WO2022270481A1 - 嗅覚受容体の発現方法及び応答測定方法 - Google Patents

嗅覚受容体の発現方法及び応答測定方法 Download PDF

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WO2022270481A1
WO2022270481A1 PCT/JP2022/024613 JP2022024613W WO2022270481A1 WO 2022270481 A1 WO2022270481 A1 WO 2022270481A1 JP 2022024613 W JP2022024613 W JP 2022024613W WO 2022270481 A1 WO2022270481 A1 WO 2022270481A1
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amino acid
olfactory receptor
consensus
olfactory
acid sequence
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敬一 吉川
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Kao Corp
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/72—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants for hormones
    • C07K14/723—G protein coupled receptor, e.g. TSHR-thyrotropin-receptor, LH/hCG receptor, FSH receptor
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/10—Processes for the isolation, preparation or purification of DNA or RNA
    • C12N15/1034—Isolating an individual clone by screening libraries
    • C12N15/1089—Design, preparation, screening or analysis of libraries using computer algorithms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an olfactory receptor expression method and response measurement method.
  • odorants are recognized by the olfactory receptors of olfactory nerve cells present in the olfactory epithelium that extends deepest into the nasal cavity. Odor molecules taken into the nasal cavity act on and activate olfactory receptors. is perceived. According to a report in 2014, 396 types of genes encoding olfactory receptors are expected to be functional in humans (Non-Patent Document 1). It is expected that the odor quality we perceive for a particular odorant is determined by which combination of the above-mentioned approximately 400 olfactory receptors is activated by the odorant.
  • Patent Document 1 a method has been disclosed in which a receptor that selectively responds to a specific fragrance is identified, and a more desirable fragrance can be obtained by designing a fragrance using that receptor as an indicator.
  • Patent Document 2 perfumes that act as receptor antagonists that suppress malodor recognition by those olfactory receptors can be used as effective perfumes for deodorizing.
  • Patent Document 3 it has been disclosed that using a perfume that activates olfactory receptors that are important for odor recognition but does not produce malodor can suppress malodor recognition through cross-adaptation and solve the problem of malodor (Patent Document 3).
  • Non-Patent Document 2 This situation means that, for example, in the approach of using antagonist perfumes to deodorize specific odors, only a limited number of olfactory receptors involved in the perception of malodors can be identified and controlled. do.
  • Non-Patent Document 3 Non-Patent Document 3
  • identification of essential molecules other than RTP has not progressed, and cultured cells derived from olfactory neurons have not been established. Only about 12% of successful cases.
  • Non-Patent Document 4 a comparative analysis of mouse olfactory receptors that are expressed on the cell surface and mouse olfactory receptors that are not expressed was conducted (Non-Patent Document 4). As a result, it was found that olfactory receptors that are not expressed in the membrane may have low stability in conformation. Importantly, there is a statistically significant difference in amino acid properties in the primary amino acid sequence of the protein between the membrane-expressible olfactory receptor and the non-membrane-expressible olfactory receptor. was shown to be a highly common amino acid in all about 1,000 species of mouse olfactory receptors.
  • olfactory receptors that do not express membranes lack the stability of the three-dimensional structure due to mutations to different amino acids at the position of the polypeptide where a common amino acid should be used. It was suggested that the decision not to transfer was made. Based on this, it is possible to acquire the target olfactory receptor as a stable protein and to express it efficiently on the cell membrane by the "consensus method" that introduces amino acids that are highly common among olfactory receptors. is considered possible.
  • Patent Document 4 discloses a method for efficiently analyzing human olfactory receptors.
  • About 400 human olfactory receptors are phylogenetically classified into 18 groups.
  • For each group one type of consensus olfactory receptor designed by adopting the most common amino acid sequence (consensus between paralogs) among the olfactory receptor groups that make up the group is used for analysis.
  • this method cannot evaluate the function of each of the approximately 400 human olfactory receptors.
  • Non-Patent Document 2 in order to understand the function of a specific human olfactory receptor, the commonality between evolutionary homologous genes, not the commonality between the above groups, is used as an index. Receptor consensus was reached.
  • Consensus olfactory receptors OR6Y1, OR6B2, and OR56A4 were prepared by introducing amino acids that are highly common among homologous genes into the respective human olfactory receptors.
  • OR6Y1 was able to measure responses to odorants using cultured cells. Therefore, it has been suggested that if a common amino acid is introduced between evolutionarily homologous genes to analyze a specific human olfactory receptor, response analysis will be possible with a probability of 1 ⁇ 3.
  • Patent Document 1 JP-A-2018-074944 (Patent Document 2) JP-A-2020-10629 (Patent Document 3) JP-A-2016-224039 (Patent Document 4) International Publication No. 2020/006108 ( Non-Patent Document 1) Niimura Y et al. Genome Research 24, 1485-1496 (2014) (Non-Patent Document 2) Trimmer C et al. PNAS 116:9475-9480 (2019) (Non-Patent Document 3) Saitou H et al. Cell. 119:679-91 (2004) (Non-Patent Document 4) Ikegami K et al. PNAS 117:2957-2967 (2020) (Non-Patent Document 5) Porebski TB et al. Protein Engineering, Design & Selection 29:245-251 (2016)
  • the present invention provides the following 1) to 12).
  • 1) A method for expressing an olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising: An olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence in which at least one of the amino acid residues different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor is modified to the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position.
  • the consensus amino acid sequence is the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and any of the following olfactory receptors (a) to (d): (a) at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologues of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; (b) from an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest and an olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of at least one olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest among the 11 olfactory receptors; (c) at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consist
  • an olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising: An olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence in which at least one of the amino acid residues different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor is modified to the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position. including expressing to The olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 210 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 96 of human olfactory receptor OR7E24, and at a position corresponding to the consensus amino acid residue.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 642 in the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 484 of human olfactory receptor OR9K2, and at a position corresponding to the consensus amino acid residue. consisting of an amino acid sequence modified to the amino acid residue of the amino acid sequence, or The olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 900 in the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 850 of human olfactory receptor OR5I1.
  • a method for measuring the response of an olfactory receptor of interest comprising: 1) or 2) measuring the response of the expressed olfactory receptor polypeptide by the method; method including.
  • a method for searching for a target olfactory receptor ligand comprising: Measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the method according to 1) or 2) in the presence of a test substance, and selecting a test substance to which the olfactory receptor polypeptide responds; method including.
  • a method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor inhibitor for a target olfactory receptor ligand adding a test substance and a target olfactory receptor ligand to the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the method of 1) or 2), and measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand; method including.
  • a modified olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence in which at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is modified to an amino acid residue in the consensus amino acid sequence at a position corresponding thereto;
  • the consensus amino acid sequence is the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and any of the following olfactory receptors (a) to (d): (a) at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologues of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; (b) from an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest and an olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; at least
  • a modified olfactory receptor polypeptide At least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 210 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 96 of human olfactory receptor OR7E24 is changed to an amino acid residue in the consensus amino acid sequence at a position corresponding to this. or In the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 484 of human olfactory receptor OR9K2, at least one of the amino acid residues different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 642 is changed to an amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 900 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 850 of human olfactory receptor OR5I1. consisting of an amino acid sequence modified to the amino acid residue of the amino acid sequence, Modified Olfactory Receptor Polypeptides.
  • a transformed cell containing the vector or DNA fragment described in 11).
  • a and B Cell membrane expression levels of OR5AN1 and consensus OR5AN1. A is a histogram showing the distribution of PE fluorescence signals in cell populations expressing each receptor. As a control, cells not expressing the receptor (Mock) and cells expressing the receptor M2AchR, which efficiently expresses the membrane, were analyzed.
  • D Dose dependence for seven odorants. Mean values and SEM from three replicates from one experiment are shown. Luciferase assay for olfactory receptors.
  • a bar graph shows signal values when 100 ⁇ M of MeSH, DMS, DMDS or DMTS was administered to each consensus olfactory receptor and original olfactory receptor in the presence or absence of copper ions. Error bars represent SEM (from three replicates in one experiment).
  • olfactory receptor polypeptide refers to an olfactory receptor or a polypeptide having a function equivalent thereto, and a polypeptide having a function equivalent to an olfactory receptor , a function that can be expressed on the cell membrane, is activated by the binding of odorant molecules, and, when activated, increases the amount of intracellular cAMP by coupling with intracellular Gas and activating adenylate cyclase.
  • olfactory receptor polypeptide As used herein, “functionally expressing" an olfactory receptor polypeptide in a cell means that the expressed olfactory receptor polypeptide functions as an odorant receptor in the cell.
  • agonist refers to a substance that binds to and activates a receptor.
  • antagonist refers to a substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate the receptor or suppress the receptor's response to an agonist.
  • olfactory receptor agonism refers to binding to a receptor and activating the receptor.
  • odor cross-adaptation or olfactory cross-adaptation
  • odor cross-adaptation with respect to a target odor means that by previously receiving the odor of a substance other than the causative substance of the target odor and becoming accustomed to the odor, It refers to a phenomenon in which the olfactory sensitivity to the causative agent of the target odor decreases or changes.
  • odorant cross-adaptation is a phenomenon based on olfactory receptor agonism (WO 2016/194788).
  • odor cross-adaptation olfactory receptors for a target odor-causing substance respond to a different odor-causing substance before responding to the target odor-causing substance, and then desensitize. Subsequent exposure to the causative agent of the target odor results in only a low response, resulting in a reduction or alteration of the intensity of the target odor recognized by the individual.
  • the mechanism of odor cross-adaptation caused by the behavior of such olfactory receptors is also referred to herein as "odorant cross-adaptation by olfactory receptor agonism".
  • suppression by olfactory receptor antagonism of a target odor means that the response of an olfactory receptor to a substance having a target odor is suppressed by an antagonist, and as a result, the target odor recognized by the individual is suppressed. It means to
  • nucleotide sequences and amino acid sequences are calculated by the Lipman-Pearson method (Science, 1985, 227: 1435-41). Specifically, using the homology analysis (Search homology) program of genetic information processing software Genetyx-Win (Ver.5.1.1; software development), Unit size to compare (ktup) is set to 2 and analysis is performed. Calculated by
  • amino acid residue refers to 20 amino acid residues that constitute proteins, alanine (Ala or A), arginine (Arg or R), asparagine (Asn or N), aspartic acid (Asp or D), cysteine (Cys or C), glutamine (Gln or Q), glutamic acid (GIu or E), glycine (Gly or G), histidine (His or H), isoleucine (Ile or I), leucine (Leu or L ), Lysine (Lys or K), Methionine (Met or M), Phenylalanine (Phe or F), Proline (Pro or P), Serine (Ser or S), Threonine (Thr or T), Tryptophan (Trp or W) , tyrosine (Tyr or Y) and valine (Val or V).
  • amino acid modifications may be indicated by [original amino acid, position, modified amino acid] using the recognized IUPAC one-letter amino acid abbreviation.
  • modification of histidine at position 43 to arginine is indicated as "H43R.”
  • the term "corresponding position" on the amino acid sequence means that the target sequence and the reference sequence (in the present invention, the amino acid sequence of the original olfactory receptor) are aligned so as to give maximum homology.
  • Amino acid sequence alignments can be performed using known algorithms, the procedures of which are known to those skilled in the art. For example, alignments can be performed using the Clustal W multiple alignment program (Thompson, JD et al, 1994, Nucleic Acids Res. 22:4673-4680) with default settings.
  • Clustal W2 or Clustal omega which are revisions of Clustal W, can also be used.
  • Clustal W, Clustal W2 and Clustal omega can be found, for example, on Clustal's website [www. clustal. org], the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI [www.ebi.ac.uk/index.html]), and the Japan DNA Data Bank (DDBJ [www.ddbj.nig .ac.jp/searches-j.html]) website.
  • EBI European Bioinformatics Institute
  • DDBJ Japan DNA Data Bank
  • a person skilled in the art can further refine the alignment of the amino acid sequences obtained above for optimization.
  • Such optimal alignment is preferably determined in consideration of the similarity of amino acid sequences, the frequency of inserted gaps, and the like.
  • the similarity of amino acid sequences refers to the ratio (%) of the number of positions where the same or similar amino acid residues are present in both sequences when two amino acid sequences are aligned to the total number of amino acid residues.
  • a similar amino acid residue means an amino acid residue that, among the 20 amino acids that constitute proteins, has similar properties in terms of polarity and electric charge, and causes so-called conservative substitution.
  • amino acid residues are well known to those skilled in the art, for example arginine and lysine or glutamine; glutamic acid and aspartic acid or glutamine; serine and threonine or alanine; glutamine and asparagine or arginine; and isoleucine, respectively, but are not limited thereto.
  • amino acid sequence alignments obtained above can be further fine-tuned to optimize, for example, based on highly conserved amino acids or amino acid motifs among olfactory receptors. Examples of amino acids that are highly conserved among olfactory receptors used for this purpose include amino acids that are most conserved among amino acids that constitute the transmembrane region in each olfactory receptor.
  • cysteine which forms a disulfide bond in the molecule.
  • Examples of highly conserved amino acid motifs among olfactory receptors include LHTPMY located in the first intracellular loop, MAYDRYVAIC located from the latter half of the third transmembrane region to the first half of the second intracellular loop, Examples include SY located in the latter half of the fifth transmembrane domain, KAFSTCASH located in the first half of the sixth transmembrane domain, and PMLNPFIY located in the seventh transmembrane domain.
  • operably linkage between a control region such as a promoter and a gene means that the gene and the control region are linked so that the gene can be expressed under the control of the control region.
  • Procedures for "operably linking" genes and regulatory regions are well known to those of skill in the art.
  • upstream and downstream with respect to a gene refer to upstream and downstream in the transcription direction of the gene.
  • a gene located downstream of a promoter means that the gene is present on the 3' side of the promoter in the DNA sense strand
  • upstream of the gene means that the gene is located 5' of the gene in the DNA sense strand. means the area on the side.
  • homologue refers to a homologous gene derived from a common ancestor.
  • Ortholog also called “orthologue” refers to homologues that diverged during speciation, exist in different species, and have the same or similar functions.
  • olfactory receptor genes are frequently duplicated and deleted in each organism species, and there are many pseudogenes, so it is difficult to strictly determine orthologous relationships.
  • the ortholog used in the present invention is a homologous gene of the olfactory receptor gene of interest, which includes the same name as the olfactory receptor gene of interest and is of a biological species different from the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived.
  • the ortholog is an olfactory receptor having high homology with the target olfactory receptor gene in the species. It may be a somatic gene, preferably an olfactory receptor gene with the highest homology. Alternatively, it may be an olfactory receptor gene known to be an ortholog of the target olfactory receptor gene in the certain species.
  • the ortholog used in the present invention may be an olfactory receptor gene, among the orthologs described above, for which phylogenetic tree analysis suggests the possibility of divergence during speciation.
  • "paralogs" refer to homologs generated by gene duplication and exist within the same species. Paralogs may be the same or similar in function, but may also be different.
  • the paralog used in the present invention is an olfactory receptor gene having high homology with the target olfactory receptor gene, preferably the highest homology, among the olfactory receptor genes of the species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived. It may be an olfactory receptor gene having a sex.
  • the ligands for many olfactory receptors have not yet been elucidated. Elucidation of ligands or odor responsiveness of these olfactory receptors is required.
  • the present inventors are earnestly seeking methods that enable olfactory receptors to be expressed and functioned on cultured cell membranes. investigated.
  • the present inventors found that by consensusing olfactory receptors, which is different from conventional methods, membrane expression of olfactory receptors in cultured cells can be improved compared to the original olfactory receptors, and that olfactory receptors respond to odors. Even if the membrane expression of the olfactory receptor in cultured cells is not improved compared to the original olfactory receptor, the olfactory receptor response can be improved.
  • the receptors can maintain the ligand selectivity of the original olfactory receptors before consensus, and that the analysis results obtained by the consensus olfactory receptors well reflect human olfaction.
  • the present invention provides a method that allows the expression and function of olfactory receptors that maintain the ligand selectivity of the original olfactory receptors on the cell membrane.
  • olfactory receptors that maintain the ligand selectivity of the original olfactory receptors on the cell membrane.
  • the present inventors determined that the amino acid sequence of a human olfactory receptor is encoded by the amino acid sequence of the human olfactory receptor and a specific ortholog or a specific ortholog and paralog of the human olfactory receptor.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide obtained by modifying the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor based on the consensus amino acid sequence derived from the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor was expressed in the cell, the membrane expression of the olfactory receptor polypeptide in the cell was as high as before the modification. of human olfactory receptors (Fig. 1).
  • Mouse olfactory receptors were also modified in the same manner as human olfactory receptors, and the resulting olfactory receptor polypeptides were expressed in cells. of mouse olfactory receptors. That is, the olfactory receptor polypeptide has improved stability during expression compared to the olfactory receptor before modification.
  • the olfactory receptor before modification is referred to as the "original olfactory receptor”
  • modifying the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor based on the consensus amino acid sequence is referred to as "consensus”.
  • the modified olfactory receptor is sometimes referred to as "consensus olfactory receptor” or "modified olfactory receptor polypeptide”.
  • the present inventors have also found that increased cellular membrane expression of consensus olfactory receptors compared to the original human olfactory receptors also improves responsiveness. Even a small increase in expression is sufficient to improve responsiveness (Fig. 1), and more importantly, the consensus olfactory receptors maintain well the ligand selectivity of the original human olfactory receptors (Fig. 2). , 3). In addition, the present inventors have reached a consensus on 34 types of human olfactory receptors for which responsiveness to the ligand candidate substance has not been demonstrated in spite of the identification of the ligand candidate substance in previous studies. We found increased membrane expression for as many as about 85% of olfactory receptors (Fig. 4).
  • the present inventors have found that the olfactory receptor predicted as a candidate for an olfactory receptor that responds to a certain odorant actually turns out to be a candidate for the olfactory receptor that responds to a certain odorant, based on the consensus of human olfactory receptors whose functions could not be analyzed so far. It was confirmed that they exhibited responsiveness to substances (Figs. 5 and 6). Among these olfactory receptors, there are receptors for which consensus was attempted in Non-Patent Document 2, but success in response measurement was not reported.
  • consensus olfactory receptors are similar to the original human olfactory receptors, even though cellular membrane expression of the consensus olfactory receptors is comparable and not increased compared to the original human olfactory receptors. (Fig. 9).
  • the reason why the responsiveness is improved even though the membrane expression level does not increase is that the consensus of the olfactory receptors increases the efficiency of the transition to the activated structure of the olfactory receptors and the coupling efficiency with intracellular G proteins. It is possible that it is increasing.
  • the above-mentioned consensus of olfactory receptors is based on the selection of ligands for olfactory receptors, especially for olfactory receptors whose function analysis has been impossible due to insufficient membrane expression in cultured cells. It is useful for expressing and functioning well-preserved olfactory receptors on the plasma membrane of cells. Accordingly, in one aspect the invention provides a method of expressing an olfactory receptor polypeptide. Since the expression method of the present invention enables enhancement of olfactory receptor expression (eg, increased expression, stabilization of expression), the method is preferably a method for enhancing expression of an olfactory receptor polypeptide.
  • the method comprises an olfactory receptor comprising an amino acid sequence in which at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor is modified to an amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at a position corresponding thereto.
  • the consensus amino acid sequence is the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and any of the following olfactory receptors (a) to (d): (a) at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologues of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; (b) from an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest and an olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of at least one olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest among the 11 olfactory receptors; (c) at least 11 olfactory
  • the target olfactory receptor is not particularly limited, but is preferably an olfactory receptor for which cellular responsiveness or cell membrane expression and responsiveness are desired to be improved.
  • the target olfactory receptor may be an olfactory receptor of any species, preferably a mammalian olfactory receptor, more preferably a human olfactory receptor. It may also be an olfactory receptor of any family, subfamily or member.
  • the family of olfactory receptors varies by species, for example, the human olfactory receptors are OR1, OR2, OR3, OR4, OR5, OR6, OR7, OR8, OR9, OR10, OR11, OR12, OR13, OR14, OR51.
  • the target olfactory receptor may be an olfactory receptor whose function can be analyzed using cultured cells by a conventional method, or an olfactory receptor whose function cannot be analyzed. It is more preferably applied to olfactory receptors that cannot be functionally analyzed using cultured cells.
  • the olfactory receptor (a) is an olfactory receptor encoded by the ortholog of the desired olfactory receptor in the same order as the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor was derived.
  • the ortholog is not particularly limited, but is preferably an ortholog that is highly homologous to the target olfactory receptor gene.
  • the ortholog of the target olfactory receptor in the same order as the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor in (a) is derived is , is a gene containing the same name as the olfactory receptor gene of interest.
  • Such orthologs can be selected, for example, by the following procedure. Using the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest as a query sequence, and using the same order as the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived as the search target organism name, a database search is performed using NCBI BLAST or the like.
  • a gene having the same name as the olfactory receptor gene of interest is selected from the homologous gene group obtained as a result (for example, the top 500 genes, preferably the top 250 genes, more preferably the top 100 genes, and even more preferably the top 50 genes). select.
  • the orthologue of the target olfactory receptor in the same order as the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor in (a) is derived is an olfactory receptor gene possessed by the biological species belonging to the order.
  • phylogenetic tree analysis suggests the possibility of divergence during speciation.
  • Such orthologs can be selected, for example, by the following procedure.
  • a database search is performed using NCBI BLAST or the like.
  • a group of homologous genes obtained as a result e.g., top 500 genes, preferably top 250 genes, more preferably top 100 genes, more preferably top 50 genes
  • a clade containing as many genes with the same name as the olfactory receptor and as few other genes as possible is identified. Genes included in the identified clade are then selected.
  • the ortholog When multiple genes derived from the same species are selected as orthologs, only one gene having the highest homology with the target olfactory receptor gene may be selected.
  • the nomenclature of an olfactory receptor in a certain species is different from the nomenclature in the species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived, the ortholog has high homology with the target olfactory receptor gene in the species.
  • a gene may be selected, preferably the gene with the highest homology.
  • a gene known to be an orthologue of the desired olfactory receptor gene in the species may be selected.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors in (a) is at least 11 types, preferably at least 15 types, in terms of the number of receptors.
  • the upper limit of the number of types is the total number of types of orthologs in the biological species of the same order as the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived.
  • the number is preferably 250 or less, more preferably 100 or less, even more preferably 50 or less.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors in (a) is, for example, 11 types to all types of orthologues in the same order as the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived, 11 to 500 types, 11 It can be ⁇ 250, 11-100, 11-50, 15-50.
  • the olfactory receptor (b) is an olfactory receptor encoded by the ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived, and the olfactory receptor of interest. It is an olfactory receptor encoded by a receptor paralog.
  • the ortholog is not particularly limited, but is preferably an ortholog that is highly homologous to the target olfactory receptor gene.
  • the paralog is not particularly limited, but is preferably a paralog having high homology with the target olfactory receptor gene, and more preferably a paralog having the highest homology.
  • the orthologue of the target olfactory receptor in the same order as the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor in (b) is derived is a gene containing the same name as the olfactory receptor gene of interest.
  • Such orthologs can be selected as in (a) above.
  • the orthologue of the target olfactory receptor in the same order as the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor in (b) is derived is an olfactory receptor gene possessed by the biological species belonging to the order.
  • phylogenetic tree analysis suggests the possibility of divergence during speciation.
  • Such orthologs can be selected as in (a) above.
  • the target olfactory receptor paralog of (b) has high homology with the target olfactory receptor gene among the olfactory receptor genes possessed by the species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived.
  • is a gene with Such paralogs are obtained by performing a database search using NCBI's BLAST or the like using the amino acid sequence of the desired olfactory receptor as the query sequence and the biological species derived from the desired olfactory receptor as the search target organism name. It can be selected from a group of homologous genes (eg, top 500 genes, preferably top 250 genes, more preferably top 100 genes, still more preferably top 50 genes).
  • the ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest and the paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest in (b) above is derived can be selected, for example, by the following procedure. can. Using the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest as the query sequence and the organism name to be searched as the same order as the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived, a database search is performed by BLAST of NCBI or the like.
  • a group of homologous genes obtained as a result (e.g., top 500 genes, preferably top 250 genes, more preferably top 100 genes, more preferably top 50 genes) is used to create a phylogenetic tree by a known method, A clade containing as many genes with the same name as the olfactory receptor and as few other genes as possible is identified. A clade that is adjacent to the identified clade and contains the gene of the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is most homologous to the olfactory receptor gene of interest is identified. Genes included in the specified clade group are selected. At this time, if the clade group includes a gene lower than the top 50 in the homologous gene group of the organism species of the same order as the organism species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived, the gene is preferably excluded.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors in (b) is at least 11 types, preferably at least 25 types, and more preferably at least 35 types, in terms of the number of receptors.
  • the upper limit of the number of types is the total number of types of orthologs and paralogs of the target olfactory receptor in the same order as the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived, and the number of types is the number of receptors. , preferably 500 types or less, more preferably 250 types or less, still more preferably 100 types or less, and even more preferably 50 types or less.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors in (b) is, for example, from 11 types to the number of orthologs and paralogs of the desired olfactory receptor in the same order as the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor is derived. It can be all types, 11-500 types, 11-250 types, 11-100 types, 11-50 types, 25-50 types, 35-50 types. Of these, the number of kinds of olfactory receptors encoded by the paralogue of the target olfactory receptor is at least one.
  • the upper limit of the number of types is the total number of types of paralogues of the target olfactory receptor, and the number of types is preferably 50 or less, more preferably 10 or less, in terms of the number of receptors.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors encoded by the target olfactory receptor paralogs is, for example, 1 type to all types of target olfactory receptor paralogs, 1 to 50 types, and 1 to 10 types. could be.
  • the olfactory receptor encoded by the paralog is more preferably the one most homologous to the target olfactory receptor gene.
  • the target olfactory receptor is a human olfactory receptor
  • (a) or (b) "the same order as the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived” refers to the vertebrate phylum Mammalia Primate. Point. Species belonging to the order Primates are called primates, and about 220 species are known to exist.
  • Primates include humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, Sumatran orangutans, northern robin gibbons, drills, gelada baboons, rhesus monkeys, Annubis baboons, sooty mangabeys, green monkeys, high red colobus, Angora colobus, garnet galagos, gray mouse lemurs, and foxes. Crelsifaka, Philippine tarsier, etc., but not limited to these.
  • the "gene containing the same name as the olfactory receptor gene of interest" means the same family name, subfamily name, and refers to the gene containing the member name.
  • the olfactory receptor (c) is an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the target olfactory receptor in a vertebrate, and is different from the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived. It contains at least one olfactory receptor encoded by a vertebrate orthologue of the order. Olfactory receptors encoded by orthologs of olfactory receptors of interest in vertebrates are preferably selected from olfactory receptors encoded by orthologues of olfactory receptors of interest in mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.
  • a receptor more preferably an olfactory receptor selected from olfactory receptors encoded by orthologs of the olfactory receptor of interest in mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, more preferably an olfactory receptor of interest in mammals is an olfactory receptor encoded by the orthologue of
  • the order different from the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived may be an order other than the order to which the biological species belongs, and the taxonomic rank higher than the order may be the same as that of the biological species, but different.
  • the ortholog is not particularly limited, but is preferably an ortholog that is highly homologous to the target olfactory receptor gene.
  • mammals refer to species belonging to the vertebrate phylum Mammals, and about 5,500 species are known to exist, including the above-mentioned primates.
  • Mammals other than the above primates include mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs, foxes, raccoon dogs, weasels, tigers, cheetahs, bears, sea lions, seals, fur seals, horses, rhinos, camels, pigs, wild boars, and cows. , goats, sheep, deer, giraffes, hippos, elephants, pangolins, moles, bats and the like, but are not limited thereto.
  • Birds refer to species belonging to the phylum Avian vertebrates. Birds include, but are not limited to, chickens, ducks, ducks, geese, turkeys, ostriches, pheasants, pigeons, parrots, canaries, white pine, hummingbirds, mankodrels, quails, flycatchers, and the like.
  • Reptiles (Reptilia) refer to species belonging to the phylum Reptilia vertebrates. Reptiles include, but are not limited to, turtles, lizards, alligators, iguanas, chameleons, geckos, snakes, and the like.
  • Amphibia refers to species belonging to the phylum Amphibian vertebrates.
  • Amphibians include, but are not limited to, frogs, newts, salamanders, and the like.
  • Fish is a general term for organisms belonging to the vertebrate phylum Hagfish, Lamprey, Cartilaginous fish, and Osteichthyes. Fish include, but are not limited to, hagfish, lamprey, shark, ray, tuna, bonito, salmon, trout, cod, sea bream, flounder, yellowtail, horse mackerel, and mackerel.
  • the orthologue of the target olfactory receptor in vertebrates in (c) includes the same name as the target olfactory receptor gene among the olfactory receptor genes possessed by species belonging to vertebrates. Gene.
  • Such orthologs can be selected, for example, by the following procedure. Using the amino acid sequence of the desired olfactory receptor as a query sequence, a database search is performed using NCBI BLAST or the like. A gene having the same name as the olfactory receptor gene of interest is selected from the resulting group of homologous genes (for example, top 500 genes, preferably top 250 genes, more preferably top 100 genes, and even more preferably top 50 genes). select.
  • the target olfactory receptor is a human olfactory receptor
  • multiple genes of a certain species other than humans are selected as orthologs
  • the target human olfactory receptor gene and the target human olfactory receptor gene are most homologous to the target species. gene should be selected.
  • the ortholog has high homology with the target olfactory receptor gene in the species.
  • a gene may be selected, preferably the gene with the highest homology.
  • a gene known to be an orthologue of the desired olfactory receptor gene in the species may be selected.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors in (c) is at least 11 types, preferably at least 15 types, and more preferably at least 30 types.
  • the upper limit of the number of types is the total number of types of orthologues of the target olfactory receptor in vertebrates, and the number of types is preferably 500 or less, more preferably 400 or less, more preferably 400 or less, in terms of the number of receptors. is less than 300 types.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors in (c) is, for example, 11 types to all types of orthologues of the target olfactory receptors in vertebrates, 11 to 500 types, 11 to 400 types, and 11 to 300 types. , 15-300 types, 30-300 types.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors encoded by vertebrate orthologues of an order different from the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor is derived is at least 1 type, preferably 5 types, in terms of the number of receptors. , more preferably 10 types.
  • the upper limit of the number of types is the total number of types of vertebrate orthologues of an order different from the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived, and the number of types is preferably 250 or less, more preferably 100 or less. , and more preferably 50 types or less.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors encoded by vertebrate orthologues of different eyes from the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor is derived is, for example, from 1 type to the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor is derived. may be all, 1-250, 5-250, 10-250, 10-100, 10-50 orthologues of vertebrates of orders different from .
  • the olfactory receptor (d) is an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the target olfactory receptor in vertebrates, and a target olfactory receptor having 11 or more orthologs in vertebrates.
  • an olfactory receptor selected from the group consisting of the olfactory receptor of interest among the paralogues of and an olfactory receptor encoded by the vertebrate orthologue of the paralogue having the highest homology, wherein the olfactory receptor of interest
  • An olfactory receptor comprising at least one olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of a vertebrate of an order different from the organism species from which it is derived, and an olfactory receptor encoded by the paralog.
  • Olfactory receptors encoded by orthologs of olfactory receptors of interest in vertebrates are preferably selected from olfactory receptors encoded by orthologues of olfactory receptors of interest in mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.
  • a receptor more preferably an olfactory receptor selected from olfactory receptors encoded by orthologs of the olfactory receptor of interest in mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, more preferably an olfactory receptor of interest in mammals is an olfactory receptor encoded by the orthologue of
  • the order different from the biological species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived may be an order other than the order to which the biological species belongs, and the taxonomic rank higher than the order may be the same as that of the biological species, but different.
  • the ortholog is not particularly limited, but is preferably an ortholog that is highly homologous to the target olfactory receptor gene. Orthologues of paralogs in vertebrates are not particularly limited, but orthologues having higher homology with the above paralogs are more preferable. Examples of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish include the same species as in (c) above.
  • the ortholog of the target olfactory receptor in vertebrates of (d) includes the same name as the target olfactory receptor gene among the olfactory receptor genes possessed by species belonging to vertebrates. Gene. Such orthologs can be selected as in (c) above.
  • the olfactory receptor (d) is the target olfactory receptor among paralogs of the target olfactory receptor that have 11 or more orthologs in vertebrates.
  • At least an olfactory receptor encoded by an orthologue in a vertebrate of the most homologous paralogue the olfactory receptor encoded by an orthologue of a vertebrate of an order different from the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived.
  • Olfactory receptors comprising one species, and olfactory receptors encoded by said paralogs.
  • the vertebrate ortholog of the paralogue with the highest homology to the olfactory receptor of interest preferably belongs to a vertebrate.
  • a paralog with the highest homology to the target olfactory receptor gene to select From the homologous gene group obtained as a result (for example, top 500 genes, preferably top 250 genes, more preferably top 100 genes, still more preferably top 50 genes), a paralog with the highest homology to the target olfactory receptor gene to select. Genes containing the same name as the paralog are then selected. If the selected genes are less than 11 genes, select the paralog that has the second highest homology to the target olfactory receptor gene, and select the gene containing the same name as the paralog in the same manner as above. This procedure may be repeated until finally 11 or more genes are selected. When multiple genes derived from the same species are selected as orthologs, only one gene having the highest homology with the target olfactory receptor gene may be selected.
  • the target olfactory receptor is a human olfactory receptor
  • multiple genes of a certain species other than human are selected as orthologs
  • the target human olfactory receptor gene and the target human olfactory receptor gene are most homologous to the target species. gene should be selected.
  • the nomenclature of an olfactory receptor in a certain species is different from the nomenclature in the species from which the target olfactory receptor is derived
  • the ortholog has high homology with the target olfactory receptor gene in the species.
  • a gene may be selected, preferably the gene with the highest homology.
  • a gene known to be an orthologue of the desired olfactory receptor gene in the species may be selected.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors in (d) is at least 11 types, preferably at least 30 types, and more preferably at least 60 types, in terms of the number of receptors.
  • the upper limit of the number of types is the most homologous to the olfactory receptor of interest among orthologs of the olfactory receptor of interest in vertebrates and paralogs of the olfactory receptor of interest that have 11 or more orthologs in vertebrates. is the total number of types of orthologs in vertebrates with high paralogs, and the number of types is preferably 500 or less, more preferably 400 or less, and even more preferably 300 or less in terms of the number of receptors.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors in (d) is, for example, 11 types to the ortholog of the target olfactory receptor in vertebrates, and the target olfactory receptor that has 11 or more orthologs in vertebrates. All kinds of vertebrate orthologs of the paralogue that has the highest homology with the olfactory receptor of interest among the paralogues, 11 to 500 kinds, 11 to 400 kinds, 11 to 300 kinds, 30 to 300 kinds, 60 to 300 kinds can be Among these, the number of types of olfactory receptors encoded by vertebrate orthologues of an order different from the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor is derived is at least 1 type, preferably 5 types, in terms of the number of receptors.
  • the upper limit of the number of types is the total number of types of vertebrate orthologues of an order different from the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived, and the number of types is preferably 250 or less, more preferably 100 or less. , and more preferably 50 types or less.
  • the number of types of olfactory receptors encoded by vertebrate orthologues of different eyes from the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor is derived is, for example, from 1 type to the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor is derived. may be all, 1-250, 5-250, 10-250, 10-100, 10-50 orthologues of vertebrates of orders different from .
  • the olfactory receptor (c) is preferred in that the consensus based on the olfactory receptor genes of more species can be reflected in the consensus of the target olfactory receptor. is preferably used for consensus.
  • the olfactory receptor (c) cannot be used for consensus formation of the desired olfactory receptor, in other words, if less than 11 orthologs of the desired olfactory receptor can be identified, the olfactory receptor (d) can be suitably used for consensus.
  • the "consensus amino acid sequence” is an amino acid sequence derived from alignment of the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor and the amino acid sequence of any one of (a) to (d). .
  • the "consensus amino acid sequence” refers to the following (i) to (iii) from the alignment of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the amino acid sequence of any one of (a) to (d) ) is an amino acid sequence consisting of consensus residues identified according to the criteria of ).
  • the "appearance frequency” is the number of appearances of a specific amino acid residue at each amino acid position in the alignment of amino acid sequences expressed as a percentage of the number of amino acid sequences subjected to alignment. Alignment of amino acid sequences can be performed by known algorithms.
  • criterion is the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the amino acid sequence of any of (a) to (d) aligned with the amino acid position of the olfactory receptor of interest. It is the criterion for the presence of amino acid residues in the body. At this time, if there is one amino acid residue that is different from the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest and has an appearance frequency of 50% or more, the amino acid residue with an appearance frequency of 50% or more is identified as the consensus residue at that position. do.
  • the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest is placed at the position according to criteria (iv). identify the consensus residues of
  • Criterion (i) (i-ii) is the desired olfactory receptor at an amino acid position where the amino acid sequence of the desired olfactory receptor and the amino acid sequence of any of (a) to (d) are aligned. It is the criterion for the presence of amino acid residues in the body. At this time, if there are two amino acid residues with an appearance frequency of 50%, one of the two amino acid residues is always the amino acid residue of the desired olfactory receptor, and the amino acid residue of the desired olfactory receptor. is identified as the consensus residue at that position.
  • Criterion (i) (i-iii) is an amino acid position in which the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of any one of (a) to (d) are aligned. It is the criterion for the presence of amino acid residues in the body. At this time, if there is no amino acid residue with an appearance frequency of 40% or more, the position is identified as having no consensus residue.
  • the frequency of appearance without amino acid residues is less than 40%, if the above criteria (ii) are met, the consensus residue at the position is identified according to the criteria, and if not, the criteria ( Identifying the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest as the consensus residue for the position according to iv).
  • Criterion (i) (i-iv) is the desired olfactory receptor at an amino acid position where the amino acid sequence of the desired olfactory receptor and the amino acid sequence of any of (a) to (d) are aligned. It is the basis for the absence of amino acid residues in the body. At this time, if there is an amino acid residue with an appearance frequency of 60% or more, the amino acid residue with the highest appearance frequency is identified as the consensus residue at the position, and if there are two or more amino acids with the highest appearance frequency , the amino acid residue with the lowest molecular weight among the most frequently occurring amino acids is identified as the consensus residue.
  • the amino acid residue with the highest frequency of appearance is one
  • the amino acid residue of the one is identified as the consensus residue at the position
  • the amino acid residue with the lowest molecular weight among them may be identified as the consensus residue at that position.
  • the consensus amino acid sequence is modified from the viewpoint of maintaining the structure of the olfactory receptor.
  • the consensus residue at the position corresponding to the N-terminus of the target olfactory receptor may be a methionine residue, and the consensus residue on the N-terminal side of the methionine residue may be changed to none. That is, the N-terminal structure of the desired olfactory receptor may be maintained as it is.
  • the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest is identified as the consensus residue at that position according to criteria (iv). That is, the position is identified as having no amino acid residue.
  • the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest is identified as the consensus residue at that position.
  • the amino acid residue of the target olfactory receptor it can be identified as having no amino acid residue at that position in the consensus amino acid sequence.
  • Criterion (ii) identifies a consensus residue at each amino acid position in the alignment of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the amino acid sequence of any of (a) to (d) according to criterion (i) above. Then, the consensus residue located closest to the N-terminus among the consensus residues is the consensus residue at a position corresponding to the N-terminus of the olfactory receptor of interest or the C-terminus thereof, and a methionine residue It is a criterion when it is not.
  • the consensus residue at the N-terminus is a methionine residue, in other words, the starting amino acid for translation of the olfactory receptor polypeptide is a methionine residue.
  • the consensus residue N-terminal to the consensus residue consisting of the methionine residue at the position is changed to no consensus residue.
  • the consensus residues are confirmed one by one from the N-terminus, and if it is not a methionine residue, it is identified as having no consensus residue at that position, and this may be repeated until the first methionine residue appears. .
  • the consensus residue before the modification is considered to maintain the helix structure of the olfactory receptor.
  • the most N-terminal consensus residue may be changed to a consensus residue consisting of a methionine residue.
  • the viewpoint of maintaining the structure of the olfactory receptor Therefore, among the consensus residues before the change, the most N-terminal consensus residue is not changed, and the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest on the N-terminal side of the position corresponding to the consensus residue is the consensus residue. It may be a residue. That is, the N-terminal structure of the desired olfactory receptor may be maintained as it is.
  • Criterion (iii) identifies a consensus residue at each amino acid position in the alignment of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the amino acid sequence of any of (a) to (d) according to criterion (i) above.
  • the most N-terminal consensus residue is a consensus residue at a position corresponding to the N-terminal side of the target olfactory receptor and is not a methionine residue.
  • the position of the most N-terminal consensus residue is such that the N-terminal consensus residue is a methionine residue, in other words, the translation-initiating amino acid of the olfactory receptor polypeptide is a methionine residue.
  • the amino acid sequence consisting of the consensus residues thus identified is the consensus amino acid sequence.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide used in the present invention at least one of the amino acid residues different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor is changed to the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position.
  • “modification” is a concept including all of substitution, deletion, addition and insertion.
  • the difference between the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor and the consensus amino acid sequence can be found, for example, by aligning the amino acid sequences using a known algorithm and comparing the two amino acid sequences.
  • the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the consensus amino acid sequence are compared, and the amino acid residue at the amino acid position of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest matches the amino acid residue at the corresponding position of the consensus amino acid sequence. If the amino acid residues are different, the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest may be substituted with the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence.
  • the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the consensus amino acid sequence are compared, and if no amino acid residue is present in the consensus amino acid sequence at a position corresponding to the amino acid position of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest, then the desired The amino acid residue at the amino acid position of the olfactory receptor may be deleted.
  • the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the consensus amino acid sequence are compared, and if an amino acid residue is present in the consensus amino acid sequence at a position corresponding to a position where no amino acid residue exists in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest.
  • the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence may be inserted into the amino acid position of the olfactory receptor of interest.
  • the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the consensus amino acid sequence are compared, and if the consensus amino acid sequence has a longer N-terminus than the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest, the N-terminus of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is determined.
  • An N-terminal part present only in the consensus amino acid sequence may be added to the terminal end.
  • the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the consensus amino acid sequence are compared, and if the consensus amino acid sequence has a longer C-terminus than the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest, the C of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is determined.
  • a C-terminal part present only in the consensus amino acid sequence may be added to the terminal end.
  • the number of amino acid residues to be modified in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is at least one, preferably is at least 3, more preferably at least 5, and all of the amino acid residues that differ from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest are in the amino acid residues of the consensus amino acid sequence at positions corresponding to these More preferably, it is modified (ie, the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is modified to a consensus amino acid sequence).
  • the number of amino acid residues to be modified in the target olfactory receptor amino acid sequence is at least one, preferably is at least 3, more preferably at least 5, and all of the amino acid residues that differ from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest are in the amino acid residues of the consensus amino acid sequence at positions corresponding to these More preferably, it is modified (ie, the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is modified to a consensus amino acid sequence).
  • the number of amino acid residues to be modified in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is at least one, preferably is at least 5, more preferably at least 10, and all of the amino acid residues that differ from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest are in the amino acid residues of the consensus amino acid sequence at positions corresponding to these More preferably, it is modified (ie, the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is modified to a consensus amino acid sequence).
  • the number of amino acid residues to be modified in the target olfactory receptor amino acid sequence is at least one, preferably is at least 5, more preferably at least 10, and all of the amino acid residues that differ from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest are in the amino acid residues of the consensus amino acid sequence at positions corresponding to these More preferably, it is modified (ie, the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is modified to a consensus amino acid sequence).
  • the number of amino acid residues to be modified in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is preferably at least 10%, more preferably at least 30%, and even more preferably at least 50% of the number of amino acid residues that differ from the consensus amino acid sequence, More preferably, the number may be at least 70%, more preferably at least 90%, and even more preferably 100% (ie, the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is modified to the consensus amino acid sequence). If the N-terminus of the consensus amino acid sequence is longer than the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor, regardless of the number of amino acid residues, N present only in the consensus amino acid sequence at the N-terminus of the target olfactory receptor amino acid sequence.
  • N-terminus of the consensus amino acid sequence is shorter than the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest, regardless of the number of amino acid residues, only the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest from the N-terminus of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest. It is preferred to modify by deleting the existing N-terminal part as a whole. If the C-terminus of the consensus amino acid sequence is longer than the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest, the C-terminal part present only in the consensus amino acid sequence at the C-terminus of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest, regardless of the number of amino acid residues.
  • the C-terminus of the consensus amino acid sequence is shorter than the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest, regardless of the number of amino acid residues, only the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest from the C-terminus of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest. It is preferred to modify by deleting the existing C-terminal part as a whole. As long as the function of the olfactory receptor polypeptide used in the present invention is not impaired, 1 to several (eg, 1 to 10, Polypeptides containing 1-5, 1-3) amino acid residue substitutions, deletions, additions or insertions are also included in the present invention.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide is the sequence (3) in the amino acid sequence shown by the SEQ ID NO of (2) of the olfactory receptor (1) in Tables 1-1 to 1-5 below. It consists of an amino acid sequence in which at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence indicated by a number is modified to the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position. More preferably, the olfactory receptor polypeptide consists of the consensus amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: (3) in Tables 1-1 to 1-5 below.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptides are SEQ ID NOS: 99-104, 109-118, 121, 123, 125-130, 133, 136, 138, 140-146, 149-210, 485-642, and 851 It consists of an amino acid sequence shown anywhere from 1 to 900.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in any of SEQ ID NOs: 97-107, 109-121, 123, 125-133, 135-210, 485-639, 641, 642, and 851-900 , with highly enhanced membrane expression compared to the original olfactory receptor.
  • Tables 1-1 to 1-5 No.
  • the olfactory receptors of (1) of 1 to 270 and 272 to 322 are human olfactory receptors. 271 (1) olfactory receptor is a mouse olfactory receptor, Accession No. is an Accession No. in GenBank. indicates
  • An olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs: 97, 104, 107, 119, 122, 131, 134, 137, and 146 in (3) in Tables 1-1 to 1-5 above is an olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of a consensus amino acid sequence using the olfactory receptor of (a) for consensus formation.
  • An olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOS: 98, 105, 108, 120, 123, 132, 135, 138, and 147 uses the olfactory receptor (b) for consensus
  • An olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by any of 591-598, 600-627, 629-642, 850-885, and 887-900 uses the olfactory receptor of (c) for consensus formation
  • An olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of the consensus amino acid sequence of Among them, the olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: 210 or 900 has a consensus residue consisting of a methionine residue as the consensus residue on the most N-terminal side among the consensus residues in the above criterion (ii).
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 642 is an olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of the consensus amino acid sequence obtained by changing It is an olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of a consensus amino acid sequence obtained while maintaining the N-terminal structure of the desired olfactory receptor.
  • An olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by any of SEQ ID NOs: 145, 168, 179, 487, 525, 590, 599, 628, and 886 used the olfactory receptor of (d) for consensus
  • An olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of a consensus amino acid sequence used the olfactory receptor of (d) for consensus
  • An olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of a consensus amino acid sequence used the olfactory receptor of (d) for consensus amino acid sequence.
  • “Expression” of the olfactory receptor polypeptide of the present invention means that a translation product is produced from a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide, and the translation product is localized in the cell membrane, which is the site of action, in a functional state.
  • Olfactory receptor polypeptides of the present invention may be expressed in cells by methods known in the art.
  • an olfactory receptor polypeptide can be obtained by introducing a vector containing a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide into a host cell, or by introducing a DNA fragment containing a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide into a host cell.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide is expressed in the cell membrane of a host cell by transforming the host cell with a vector containing a polynucleotide encoding the polypeptide.
  • the host cell may be any cell capable of functionally expressing an exogenous olfactory receptor. Specific examples of cells include human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293 cells), Chinese hamster cells (CHO cells), monkey cells (COS cells), isolated olfactory neurons, Xenopus laevis oocytes, insect cells, and yeast. or bacteria, etc., but not limited thereto.
  • a polynucleotide encoding an olfactory receptor polypeptide can be obtained using various mutagenesis techniques known in the art. For example, in a polynucleotide encoding an olfactory receptor polypeptide, in a polynucleotide encoding an amino acid sequence of an olfactory receptor of interest, a nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid residue to be modified is encoded as an amino acid residue after modification. It can be obtained by modifying the nucleotide sequence to
  • Site-directed mutagenesis can be performed using various site-directed mutagenesis methods well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis can be performed by any technique such as inverse PCR or annealing.
  • a commercially available site-directed mutagenesis kit eg, Stratagene's QuickChange II Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit, QuickChange Multi Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit, etc. can also be used.
  • polynucleotides encoding olfactory receptor polypeptides can be obtained by genome editing using artificial DNA cleaving enzymes (artificial DNA nucleases or programmable nucleases), DNA synthesis based on the nucleotide sequence, or the like.
  • artificial DNA cleaving enzymes artificial DNA nucleases or programmable nucleases
  • a polynucleotide encoding an olfactory receptor polypeptide can include single- or double-stranded DNA, cDNA, RNA or other artificial nucleic acids.
  • the DNA, cDNA and RNA may be chemically synthesized.
  • the polynucleotide may also contain nucleotide sequences of untranslated regions (UTRs) in addition to the open reading frame (ORF).
  • UTRs untranslated regions
  • ORF open reading frame
  • the polynucleotide may be codon-optimized according to the species of cells for expressing the olfactory receptor. Information on codons used by various organisms is available from the Codon Usage Database ([www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/]).
  • a polynucleotide encoding an olfactory receptor polypeptide consists of a base sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 211-324, 643-800, and 901-950.
  • the polynucleotides encode olfactory receptor polypeptides consisting of the amino acid sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 97-210, 485-642, and 851-900, respectively.
  • the polynucleotides encoding the olfactory receptor polypeptides are SEQ ID NOS: 213-218, 223-232, 235, 237, 239-244, 247, 250, 252, 254-260, 263-324, 643 It consists of a nucleotide sequence represented by either ⁇ 800 or 901-950.
  • the polynucleotides are represented by SEQ ID NOs: 99-104, 109-118, 121, 123, 125-130, 133, 136, 138, 140-146, 149-210, 485-642, and 851-900, respectively It encodes an olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence.
  • the resulting polynucleotide encoding the olfactory receptor polypeptide can be incorporated into a vector or DNA fragment.
  • said vector is an expression vector.
  • the vector is an expression vector capable of introducing an olfactory receptor polynucleotide into a host cell and expressing the polynucleotide within the host cell.
  • the vector may be a vector capable of autonomous replication and replication outside the chromosome, such as a plasmid, or a vector that integrates into the chromosome. Examples of specific vectors include, but are not limited to, pME18S.
  • the vector preferably comprises a polynucleotide encoding an olfactory receptor polypeptide and a control region operably linked thereto.
  • the control region is a sequence for expressing the polynucleotide encoding the introduced olfactory receptor polypeptide in the host cell into which the vector has been introduced. starting point, etc.
  • the type of control region can be appropriately selected according to the type of vector.
  • the vector or DNA fragment may further have a drug resistance gene such as ampicillin as a selectable marker.
  • the control region and selectable marker gene may be those originally contained in the vector, or may be incorporated into the vector together with or separately from the polynucleotide encoding the olfactory receptor polypeptide. .
  • DNA fragments containing polynucleotides encoding olfactory receptor polypeptides include PCR-amplified DNA fragments and restriction enzyme-cleaved DNA fragments.
  • said DNA fragment may be an expression cassette comprising said polynucleotide and a control region operably linked thereto. Examples of control regions that can be used are the same as for vectors.
  • a polynucleotide encoding an olfactory receptor polypeptide and a polynucleotide encoding an RTP (receptor-transporting protein) (herein, RTP gene ) is introduced into the cell.
  • RTP gene receptor-transporting protein
  • a vector containing an RTP gene and a polynucleotide encoding an olfactory receptor polypeptide may be constructed and introduced into a host cell, or a vector containing an RTP gene and a polynucleotide encoding an olfactory receptor polypeptide may be constructed.
  • Each vector containing the nucleotide may be introduced into a host cell.
  • RTPs examples include RTP1S, and examples of RTP1S include human RTP1S.
  • Human RTP1S registered as AY562235 in GenBank, is a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:326 encoded by the gene having the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:325.
  • vectors or DNA fragments For introduction of vectors or DNA fragments into host cells, general transformation methods for mammalian cells, such as electroporation, lipofection, particle gun, etc., can be used. Transformed cells into which the vector or DNA fragment of interest has been introduced can be selected using a selectable marker. Alternatively, introduction of the target vector or DNA fragment can be confirmed by examining the DNA sequence of cells.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide is produced from the polynucleotide encoding the olfactory receptor polypeptide of the present invention contained in the vector or DNA fragment introduced into the cell by the above procedure and integrated into the cell membrane.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptides expressed by the expression method of the present invention are expressed on the cell membrane of transformed cells that are genetically engineered to express the olfactory receptor polypeptides.
  • Cell membrane expression (amount) of the olfactory receptor polypeptide of the present invention can be determined, for example, by fusing a tag such as a FLAG tag to the olfactory receptor polypeptide in advance and using an antibody that specifically recognizes the tag. It can be measured by a known technique such as cytometry.
  • the present invention provides a method for measuring the response of an olfactory receptor of interest.
  • the method includes measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the method for expressing an olfactory receptor polypeptide of the present invention. According to the response measurement method of the present invention, the response measurement efficiency of the target olfactory receptor can be improved. allows the measurement of
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide used in the response measurement method of the present invention may be an olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide is as described above.
  • Specific examples of the olfactory receptor polypeptide preferably include an olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 97-210, 485-642, and 851-900, more preferably.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide can be used in any form as long as it does not lose its responsiveness to odorants.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide has a transformed cell expressing the olfactory receptor polypeptide or a culture thereof, a membrane of the transformed cell having the olfactory receptor polypeptide, or the olfactory receptor polypeptide. It can be used in forms such as an artificial lipid bilayer membrane.
  • a transformed cell expressing the olfactory receptor polypeptide or its culture is used as the olfactory receptor polypeptide.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide is measured by any method known in the art as a method for measuring the response of the olfactory receptor, such as intracellular cAMP level measurement. You can do it.
  • olfactory receptors are activated by odorants, they increase intracellular cAMP levels by coupling with intracellular G protein ⁇ -subunits that belong to the Gs family and activating adenylate cyclase. (Nat. Neurosci., 2004, 5:263-278).
  • an olfactory receptor when activated by an odorant molecule, it can also couple with a protein belonging to the Gq family such as G ⁇ 15 in the cell and increase the amount of calcium ions in the cell. Therefore, the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide can be measured by using the amount of intracellular cAMP or calcium ion after the addition of odorant molecules, or the behavior of downstream molecules activated via them as an indicator.
  • Methods for measuring the amount of cAMP include ELISA, reporter gene assay, and the like.
  • Methods for measuring the calcium ion concentration include a calcium imaging method and a TGF ⁇ shedding assay.
  • cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR activated by cAMP signals
  • a two-electrode membrane voltage clamp method which measures changes in the potential of the membrane, is also effective.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention can be considered to reflect the response of the original olfactory receptor in olfactory cells.
  • Body polypeptides can be used to search for ligands for the original olfactory receptors. Therefore, in another aspect, the present invention provides a method for searching for a target olfactory receptor ligand. The method comprises measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention in the presence of a test substance, and selecting the test substance to which the olfactory receptor polypeptide responds. .
  • the ligand screening efficiency of the target olfactory receptor can be improved, and the ligand of the target olfactory receptor, which could not be functionally analyzed due to insufficient expression in the cell membrane of conventionally cultured cells, can be obtained. enable exploration.
  • test substance used in the ligand screening method of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is desired to confirm whether it is a ligand for the target olfactory receptor.
  • the test substance may be a naturally occurring substance, a substance artificially synthesized such as by chemical or biological methods, or a compound, composition or mixture. good.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide and its form used in the ligand screening method of the present invention are the same as the olfactory receptor polypeptide and its form used in the response measurement method of the present invention.
  • a test substance is applied to the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention.
  • Means for applying a test substance to an olfactory receptor polypeptide include, but are not limited to, a method of adding a test substance to a medium in which cells expressing the olfactory receptor polypeptide are cultured.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the test substance is measured.
  • a method for measuring the response a method similar to the method for measuring the response of the present invention can be used.
  • test substance is evaluated based on the measured response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide.
  • a test substance that elicits a response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide can be determined to be a ligand of the olfactory receptor polypeptide, ie a ligand of the original olfactory receptor. Therefore, in the ligand screening method of the present invention, the test substance to which the olfactory receptor polypeptide responds is selected as the original olfactory receptor ligand.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the test substance is determined by comparing the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which the test substance has been added (test group) with the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide in the control group. can be evaluated.
  • test group the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which no test substance was added
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which a control substance was added the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which a lower concentration of the test substance was added, and the test substance were added. and the olfactory receptor polypeptide before addition. If the response in the test group is higher than in the control group, the olfactory receptor polypeptide is assessed as responsive to the test substance and the test substance is selected as the ligand for the original olfactory receptor.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide in the presence and absence of a test substance is measured, and then the response in the presence of the test substance is It is determined whether the response is higher than in the absence of the substance.
  • a test substance is selected as a ligand if the response in the presence of the test substance is higher.
  • the response strength of the olfactory receptor polypeptide in the presence of the test substance is preferably 120% or more, more preferably 150% or more, and still more preferably 200% of that in the absence of the test substance.
  • the test substance is selected as a ligand for the original olfactory receptor.
  • the test substance is Selected as the ligand for the original olfactory receptor.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention can be considered to reflect the response of the original olfactory receptor in olfactory cells.
  • Olfactory receptor polypeptides can be used to evaluate and/or select substances that inhibit odor recognition of ligands (odorants) at the original olfactory receptor.
  • a substance that suppresses the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide causes a change in the ligand response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide, that is, a change in the ligand response of the original olfactory receptor.
  • the odor of ligands can be selectively suppressed based on antagonism.
  • a substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide changes the ligand response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide, that is, changes the ligand response of the original olfactory receptor polypeptide, resulting in , can selectively inhibit ligand odors based on odorant cross-adaptation by olfactory receptor agonism.
  • the present invention provides a method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor inhibitor for a target olfactory receptor ligand.
  • the method includes measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide after addition of a test substance.
  • a test substance that inhibits or enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide is detected based on the measured response.
  • the detected test substance is selected as an odor inhibitor of the target ligand.
  • a test substance that suppresses the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide is selected as an odor inhibitor of the ligand based on olfactory receptor antagonism, and a test substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide is
  • the ligand is selected as an odor inhibitor based on odor cross-adaptation by olfactory receptor agonism.
  • the target olfactory receptor ligand is preferably a ligand selected by the ligand screening method of the present invention. According to the method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor suppressing agent of the present invention, a substance capable of selectively suppressing the odor of a target ligand can be efficiently evaluated or selected. Even in the case of an olfactory receptor ligand whose function could not be analyzed due to insufficient cell membrane expression, a substance capable of selectively suppressing the odor of the ligand can be evaluated or selected.
  • Evaluation and/or selection of the odor inhibitor of the present invention can be a method performed in vitro or ex vivo.
  • test substance used in the evaluation and/or selection method of the odor inhibitor of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is desired to be used as an odor inhibitor for the target ligand.
  • the test substance may be a naturally occurring substance, a substance artificially synthesized by chemical or biological methods, etc., or a compound, composition or mixture. good.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide and its form used in the evaluation and/or selection method of the odor inhibitor of the present invention are the same as the olfactory receptor polypeptide and its form used in the response measurement method of the present invention. .
  • a test substance is applied to the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention.
  • Means for applying a test substance to an olfactory receptor polypeptide include, but are not limited to, a method of adding a test substance to a medium for culturing cells expressing the olfactory receptor polypeptide.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the test substance is measured.
  • a method for measuring the response a method similar to the method for measuring the response of the present invention can be used.
  • the method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor inhibitor of the present invention comprises adding a test substance and a target ligand to an olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention, and measuring the response of said olfactory receptor polypeptide to a ligand.
  • a method of applying a ligand to an olfactory receptor polypeptide the same technique as that of applying a test substance can be used.
  • a test substance that inhibits the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand is then detected based on the measured response. Detected test substances are selected as inhibitors of the ligand's odor.
  • the test substance that suppresses the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand is selected as an odor inhibitor of the ligand based on olfactory receptor antagonism.
  • the effect of the test substance on the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand is, for example, the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which the test substance was added (test group) to the ligand in the control group. It can be evaluated by comparing the response to the ligand.
  • control groups include the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which no test substance has been added, the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which a control substance has been added, the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which a lower concentration of the test substance has been added, the test Examples include the olfactory receptor polypeptide before adding the substance, cells in which the olfactory receptor polypeptide is not expressed, and the like.
  • the method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor inhibitor of the present invention in the first embodiment measures the activity of the olfactory receptor polypeptide for the ligand in the presence and absence of a test substance. Including.
  • the test substance is a substance that suppresses the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the target ligand, that is, the original olfactory receptor to the ligand. It can be identified as a substance that suppresses the response.
  • the test substance can be identified as a substance that suppresses the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand, ie, the response of the original olfactory receptor to the ligand.
  • the test substance suppresses the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand. It can be identified as an inhibitory substance, ie a substance that suppresses the response of the original olfactory receptor to the ligand.
  • the method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor inhibitor of the present invention comprises adding a test substance to an olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention, and adding the test substance to the test substance. measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide. A test substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the target ligand is then detected based on the measured response. Detected test substances are selected as inhibitors of the ligand's odor.
  • test substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide first enhances the response of the olfactory receptor, thereby weakening the response of the olfactory receptor when exposed to the target ligand later. can be done. As a result, an individual's perception of the ligand's odor can be suppressed based on odor cross-adaptation. Therefore, in the second embodiment, ligand odor inhibitors based on odor cross-adaptation by olfactory receptor agonism are selected.
  • test group The action of the test substance on the olfactory receptor polypeptide can be evaluated, for example, by comparing the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide (test group) to which the test substance was added with the response in the control group.
  • control groups include those described above.
  • the method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor inhibitor of the present invention in the second embodiment includes measuring the activity of the olfactory receptor polypeptide in the presence and absence of a test substance. .
  • the method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor suppressing agent of the present invention in the second embodiment comprises, in the presence of a test substance, the Including measuring the response to the ligand.
  • the test substance is added to a substance that suppresses the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the target ligand, i.e., the original olfactory receptor to the ligand. It can be identified as a substance that suppresses the response.
  • the test substance can be identified as a substance that suppresses the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand, ie, the response of the original olfactory receptor to the ligand.
  • the test substance is used to enhance the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand. It can be identified as an inhibitory substance, ie a substance that suppresses the response of the original olfactory receptor to the ligand.
  • the test substance identified by the above procedure is a substance that can suppress an individual's perception of the odor of the ligand by suppressing the response of the olfactory receptor to the target ligand. Therefore, a test substance identified by the above procedure can be selected as an odor inhibitor for the ligand.
  • a substance selected as an odor inhibitor of a target ligand by the method of evaluating and/or selecting an odor inhibitor of the present invention can suppress the odor of the ligand by suppressing the response of the olfactory receptor to the ligand. .
  • the substance selected by the ligand odor inhibitor evaluation and/or selection method of the present invention can be the active ingredient of the ligand odor inhibitor.
  • the substance selected by the method of evaluating and/or selecting a ligand odor inhibitor of the present invention is added to a compound or composition for suppressing the odor of the ligand. can be included as an ingredient.
  • the substance selected by the method for evaluating and/or selecting a ligand odor inhibitor of the present invention is a compound or It can be used for the manufacture of compositions. According to this substance, there is no problem of suppressing other odors, such as discomfort due to the strong smell of the aromatic agent, which has occurred in the conventional deodorizing method using a deodorant or an aromatic agent. , can deodorize the odor of the target ligand.
  • Consensus OR2T29 consensus OR4K17, consensus OR2T27, consensus OR2T5, consensus OR2T4, consensus OR11H2, consensus OR6B3, consensus OR12D3, consensus OR2T11, consensus OR2T1, consensus OR4C15, consensus OR4E2 and consensus OR2L13 responded in the presence of metal disulfide ions, (Fig. 10).
  • consensus OR2T29, consensus OR2T4, consensus OR11H2, consensus OR6B3, consensus OR12D3, consensus OR6B1, consensus OR2T11, consensus OR2T1, consensus OR4C15, consensus OR4E2 and consensus OR2L13 responded to dimethyltrisulfide in the presence of metal ions (Fig. 10 ).
  • Each sulfur compound that causes a response of each consensus olfactory receptor described above is a ligand of each consensus odorant receptor, ie, a ligand of the original olfactory receptor from which each consensus odorant receptor is derived.
  • OR2T29, OR4K17, OR2T27, OR2T5, OR2T4, OR11H2, OR6B3, OR12D3, and OR6B1 respond to sulfur compounds, particularly in the presence of metal ions, or likely to do so.
  • OR2T11 and OR2T1 respond to methyl mercaptan in the presence of metal ions (Patent No. 6122181)
  • OR4C15 and OR2L13 respond to dimethyltrisulfide
  • OR4E2 responds to metal ions. Responding to 3-mercapto-3-methylbutanol and diallyltrisulfide in the presence (Japanese Patent National Publication No.
  • OR2T11 being dimethyldisulfide, methanethiol, ethanethiol, 1-propanethiol, 2-propanethiol, Responding to 1-butanethiol, 2-methyl-2-propanethiol, 2-methyl-1-propanethiol, 2-butanethiol, 3-methyl-2-butanethiol, 2-pentanethiol, cyclopentanethiol ( Block E et al. Nat. Prod. Rep., 34(5):529-557 (2017)) were known to respond to other sulfur compounds, especially in the presence of metal ions. that was hitherto unknown.
  • OR2T29, OR4K17, OR2T27, OR2T5, OR2T4, OR11H2, OR6B3, OR12D3 and OR6B1 are newly discovered sulfur compound receptors.
  • sulfur compounds are newly discovered ligands of OR2T29, OR4K17, OR2T27, OR2T5, OR2T4, OR11H2, OR6B3, OR12D3 and OR6B1.
  • OR4C15, OR4E2 and OR2L13 are newly discovered methyl mercaptan receptors
  • OR4C15 and OR4E2 are newly discovered dimethyl sulfide receptors
  • OR2T1, OR4C15, OR4E2 and OR2L13 are newly discovered and OR2T11, OR2T1 and OR4E2 are newly discovered dimethyltrisulfide receptors.
  • methyl mercaptan is a newly discovered ligand for OR4C15, OR4E2 and OR2L13
  • dimethylsulfide is a newly discovered ligand for OR4C15 and OR4E2
  • dimethyldisulfide is a newly discovered ligand for OR2T1
  • OR4C15 OR4C15
  • dimethyltrisulfide is a newly discovered ligand for OR2T11, OR2T1 and OR4E2.
  • consensus OR2T29, consensus OR4K17, consensus OR2T27, consensus OR2T5, consensus OR2T4, consensus OR11H2, and consensus OR6B3 after addition of the test substance.
  • consensus OR12D3 and consensus OR6B1 by measuring the response of at least one olfactory receptor polypeptide in the presence of metal ions to evaluate and/or suppress odors caused by sulfur compounds. It is possible to select.
  • the method may further measure the response of at least one olfactory receptor polypeptide selected from the group consisting of consensus OR2T11, OR4S2, consensus OR2T1, consensus OR4C15, consensus OR4E2 and consensus OR2L13. More specifically, by measuring the response of at least one olfactory receptor polypeptide selected from the group consisting of consensus OR4C15, consensus OR4E2 and consensus OR2L13 after addition of the test substance in the presence of metal ions, methyl mercaptan It becomes possible to evaluate and/or select an odor suppressor caused by.
  • sulfur compound is a general term for compounds containing sulfur.
  • the sulfur compound is a thiol or sulfide compound.
  • examples of more preferred sulfur compounds include methylmercaptan, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide or dimethyltrisulfide.
  • the odor caused by sulfur compounds is an odor caused by the sulfur compounds described above, preferably an odor caused by a thiol or sulfide compound, more preferably methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide. It is an odor caused by at least one selected from the group consisting of sulfides.
  • the odor of methyl mercaptan is included in bad odors, fecal odors, body odors, bad breath, armpit odors, aging odors, senile odors, garbage odors, and the like, which are emitted from permanent agents.
  • odors caused by sulfur compounds include foul odors emitted from permanent agents, fecal odors, body odors, bad breath, armpit odors, aging odors, aged odors, garbage odors, sewage odors, and drainage odors. It may be a malodor emanating from the mouth, preferably a malodor of a permanent agent or halitosis. According to the method of evaluating and/or selecting an odor suppressant of the present invention, it is possible to efficiently evaluate or select a substance capable of selectively suppressing an odor caused by a sulfur compound, which is a foul odor.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention can be considered to reflect the response of the original olfactory receptor in olfactory cells.
  • Olfactory receptor polypeptides can be used to evaluate and/or select substances that enhance odor recognition of ligands (odorants) at the original olfactory receptor.
  • a substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide causes a change in the ligand response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide, i.e., a change in the ligand response of the original olfactory receptor, resulting in a change in the odor of the ligand. can be selectively enhanced.
  • the present invention provides a method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor enhancer for a target olfactory receptor ligand.
  • the method comprises adding a test substance and a target ligand to an olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention, and measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand.
  • the target olfactory receptor ligand is preferably a ligand selected by the ligand screening method of the present invention.
  • a substance capable of selectively enhancing the odor of a target ligand can be efficiently evaluated or selected, and the target ligand can be Even in the case of an olfactory receptor ligand whose function could not be analyzed due to insufficient cell membrane expression, a substance capable of selectively enhancing the odor of the ligand can be evaluated or selected.
  • the evaluation and/or selection of the odor enhancer of the present invention can be a method performed in vitro or ex vivo.
  • test substance used in the evaluation and/or selection method of the odor enhancer of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it is desired to be used as an odor enhancer for the target ligand.
  • the test substance may be a naturally occurring substance, a substance artificially synthesized by chemical or biological methods, etc., or a compound, composition or mixture. good.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide and its form used in the evaluation and/or selection method of the odor enhancer of the present invention are the same as the olfactory receptor polypeptide and its form used in the response measurement method of the present invention. .
  • a test substance and a target ligand are applied to the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the expression method of the present invention.
  • Means for applying a test substance and a target ligand to an olfactory receptor polypeptide include a method of adding a test substance and a target ligand to a medium in which cells expressing the olfactory receptor polypeptide are cultured. It is not particularly limited.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand is measured.
  • a method for measuring the response a method similar to the method for measuring the response of the present invention can be used.
  • test substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand is detected.
  • a detected test substance is selected as an odor enhancer for the ligand.
  • test substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand is selected as an odor enhancer for the ligand.
  • the effect of the test substance on the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand is, for example, the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide (test group) to which the test substance was added to the ligand in the control group. It can be evaluated by comparing the response to the ligand.
  • control groups include the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which no test substance has been added, the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which a control substance has been added, the olfactory receptor polypeptide to which a lower concentration of the test substance has been added, the test Examples include the olfactory receptor polypeptide before addition of the substance, cells in which the olfactory receptor polypeptide is not expressed, and the like.
  • the method of evaluating and/or selecting an odor enhancing agent of the present invention comprises measuring the activity of said olfactory receptor polypeptide towards said ligand in the presence and absence of a test substance.
  • the test substance is added to a substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the target ligand, i.e., the original olfactory receptor to the ligand. It can be identified as a substance that enhances the response.
  • the test substance can be identified as a substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand, ie, the response of the original olfactory receptor to the ligand.
  • the test substance is used to enhance the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand. Potentiating substances can be identified, ie substances that potentiate the response of the original olfactory receptor to the ligand.
  • test substance identified by the above procedure is a substance that can enhance an individual's perception of the odor of the ligand by enhancing the response of the olfactory receptor to the target ligand. Therefore, test substances identified by the above procedure can be selected as odor enhancers for the ligand.
  • a substance selected as an odor enhancer for a target ligand by the odor enhancer evaluation and/or selection method of the present invention can enhance the odor of the ligand by enhancing the response of the olfactory receptor to the ligand. .
  • the substance selected by the method of evaluating and/or selecting a ligand odor enhancer of the present invention can be an active ingredient of the ligand odor enhancer.
  • the substance selected by the ligand odor enhancer evaluation and/or selection method of the present invention is added to a compound or composition for enhancing the odor of the ligand. can be included as an ingredient.
  • the substance selected by the ligand odor enhancer evaluation and/or selection method of the present invention is a compound or It can be used for the manufacture of compositions. The substance can, for example, enhance the pleasant odor of the target ligand.
  • compositions, methods of manufacture, uses or methods are further disclosed herein as exemplary embodiments of the present invention. However, the invention is not limited to these embodiments.
  • a method for expressing an olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising: An olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence in which at least one of the amino acid residues different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor is modified to the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position.
  • the consensus amino acid sequence is the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and any of the following olfactory receptors (a) to (d): (a) at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologues of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; (b) from an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest and an olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of at least one olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest among the 11 olfactory receptors; (c) at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consist
  • a method for functionalizing an olfactory receptor of interest comprising: An olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence in which at least one of the amino acid residues different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor is modified to the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position.
  • the consensus amino acid sequence is the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and any of the following olfactory receptors (a) to (d): (a) at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologues of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; (b) from an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest and an olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of at least one olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest among the 11 olfactory receptors; (c) at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consist
  • the consensus amino acid sequence is the following (i) to (iii) from alignment of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the amino acid sequence of any of the olfactory receptors (a) to (d) The method according to any one of [1] to [3], which is an amino acid sequence consisting of consensus residues identified according to the criteria: (i) at each amino acid position of said alignment, (ii) when there is one amino acid residue that is different from the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest and has an appearance frequency of 50% or more, identifying the amino acid residue as a consensus residue; (i-ii) when there are two types of amino acid residues with an appearance frequency of 50%, identifying the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest as a consensus residue; (i-iii) when the amino acid residue is present in the olfactory receptor of interest and the amino acid residue is absent at a frequency of occurrence of 40% or more, identifying no consensus residue; (i-iv)
  • the olfactory receptor of (a) above is selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologs of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived.
  • the olfactory receptor of (b) is encoded by the orthologue of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived, and the olfactory receptor of interest preferably at least 25 olfactory receptors, more preferably at least 35 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by paralogs of The method according to any one of [1] to [4], which comprises an olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog that has the highest homology with the gene encoding the olfactory receptor of interest.
  • the olfactory receptor of (c) is preferably at least 15 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologs of the olfactory receptor of interest in the vertebrate, and more preferably at least 30 olfactory receptors, At least 1, preferably 5, more preferably 10 olfactory receptors encoded by vertebrate orthologues of an order different from the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor is derived [1] to [4]
  • the olfactory receptor of (d) is an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the vertebrate, and the olfactory receptor of interest having 11 or more orthologs in the vertebrate.
  • At least 30 olfactory receptors are preferably selected from the group consisting of the olfactory receptor of interest among somatic paralogs and the olfactory receptor encoded by the vertebrate orthologue of the most homologous paralog is at least 60 olfactory receptors and olfactory receptors encoded by said paralogs; At least 1, preferably 5, more preferably 10 olfactory receptors encoded by vertebrate orthologues of an order different from the biological species from which the desired olfactory receptor is derived [1] to [4]
  • a method according to any one of [9] The method according to any one of [1] to [8], wherein the alignment is preferably an alignment of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the olfactory receptor (c).
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide preferably has the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: (2) of the olfactory receptor (1) in Tables 2-1 to 2-5 below, with SEQ ID NO: (3) Consists of an amino acid sequence in which at least one of the amino acid residues different from the indicated consensus amino acid sequence is modified to the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position, more preferably shown in Tables 2-1 to 2-5 below.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide preferably consists of an amino acid sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 97-209, 485-641, and 851-899, more preferably SEQ ID NOs: 99-104, 109-118 , 121, 123, 125-130, 133, 136, 138, 140-146, 149-209, 485-641, and 851-899.
  • a method for expressing an olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising: An olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence in which at least one of the amino acid residues different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor is modified to the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 210 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 96 of human olfactory receptor OR7E24, and at a position corresponding to the consensus amino acid residue.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 642 in the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 484 of human olfactory receptor OR9K2, and at a position corresponding to the consensus amino acid residue.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 900 in the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 850 of human olfactory receptor OR5I1. consisting of an amino acid sequence modified to the amino acid residue of the amino acid sequence, Method. [14] The method of [13], which is a method for improving expression of an olfactory receptor polypeptide.
  • a method for functionalizing an olfactory receptor of interest comprising: An olfactory receptor polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence in which at least one of the amino acid residues different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the target olfactory receptor is modified to the amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position. including expressing to The olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 210 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 96 of human olfactory receptor OR7E24, and at a position corresponding to the consensus amino acid residue.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 642 in the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 484 of human olfactory receptor OR9K2, and at a position corresponding to the consensus amino acid residue.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 900 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 850 of human olfactory receptor OR5I1. consisting of an amino acid sequence modified to the amino acid residue of the amino acid sequence, Method.
  • the method of any one of [1] to [16] further comprising expressing RTP1S in the cell.
  • the method of any one of [1] to [17], wherein the cells are HEK293 cells.
  • a method for measuring the response of an olfactory receptor of interest comprising: measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the method of any one of [1] to [18]; method including.
  • a method for searching for a target olfactory receptor ligand comprising: Measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the method of any one of [1] to [18] in the presence of a test substance, and the test substance to which the olfactory receptor polypeptide responds to choose, method including.
  • the method of [20] which preferably further comprises measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide in the absence of the test substance.
  • the test substance of [21] is selected that increases the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide in the presence of the test substance to 120% or more of the response in the absence of the test substance.
  • Method. Preferably, a test substance is selected that statistically significantly increases the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide in the presence of the test substance compared to the response in the absence of the test substance, [ 21] The method described.
  • [24] A method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor inhibitor for a target olfactory receptor ligand, adding a test substance and a target olfactory receptor ligand to the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the method according to any one of [1] to [18], and adding the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand measuring the response of method including.
  • [25] The method of [24], wherein the ligand is selected by the method of any one of [20] to [23].
  • [26] The method of [24] or [25], further comprising identifying a test substance that suppresses the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide based on the measured response.
  • a method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor inhibitor for a target olfactory receptor ligand comprising: adding a test substance to the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the method of any one of [1] to [18], and measuring the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the test substance; method including. [30] The method of [29], wherein the ligand is selected by the method of any one of [20] to [23]. [31] The method of [29] or [30], further comprising identifying a test substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide based on the measured response.
  • a method for evaluating and/or selecting an odor enhancing agent for a ligand of an olfactory receptor of interest comprising: adding a test substance and a target olfactory receptor ligand to the olfactory receptor polypeptide expressed by the method according to any one of [1] to [18], and adding the olfactory receptor polypeptide to the ligand measuring the response of method including.
  • the method of [34] wherein the ligand is selected by the method of any one of [20] to [23].
  • the method of [34] or [35] further comprising identifying a test substance that enhances the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide based on the measured response.
  • the response of the olfactory receptor polypeptide is measured by intracellular cAMP level measurement by ELISA or reporter gene assay, calcium ion level measurement by calcium imaging or TGF ⁇ shedding assay, or two-electrode measurement using Xenopus laevis oocytes.
  • a modified olfactory receptor polypeptide consisting of an amino acid sequence in which at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence in the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest is modified to an amino acid residue in the consensus amino acid sequence at a position corresponding thereto;
  • the consensus amino acid sequence is the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and any of the following olfactory receptors (a) to (d): (a) at least 11 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologues of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; (b) from an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest and an olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived; at least
  • the consensus amino acid sequence is the following (i) to (iii) from alignment of the amino acid sequence of the olfactory receptor of interest and the amino acid sequence of any of the olfactory receptors (a) to (d)
  • the modified olfactory receptor polypeptide of [40] which is an amino acid sequence consisting of consensus residues identified according to the criteria: (i) at each amino acid position of said alignment, (ii) when there is one amino acid residue that is different from the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest and has an appearance frequency of 50% or more, identifying the amino acid residue as a consensus residue; (i-ii) when there are two types of amino acid residues with an appearance frequency of 50%, identifying the amino acid residue of the olfactory receptor of interest as a consensus residue; (i-iii) when the amino acid residue is present in the olfactory receptor of interest and the amino acid residue is absent at a frequency of occurrence of 40% or more, identifying no consensus residue; (i-iv
  • the olfactory receptor of (a) is selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologs of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived.
  • the olfactory receptor of (b) is encoded by the ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the same order as the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived, and the olfactory receptor of interest preferably at least 25 olfactory receptors, more preferably at least 35 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by paralogs of The modified olfactory receptor polypeptide of [40] or [41], comprising an olfactory receptor encoded by a paralog that has the highest homology with the gene encoding the olfactory receptor of interest.
  • the olfactory receptor of (c) is preferably at least 15 olfactory receptors selected from the group consisting of olfactory receptors encoded by orthologs of the olfactory receptor of interest in the vertebrate, and more preferably at least 30 olfactory receptors, at least 1, preferably 5, more preferably 10 olfactory receptors encoded by vertebrate orthologues of an order different from the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived, [40] or [41] A modified olfactory receptor polypeptide as described.
  • the olfactory receptor of (d) is an olfactory receptor encoded by an ortholog of the olfactory receptor of interest in the vertebrate, and the olfactory receptor of interest for which 11 or more orthologs exist in the vertebrate.
  • At least 30 olfactory receptors is at least 60 olfactory receptors and olfactory receptors encoded by said paralogs; at least 1, preferably 5, more preferably 10 olfactory receptors encoded by vertebrate orthologues of an order different from the biological species from which the olfactory receptor of interest is derived, [40] or [41] A modified olfactory receptor polypeptide as described.
  • the amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: (2) of the olfactory receptor (1) in Tables 2-1 to 2-5 above differs from the consensus amino acid sequence represented by SEQ ID NO: (3).
  • the modified olfactory receptor polypeptide according to any one of [40] to [45], which consists of the consensus amino acid sequence represented by [49] Preferably, it consists of the amino acid sequence shown in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 97-209, 485-641, and 851-899, more preferably SEQ ID NOs: 99-104, 109-118, 121, 123, 125
  • the modified olfactory receptor polypeptide of [48] which consists of an amino acid sequence represented by any one of 130, 133, 136, 138, 140-146, 149-209, 485-641, and 851-899.
  • a modified olfactory receptor polypeptide At least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 210 in the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 96 of human olfactory receptor OR7E24 is changed to an amino acid residue in the consensus amino acid sequence at a position corresponding to this. consisting of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 210, or In the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 484 of human olfactory receptor OR9K2, at least one of the amino acid residues different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 642 is changed to an amino acid residue of the consensus amino acid sequence at the corresponding position.
  • the olfactory receptor polypeptide has at least one amino acid residue different from the consensus amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 900 in the amino acid sequence shown by SEQ ID NO: 850 of human olfactory receptor OR5I1. consisting of an amino acid sequence modified to the amino acid residue of the amino acid sequence, Modified Olfactory Receptor Polypeptides.
  • [52] consisting of a nucleotide sequence represented by any one of SEQ ID NOs: 211-324, 643-800, and 901-950, preferably SEQ ID NOs: 213-218, 223-232, 235, 237, 239-244, 247;
  • the polynucleotide of [51] which consists of a nucleotide sequence represented by any one of 250, 252, 254-260, 263-324, 643-800, and 901-950.
  • [53] A vector or DNA fragment containing the polynucleotide of [51] or [52].
  • [54] A transformed cell containing the vector or DNA fragment of [53].
  • the transformed cell of [54] further comprising a vector or DNA fragment containing a polynucleotide encoding RTP1S.
  • the transformed cell of [54] or [55], wherein the cell is a HEK293 cell.
  • Example 1 Preparation and Analysis of Consensus Olfactory Receptor 1
  • Preparation of Olfactory Receptor Gene In designing a consensus olfactory receptor, NCBI BLAST was used to search for homologous gene candidates of the desired olfactory receptor gene. An orthologous group or an orthologous and paralogous group was specified for the obtained gene group. Specifically, when the human olfactory receptor is the target olfactory receptor, the identification of the primate orthologue in (a) is performed by performing a phylogenetic tree analysis on the primate candidate genes searched by BLAST. did.
  • the amino acid sequence of human OR2A25 (NP — 001004488.1) is used as the query sequence, and phylogenetic tree analysis is performed on homologous genes obtained by BLAST search using primates as the search target organism name.
  • a clade that includes human OR2A25 and many OR2A25 of other species and contains as few genes as possible other than OR2A25
  • 17 genes excluding human OR2A25 are selected as primates identified as an orthologue. As a result, these 17 genes showed more than 82% amino acid homology with human OR2A25.
  • paralogs not included in the top 50 genes homologous to the target olfactory receptor gene among primate genes searched by BLAST were excluded.
  • the clade closest to the 18 genes selected in the results of the phylogenetic tree analysis of (a) above was selected. Twenty genes belonged to this clade, including OR2A7 and human OR2A4 as human olfactory receptor genes. These 20 genes were included in the top 50 genes of the primate gene cluster with high homology to human OR2A25.
  • the amino acid sequence of human OR2A25 (NP_001004488.1) is used as the query sequence, and 67 genes containing OR2A25 in the name are selected from the top 250 homologous genes searched by BLAST. selected genes.
  • 67 genes containing OR2A25 in the name are selected from the top 250 homologous genes searched by BLAST. selected genes.
  • Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus which use different olfactory receptor nomenclature systems, among the genes included in the top 250 genes in the search results, one gene with the highest homology was selected. .
  • These 69 genes were identified as orthologs.
  • the amino acid sequences of a total of 70 genes including human OR2A25 in addition to these 69 genes were subjected to alignment analysis and identification of consensus amino acids as described below.
  • each human olfactory receptor of OR2T11, OR2W1, OR4Q3, OR4S2, OR6Y1, OR7D4, OR7A17, and OR11H4 was used as the target olfactory receptor, an ortholog group or an ortholog and paralog group was similarly identified.
  • the original human olfactory receptor genes were added to the identified orthologs or orthologs and paralogs, and the amino acid sequences of these genes were subjected to alignment analysis and identification of consensus amino acids as described below.
  • Alignment analysis for the identified gene clusters was performed using ClustalW and further adjusted for optimization based on highly conserved amino acids or amino acid motifs among olfactory receptors. Ballesteros-Weinstein residue numbering was given with reference to the results of the alignment of all mouse olfactory receptors shown in Non-Patent Document 4. Based on the alignment results, Jalview was used to design consensus olfactory receptors. In the alignment, there is one amino acid residue at a position corresponding to each amino acid position in the reference original human olfactory receptor amino acid sequence, which is different from the amino acid residue in the reference amino acid sequence and has an appearance frequency of 50% or more. In some cases, the amino acid residue of the reference amino acid sequence was altered to the amino acid residue.
  • the amino acid residue in the reference amino acid sequence was modified to be deleted. Furthermore, if a deletion is observed at a position corresponding to the starting methionine position in the human sequence at an appearance frequency of 40% or more, the first methionine in the amino acid sequence after modification by the above procedure is selected as the starting methionine, and the amino acids before that Removed the array.
  • the consensus residue closest to the N-terminus is a consensus residue at a position corresponding to the N-terminus of the olfactory receptor of interest or a position corresponding to the C-terminus thereof and is not a methionine residue, it is closest to the N-terminus.
  • the consensus residue N-terminal to the consensus residue consisting of the methionine residue at the position was changed to no consensus residue.
  • an amino acid exists at a position corresponding to the deletion position of the reference original human olfactory receptor amino acid sequence with an appearance frequency of 60% or more, the deletion position of the reference amino acid sequence is most conserved. Modified to insert an amino acid.
  • EcoRI and XhoI sites were added to both ends of this base sequence, and it was recombined into the EcoRI and XhoI sites constructed downstream of the Flag-Rho tag sequence on the pME18S vector.
  • Luciferase Assay From the culture prepared in 2) above, the medium was removed, and 75 ⁇ L of a test substance solution having a predetermined concentration prepared in a new medium was added. The cells were cultured in a CO2 incubator for 4 hours to fully express the luciferase gene in the cells. Luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-Glo TM luciferase assay system (Promega) according to the manufacturer's operating manual. In each well of the 96-well plate, the value obtained by dividing the firefly luciferase-derived luminescence value induced by the test substance stimulation by the Renilla luciferase-derived luminescence value was calculated as a signal and used for analysis. The signals in each transfection condition were normalized by setting the signal in the non-stimulated condition to 0% and the signal in the case of stimulation with 30 ⁇ M forskolin to 100%, and used for analysis as Response (%).
  • the number of olfactory receptors that showed an increase in the average membrane expression level was (a) 7 (about 78%) by the method of Primate ortholog, (b) by Primate ortholog/ 8 by the paralog method (about 89%), (c) 9 by the Ortholog method (100%), and the rate of successful response analysis in Non-Patent Document 2 1 out of 3 (about 33%) was also found to have high versatility.
  • the consensus olfactory receptor group that showed increased membrane expression did not necessarily introduce consensus to a common amino acid site, so it was found that the amino acid site to be consensused differs depending on the type of receptor. did.
  • olfactory receptors are highly expressed on olfactory nerve cells, the ligand selectivity exhibited by olfactory receptors under highly expressed conditions on cultured cell membranes is not the same as that of physiological olfactory receptors. is considered to reflect the nature of
  • Example 2 Effectiveness of consensus formation for olfactory receptors whose function could not be analyzed so far 1
  • the above studies are studies conducted on olfactory receptors whose ligands have been identified so far and whose functions can be analyzed by being expressed on the membrane of cultured cells. It was verified how effective the consensus formation according to the present invention is for olfactory receptors that have not been analyzed so far.
  • Non-Patent Document 2 and a report by Eriksson et al. (Flavour 1:22 (2012)) reported that by conducting comparative genomic analysis on groups with different perceptions of individual odors, olfactory receptors responsible for sensitivity to odorants were analyzed. body candidates are reported.
  • Table 10 shows the number of reference genes (total number of original olfactory receptor genes and identified orthologs) used to create consensus olfactory receptors.
  • Non-Patent Document 2 reports 6B2, 5C1 for citral, and 10D3 for isoeugenol as olfactory receptors related to sensitivity to isobutyraldehyde. We have not succeeded in expressing these olfactory receptors in cultured cells and demonstrating their responsiveness to the corresponding odorants.
  • response analysis we obtained an example in which a response became detectable only after consensus was established (Fig. 5).
  • 6B2 is a receptor for which consensus analysis in 10 mammals was attempted in Non-Patent Document 2, but no successful analysis of responses to isobutyraldehyde was reported. Consensus according to the present invention has made it possible to analyze 6B2 as a method with higher versatility than previously reported.
  • Example 3 Effectiveness of consensus formation for olfactory receptors whose function could not be analyzed so far 2
  • amino acid sequences for which individual differences are reported are introduced to match individual differences in sensory evaluation. It was verified whether responsiveness could be obtained (Fig. 7).
  • the frequency of appearance of the amino acid sequence registered under NP_001004460.1 is 68% of the population, while the amino acid sequence having the three mutations H43R, H207R, and K258T is reported to appear in 32% of the population. (Appearance frequency is from 1000 genomes project phase 3 allele frequencies).
  • H207R is also a consensus amino acid identified by the method (c).
  • These two amino acid sequence types found in the population change the responsiveness to the main aroma components of coriander ((E)-2-decenal, (E)-2-dodecenal), respectively, and as a result, humans can It is expected that the difference is whether or not the scent of the soap is felt as an unpleasant soap-like scent.
  • the H43R, H207R, and K258T mutants were remarkably low in responsiveness to the above-described aroma components, as expected.
  • Example 4 Applicable range of consensus method 1
  • the olfactory receptor gene family is a very diverse group of genes, and the homology between olfactory receptors in different families is less than 40%. Therefore, individual olfactory receptors can be considered as if they were different G protein-coupled receptors. Therefore, further verification was performed to clarify the effectiveness of the consensus generation method of the present invention for all olfactory receptors, that is, to clarify the applicable range of the consensus generation method of the present invention.
  • a group of olfactory receptors other than the 9 types in Example 1 and the 34 types in Example 2 above was verified. Specifically, consensus by (c) Ortholog or (d) was applied to target olfactory receptors (58 types of human olfactory receptors in FIG.
  • the consensus of (c) was applied to olfactory receptors other than OR2T7 and OR4F5, and the consensus of (d) was applied to OR2T7 and OR4F5.
  • the consensus residue at the position corresponding to the C-terminal side of the original human OR7E24 which is based on the consensus residue on the most N-terminal side and not a methionine residue
  • changing the consensus residue N-terminal to the consensus residue consisting of the most N-terminal methionine residue to no consensus residue results in a consensus receptor Since the total length of the amino acid sequence of OR7E24 is more than 10% shorter than the total length of the original human OR7E24 amino acid sequence, instead of this method, the consensus residue closest to the N-terminus was substituted with methionine.
  • the amino acid sequences of a total of 101 genes were subjected to alignment analysis and identification of consensus amino acids in the same manner as in Example 1, and consensus olfactory receptors were established.
  • human OR2T7 was used as the target olfactory receptor, an attempt was made to identify an orthologue group in the same manner as in Example 1 (c), except that the amino acid sequence of human OR2T7 (NP_001372981.1) was used as the query sequence. , only 5 genes were selected as orthologous groups.
  • FIG. 8 and Table 12 show examples in which the membrane expression level was increased by the method (c) or (d).
  • Table 13 shows the number of reference genes (the total number of original olfactory receptor genes and specified orthologs or orthologs and paralogs) used to generate consensus olfactory receptors.
  • the results of FIG. 8 and Table 12 demonstrate that the consensus method of the present invention can increase the membrane expression levels of a large number of olfactory receptors.
  • Example 5 Applicable range of consensus method 2
  • the applicability of the consensus method was verified for olfactory receptor groups other than the 9 types in Example 1, the 34 types in Example 2, and the 58 types in Example 4 above.
  • consensus by (c) Ortholog or (d) was applied to target olfactory receptors (156 types of human olfactory receptors in Tables 14 and 15).
  • the consensus of (c) was applied to olfactory receptors other than OR1D4, OR3A3, OR11H2, OR51A2 and OR52E6, and the consensus of (d) was applied to OR1D4, OR3A3, OR11H2, OR51A2 and OR52E6.
  • the full length of the amino acid sequence of the consensus receptor is longer than the full length of the amino acid sequence of the original human olfactory receptor by 10% or more toward the N-terminal side. , retained the N-terminal structure of the original human olfactory receptor in the amino acid sequence of the consensus receptor.
  • Table 16 shows the number of reference genes (the total number of original olfactory receptor genes and specified orthologs or orthologs and paralogs) used to generate consensus olfactory receptors. The results in Tables 14 and 15 reveal that the consensus method of the present invention can increase the membrane expression levels of a large number of olfactory receptors.
  • Example 6 Applicable range of consensus method 3
  • the applicability of the consensus method was verified for olfactory receptor groups other than the 9 types in Example 1, the 34 types in Example 2, the 58 types in Example 4, and the 156 types in Example 5.
  • consensus by the method (c) Ortholog or (d) was applied to target olfactory receptors (50 types of human olfactory receptors in Table 17).
  • the consensus of (c) was applied to olfactory receptors other than OR8H2, and the consensus of (d) was applied to OR8H2.
  • Table 18 shows the number of reference genes (the total number of original olfactory receptor genes and specified orthologs or orthologs and paralogs) used to generate consensus olfactory receptors. The results in Table 17 reveal that the consensus method of the present invention can increase the membrane expression levels of an extremely large number of olfactory receptors.
  • Example 7 Applicable range of consensus method 4 Consensus by (c) Ortholog method was applied to OR5AN1, which has been analyzed in detail as a musk receptor. However, no increase in the membrane expression level was observed even with consensus (Figs. 9A and 9B). On the other hand, when the responsiveness to known agonists was compared between original OR5AN1 and consensus OR5AN1, increased responsiveness due to consensus was observed (odorants #1-8 in FIGS. 9C and 9D). Table 19 shows the odorants used. Odorants #7 and #8 elicited no response to the original OR5AN1, but to the consensus OR5AN1.
  • Odorants #9-21 include substances that are similar in chemical structure or odor quality to OR5AN1 agonists, and further include substances that do not activate OR5AN1 as reported by Sato-Akuhara et al. Response measurements on these showed that the consensus OR5AN1 did not respond to substances that the original OR5AN1 did not recognize, further supporting that consensus does not significantly alter ligand selectivity.
  • Example 8 Applicable range of consensus method 5
  • the consensus is effective for the analysis of mouse olfactory receptors. Focusing on M71 (Olfr151, MOR171-2) as a representative mouse olfactory receptor that has been analyzed for a long time, (c) consensus generation by the Ortholog method was applied. That is, 249 genes having high homology with the amino acid sequence of M71 were selected, and the consensus amino acid sequence was determined.
  • the membrane expression level (cell surface expression (%)) of the original M71 was 0.78 ⁇ 0.07 (mean ⁇ SEM), whereas the consensus M71 was 3.20 ⁇ 0.19. and an increase were observed. Therefore, it was shown that consensus formation is also effective for olfactory receptors of species other than humans.
  • Example 9 Identification of Olfactory Receptors Responding to Sulfur Compounds 1) Production of Olfactory Receptor-Expressing Cells
  • a reaction solution having the composition shown in Table 4 was prepared and cleaned. After standing on the bench for 20 minutes, it was added to each well of a 96-well plate (BD).
  • OR4S2 the original olfactory receptor was used.
  • the compositions shown in Table 20 were used for OR11H2 and OR4E2.
  • 100 ⁇ L of HEK293 cells suspended in DMEM (Nacalai) were seeded in each well at 2 ⁇ 10 5 cells/cm 2 and cultured for 24 hours in an incubator maintained at 37° C. and 5% CO 2 .
  • cells (Mock) that do not express olfactory receptors were prepared.
  • test substance solution was adjusted to contain 30 ⁇ M of copper (II) chloride (Fuji Film Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd.) in addition to the above odorant.
  • the cells were cultured in a CO2 incubator for 4 hours to fully express the luciferase gene in the cells. Luciferase activity was measured using the Dual-GloTM luciferase assay system (Promega) according to the manufacturer's operating manual.
  • the value (fluc/hRluc) obtained by dividing the luminescence value derived from firefly luciferase induced by stimulation with the test substance by the luminescence value derived from Renilla luciferase was calculated as a signal and used for analysis.
  • the signal value (fluc/hRluc) without stimulation with odorants was defined as 0%
  • the signal value (fluc/hRluc) after stimulation with 10 ⁇ M forskolin was defined as 100%. and used for analysis as Response (%).
  • FIG. 10 shows the olfactory receptors that responded to methylmercaptan, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, or dimethyltrisulfide in the presence of copper ions.
  • FIG. 10 shows the response values of individual olfactory receptors to each concentration of methylmercaptan, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, or dimethyltrisulfide.
  • Each olfactory receptor with the exception of OR4S2, is a consensus olfactory receptor.
  • the response value (Response (%)) of each olfactory receptor to the highest tested concentration of 300 ⁇ M (30 ⁇ M for DMTS) and the response value (Response (%)) of Mock-conditioned cells that do not express the receptor are statistically significant. A scientifically significant difference was observed (Student's t-test, P ⁇ 0.05). In addition, for each olfactory receptor, the signal value (fluc/hRluc) under the condition of no odorant stimulation was compared with the signal value (fluc/hRluc) under the condition of stimulation at the maximum concentration of 300 ⁇ M (30 ⁇ M for DMTS). There was also a significant difference in the same statistical method.
  • Tables 21-24 are the EC50 ( ⁇ M) calculated by regressing the Response (%) values on a sigmoidal curve.
  • olfactory receptors listed in FIG. 10 but not described in EC50 ( ⁇ M) in Tables 21 to 24 are receptors that can respond to methylmercaptan, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, or dimethyltrisulfide, they are not tested this time. Not enough data were obtained to regress the sigmoidal curve in the concentration range determined, meaning that the EC50 was not calculated.
  • consensus OR2T29, consensus OR4K17, consensus OR2T27, consensus OR2T5, consensus OR2T4, consensus OR11H2, consensus OR6B3, consensus OR12D3, consensus OR2T11, OR4S2, consensus OR2T1, consensus OR4C15, consensus OR4E2 and consensus OR4E2 and consensus OR4L1 methyl responded.
  • consensus OR2T29, consensus OR2T5, consensus OR2T4, consensus OR2T11, consensus OR2T1 and consensus OR4E2, among others a dose-dependent response to methyl mercaptan was also confirmed.
  • Consensus OR4K17, consensus OR11H2, OR4S2, consensus OR4C15 and consensus OR4E2 also responded to dimethylsulfide in a dose-dependent manner.
  • consensus OR2T29, consensus OR4K17, consensus OR2T27, consensus OR2T5, consensus OR2T4, consensus OR11H2, consensus OR6B3, consensus OR12D3, consensus OR2T11, OR4S2, consensus OR2T1, consensus OR4C15, consensus OR4L1Sulfide, and consensus OR4L1Sulfide responded to dimethyl.
  • consensus OR4K17, consensus OR6B3, consensus OR2T11, OR4S2, consensus OR4C15 and consensus OR4E2 among others a dose-dependent response to dimethyl disulfide was also confirmed.
  • consensus OR2T29, consensus OR2T4, consensus OR11H2, consensus OR6B3, consensus OR12D3, consensus OR6B1, consensus OR2T11, OR4S2, consensus OR2T1, consensus OR4C15, consensus OR4E2 and consensus OR2L13 responded to dimethyl trisulfide.
  • consensus OR2T11, OR4S2 and consensus OR4E2 among others, a dose-dependent response to dimethyltrisulfide was also confirmed.
  • OR2T11 and OR2T1 respond to methyl mercaptan in the presence of metal ions (Japanese Patent No. 6122181), and the results that consensus OR2T11 and consensus OR2T1 respond to methyl mercaptan are consistent with such findings.
  • consensus OR2T29 consensus OR4K17, consensus OR2T27, consensus OR2T5, consensus OR2T4, consensus OR11H2, consensus OR6B3, consensus OR12D3, consensus OR6B1, consensus OR2T11, OR4S2, consensus OR2T1, consensus OR4C15, consensus OR4L2 methylconsensus, It was found to respond to at least one sulfur compound selected from the group consisting of sulfide, dimethyldisulfide and dimethyltrisulfide.
  • FIG. 11 shows olfactory receptors with improved responsiveness to methylmercaptan, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, or dimethyltrisulfide in the presence of copper ions compared to the absence of copper ions.
  • FIG. 11 shows signal values for 100 ⁇ M methylmercaptan, dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, or dimethyltrisulfide for individual olfactory receptors.
  • Each olfactory receptor with the exception of OR4S2, is a consensus olfactory receptor.
  • amino acid sequences of the original olfactory receptors The amino acid sequences of the original olfactory receptors, the amino acid sequences of the consensus olfactory receptors, and the consensus method used in Examples 1 to 9 above are shown in Tables 25-1 to 25-5 below.
  • this consensus method actually increases the cell membrane expression level of the olfactory receptor to improve the responsiveness of the olfactory receptor, or even if the cell membrane expression level does not increase, the olfactory receptor responsiveness is improved.
  • This enables functional analysis.
  • the knowledge obtained by this method appropriately explains the individual differences in olfactory sense obtained in the previous knowledge. Therefore, as mentioned at the beginning, this method is useful for guessing the nature of human olfactory sense and for providing a method for searching for substances that can control olfactory sense.

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