染色されることはなかったが、移植後30日ではわずかに青色を呈していた。血管の完全に退行している移植後60日後には、濃い青色に染色されており、プロテオグリカンを産生する成熟軟骨細胞へと分化していることが確認できた。
血管が侵入する発生初期の耳介軟骨において、細胞が増殖しているかを検討した。血管が侵入していたP0、P2と、完全に血管が退行していたP30の耳介軟骨を用いて、Ki67とCD44により免疫組織化学染色を行った。増殖中の軟骨前駆細胞を、軟骨前駆細胞の特異的マーカーとして我々が報告しているCD4443と細胞増殖マーカーであるki67により観察した。血管が侵入していた段階であるP0、P2において、Ki67陽性細胞を観察することができ、最も血管の侵入していたP2の段階で最もKi67陽性細胞を確認できた。血管の退行しているP30では、Ki67陽性細胞は観察できなかった(図5)。次に、軟骨前駆細胞を低密度で播種し、Transwell assayによりヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞(Normal Human Umbilical Vascular Endothelial Cells: HUVEC)と共培養することで、血管内皮細胞による軟骨前駆細胞の増殖能への影響を評価した。コントロールとして、間葉系幹細胞、繊維芽細胞や軟骨細胞と共培養を行った。共培養を始めて12日後、HUVECと共培養したものは細胞が密な状態に成り、ほぼコンフルエントになった。In cell analyzerにより細胞数を定量したところ、軟骨前駆細胞のみでは約2500 cells/cm2であったのに対して、HUVECと共培養を行った軟骨前駆細胞では約4000 cells/cm2であった。また、間葉系幹細胞、繊維芽細胞や軟骨細胞と共培養を行ったが、軟骨前駆細胞の増殖能への影響は見られなかった(図6A)。次に、フローサイトメトリーを用いて、共培養することによる細胞の表面抗原の変化を解析した。先行研究により、CD44+ CD90+細胞がヒト軟骨前駆細胞であると同定している。内皮細胞と共培養して12日後、コントロールである軟骨前駆細胞のみでは、CD44+ CD90+細胞は全体の0.79 %であったのに対して、HUVECと共培養することでCD44+ CD90+細胞は、12.44 %へと増加した (図6B)。
軟骨前駆細胞と内皮細胞との相互作用を再現することによる、足場材料や成長因子を使わない三次元培養系を開発した。ヒト軟骨前駆細胞とHUVECをマトリゲル上で共培養すると、播種後12時間で細胞が少しずつ凝集していき、48時間後には直径約3 mmの三次元構造を自律的に形成した(図7A)。この三次元組織は、一定の力学強度を有しており、形状を崩すことなく、薬さじで掬い上げることでマウスのクラニアルウインドウ内に移植することが出来た。肉眼で、E17.5のマウスの未成熟な耳介軟骨を移植した時と同様に、移植後3日に、移植片への血流が再開し始めた。移植後10日後には、完全にHUVECとマウスの血管が吻合することで、移植片内に血管網が構築されていることが確認でき、一過性血管侵入を再現することが出来た(図7B)。血管侵入している部位を追尾観察していくと、移植後30日では、血管網が完全に無くなり、軟骨前駆細胞は、軟骨細胞と同様な敷石状の形態に変化したことから、軟骨前駆細胞は、成熟軟骨細胞へ分化したと考えられる。ライブイメージング解析でも同様に、移植後3日にはHUVECが血管網を構築し、移植後30日には完全に退行することが確認できた。移植した三次元組織が軟骨組織を形成したかを、組織学的解析により確認したところ、血管が侵入していた移植後3日ではAlcian Blue染色により染色されることはなかったが、移植後15日では一部分が青く染色された。血管の完全に退行した移植後30日後には、一部が濃い青色に染色されており、移植後60日後には、移植した三次元組織の大部分がAlcian Blueにより濃青色に染色された(図7C)。このことから、軟骨前駆細胞とHUVECを共培養することで構築した三次元組織が、プロテオグリカンを産生する軟骨組織を形成したことが確認できた。また、移植後30日の段階で、サフラニンO染色でも軟骨が再構築していること確認でき、Elastica Van Gieson染色により形成した軟骨は弾性軟骨であることが確認できた。免疫組織化学染色により、再構築した軟骨は、アグリカン陽性である軟骨組織を包み込むように、I型コラーゲン陽性である軟骨膜組織を有していることが示された 。また、hCD31の免疫組織化学染色により、再構築した軟骨膜組織に血管内皮細胞が存在していることが示された(図7D)。
軟骨が成熟することに、マウス由来の血管と血液灌流が必須であるか明らかにするために、0.45 μmのポアサイズのナノメッシュを軟骨前駆細胞とHUVECを共培養することで構築した三次元組織と脳の間に挟み、マウスの血流が移植片に作用しない、血流阻害移植モデルを確立した(図8A)。移植後15日においても、移植した三次元組織の周囲に血流がないことが確認できた(図8B)。ライブイメージングにより、移植後3日には多くのHUVECが存在しているが、移植後7日目にはHUVECは減衰していき、移植後10日目にはほとんどのHUVECが死滅していた。また、HUVECの減衰に伴い、移植後11日には軟骨前駆細胞自体も死滅していた(図8C)。血液灌流を阻害することで、軟骨前駆細胞は、生着しないことが示された。また、免疫組織化学染色により、移植15日後の血液灌流を阻害した移植した三次元組織では、軟骨の基質であるII型コラーゲンが陰性であり、アポトーシス過程における中心的酵素であるcaspase3が陽性であることが確認できた(図8D)。一方で、血液灌流を阻害していない場合は、caspase3陽性の細胞は検出されず、II型コラーゲン陽性である軟骨組織を形成した。
従来法であるペレット移植法44と、軟骨前駆細胞とHUVECを共培養することで構築した三次元組織との軟骨再構築の効率を比較するために、同一のクラニアルウインドウマウスの左脳に軟骨前駆細胞とHUVECを共培養することで構築した三次元組織、右脳にペレットを移植した(図9A)。アルシアンブルー染色により、移植後10日で、ペレットは青色に染色されなかったが、共培養することで形成した三次元組織は青色に染色された。このことから、HUVECと共培養することで、プロテオグリカンを産生する成熟軟骨細胞へと軟骨前駆細胞を高効率に分化させることが示唆された。移植後30日になると、共培養することで構築した三次元組織は、プロテオグリカンを多く産生している軟骨組織を形成していることがわかった。移植後60日には、共培養することで構築した三次元組織の大部分がAlcian Blue染色により濃く青色に染色されたため、終末分化した成熟軟骨組織を形成したことが確認できた。対照的に、従来法では移植したペレットに対して一部分でしか、プロテオグリカンを産生する軟骨組織を形成しなかった(図9A)。このことは、HUVECと共培養した軟骨前駆細胞の方がより効率的に軟骨を再構築していることを示している。 アルシアンブルー陽性領域を定量化するために、青色に染色されている部位をimage Jより抽出して、面積を測定した(図9B) 。軟骨前駆細胞とHUVECを共培養することで構築した三次元組織では、アルシアンブルー陽性領域は、移植後10日で約100,000 μm2、移植後30日で約130,000 μm2、移植後60日では約250,000 μm2であった。一方で、従来法であるペレット移植法では、移植後10日で約35,000 μm2、移植後30日で約20,000 μm2、移植後60日では約80,000 μm2の面積の軟骨組織を形成した。比較すると、共培養することで構築した三次元組織では、移植後10日で2.85倍、移植後30日で6.5倍、移植後60日では3.27倍の面積の軟骨組織を形成したことが示された(図9C)。
軟骨組織は、軟骨細胞とそれを取り囲む細胞外基質からなる支持器官である。結合組織や骨組織といった他の支持組織と異なり、軟骨組織の細胞間質内には血管、リンパ管、神経などが存在しない45,46。そのため、複雑な高次構造を有する固形臓器などと比較して、再生医療の早期実現化が期待される領域である47,48。本研究では、軟骨形成プロセスをライブイメージングにより追尾観察することで、軟骨前駆細胞の分化段階において、従来不要と考えられていた血管が一過性に侵入することを見出した。移植した発生初期の耳介軟骨が、血管が侵入した直後に膨化したことから、軟骨前駆細胞が急激に増殖していると考えられる。血管が侵入する時期の耳介軟骨において、間葉系幹細胞の特異的マーカーとして報告されているCD44を発現している細胞を観察でき、その中の一部の細胞がKi67陽性を示した。そこで、軟骨前駆細胞と血管内皮細胞を共培養したところ、軟骨前駆細胞であるCD44+ CD90+細胞が増殖亢進していることが明らかになった。
1. Chang, S.C., Tobias, G., Roy, A.K., Vacanti, C.A. & Bonassar, L.J. Tissue engineering of autologous cartilage for craniofacial reconstruction by injection molding. Plast Reconstr Surg 112, 793-799; discussion 800-791 (2003).
2. Beahm, E.K. & Walton, R.L. Auricular reconstruction for microtia: part I. Anatomy, embryology, and clinical evaluation. Plast Reconstr Surg 109, 2473-2482; quiz following 2482 (2002).
3. Firmin, F., Sanger, C. & O'Toole, G. Ear reconstruction following severe complications of otoplasty. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg (2008).
4. Kline, R.M., Jr. & Wolfe, S.A. Complications associated with the harvesting of cranial bone grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 95, 5-13; discussion 14-20 (1995).
5. Laurie, S.W., Kaban, L.B., Mulliken, J.B. & Murray, J.E. Donor-site morbidity after harvesting rib and iliac bone. Plast Reconstr Surg 73, 933-938 (1984)
6. Skouteris, C.A. & Sotereanos, G.C. Donor site morbidity following harvesting of autogenous rib grafts. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 47, 808-812 (1989).
7. Whitaker, L.A., et al. Combined report of problems and complications in 793 craniofacial operations. Plast Reconstr Surg 64, 198-203 (1979).
8. Eppley, B.L. & Dadvand, B. Injectable soft-tissue fillers: clinical overview. Plast Reconstr Surg 118, 98e-106e (2006).
9. Matton, G., Anseeuw, A. & De Keyser, F. The history of injectable biomaterials and the biology of collagen. Aesthetic Plast Surg 9, 133-140 (1985).
10. Nagata, S. Modification of the stages in total reconstruction of the auricle: Part I. Grafting the three-dimensional costal cartilage framework for lobule-type microtia. Plast Reconstr Surg 93, 221-230; discussion 267-228 (1994).
11. Maas, C.S., Monhian, N. & Shah, S.B. Implants in rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg 13, 279-290 (1997).
12. Matarasso, A., Elias, A.C. & Elias, R.L. Labial incompetence: a marker for progressive bone resorption in silastic chin augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg 98, 1007-1014; discussion 1015 (1996).
13. Zeng, Y., Wu, W., Yu, H., Yang, J. & Chen, G. Silicone implants in augmentation rhinoplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 26, 85-88 (2002).
14. Berry, L., Grant, M.E., McClure, J. & Rooney, P. Bone-marrow-derived chondrogenesis in vitro. J Cell Sci 101 ( Pt 2), 333-342 (1992).
15. Ma, H.L., Hung, S.C., Lin, S.Y., Chen, Y.L. & Lo, W.H. Chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in alginate beads. J Biomed Mater Res A 64, 273-281 (2003).
16. Terada, S., Fuchs, J.R., Yoshimoto, H., Fauza, D.O. & Vacanti, J.P. In vitro cartilage regeneration from proliferated adult elastic chondrocytes. Ann Plast Surg 55, 196-201 (2005).
17. Goessler, U. R. et al. Tissue engineering in head and neck reconstructive surgery: what type of tissue do we need? Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 264, 1343-1356, (2007).
18. Caplan, A. I. Review: mesenchymal stem cells: cell-based reconstructive therapy in orthopedics. Tissue Eng 11, 1198-1211, (2005).
19. Shieh, S.J., Terada, S. & Vacanti, J.P. Tissue engineering auricular reconstruction: in vitro and in vivo studies. Biomaterials 25, 1545-1557 (2004).
20. Togo, T., et al. Identification of cartilage progenitor cells in the adult ear perichondrium: utilization for cartilage reconstruction. Lab Invest 86, 445-457 (2006).
21. Dickhut, A., et al. Calcification or dedifferentiation: requirement to lock mesenchymal stem cells in a desired differentiation stage. J Cell Physiol 219, 219-226 (2009).
22. Afizah, H., Yang, Z., Hui, J.H., Ouyang, H.W. & Lee, E.H. A comparison between the chondrogenic potential of human bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) taken from the same donors. Tissue Eng 13, 659-666 (2007).
23. Koga, H., et al. Comparison of mesenchymal tissues-derived stem cells for in vivo chondrogenesis: suitable conditions for cell therapy of cartilage defects in rabbit. Cell Tissue Res 333, 207-215 (2008).
24. Sakaguchi, Y., Sekiya, I., Yagishita, K. & Muneta, T. Comparison of human stem cells derived from various mesenchymal tissues: superiority of synovium as a cell source. Arthritis Rheum 52, 2521-2529 (2005).
25. Kobayashi, S. et al. Presence of cartilage stem/progenitor cells in adult mice auricular perichondrium. PLoS One 6, e26393, (2011).
26. Kobayashi, S. et al. Reconstruction of human elastic cartilage by a CD44+ CD90+ stem cell in the ear perichondrium. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108, 14479-14484, (2011).
27. Gospodarowicz D, Weseman J, Moran J. Presence in brain of a mitogenic agent promoting proliferation of myoblasts in low density culture. Nature 256,216-219, (1975)
28. Klagsbrun M, Langer R, Levenson R, Smith S, Lillehei C. The stimulation of DNA synthesis and cell division in chondrocytes and 3T3 cells by a growth factor isolated from cartilage. Exp Cell Res 105, 99-108, (1977)
29. Shiang R, Thompson LM, Zhu YZ, Church DM, Fielder TJ, Bocian M, Winokur ST, Wasmuth JJ. Mutations in the transmembrane domain of FGFR3 cause the most common genetic form of dwarfism, achondroplasia. Cell 29, 335-342, (1994)
30. Deng C, Wynshaw-Boris A, Zhou F, Kuo A, Leder P. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is a negative regulator of bone growth. Cell 22, 911-921, (1996)
31. Serra R, Johnson M, Filvaroff EH, LaBorde J, Sheehan DM, Derynck R, Moses HL. Expression of a truncated, kinase-defective TGF-beta type II receptor in mouse skeletal tissue promotes terminal chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis. J Cell Biol 20,541-552, (1997)
32. Furumatsu, T. et al. Smad3 induces chondrogenesis through the activation of SOX9 via CREB-binding protein/p300 recruitment. J. Biol. Chem 280, 8343-8350, (2005)
33. Garcia-Ramirez, M., Toran, N., Andaluz, P., Carrascosa, A. & Audi, L. Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in human fetal growth cartilage. J Bone Miner Res 15, 534-540, (2000).
34. Gerber, H. P. et al. VEGF couples hypertrophic cartilage remodeling, ossification and angiogenesis during endochondral bone formation. Nature medicine 5, 623-628, (1999).
35. Furukawa, T., Eyre, D. R., Koide, S. & Glimcher, M. J. Biochemical studies on repair cartilage resurfacing experimental defects in the rabbit knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 62, 79-89, (1980).
36. L. Danisovic, P. Lesny, V. Havlas, P. Teyssler, Z. Syrova, M. Kopani, G. Fujerikova, T. Trc, E. Sykova, P. Jendelova. Chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J. Appl. Biomed 5, 139-150, (2007)
37. Havlas V, Kos P, Jendelova P, Lesny P, Trc T, Sykova E. Comparison of chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells with cultured chondrocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Chir. Orthop. Traumatol. Cech 78, 138-144, (2011)
38. K.H. Park, K. Na. Effect of growth factors on chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit mesenchymal cells embedded in injectable hydrogels. J. Biosci. Bioeng 106, 74-79, (2008)
39. Yuan F. Jain RK et al. Vascular permeability and microcirculation of gliomas and mammary carcinomas transplanted in rat and mouse cranial windows. Cancer Res 54, 4564-8, (1994)
40. Koike, N. et al. Tissue engineering: creation of long-lasting blood vessels. Nature 428, 138-139, (2004).
41. Takebe, T. et al. Generation of functional human vascular network.
Transplant Proc 44, 1130-1133, (2012).
42. Horvatic, I. et al. Prognostic significance of glomerular and tubulointerstitial morphometry in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Pathol Res Pract 208, 662-667, (2012).
43. Aruffo, A., Stamenkovic, I., Melnick, M., Underhill, C. B. & Seed, B. CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate. Cell 61, 1303-1313, (1990).
44. Wang, Y., Kim, U. J., Blasioli, D. J., Kim, H. J. & Kaplan, D. L. In vitro cartilage tissue engineering with 3D porous aqueous-derived silk scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 26, 7082-7094, (2005).
45. NewmanAP. Articular cartilage repair. Am J Sports Med 26, 309-324(1998)
46. Hollander, A. P., Dickinson, S. C. & Kafienah, W. Stem cells and cartilage development: complexities of a simple tissue. Stem Cells 28, 1992-1996, (2010).
47. Langer, R. & Vacanti, J. P. Tissue engineering. Science 260, 920-926, (1993).
48. Khademhosseini, A., Vacanti, J. P. & Langer, R. Progress in tissue engineering. Sci Am 300, 64-71, (2009).
49. Ding, B. S. et al. Inductive angiocrine signals from sinusoidal endothelium are required for liver regeneration. Nature 468, 310-315, (2010).
50. Ding, B. S. et al. Endothelial-derived angiocrine signals induce and sustain regenerative lung alveolarization. Cell 147, 539-553, (2011).
51. Lammert, E., Cleaver, O. & Melton, D. Role of endothelial cells in early pancreas and liver development. Mech Dev 120, 59-64, (2003).
52. Matsumoto, K., Yoshitomi, H., Rossant, J. & Zaret, K. S. Liver organogenesis promoted by endothelial cells prior to vascular function. Science 294, 559-563, (2001).
53. Takebe, T. et al. Human elastic cartilage engineering from cartilage progenitor cells using rotating wall vessel bioreactor. Transplant Proc44, 1158-1161, (2012).
実施例1で採取、継代した軟骨膜細胞 3x106 cellsと血管内皮細胞 1x106 cellsを、実施例1と同じ培養条件で、硬さ条件:0.5kPaのゲル(細胞培養用ハイドロゲル 評価用サンプルプレート(VERITAS))上で培養した。初日、培養1日目、2日目の三次元組織形成の状態を図10に示す。
軟骨膜細胞 3x104 cellsと血管内皮細胞 1x104 cellsを、U底形状を有するPrimeSurface 96well細胞培養用培養基材(住友ベークライト)で培養した(図12A)。三次元組織の培養には、軟骨分化誘導培地を用いた。(10 %FBS(GIBCO)、1 % Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution、L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate(WAKO)、Dexamethasone(SIGMA)、Insulin Growth Factor-I(SIGMA)、basic Fibroblast Growth Factor(科研製薬)を含有するD-MEM/F-12 medium(SIGMA))初日、培養2日目の三次元組織形成の状態を図12Bに示す。播種された軟骨膜細胞は自律的に凝集を開始し、翌日には400μm程度の球状の三次元組織を形成した。これらはピペット操作などで容易に、形状を保ったまま回収が可能であった。
実施例1と同様の方法で、軟骨膜細胞 3x106 cellsと血管内皮細胞 1x106 cellsを、Matrigel(BD)上で共培養することにより形成された4mm大の三次元組織100個を薬匙により回収し、NOD SCIDマウス(三協ラボ)の皮下へ移植を行った。その状態を図13に示す。図13のAは皮下に大量に三次元組織を配置した状態を示し、図13のBは薬匙によって回収を行っている30個程度の三次元組織を示す。
実施例3と同様の方法で、軟骨膜細胞 3x104 cellsと血管内皮細胞 1x104 cellsから形成された400μm大の三次元組織600個を、免疫不全ラット(日本クレア)の関節軟骨表面に作成した3mm大の軟骨欠損部位に移植を行った。その状態を図14に示す。図14のAは関節欠損部位に大量に回収した400μm程度の三次元組織をピペットにより移植操作を行っている状態を示す。図14のBは移植直後の関節欠損部位を示す。移植後20分程度静置し、三次元組織が流れ出ない状態になった後、閉創を行った。
10cmイージーグリップ細胞培養ディッシュ(FALCON)で培養を行った軟骨形成細胞と、ゲル上で血管内皮細胞と共培養を行った軟骨形成細胞の遺伝子発現を、Realtime PCRにより解析を行った。血管内皮細胞との共培養により、未(脱)分化マーカーであるCollagen I遺伝子の発現が減弱し(図15、左)、軟骨分化マーカーであるSOX9とAggrecanの発現が増強した(図15、右)。
軟骨膜細胞 3x106 cellsと血管内皮細胞 1x106 cellsを、Matrigel(BD)上でEndothelial Cell Growth Medium SingleQuots Supplements and Growth Factors(EGM)(lonza)で2日間共培養を行うことにより4mm大の三次元組織が形成され、血管構造の形成を認めた。さらにその後、増殖培地( 10 %Fetal Bovine Serum(FBS;GIBCO)、1 %Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution(SIGMA)を添加したDULBECCO’S MODIFIED EAGLE’S MEDIUM NUTRIENT MIXTURE F-12 HAM(D-MEM/F-12;SIGMA))、または、軟骨分化誘導培地(10 %FBS(GIBCO)、1 % Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution、L-ascorbic acid 2-phosphate(WAKO)、Dexamethasone(SIGMA)、Insulin Growth Factor-I(SIGMA)、basic Fibroblast Growth Factor(科研製薬)を含有するD-MEM/F-12 medium(SIGMA))で10日程度培養を行うことで、血管構造が消失することが確認された。これらは30日以上の長期にわたって培養を行うことが可能であった。
10%DMSO、5% ethylene glycol、10% sucrose含有増殖培地によるガラス化法による急速凍結法、および、TCプロテクター(大日本住友製薬株式会社)を用いることによる緩慢凍結法、による3次元組織の凍結実験を実施した。
方法
24-well plateに次の複数種類の支持体をゲル化し、固着した。
1.Matrigel原液~希釈率(16倍希釈まで)。
2.4~0.5%アガロースゲル。
3.I型コラーゲンゲル(BD Bioscience)。
上記に示す様々な支持体上に、2.0×106cellsの軟骨膜細胞,0.6×106cellsのHUVECの各細胞懸濁液を混合し,遠心分離(950 rpm、4 ℃、5 min)ののちに,回収した細胞をウェルに播種した。30分静置後,EGMを1 ml添加し,3日間培養した。
血管化軟骨作製に用いる支持体条件の検討結果を図16に示す。
A) マトリゲルの希釈率を検討した結果、8倍希釈まで血管化軟骨を作製することが可能であった。
B) アガロースゲルを用いた条件ではいずれの場合においても血管化軟骨の形成を認めなかった。
C) I型コラーゲンを用いた場合においても血管化軟骨の形成を認めなかった。
方法
・血管化軟骨の凍結(図17A)
TC protectorを凍結用tubeに分注(200~1000ul/tube)した。その後、24-well plateで誘導した三次元組織を浸漬し、4℃にて数時間からover nightしたのちに、-80℃にて緩慢凍結を行った。
なお、急速凍結(ガラス化)法を用いる場合には、10% DMSO, 5% ethylene glycol, 及び 10% sucrose 添加した組織をEGM培地に15~20分浸したのちに、2M DMSO, 1 M acetamide, 3M propylene glycol添加を行ったDMEM/F12(bFGF, IGF, Dex, Ascorbic Acid, ITS-X, 10%FBS, 1%ABAM)培地(200 ul/tube)に移した。その後直ちに液体窒素に浸し、液体窒素タンクにて保存を行った。
・血管化軟骨の融解(図17B)
・融解を行ったヒト血管化軟骨の皮下移植(図17C)
摘出した組織を、4 %パラホルムアルデヒド(PFA)(Wako)/リン酸緩衝食塩液(PBS)(pH7.4)で4 ℃、2時間固定した。次に、100 mM塩化アンモニウム(Wako)/PBSで4 ℃、10分間、3回洗浄した。そして、15 %スクロース(Wako)/PBSに4 ℃、1 時間浸した後,30%スクロース/PBSで4 ℃、over nightで静置した。O.C.T. Compound(SAKURA Japan)(30 ml)に組織を包埋した。4 ℃、1 時間静置した後、液体窒素で急速凍結し、凍結ブロックを作製した。凍結ブロックをクリオスタットHM 500 O(ZEISS)で5 μmの厚さに薄切し、凍結組織切片を作製した。作製した組織切片は、Alcian Blue染色(武藤化学薬品)、Elastica Van Gieson染色(武藤化学薬品)を行った。
血管化軟骨の凍結工程の様子を図17Aに示す。左;培養皿内で形成された組織、中;薬さじにて回収した様子、右;凍結用溶媒(TC Protector)に回収した組織を浸漬した凍結直前の様子。図17Bは、凍結後、1か月後に融解を行ったヒト血管化軟骨の肉眼観察を示す。図17Cは、融解を行ったヒト血管化軟骨の皮下移植サンプルの組織学的解析を示す。免疫不全マウス背部の皮下へ移植を行ったサンプルの組織学的解析の結果、移植を行ったヒト血管化軟骨は、アルシアンブルーおよびII型コラーゲン抗体によって染色される軟骨基質を含有する軟骨組織を再構築することが明らかとなった。
方法
24-well plateに150 μmのEGMとMatrigelをそれぞれ添加し, インキュベーター内で30分静置した。2.0×106cellsの軟骨膜細胞, 0.6×106cellsのHUVECの各細胞懸濁液を混合し,遠心分離(950 rpm、4 ℃、5 min)を行い,回収した細胞をウェルに播種した。30分静置後, EGMを1 ml添加し, 3日間培養した。誘導した三次元組織を培養ベッセルに播種し,三次元培養用軟骨分化培地(DMEM/F12, Dexamethasone, ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, bFGF, IGF-1, ITS-X, 1% Antibiotic Antimycotic Solution)により,気相条件を37 ℃,CO2濃度5 %に設定したインキュベーター内でRWV bioreactor(Synthecon)により回転培養を行った。回転速度は 7~12rpmに調整した。60日間の軟骨分化培養の後,5mm~1cm大の大きさを有する細胞塊を回収し,ピンセット等で用手圧迫を行うことで力学的強度の確認を行った。強度が充分であることを確認のうえ,免疫不全マウスの頭部へと移植した。
図18は、長期培養血管化軟骨の組織学的解析を示す。作製した血管化軟骨を60日間にわたり長期培養することにより、血管を含む軟骨膜組織と血管が排除された軟骨組織の形成を認めた。左上;形成された組織の肉眼像、右上;免疫染色により中心部は軟骨マーカーであるAggrecanを発現し、周囲にはLamininが存在することを示す。下段左;免疫染色拡大図、下段中;HE染色、下段右;アルシアンブルー染色。誘導を行った三次元組織はピンセットで用手圧迫を行っても、組織が破壊されない高い力学的強度を有していた。
Claims (20)
- 軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養することを含む、軟骨細胞の調製方法。
- 軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養することで、軟骨形成細胞が増幅する請求項1記載の方法。
- 支持体上で軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養することにより、三次元組織が形成される請求項1又は2記載の方法。
- 支持体が0.5~25 kPaの硬度を有する基材である請求項3記載の方法。
- 底面に細胞が集まるような形状のプレート上で軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養することにより、三次元組織が形成される請求項1又は2記載の方法。
- 線維芽細胞増殖因子2(bFGF(FGF2))、線維芽細胞増殖因子4(FGF4)、線維芽細胞増殖因子5(FGF5)、骨形成因子2(BMP2)、骨形成因子3(BMP3)、骨形成因子4(BMP4)、骨形成因子6(BMP6)、結合組織増殖因子(CTGF)、トランスフォーミング増殖因子β1(TGF-β1)、トランスフォーミング増殖因子β2(TGF-β2)、トランスフォーミング増殖因子β3(TGF-β3)、インスリン様成長因子1(IGF-1)、肝細胞増殖因子(HGF)、アグリカン(Aggrecan)、ヒアルロン酸(Hyaluronic Acid)、内皮細胞成長因子(ECGF)、内皮細胞増殖因子(ECGS)、内皮細胞由来成長因子(ECDGF)、上皮成長因子(EGF)、酸性繊維芽細胞成長因子(acidic FGF)、マクロファージ由来成長因子(MDGF)、血小板由来成長因子(PDGF)、腫瘍血管新生因子(TAF)、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)ウシ脳抽出液(BBE)、ウシ脳下垂体抽出液(BPE)、糖質コルチコイド、コレステロール、各種ビタミンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1つの成分の存在下で、軟骨形成細胞を血管細胞と共培養する請求項1~5のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 軟骨形成細胞と血管細胞を1:0.3~1の混合比で共培養する請求項1~6のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 軟骨形成細胞が、軟骨細胞、未熟軟骨細胞、軟骨前駆細胞又は軟骨幹細胞である請求項1~7のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 軟骨細胞が、肋骨軟骨、鼻軟骨、耳軟骨、気管軟骨、喉頭軟骨、甲状軟骨、披裂軟骨、環状軟骨、腱、靭帯、関節間軟骨及び椎間板からなる群より選択される組織から得られたものである請求項8記載の方法。
- 未熟軟骨細胞、軟骨前駆細胞又は軟骨幹細胞が、軟骨、軟骨膜、骨髄、胎盤、臍帯、皮膚、筋肉、脂肪及び骨膜からなる群より選択される組織から得られたものである請求項8記載の方法。
- 軟骨形成細胞と血管細胞が同じ個体に由来する請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 軟骨形成細胞と血管細胞が異なる個体に由来する請求項1~10のいずれかに記載の方法。
- 請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の方法により調製された軟骨細胞を含む、軟骨再生医療用組成物。
- 生体内に移植し、軟骨組織を形成させるために用いられる請求項13記載の組成物。
- 生体内に移植した後、血管網が構築される請求項14記載の組成物。
- 血管網に血管潅流が生じる請求項15記載の組成物。
- 血管網が構築された後、消失し、血管構造を欠く軟骨組織が形成される請求項16記載の組成物。
- 請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の方法により調製された軟骨細胞、該軟骨細胞から形成された軟骨組織及び/又は該軟骨組織由来の細胞を用いて、医薬品として有効な薬剤をスクリーニングする方法。
- 請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の方法により調製された軟骨細胞、該軟骨細胞から形成された軟骨組織及び/又は該軟骨組織由来の細胞を用いて、軟骨細胞が産生する基質を調製する方法。
- 請求項1~12のいずれかに記載の方法により調製された軟骨細胞を生体内に移植し、軟骨組織を形成させることを含む、軟骨再生方法。
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/778,700 US10100274B2 (en) | 2013-03-21 | 2014-03-20 | Method for preparing chondrocytes |
JP2015506846A JP6341574B2 (ja) | 2013-03-21 | 2014-03-20 | 軟骨細胞の調製方法 |
EP14769212.3A EP2977448B1 (en) | 2013-03-21 | 2014-03-20 | Method for preparing chondrocytes |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2013058534 | 2013-03-21 | ||
JP2013-058534 | 2013-03-21 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2014148592A1 true WO2014148592A1 (ja) | 2014-09-25 |
Family
ID=51580262
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2014/057673 WO2014148592A1 (ja) | 2013-03-21 | 2014-03-20 | 軟骨細胞の調製方法 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10100274B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP2977448B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP6341574B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2014148592A1 (ja) |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2017082296A1 (ja) * | 2015-11-13 | 2017-05-18 | 協和発酵キリン株式会社 | 軟骨組織塊及びその製造方法、並びに幹細胞から軟骨組織塊を誘導するための培地 |
WO2017082295A1 (ja) * | 2015-11-13 | 2017-05-18 | 協和発酵キリン株式会社 | 軟骨組織塊及びその製造方法、並びに幹細胞から軟骨組織塊を誘導するための培地 |
JPWO2019107546A1 (ja) * | 2017-11-30 | 2020-11-19 | 公立大学法人横浜市立大学 | 細胞塊を集合させる方法及び細胞塊を集合させる装置 |
CN112430564A (zh) * | 2019-08-26 | 2021-03-02 | 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院 | 一种磁控三维细胞培养物调控方法 |
WO2021054449A1 (ja) * | 2019-09-18 | 2021-03-25 | 国立大学法人 岡山大学 | Lbm、cpc、opc、それらの調製方法及び品質管理方法、キット、移植材料並びに疾患モデル |
WO2023032441A1 (ja) * | 2021-08-31 | 2023-03-09 | 公立大学法人横浜市立大学 | 造形可能かつ足場不要な軟骨組織の創出法 |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10767164B2 (en) | 2017-03-30 | 2020-09-08 | The Research Foundation For The State University Of New York | Microenvironments for self-assembly of islet organoids from stem cells differentiation |
JPWO2021220997A1 (ja) * | 2020-04-27 | 2021-11-04 | ||
KR102307115B1 (ko) * | 2021-05-12 | 2021-10-01 | 주식회사 스마트셀랩 | 시프로플록사신에 의한 줄기세포의 연골전구세포로의 유도 및 연골세포로의 분화 |
Citations (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002012451A1 (fr) * | 2000-08-09 | 2002-02-14 | Hiroko Yanaga | Procede de culture de chondrocytes humains |
WO2008091013A1 (ja) * | 2007-01-23 | 2008-07-31 | Yokohama City University | 軟骨細胞調製方法 |
JP2009106214A (ja) | 2007-10-31 | 2009-05-21 | Tsuneo Takahashi | 培養軟骨製造方法および培養軟骨 |
JP2009226221A (ja) | 2002-02-11 | 2009-10-08 | Taipei Biotechnology Ltd Inc | 軟骨移植片及びその製造方法 |
JP2011078710A (ja) | 2009-09-08 | 2011-04-21 | Rie Tsuchiya | 軟骨用移植材 |
JP2012000262A (ja) | 2010-06-17 | 2012-01-05 | Yokohama City Univ | ヒト軟骨細胞と新規足場材料を用いた軟骨組織の製法 |
JP2012031127A (ja) * | 2010-08-03 | 2012-02-16 | Nagoya Univ | 臍帯由来間葉系幹細胞を含む組成物 |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20060140914A1 (en) * | 2002-10-31 | 2006-06-29 | The General Hospital Corporation | Repairing or replacing tissues or organs |
US20090317448A1 (en) | 2008-06-18 | 2009-12-24 | University Of Massachusetts | Tympanic membrane patch |
-
2014
- 2014-03-20 JP JP2015506846A patent/JP6341574B2/ja active Active
- 2014-03-20 US US14/778,700 patent/US10100274B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2014-03-20 WO PCT/JP2014/057673 patent/WO2014148592A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2014-03-20 EP EP14769212.3A patent/EP2977448B1/en active Active
Patent Citations (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2002012451A1 (fr) * | 2000-08-09 | 2002-02-14 | Hiroko Yanaga | Procede de culture de chondrocytes humains |
JP2009226221A (ja) | 2002-02-11 | 2009-10-08 | Taipei Biotechnology Ltd Inc | 軟骨移植片及びその製造方法 |
WO2008091013A1 (ja) * | 2007-01-23 | 2008-07-31 | Yokohama City University | 軟骨細胞調製方法 |
JP4748222B2 (ja) | 2007-01-23 | 2011-08-17 | 公立大学法人横浜市立大学 | 軟骨細胞調製方法 |
JP2009106214A (ja) | 2007-10-31 | 2009-05-21 | Tsuneo Takahashi | 培養軟骨製造方法および培養軟骨 |
JP2011078710A (ja) | 2009-09-08 | 2011-04-21 | Rie Tsuchiya | 軟骨用移植材 |
JP2012000262A (ja) | 2010-06-17 | 2012-01-05 | Yokohama City Univ | ヒト軟骨細胞と新規足場材料を用いた軟骨組織の製法 |
JP2012031127A (ja) * | 2010-08-03 | 2012-02-16 | Nagoya Univ | 臍帯由来間葉系幹細胞を含む組成物 |
Non-Patent Citations (60)
Title |
---|
AFIZAH, H.; YANG, Z.; HUI, J.H.; OUYANG, H.W.; LEE, E.H.: "A comparison between the chondrogenic potential of human bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) taken from the same donors", TISSUE ENG, vol. 13, 2007, pages 659 - 666, XP009133120 |
ARUFFO, A.; STAMENKOVIC, I.; MELNICK, M.; UNDERHILL, C. B.; SEED, B.: "CD44 is the principal cell surface receptor for hyaluronate", CELL, vol. 61, 1990, pages 1303 - 1313, XP024246260, DOI: doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90694-A |
BEAHM, E.K.; WALTON, R.L.: "Auricular reconstruction for microtia: part 1. Anatomy, embryology, and clinical evaluation", PLAST RECONSTR SURG, vol. 109, 2002, pages 2473 - 2482 |
BERRY, L.; GRANT, M.E.; MCCLURE, J.; ROONEY, P: "Bone-marrow-derived chondrogenesis in vitro", J CELL SCI, vol. 101, 1992, pages 333 - 342 |
BITTNER K. ET AL.: "Role of the subchondral vascular system in endochondral ossification: endothelial cells specifically derepress late differentiation in resting chondrocytes in vitro", EXP. CELL RES., vol. 238, no. 2, pages 491 - 497, XP055283036 * |
CAPLAN, A. I.: "Review: mesenchymal stem cells: cell-based reconstructive therapy in orthopedics", TISSUE ENG, vol. 11, 2005, pages 1198 - 1211 |
CHANG, S.C.; TOBIAS, G.; ROY, A.K.; VACANTI, C.A.; BONASSAR, L.J.: "Tissue engineering of autologous cartilage for craniofacial reconstruction by injection molding", PLAST RECONSTR SURG, vol. 112, 2003, pages 793 - 799 |
DENG C; WYNSHAW-BORIS A; ZHOU F; KUO A; LEDER P: "Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is a negative regulator of bone growth", CELL, vol. 22, 1996, pages 911 - 921 |
DICKHUT, A. ET AL.: "Calcification or dedifferentiation: requirement to lock mesenchymal stem cells in a desired differentiation stage", J CELL PHYSIOL, vol. 219, 2009, pages 219 - 226 |
DING, B. S. ET AL.: "Endothelial-derived angiocrine signals induce and sustain regenerative lung alveolarization", CELL, vol. 147, 2011, pages 539 - 553, XP028330380, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.003 |
DING, B. S. ET AL.: "Inductive angiocrine signals from sinusoidal endothelium are required for liver regeneration", NATURE, vol. 468, 2010, pages 310 - 315, XP055174403, DOI: doi:10.1038/nature09493 |
EPPLEY, B.L.; DADVAND, B.: "Injectable soft-tissue fillers: clinical overview", PLAST RECONSTR SURG 118, 2006, pages 98E - 106E |
FIRMIN, F.; SANGER, C.; O'TOOLE: "G. Ear reconstruction following severe complications of otoplasty", J PLAST RECONSTR AESTHET SURG, 2008 |
FURUKAWA, T.; EYRE, D. R.; KOIDE, S.; GLIMCHER, M. J.: "Biochemical studies on repair cartilage resurfacing experimental defects in the rabbit knee", J BONE JOINT SURG AM, vol. 62, 1980, pages 79 - 89 |
FURUMATSU, T. ET AL.: "Smad3 induces chondrogenesis through the activation of SOX9 via CREB-binding protein/p300 recruitment", J. BIOL. CHEM, vol. 280, 2005, pages 8343 - 8350 |
GARCIA-RAMIREZ, M.; TORAN, N.; ANDALUZ, P.; CARRASCOSA, A.; AUDI, L.: "Vascular endothelial growth factor is expressed in human fetal growth cartilage", J BONE MINER RES, vol. 15, 2000, pages 534 - 540 |
GERBER, H. P. ET AL.: "VEGF couples hypertrophic cartilage remodeling, ossification and angiogenesis during endochondral bone formation", NATURE MEDICINE, vol. 5, 1999, pages 623 - 628, XP002909369, DOI: doi:10.1038/9467 |
GOESSLER, U. R. ET AL.: "Tissue engineering in head and neck reconstructive surgery: what type of tissue do we need?", EUR ARCH OTORHINOLARYNGOL, vol. 264, 2007, pages 1343 - 1356, XP019541797, DOI: doi:10.1007/s00405-007-0369-y |
GOSPODAROWICZ D; WESEMAN J; MORAN J.: "Presence in brain of a mitogenic agent promoting proliferation of myoblasts in low density culture", NATURE, vol. 256, 1975, pages 216 - 219 |
HAVLAS V; KOS P; JENDELOVA P; LESNY P; TRC T; SYKOVA E: "Comparison of chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells with cultured chondrocytes and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells", ACTA CHIR. ORTHOP. TRAUMATOL. CECH, vol. 78, 2011, pages 138 - 144 |
HENDRIKS J. ET AL.: "Co-culture in cartilage tissue engineering", J. TISSUE ENG. REGEN. MED., vol. 1, no. 3, June 2007 (2007-06-01), pages 170 - 178, XP055283040 * |
HJ. JOO ET AL., BLOOD, vol. 118, no. 8, 25 December 2010 (2010-12-25), pages 2094 - 104 |
HOLLANDER, A. P.; DICKINSON, S. C.; KAFIENAH, W.: "Stem cells and cartilage development: complexities of a simple tissue", STEM CELLS, vol. 28, 2010, pages 1992 - 1996 |
HORVATIC, I. ET AL.: "Prognostic significance of glomerular and tubulointerstitial morphometry in idiopathic membranous nephropathy", PATHOL RES PRACT, vol. 208, 2012, pages 662 - 667 |
K.H. PARK; K. NA.: "Effect of growth factors on chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit mesenchymal cells embedded in injectable hydrogels", J. BIOSCI. BIOENG, vol. 106, 2008, pages 74 - 79, XP023612884, DOI: doi:10.1263/jbb.106.74 |
KHADEMHOSSEINI, A.; VACANTI, J. P; LANGER, R.: "Progress in tissue engineering", SCI AM, vol. 300, 2009, pages 64 - 71 |
KLAGSBRUN M; LANGER R; LEVENSON R; SMITH S; LILLEHEI C: "The stimulation of DNA synthesis and cell division in chondrocytes and 3T3 cells by a growth factor isolated from cartilage", EXP CELL RES, vol. 105, 1977, pages 99 - 108, XP024854784, DOI: doi:10.1016/0014-4827(77)90155-0 |
KLINE, R.M., JR.; WOLFE, S.A.: "Complications associated with the harvesting of cranial bone grafts", PLAST RECONSTR SURG, vol. 95, 1995, pages 5 - 13,14-20 |
KOBAYASHI ET AL., PROC. NATL. ACAD. SCI. USA, vol. 108, 2011, pages 14479 - 14484 |
KOBAYASHI, S. ET AL.: "Presence of cartilage stem/progenitor cells in adult mice auricular perichondrium", PLOS ONE, vol. 6, 2011, pages E26393 |
KOBAYASHI, S. ET AL.: "Reconstruction of human elastic cartilage by a CD44+ CD90+ stem cell in the ear perichondrium", PROC NATL ACAD SCI U S A, vol. 108, 2011, pages 14479 - 14484, XP055012051, DOI: doi:10.1073/pnas.1109767108 |
KOGA, H. ET AL.: "Comparison of mesenchymal tissues-derived stem cells for in vivo chondrogenesis: suitable conditions for cell therapy of cartilage defects in rabbit", CELL TISSUE RES, vol. 333, 2008, pages 207 - 215, XP019631219 |
KOIKE, N. ET AL.: "Tissue engineering: creation of long-lasting blood vessels", NATURE, vol. 428, 2004, pages 138 - 139 |
L. DANISOVIC; P. LESNY; V. HAVLAS; P. TEYSSLER; Z. SYROVA; M. KOPANI; G. FUJERIKOVA; T. TRC; E. SYKOVA; P. JENDELOVA: "Chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells", J. APPL. BIOMED, vol. 5, 2007, pages 139 - 150 |
LAMMERT, E.; CLEAVER, O.; MELTON, D.: "Role of endothelial cells in early pancreas and liver development", MECH DEV, vol. 120, 2003, pages 59 - 64 |
LANGER, R.; VACANTI, J. P, TISSUE ENGINEERING. SCIENCE, vol. 260, 1993, pages 920 - 926 |
LAURIE, S.W.; KABAN, L.B.; MULLIKEN, J.B.; MURRAY, J.E.: "Donor-site morbidity after harvesting rib and iliac bone", PLAST RECONSTR SURG, vol. 73, 1984, pages 933 - 938 |
MA, H.L.; HUNG, S.C.; LIN, S.Y.; CHEN, Y.L.; LO, W.H.: "Chondrogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in alginate beads", J BIOMED MATER RES A, vol. 64, 2003, pages 273 - 281, XP002410518, DOI: doi:10.1002/jbm.a.10370 |
MAAS, C.S.; MONHIAN, N.; SHAH, S.B.: "Implants in rhinoplasty", FACIAL PLAST SURG, vol. 13, 1997, pages 279 - 290 |
MATARASSO, A.; ELIAS, A.C.; ELIAS, R.L.: "Labial incompetence: a marker for progressive bone resorption in silastic chin augmentation", PLAST RECONSTR SURG, vol. 98, 1996, pages 1007 - 1014,1015 |
MATSUMOTO, K.; YOSHITOMI, H.; ROSSANT, J.; ZARET, K. S.: "Liver organogenesis promoted by endothelial cells prior to vascular function", SCIENCE, vol. 294, 2001, pages 559 - 563, XP055177629, DOI: doi:10.1126/science.1063889 |
MATTON, G.; ANSEEUW, A.; DE KEYSER, F.: "The history of injectable biomaterials and the biology of collagen", AESTHETIC PLAST SURG, vol. 9, 1985, pages 133 - 140 |
NAGATA, S.: "Modification of the stages in total reconstruction of the auricle: Part I. Grafting the three-dimensional costal cartilage framework for lobule-type microtia", PLAST RECONSTR SURG, vol. 93, 1994, pages 221 - 230 |
NEWMANAP: "Articular cartilage repair", AM J SPORTS MED, vol. 26, 1998, pages 309 - 324 |
S FANG ET AL., PLOS BIOLOGY, vol. 10, no. 10, 2012, pages E1001407 |
SAKAGUCHI, Y.; SEKIYA, 1.; YAGISHITA, K.; MUNETA, T.: "Comparison of human stem cells derived from various mesenchymal tissues: superiority of synovium as a cell source", ARTHRITIS RHEUM, vol. 52, 2005, pages 2521 - 2529, XP002580878, DOI: doi:10.1002/ART.21212 |
SAYED K.E ET AL.: "Stimulated Chondrogenesis via Chondrocytes Co-culturing", J. BIOCHIP TISSUE CHIP., vol. S2, 2012, pages 1 - 11, XP055283037 * |
See also references of EP2977448A4 |
SERRA R; JOHNSON M; FILVAROFF EH; LABORDE J; SHEEHAN DM; DERYNCK R; MOSES HL: "Expression of a truncated, kinase-defective TGF-beta type II receptor in mouse skeletal tissue promotes terminal chondrocyte differentiation and osteoarthritis", J CELL BIOL, vol. 20, 1997, pages 541 - 552 |
SHIANG R; THOMPSON LM; ZHU YZ; CHURCH DM; FIELDER TJ; BOCIAN M; WINOKUR ST; WASMUTH JJ: "Mutations in the transmembrane domain of FGFR3 cause the most common genetic form of dwarfism, achondroplasia", CELL, vol. 29, 1994, pages 335 - 342, XP024245673, DOI: doi:10.1016/0092-8674(94)90302-6 |
SHIEH, S.J.; TERADA, S.; VACANTI, J.P: "Tissue engineering auricular reconstruction: in vitro and in vivo studies", BIOMATERIALS, vol. 25, 2004, pages 1545 - 1557, XP004481687, DOI: doi:10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00501-5 |
SKOUTERIS, C.A.; SOTEREANOS, G.C.: "Donor site morbidity following harvesting of autogenous rib grafts", J ORAL MAXILLOFAC SURG, vol. 47, 1989, pages 808 - 812, XP027055056 |
TAKEBE, T. ET AL.: "Generation of functional human vascular network", TRANSPLANT PROC, vol. 44, 2012, pages 1130 - 1133, XP028482436, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.03.039 |
TAKEBE, T. ET AL.: "Human elastic cartilage engineering from cartilage progenitor cells using rotating wall vessel bioreactor", TRANSPLANT PROC44, 2012, pages 1158 - 1161, XP028482444, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.03.038 |
TERADA, S.; FUCHS, J.R.; YOSHIMOTO, H.; FAUZA, D.O.; VACANTI, J.P.: "In vitro cartilage regeneration from proliferated adult elastic chondrocytes", ANN PLAST SURG, vol. 55, 2005, pages 196 - 201 |
TOGO, T. ET AL.: "Identification of cartilage progenitor cells in the adult ear perichondrium: utilization for cartilage reconstruction", LAB INVEST, vol. 86, 2006, pages 445 - 457, XP003024423, DOI: doi:10.1038/labinvest.3700409 |
WANG, Y.; KIM, U. J.; BLASIOLI, D. J.; KIM, H. J.; KAPLAN, D. L.: "In vitro cartilage tissue engineering with 3D porous aqueous-derived silk scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells", BIOMATERIALS, vol. 26, 2005, pages 7082 - 7094, XP025280275, DOI: doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2005.05.022 |
WHITAKER, L.A. ET AL.: "Combined report of problems and complications in 793 craniofacial operations", PLAST RECONSTR SURG, vol. 64, 1979, pages 198 - 203 |
YUAN F. JAIN RK ET AL.: "Vascular permeability and microcirculation of gliomas and mammary carcinomas transplanted in rat and mouse cranial windows", CANCER RES, vol. 54, 1994, pages 4564 - 8 |
ZENG, Y.; WU, W.; YU, H.; YANG, J.; CHEN, G.: "Silicone implants in augmentation rhinoplasty", AESTHETIC PLAST SURG, vol. 26, 2002, pages 85 - 88 |
Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2017082296A1 (ja) * | 2015-11-13 | 2017-05-18 | 協和発酵キリン株式会社 | 軟骨組織塊及びその製造方法、並びに幹細胞から軟骨組織塊を誘導するための培地 |
WO2017082295A1 (ja) * | 2015-11-13 | 2017-05-18 | 協和発酵キリン株式会社 | 軟骨組織塊及びその製造方法、並びに幹細胞から軟骨組織塊を誘導するための培地 |
JPWO2019107546A1 (ja) * | 2017-11-30 | 2020-11-19 | 公立大学法人横浜市立大学 | 細胞塊を集合させる方法及び細胞塊を集合させる装置 |
JP6989828B2 (ja) | 2017-11-30 | 2022-01-12 | 公立大学法人横浜市立大学 | 細胞塊を集合させる方法及び細胞塊を集合させる装置 |
CN112430564A (zh) * | 2019-08-26 | 2021-03-02 | 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院 | 一种磁控三维细胞培养物调控方法 |
CN112430564B (zh) * | 2019-08-26 | 2023-09-08 | 上海交通大学医学院附属第九人民医院 | 一种磁控三维细胞培养物调控方法 |
WO2021054449A1 (ja) * | 2019-09-18 | 2021-03-25 | 国立大学法人 岡山大学 | Lbm、cpc、opc、それらの調製方法及び品質管理方法、キット、移植材料並びに疾患モデル |
CN114729329A (zh) * | 2019-09-18 | 2022-07-08 | 国立大学法人冈山大学 | Lbm、cpc、opc、它们的制备和质量控制方法、试剂盒、移植材料和疾病模型 |
WO2023032441A1 (ja) * | 2021-08-31 | 2023-03-09 | 公立大学法人横浜市立大学 | 造形可能かつ足場不要な軟骨組織の創出法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2977448B1 (en) | 2019-07-10 |
JP6341574B2 (ja) | 2018-06-13 |
EP2977448A1 (en) | 2016-01-27 |
US10100274B2 (en) | 2018-10-16 |
EP2977448A4 (en) | 2016-11-09 |
US20160046903A1 (en) | 2016-02-18 |
JPWO2014148592A1 (ja) | 2017-02-16 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
JP6341574B2 (ja) | 軟骨細胞の調製方法 | |
Ho et al. | Cell migration and bone formation from mesenchymal stem cell spheroids in alginate hydrogels are regulated by adhesive ligand density | |
Moshaverinia et al. | Bone regeneration potential of stem cells derived from periodontal ligament or gingival tissue sources encapsulated in RGD-modified alginate scaffold | |
US8192987B2 (en) | Human dental follicle stem cells and methods for obtaining | |
Wise et al. | Comparison of uncultured marrow mononuclear cells and culture-expanded mesenchymal stem cells in 3D collagen-chitosan microbeads for orthopedic tissue engineering | |
Tavakol et al. | Injectable, scalable 3D tissue-engineered model of marrow hematopoiesis | |
Black et al. | Characterisation and evaluation of the regenerative capacity of Stro-4+ enriched bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells using bovine extracellular matrix hydrogel and a novel biocompatible melt electro-written medical-grade polycaprolactone scaffold | |
EP3107995A1 (en) | Biophysically sorted osteoprogenitors from culture expanded bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (mscs) | |
JP6193214B2 (ja) | 歯髄由来の多能性幹細胞の製造方法 | |
JP2019505346A (ja) | 3d軟骨オルガノイドブロックを調製するための方法 | |
Wang et al. | Role of N-cadherin in a niche-mimicking microenvironment for chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells in vitro | |
JP2016525541A (ja) | 球状軟骨細胞治療剤の製造方法 | |
WO2017094879A1 (ja) | 間葉系幹細胞の製造方法 | |
CN112218942A (zh) | 从人诱导多能干细胞制备软骨细胞颗粒的方法及其用途 | |
Gao et al. | Adipose-derived stem cells embedded in platelet-rich plasma scaffolds improve the texture of skin grafts in a rat full-thickness wound model | |
Srinivasan et al. | Comparative craniofacial bone regeneration capacities of mesenchymal stem cells derived from human neural crest stem cells and bone marrow | |
Li et al. | Angiogenic potential of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in chondrocyte brick-enriched constructs promoted stable regeneration of craniofacial cartilage | |
JP7228269B2 (ja) | 細胞塊融合法 | |
Ghiasi et al. | Use of mesenchymal adult stem cell for cartilage regeneration by hydrogel | |
JP2017079704A (ja) | 血管網被包細胞包埋ビーズ及びその製造方法、並びに前記血管網被包細胞包埋ビーズを用いた集積体及びその製造方法 | |
CN102002479A (zh) | 一种脐带血间充质干细胞及其制备方法和用途 | |
RU2800991C9 (ru) | Способ биофабрикации трансплантата в виде клеточных сфероидов для регенеративных технологий восстановления хряща субъекта на основе надхрящницы собственного реберного хряща субъекта и мультипотентных мезенхимальных стромальных клеток костного мозга этого же субъекта | |
JP2013027381A (ja) | 幹細胞の分化誘導方法 | |
van Osch et al. | Cells for Cartilage Regeneration | |
Yu | Articular cartilage tissue engineering using chondrogenic progenitor cell homing and 3D bioprinting |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
DPE2 | Request for preliminary examination filed before expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed from 20040101) | ||
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 14769212 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2015506846 Country of ref document: JP Kind code of ref document: A |
|
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 14778700 Country of ref document: US |
|
WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2014769212 Country of ref document: EP |