WO2023018025A1 - 음극 활물질, 이를 포함하는 음극, 이를 포함하는 이차전지 및 음극 활물질의 제조방법 - Google Patents
음극 활물질, 이를 포함하는 음극, 이를 포함하는 이차전지 및 음극 활물질의 제조방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023018025A1 WO2023018025A1 PCT/KR2022/010143 KR2022010143W WO2023018025A1 WO 2023018025 A1 WO2023018025 A1 WO 2023018025A1 KR 2022010143 W KR2022010143 W KR 2022010143W WO 2023018025 A1 WO2023018025 A1 WO 2023018025A1
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- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- active material
- negative electrode
- silicon
- electrode active
- weight
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- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910021385 hard carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001282 iso-butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002641 lithium Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CASZBAVUIZZLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium iron(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical group [O-2].[Fe+2].[Li+] CASZBAVUIZZLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium manganese(2+) oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Mn+2].[Li+] QEXMICRJPVUPSN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000686 lithium vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)nickel Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Ni]=O VROAXDSNYPAOBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxonickel Chemical compound [Li].[Ni]=O URIIGZKXFBNRAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002931 mesocarbon microbead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011302 mesophase pitch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000011812 mixed powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphoric acid Substances OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005569 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/582—Halogenides
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode including the same, a secondary battery including the same, and a method for manufacturing the negative electrode active material.
- lithium secondary batteries are in the limelight as a driving power source for portable devices because they are lightweight and have high energy density. Accordingly, research and development efforts to improve the performance of lithium secondary batteries are being actively conducted.
- a lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, an electrolyte solution, an organic solvent, and the like.
- active material layers each including a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material may be formed on the current collector on the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- a lithium-containing metal oxide such as LiCoO 2 or LiMn 2 O 4 is used as a cathode active material for the cathode, and a carbon-based active material or a silicon-based active material that does not contain lithium is used as an anode active material for the anode.
- silicon-based active materials have attracted attention in that they have higher capacity than carbon-based active materials and excellent high-speed charging characteristics.
- the silicon-based active material has a high degree of volume expansion/contraction due to charging and discharging, and has a high irreversible capacity, so the initial efficiency is low.
- silicon-based oxide among silicon-based active materials, specifically silicon-based oxide represented by SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2)
- SiO x silicon-based oxide represented by SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2)
- SiO x silicon-based oxide represented by SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2)
- anode active material capable of improving the phase stability of an anode slurry containing silicon-based oxide and improving the charge/discharge efficiency of an anode prepared therefrom.
- Korean Patent Registration No. 10-0794192 relates to a method for manufacturing a carbon-coated silicon-graphite composite negative electrode material for a lithium secondary battery and a method for manufacturing a secondary battery including the same, but has limitations in solving the above-mentioned problems.
- Patent Document 1 Korea Patent Registration No. 10-0794192
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material, a negative electrode including the same, a secondary battery including the same, and a method for manufacturing the negative electrode active material.
- An exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and a Li compound, silicon-based particles provided with a carbon layer on at least a portion of the surface; And a layer including LiF provided on at least a part of the silicon-based particle, and an atomic ratio of O to F when analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is 0.45 or more, and C to F
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the atomic ratio (F/C ratio) of provides an anode active material that is 0.5 or less.
- An exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of forming a silicon-based particle including SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and a Li compound, and having a carbon layer on at least a portion of the surface; and forming a layer containing LiF on at least a portion of the silicon-based particles by reacting the silicon-based particles with an HF solution.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides an anode including the anode active material.
- One embodiment of the present invention provides a secondary battery including the negative electrode.
- An anode active material effectively removes lithium by-products formed when silicon-based particles are doped with Li to improve water-based processability, and at the same time, a layer containing LiF is provided on the silicon-based particles to form an artificial SEI film (Artificial SEI layer) to improve lifespan performance.
- the water-based fairness can be significantly improved as the F / O ratio of the particle surface is 0.45 or more and the F / C ratio is 0.5 or less.
- the negative electrode including the negative electrode active material and the secondary battery including the negative electrode according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention have effects of improving discharge capacity, initial efficiency, resistance performance, and/or lifespan characteristics of the battery.
- the crystallinity of the structure included in the negative electrode active material can be confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis, and the X-ray diffraction analysis is performed using an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyzer (product name: D4-endavor, manufacturer: bruker).
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the presence or absence of elements and the content of elements in the negative electrode active material can be confirmed through ICP analysis, and the ICP analysis can be performed using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICPAES, Perkin-Elmer 7300).
- ICPAES inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) may be defined as a particle diameter corresponding to 50% of the cumulative volume in the particle size distribution curve (graph curve of the particle size distribution).
- the average particle diameter (D 50 ) may be measured using, for example, a laser diffraction method.
- the laser diffraction method is generally capable of measuring particle diameters of several millimeters in the submicron region, and can obtain results with high reproducibility and high resolution.
- An exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and a Li compound, silicon-based particles provided with a carbon layer on at least a portion of the surface; And a layer including LiF provided on at least a part of the silicon-based particle, and an atomic ratio of O to F when analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is 0.45 or more, and C to F
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the atomic ratio (F/C ratio) of provides an anode active material that is 0.5 or less.
- An anode active material includes silicon-based particles.
- the silicon-based particle may include SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and a Li compound, and a carbon layer may be provided on at least a part of a surface.
- the SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) may correspond to a matrix in the silicon-based particle.
- the SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) may include Si and SiO 2 , and the Si may form a phase. That is, the x corresponds to the number ratio of O to Si included in the SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2).
- the silicon-based particles include the SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), the discharge capacity of the secondary battery may be improved.
- the silicon-based particle may include a Li compound.
- the Li compound may correspond to a matrix in the silicon-based composite particle.
- the Li compound may exist in the form of at least one of a lithium atom, lithium silicate, lithium silicide, and lithium oxide in the silicon-based particle.
- the silicon-based particles include a Li compound, there is an effect of improving initial efficiency.
- the Li compound may be distributed on the surface and/or inside of the silicon-based particle in a doped form.
- the Li compound may be distributed on the surface and/or inside of the silicon-based particle to control volume expansion/contraction of the silicon-based particle to an appropriate level and prevent damage to the active material.
- the Li compound may be included in order to increase the efficiency of the active material by lowering the ratio of the non-reversible phase (eg, SiO 2 ) of the silicon-based oxide particles.
- the Li compound may exist in the form of lithium silicate.
- the lithium silicate is represented by Li a Si b O c (2 ⁇ a ⁇ 4, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 2, 2 ⁇ c ⁇ 5), and may be classified into crystalline lithium silicate and amorphous lithium silicate.
- the crystalline lithium silicate may exist in the form of at least one type of lithium silicate selected from the group consisting of Li 2 SiO 3 , Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 2 Si 2 O 5 in the silicon-based particle, and amorphous lithium silicate may be Li a It may be made of a complex structure in the form of Si b O c (2 ⁇ a ⁇ 4, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 2, 2 ⁇ c ⁇ 5), but is not limited to the above form.
- Li may be included in an amount of 0.1 part by weight to 40 parts by weight or 0.1 part by weight to 25 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the negative electrode active material. Specifically, it may be included in 1 part by weight to 25 parts by weight, and more specifically, it may be included in 2 parts by weight to 20 parts by weight.
- the initial efficiency increases, but there is a problem in that the discharge capacity decreases. Therefore, when the above range is satisfied, appropriate discharge capacity and initial efficiency can be implemented.
- the content of the Li element can be confirmed through ICP analysis. Specifically, after fractionating a certain amount (about 0.01 g) of the negative electrode active material, it is transferred to a platinum crucible and completely decomposed on a hot plate by adding nitric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and sulfuric acid. Then, using an induced plasma emission spectrometer (ICPAES, Perkin-Elmer 7300), a standard calibration curve is prepared by measuring the intensity of the standard solution prepared using the standard solution (5 mg/kg) at the intrinsic wavelength of the element to be analyzed. .
- ICPAES induced plasma emission spectrometer
- the pretreated sample solution and the blank sample are introduced into the instrument, each intensity is measured to calculate the actual intensity, and after calculating the concentration of each component against the calibration curve prepared above, the total sum is converted to the theoretical value. It is possible to analyze the element content of the negative electrode active material prepared by the method.
- the silicon-based particle may include additional metal atoms.
- the metal atom may exist in the form of at least one of a metal atom, a metal silicate, a metal silicide, and a metal oxide in the silicon-based particle.
- the metal atom may include at least one selected from the group consisting of Mg, Li, Al, and Ca. Accordingly, initial efficiency of the anode active material may be improved.
- Silicon-based particles according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention is provided with a carbon layer on at least a part of the surface.
- the carbon layer may be partially coated on at least a part of the surface, that is, the surface of the particle, or may be coated on the entire surface of the particle.
- Conductivity is imparted to the anode active material by the carbon layer, and initial efficiency, lifespan characteristics, and battery capacity characteristics of a secondary battery may be improved.
- the carbon layer includes an amorphous phase.
- the carbon layer includes amorphous carbon.
- the carbon layer may further include crystalline carbon.
- the crystalline carbon may further improve conductivity of the anode active material.
- the crystalline carbon may include at least one selected from the group consisting of florene, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.
- the amorphous carbon can properly maintain the strength of the carbon layer and suppress the expansion of the silicon-based particles.
- the amorphous carbon may be a carbon-based material formed by using at least one carbide selected from the group consisting of tar, pitch, and other organic materials, or a hydrocarbon as a source of chemical vapor deposition.
- the other organic carbide may be an organic carbide selected from carbides of sucrose, glucose, galactose, fructose, lactose, mannose, ribose, aldohexose or ketohexose, and combinations thereof.
- the hydrocarbon may be a substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon or a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon.
- the aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon of the substituted or unsubstituted aliphatic or alicyclic hydrocarbon may be methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, butane, butene, pentane, isobutane or hexane.
- Aromatic hydrocarbons of the substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, xylene, styrene, ethylbenzene, diphenylmethane, naphthalene, phenol, cresol, nitrobenzene, chlorobenzene, indene, coumaron, pyridine, Anthracene, phenanthrene, etc. are mentioned.
- the carbon layer may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 50 parts by weight, 0.1 to 30 parts by weight, or 0.1 to 20 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the negative electrode active material. More specifically, it may be included in 0.5 parts by weight to 15 parts by weight, 1 part by weight to 10 parts by weight, or 1 part by weight to 5 parts by weight. When the above range is satisfied, reduction in capacity and efficiency of the negative electrode active material may be prevented.
- the thickness of the carbon layer may be 1 nm to 500 nm, specifically 5 nm to 300 nm.
- the conductivity of the negative active material is improved, the volume change of the negative active material is easily suppressed, and the side reaction between the electrolyte and the negative active material is suppressed, thereby improving the initial efficiency and/or lifespan of the battery.
- the carbon layer may be formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using at least one hydrocarbon gas selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane and acetylene.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- An anode active material includes a layer containing LiF provided on at least a part of the silicon-based particle.
- the layer containing LiF may be coated on at least a portion of the silicon-based composite particle having a carbon layer on its surface. That is, the layer containing LiF may partially cover the surface of the particle or may cover the entire surface of the particle.
- the shape of the layer including LiF may include an island type or a thin film type, but the shape of the layer including LiF is not limited thereto.
- the layer including the LiF may be provided on at least a portion of the carbon layer. That is, the layer containing LiF may be coated adjacently on the carbon layer, and may be provided in the form of particles containing SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and a Li compound-carbon layer-layer containing LiF. there is.
- the layer including the LiF may be provided on a region not provided with a carbon layer among the particle surfaces including the SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and the Li compound. That is, the layer containing LiF is adjacently coated on the particle containing SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and a Li compound, so that the particle containing SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and a Li compound- It may be provided in the form of a layer containing LiF.
- the layer containing LiF may be a LiF layer made of LiF.
- the layer including LiF may mainly include LiF, and may contain a small amount of impurities such as lithium compounds in addition to LiF.
- LiF is included in the anode active material can be confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) or X-ray photoelectron analysis (XPS).
- XRD X-ray diffraction analysis
- XPS X-ray photoelectron analysis
- the layer including LiF may be formed by reacting HF with one or more lithium compounds selected from the group consisting of Li 2 O, LiOH, and Li 2 CO 3 .
- the formed LiF is evenly formed on the surface of the particle, preferentially forming a layer on the surface (top) of the lithium by-product to easily block the reaction between water and lithium compounds, and acts as an artificial SEI layer during battery operation, There is an effect of improving life performance.
- the layer including the LiF may be formed by acid-treating a lithium compound remaining near the surface of the silicon-based particles or the carbon layer, that is, a lithium by-product, with HF after preparing the silicon-based particles.
- the lithium compound may be at least one selected from the group consisting of Li 2 O, LiOH, and Li 2 CO 3 .
- a layer including LiF may be generated through one or more reactions of Formulas (1) to (3) below.
- the layer containing LiF produced as described above is insoluble in water and can efficiently passivate silicon-based particles in an aqueous slurry, and prevents the Li compound contained in silicon-based particles from eluting to improve water-based processability. It works.
- the layer containing LiF acts as an artificial SEI layer during battery operation, thereby improving the lifespan performance of the battery.
- the element content and atomic ratio of the surface of the negative electrode active material can be confirmed through XPS (Nexsa ESCA System, Thermo Fisher Scientific (ESCA-02)).
- a survey scan spectrum and a narrow scan spectrum can be obtained while conducting a depth profile.
- the depth profile can be performed up to 3000 seconds using Monatomic Ar ion, and the measurement and data processing conditions are as follows,
- CAE Constant Analyzer Energy
- the depth profile of the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy can be measured while progressing up to 3000 seconds at 0.09 nm / s under an X-ray source of Monochromated Al K ⁇ .
- the atomic ratio of F to O is 0.45 or more. Specifically, it may be 0.48 or more, 0.55 or more, 0.6 or more, or 0.7 or more, and may be 20 or less, 15 or less, 10 or less, 5 or less, 3 or less, 2 or less, 1.5 or less, or 1.2 or less.
- the atomic ratio of F to C when analyzing by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the negative electrode active material is 0.5 or less. Specifically, it may be 0.4 or less, 0.3 or less, 0.25 or less, or 0.22 or less, and may be greater than 0, 0.05 or more, 0.08 or more, or 0.1 or more.
- the negative electrode active material does not satisfy the F/O ratio and/or F/C ratio, the particle coverage is low, LiF is partially formed thick, making it difficult to passivate the particles, and lithium by-products are easily exposed. Water-based fairness is deteriorated, and accordingly, there is a problem in that the characteristics of the battery are also deteriorated.
- F when analyzing the negative electrode active material by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), based on 100 at% of total elements, F may be 0.1 at% to 0.3 at%.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- O when analyzing the negative electrode active material by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), based on 100 at% of the total elements, O is 5 at% to 14 at% or 8 at% to 13.5 at%. may be %.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- C when analyzing the negative electrode active material by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), based on 100 at% of the total elements, C is 50 at% to 65 at% or 55 at% to 61 at% may be %.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- Si when analyzing the negative electrode active material by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), based on 100 at% of the total elements, Si is 6 at% to 8 at% or 7 at% to 8 at% may be %.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- Li when analyzing the negative electrode active material by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), based on 100 at% of the total elements, Li is 10 at% to 25 at% or 10 at% to 20 at% may be %.
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- the layer including LiF may be included in an amount of 0.5 parts by weight or more and 5 parts by weight or less based on 100 parts by weight of the total negative electrode active material. Specifically, it may be included in 0.7 parts by weight or more, 0.8 parts by weight or more, and may be included in 4 parts by weight or less, 3 parts by weight or less, or 2.5 parts by weight or less.
- LiF may be included in an amount of 0.5 parts by weight or more and 5 parts by weight or less based on 100 parts by weight of the total negative active material. Specifically, it may be included in 0.7 parts by weight or more, 0.8 parts by weight or more, and may be included in 4 parts by weight or less, 3 parts by weight or less, or 2.5 parts by weight or less.
- LiF when LiF is included in an amount of less than 0.5 parts by weight, the content of LiF is too small to adequately passivate the particles, and the lithium by-product reacts with moisture, resulting in poor water-based processability.
- a lithium compound (lithium by-product) may be present between the silicon-based particle and the layer containing LiF.
- the lithium compound (by-product) may refer to a lithium compound remaining near the surface of the silicon-based particle or the carbon layer after the silicon-based particle is produced. As described above, even after the acid treatment process, unreacted lithium by-products with the acid may remain.
- the lithium compound may include at least one selected from the group consisting of Li 2 O, LiOH, and Li 2 CO 3 .
- the lithium compound and HF react to form a layer containing LiF, and a lithium compound (lithium by-product) generated due to the remaining lithium unreacted with HF is interposed between the silicon-based particles and the layer containing LiF. can exist
- Whether or not a lithium compound exists between the silicon-based particle and the layer including LiF can be confirmed through X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) or X-ray photoelectron analysis (XPS).
- XRD X-ray diffraction analysis
- XPS X-ray photoelectron analysis
- the lithium compound (by-product) may be included in an amount of 5 parts by weight or less based on 100 parts by weight of the total amount of the negative electrode active material. Specifically, it may be included in 0.01 part by weight to 5 parts by weight, 0.05 part by weight to 2 parts by weight, or 0.1 part by weight to 1 part by weight. More specifically, it may be included in 0.1 parts by weight to 0.8 parts by weight or 0.1 parts by weight to 0.5 parts by weight.
- the content of the lithium by-product satisfies the above range, internal reactions in the slurry can be reduced and viscosity change can be reduced to improve water-based processability characteristics.
- the content of the lithium by-product is higher than the above range, the slurry is basic during formation, which causes a side reaction or a change in viscosity and problems in water-based processability.
- the content of the lithium compound (by-product) can be calculated by measuring the amount of the HCl solution in a specific section where the pH changes in the course of titrating the aqueous solution containing the negative electrode active material with the HCl solution using a titrator, and then calculating the amount of the lithium by-product. there is.
- the negative active material may have an average particle diameter (D50) of 0.1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, specifically 1 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, and more specifically, 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m.
- D50 average particle diameter
- An exemplary embodiment of the present invention comprises the steps of forming a silicon-based particle including SiO x (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2) and a Li compound, and having a carbon layer on at least a portion of the surface; and forming a layer containing LiF on at least a portion of the silicon-based particles by reacting the silicon-based particles with an HF solution.
- vaporizing the silicon-based particles by heating Si powder and SiO 2 powder in a vacuum, and depositing the vaporized mixed gas to form preliminary particles; Forming a carbon layer on the surface of the formed preliminary particles; And it may be formed through a step of heat-treating after mixing the preliminary particles on which the carbon layer is formed with Li powder.
- the mixed powder of the Si powder and SiO 2 powder may be heat treated at 1300 °C to 1800 °C, 1400 °C to 1800 °C, or 1400 °C to 1600 °C under vacuum.
- the preliminary particles formed may have the form of SiO.
- the carbon layer may be formed by using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using hydrocarbon gas or by carbonizing a material serving as a carbon source.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- hydrocarbon gas may be formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at 600 to 1200 °C.
- the hydrocarbon gas may be at least one type of hydrocarbon gas selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, propane and acetylene, and heat treatment may be performed at 900 °C to 1000 °C.
- Heat treatment after mixing the carbon layer-formed preliminary particles and Li powder may be performed at 700 °C to 900 °C for 4 hours to 6 hours, and specifically, at 800 °C for 5 hours.
- the silicon-based particle is the above-described Li compound, and may include Li silicate, Li silicide, or Li oxide.
- the particle size of the silicon-based particles can be adjusted through a method such as a ball mill, jet mill or air flow classification, but is not limited thereto.
- a lithium compound (lithium by-product) is provided on at least a part of the surface of the silicon-based particle provided with the carbon layer.
- the silicon-based particles A lithium compound, that is, a lithium by-product formed due to unreacted lithium, remains near the surface of.
- the method of manufacturing the negative active material includes forming a layer containing LiF on at least a portion of the silicon-based particles by reacting the silicon-based particles with a HF solution.
- a step of forming a layer containing LiF on at least a portion of the silicon-based particle may be performed to suppress a side reaction caused by the unreacted lithium compound.
- the formed LiF preferentially forms a layer on the surface (upper part) of the lithium by-product to easily block the reaction between water and lithium compounds, and acts as an artificial SEI layer during battery operation to improve lifespan performance. there is.
- the step of forming a layer containing LiF on at least a portion of the silicon-based particle by reacting the silicon-based particle with the HF solution is a lithium compound and HF solution provided on at least a portion of the silicon-based particle It includes reacting.
- the layer including the LiF may be formed by reacting a lithium compound provided on at least a part of the silicon-based particle with an HF solution.
- the LiF-containing layer may be formed by reacting HF with lithium compounds (Li 2 O, LiOH, and Li 2 CO 3 ) due to the preliminary particles (SiO) and unreacted lithium when the silicon-based particles are formed.
- a layer containing LiF may be generated through one or more reactions of Formulas (1) to (3) below.
- the HF solution may be 0.03M to 0.3M, specifically 0.05M to 0.2M.
- the silicon-based particles and the HF solution may be mixed at a weight ratio of 1:1 to 1:10, specifically, at a weight ratio of 1:5 to 1:10.
- heat treatment may be performed at 200 °C to 500 °C, and specifically, heat treatment may be performed at 250 °C to 350 °C.
- LiF when a layer containing LiF is formed through a chemical reaction between a lithium compound and HF, LiF is evenly formed on the surface of the particle, and the formed LiF preferentially forms a layer on the surface (upper part) of the lithium by-product to form a layer on the surface of water and the lithium compound. It easily blocks the reaction of the battery and acts as an artificial SEI layer during battery operation, thereby improving lifespan performance.
- An anode according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may include the anode active material described above.
- the negative electrode may include a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer disposed on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative active material layer may include the negative active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer may further include a binder, a thickener, and/or a conductive material.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be formed by applying a negative electrode slurry including a negative electrode active material, a binder, a thickener, and/or a conductive material to at least one surface of a current collector, followed by drying and rolling.
- the anode slurry may further include an additional anode active material.
- a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used.
- Specific examples include carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon; metallic compounds capable of being alloyed with lithium, such as Si, Al, Sn, Pb, Zn, Bi, In, Mg, Ga, Cd, Si alloys, Sn alloys, or Al alloys; metal oxides capable of doping and undoping lithium, such as SiO ⁇ (0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2), SnO 2 , vanadium oxide, lithium titanium oxide, and lithium vanadium oxide; or a composite including the metallic compound and the carbonaceous material, such as a Si—C composite or a Sn—C composite, and any one or a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- a metal lithium thin film may be used as the anode active material.
- both low crystalline carbon and high crystalline carbon may be used.
- Soft carbon and hard carbon are typical examples of low crystalline carbon
- high crystalline carbon includes amorphous, platy, scaly, spherical or fibrous natural graphite, artificial graphite, or kish graphite.
- High-temperature calcined carbon such as derived cokes is representative.
- the additional anode active material may be a carbon-based anode active material.
- the weight ratio of the negative electrode active material and the additional negative electrode active material included in the negative electrode slurry may be 10:90 to 90:10, specifically 10:90 to 50:50.
- the negative electrode slurry may include a solvent for forming the negative electrode slurry.
- the solvent for forming the anode slurry may include at least one selected from the group consisting of distilled water, ethanol, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol, specifically, distilled water, in terms of facilitating dispersion of components.
- the anode current collector may be any material having conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery, and is not particularly limited.
- the current collector copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, calcined carbon, or aluminum or stainless steel surface-treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, or silver may be used.
- a transition metal that adsorbs carbon well, such as copper and nickel can be used as the current collector.
- the current collector may have a thickness of 6 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m, but the thickness of the current collector is not limited thereto.
- the binder is polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinylidenefluoride, polyacrylonitrile, polymethylmethacrylate, poly Vinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyacrylic acid, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM), alcohol It may include at least one selected from the group consisting of phononized EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, polyacrylic acid, and materials in which hydrogen is substituted with Li, Na, or Ca, and Various copolymers thereof may be included.
- PVDF-co-HFP polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- SBR styrene buta
- the conductive material is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery, and examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, farnes black, lamp black, and thermal black; conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers; conductive tubes such as carbon nanotubes; metal powders such as fluorocarbon, aluminum, and nickel powder; conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used.
- graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite
- carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, farnes black, lamp black, and thermal black
- conductive fibers such as carbon fibers and metal fibers
- conductive tubes such as carbon nanotubes
- metal powders such as fluorocarbon, aluminum, and nickel powder
- conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium
- the thickener may be carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), but is not limited thereto, and thickeners used in the art may be appropriately employed.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- a secondary battery according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may include the negative electrode according to the aforementioned exemplary embodiment.
- the secondary battery may include a negative electrode, a positive electrode, a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte, and the negative electrode is the same as the negative electrode described above. Since the cathode has been described above, a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- the positive electrode may include a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the positive electrode current collector and including the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity without causing chemical change in the battery.
- stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, fired carbon, or carbon on the surface of aluminum or stainless steel. , those surface-treated with nickel, titanium, silver, etc. may be used.
- the cathode current collector may have a thickness of typically 3 to 500 ⁇ m, and adhesion of the cathode active material may be increased by forming fine irregularities on the surface of the current collector.
- it may be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven fabrics.
- the cathode active material may be a commonly used cathode active material.
- the cathode active material may include layered compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) and lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO 2 ), or compounds substituted with one or more transition metals; lithium iron oxides such as LiFe 3 O 4 ; lithium manganese oxides such as Li 1+c1 Mn 2-c1 O 4 (0 ⁇ c1 ⁇ 0.33), LiMnO 3 , LiMn 2 O 3 , LiMnO 2 ; lithium copper oxide (Li 2 CuO 2 ); vanadium oxides such as LiV 3 O 8 , V 2 O 5 , Cu 2 V 2 O 7 ; Formula LiNi 1-c2 M c2 O 2 (where M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Al, Cu, Fe, Mg, B, and Ga, and satisfies 0.01 ⁇ c2 ⁇ 0.3) Ni site-type lithium nickel oxide; Formula LiMn 2-c3 M
- the positive electrode active material layer may include a positive electrode conductive material and a positive electrode binder together with the positive electrode active material described above.
- the positive electrode conductive material is used to impart conductivity to the electrode, and in the configured battery, any material that does not cause chemical change and has electronic conductivity can be used without particular limitation.
- any material that does not cause chemical change and has electronic conductivity can be used without particular limitation.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, summer black, and carbon fiber; metal powders or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; conductive whiskeys such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; or conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, and the like, and one of them alone or a mixture of two or more may be used.
- the positive electrode binder serves to improve adhesion between particles of the positive electrode active material and adhesion between the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode current collector.
- specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) ), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, or various copolymers thereof, and the like may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more of them.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVDF-co-HFP vinylidene fluoride-
- a separator As a separator, it separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a passage for lithium ion movement. As long as it is normally used as a separator in a secondary battery, it can be used without particular limitation. It is desirable Specifically, a porous polymer film, for example, a porous polymer film made of polyolefin-based polymers such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or these A laminated structure of two or more layers of may be used.
- polyolefin-based polymers such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or these A laminated structure of two or more layers of may be used.
- porous non-woven fabrics for example, non-woven fabrics made of high-melting glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, and the like may be used.
- a coated separator containing a ceramic component or a polymer material may be used to secure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and may be selectively used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- electrolyte examples include, but are not limited to, organic liquid electrolytes, inorganic liquid electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes, solid inorganic electrolytes, and molten inorganic electrolytes that can be used in manufacturing a lithium secondary battery.
- the electrolyte solution may include a non-aqueous organic solvent and a metal salt.
- non-aqueous organic solvent for example, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, gamma-butyllolactone, 1,2-dimethine Toxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, 1,3-dioxorane, formamide, dimethylformamide, dioxorane, acetonitrile, nitromethane, methyl formate, methyl acetate, phosphoric acid Triester, trimethoxy methane, dioxolane derivative, sulfolane, methyl sulfolane, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, propylene carbonate derivative, tetrahydrofuran derivative, ether, methyl propionate, propionic acid
- An aprotic organic solvent such as ethyl may be used.
- ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate which are cyclic carbonates
- an electrolyte solution having high electrical conductivity can be prepared and can be used more preferably.
- the metal salt may be a lithium salt, and the lithium salt is a material that is easily soluble in the non-aqueous electrolyte.
- the anion of the lithium salt is F - , Cl - , I - , NO 3 - , N (CN ) 2 - , BF 4 - , ClO 4 - , PF 6 - , (CF 3 ) 2 PF 4 - , (CF 3 ) 3 PF 3 - , (CF 3 ) 4 PF 2 - , (CF 3 ) 5 PF - , (CF 3 ) 6 P - , CF 3 SO 3 - , CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N - , (FSO 2 ) 2 N - , CF 3 CF 2 (CF 3 ) 2 CO - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 CH - , (SF 5 ) 3 C - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3
- the electrolyte solution includes, for example, haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and triglycerides for the purpose of improving battery life characteristics, suppressing battery capacity decrease, and improving battery discharge capacity.
- haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and triglycerides
- Ethyl phosphite triethanolamine, cyclic ether, ethylene diamine, n-glyme, hexaphosphoric acid triamide, nitrobenzene derivative, sulfur, quinone imine dye, N-substituted oxazolidinone, N,N-substituted imida
- One or more additives such as zolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol or aluminum trichloride may be further included.
- a battery module including the secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same are provided. Since the battery module and the battery pack include the secondary battery having high capacity, high rate and cycle characteristics, a medium or large-sized device selected from the group consisting of an electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, and a power storage system can be used as a power source for
- Li metal powder was added to the particles having the carbon layer, mixed, and then additional heat treatment was performed at a temperature of 800° C. in an inert atmosphere to prepare silicon-based particles including Li.
- the silicon-based particles and 0.1M HF solution were mixed in a weight ratio of 1:7, stirred for 1 hour, filtered and dried, and subjected to heat treatment at 300° C. to prepare an anode active material in which a LiF layer was introduced.
- An anode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a 0.15M HF solution was used.
- An anode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a 0.05M HF solution was used.
- An anode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a 0.2M HF solution was used.
- An anode active material was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except for introducing the LiF layer.
- the LiF powder and the silicon-based particles were mixed in a weight ratio of 1.5: 100, and then the LiF layer was introduced on the surface of the silicon-based particles through a ball mill, in the same manner as in Example 1.
- An anode active material was prepared.
- Example 2 When introducing the LiF layer, in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the LiF powder and the silicon-based particles were mixed at a weight ratio of 0.4:100 and then the LiF layer was introduced on the surface of the silicon-based particles through a ball mill. An anode active material was prepared.
- the content of the carbon layer was analyzed using a CS-analyzer (CS-800, Eltra).
- the element content (at%) and atomic ratio of the surface of the negative electrode active material were confirmed through XPS (Nexsa ESCA System, Thermo Fisher Scientific (ESCA-02)).
- a survey scan spectrum and a narrow scan spectrum were obtained for each sample, and then a survey scan spectrum and a narrow scan spectrum were obtained while conducting a depth profile.
- Depth profile was performed up to 3000 sec using monatomic Ar ion. Measurement and data processing conditions are as follows,
- CAE Constant Analyzer Energy
- the content and atomic ratio of each element were calculated based on 100 at% of the total content of the measured elements.
- the Li atom content was confirmed through ICP analysis using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-OES, AVIO 500, manufactured by Perkin-Elmer 7300).
- composition of the negative electrode active material prepared in the above Examples and Comparative Examples is shown in Table 1 below.
- Example 1 3.4 1.54 8.1 0.8 0.16 9.25 11.2 58.2 7.2 14.2
- Example 2 3.4 2.33 8.1 1.2 0.20 11.1 9.4 55.4 7 17.2
- Example 3 3.5 1.15 8.1 0.7 0.15 8.9 12.2 58.2 7.1 13.6
- Example 4 3.5 0.89 8.2 0.5 0.11 6.6 13.5 60.5 7.6 11.8 Comparative Example 1 3.5 0 8.1 0 0.00 0 16.2 73.2 7.3 3.3 Comparative Example 2 3.4 1.45 9.4 1.4 0.62 21.6 15.2 35 2.1 26.1 Comparative Example 3 3.5 0.4 8.8 0.4 0.11
- anode material a mixture of the composite anode active material prepared in Example 1 and graphite (average particle diameter (D50): 20 ⁇ m) at a weight ratio of 15:85 was used as a carbon-based active material.
- the negative electrode material styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) as a binder, Super C65 as a conductive material, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) as a thickener were mixed in a weight ratio of 96:2:1:1, and this was used as a solvent for forming a negative electrode slurry It was added to distilled water to prepare a negative electrode slurry.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- the negative electrode slurry was coated on one side of a copper current collector (thickness: 15 ⁇ m) with a loading of 3.6 mAh/cm 2 , rolled, and dried in a vacuum oven at 130° C. for 10 hours.
- An anode active material layer (thickness: 50 ⁇ m) was formed to obtain a negative electrode according to Example 1 (thickness of the negative electrode: 65 ⁇ m).
- the negative electrode active materials of Examples 2 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the negative electrode active materials of Examples 2 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were respectively used instead of the negative electrode active material of Example 1. A negative electrode was prepared.
- a lithium metal foil was prepared as an anode.
- a porous polyethylene separator was interposed between the cathode and anode of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 prepared above, and an electrolyte was injected to prepare coin-type half cells of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3. each was prepared.
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- Discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and cycle capacity retention rate of the secondary batteries prepared in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were evaluated using an electrochemical charger and discharger.
- the cycle capacity retention rate was performed at a temperature of 25 ° C, the first cycle and the second cycle were charged and discharged at 0.1 C, and the third cycle was charged and discharged at 0.5 C (charging conditions: CC / CV, 5 mV / 0.005 C cut-off, discharge condition: CC, 1.5V cut off).
- the capacity retention rate was calculated as follows.
- Capacity retention rate (%) ⁇ (discharge capacity at the Nth cycle)/(discharge capacity at the first cycle) ⁇ ⁇ 100
- N is an integer greater than or equal to 1.
- the 50th cycle capacity retention rate (%) is shown in Table 2 below.
- Embodiments 1 to 4 are provided with a layer containing LiF on the silicon-based particle, F / O ratio is 0.45 or more, F / C ratio is satisfied that it is 0.5 or less, containing LiF on the surface of the silicon-based particle It was confirmed that the discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and capacity retention rate were excellent because the layer was evenly coated to block the reaction between lithium by-product and moisture.
- Comparative Example 3 a layer containing LiF was formed on the surface of the silicon-based particles, but the content of LiF was small and the F/O ratio was as low as 0.4. From this, it can be seen that LiF is partially formed on the particles and passivation of the particles is not easy, so lithium by-products are easily exposed, resulting in poor water-based processability, resulting in a decrease in the discharge capacity, initial efficiency, and capacity retention rate of the battery. there was.
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Abstract
Description
탄소층의 중량부(음극 활물질 총 100 중량부 기준) | LiF의 중량부(음극 활물질 총 100 중량부 기준) | Li 중량부 (음극 활물질 총 100 중량부 기준) | F/O ratio (원자비) |
F/C ratio (원자비) |
F 함량 (at%) |
O 함량 (at%) |
C 함량 (at%) |
Si 함량 (at%) |
Li 함량 (at%) |
|
실시예 1 | 3.4 | 1.54 | 8.1 | 0.8 | 0.16 | 9.25 | 11.2 | 58.2 | 7.2 | 14.2 |
실시예 2 | 3.4 | 2.33 | 8.1 | 1.2 | 0.20 | 11.1 | 9.4 | 55.4 | 7 | 17.2 |
실시예 3 | 3.5 | 1.15 | 8.1 | 0.7 | 0.15 | 8.9 | 12.2 | 58.2 | 7.1 | 13.6 |
실시예 4 | 3.5 | 0.89 | 8.2 | 0.5 | 0.11 | 6.6 | 13.5 | 60.5 | 7.6 | 11.8 |
비교예 1 | 3.5 | 0 | 8.1 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | 16.2 | 73.2 | 7.3 | 3.3 |
비교예 2 | 3.4 | 1.45 | 9.4 | 1.4 | 0.62 | 21.6 | 15.2 | 35 | 2.1 | 26.1 |
비교예 3 | 3.5 | 0.4 | 8.8 | 0.4 | 0.11 | 6.8 | 15.6 | 62.5 | 6.5 | 8.6 |
전지 | 방전 용량(mAh/g) | 초기 효율(%) | 용량 유지율(%) |
실시예 1 | 506 | 91.2 | 93.1 |
실시예 2 | 506 | 91.3 | 93.6 |
실시예 3 | 506 | 91.2 | 92.8 |
실시예 4 | 506 | 91.1 | 91.6 |
비교예 1 | 502 | 85.6 | 76.5 |
비교예 2 | 503 | 87.8 | 84.6 |
비교예 3 | 506 | 88.2 | 86.1 |
Claims (13)
- SiOx(0<x<2) 및 Li 화합물을 포함하고, 표면의 적어도 일부에 탄소층이 구비된 실리콘계 입자; 및상기 실리콘계 입자 상의 적어도 일부에 구비된 LiF를 포함하는 층을 포함하고,X선 광전자 분광법(XPS)에 의한 분석 시 O 대비 F의 원자비(F/O ratio)는 0.45 이상이고, C 대비 F의 원자비(F/C ratio)는 0.5 이하인 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 음극 활물질의 X선 광전자 분광법(XPS)에 의한 분석 시 O 대비 F의 원자비(F/O ratio)는 0.48 이상 2 이하인 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 음극 활물질의 X선 광전자 분광법(XPS)에 의한 분석 시 C 대비 F의 원자비(F/C ratio)는 0 초과 0.3 이하인 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 음극 활물질 총 100 중량부를 기준으로 LiF를 포함하는 층은 0.5 중량부 이상 5 중량부 이하로 포함되는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 실리콘계 입자와 LiF를 포함하는 층 사이에 리튬 화합물이 존재하는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 5에 있어서,상기 리튬 화합물은 Li2O, LiOH 및 Li2CO3로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1 이상을 포함하는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 LiF를 포함하는 층은 Li2O, LiOH 및 Li2CO3로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 1 이상을 포함하는 리튬 화합물과 HF의 반응으로 형성된 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 음극 활물질 총 100 중량부를 기준으로 Li를 0.1 중량부 내지 40 중량부로 포함하는 것인 음극 활물질.
- 청구항 1에 있어서,상기 탄소층은 상기 음극 활물질 총 100 중량부를 기준으로 0.1 중량부 내지 50 중량부로 포함되는 것인 음극 활물질.
- SiOx(0<x<2) 및 Li 화합물을 포함하고, 표면의 적어도 일부에 탄소층이 구비된 실리콘계 입자를 형성하는 단계; 및상기 실리콘계 입자와 HF 용액을 반응시켜 상기 실리콘계 입자 상의 적어도 일부에 LiF를 포함하는 층을 형성하는 단계를 포함하는 청구항 1 내지 9 중 어느 한 항에 따른 음극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 청구항 10에 있어서,상기 실리콘계 입자와 HF 용액을 반응시켜 상기 실리콘계 입자 상의 적어도 일부에 LiF를 포함하는 층을 형성하는 단계는 상기 실리콘계 입자 상의 적어도 일부에 구비된 리튬 화합물과 HF 용액을 반응시키는 단계를 포함하는 것인 음극 활물질의 제조방법.
- 청구항 1 내지 9 중 어느 한 항에 따른 음극 활물질을 포함하는 음극.
- 청구항 12에 따른 음극을 포함하는 이차전지.
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US20240063372A1 (en) | 2024-02-22 |
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