WO2022251943A1 - Método de preparo de catalisadores de deslocamento do gás d'água, catalisadores e processo para reduzir o teor de monóxido de carbono - Google Patents
Método de preparo de catalisadores de deslocamento do gás d'água, catalisadores e processo para reduzir o teor de monóxido de carbono Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022251943A1 WO2022251943A1 PCT/BR2022/050199 BR2022050199W WO2022251943A1 WO 2022251943 A1 WO2022251943 A1 WO 2022251943A1 BR 2022050199 W BR2022050199 W BR 2022050199W WO 2022251943 A1 WO2022251943 A1 WO 2022251943A1
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- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- sodium
- catalysts
- soluble
- content
- Prior art date
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- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 114
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 5
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 60
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000011019 hematite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 17
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical group [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);dinitrate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O MVFCKEFYUDZOCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003058 platinum compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical class [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002505 iron Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 52
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 46
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 abstract description 15
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 15
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000002309 gasification Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000002453 autothermal reforming Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 30
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 24
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 18
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 15
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 9
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000006356 dehydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910000608 Fe(NO3)3.9H2O Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 4
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical compound [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- FBEIPJNQGITEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrachloroplatinum Chemical compound Cl[Pt](Cl)(Cl)Cl FBEIPJNQGITEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000711 cancerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UOUJSJZBMCDAEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Cr+3].[Cr+3] UOUJSJZBMCDAEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000069 nitrogen hydride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002203 pretreatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002028 Biomass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052693 Europium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003591 H2PtCl6.6H20 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101150113959 Magix gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910052779 Neodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052777 Praseodymium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052772 Samarium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004075 alteration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000315 carcinogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ce+3].[Ce+3] DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002431 foraging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002045 lasting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003057 platinum Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010970 precious metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012495 reaction gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052706 scandium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J21/12—Silica and alumina
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- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/58—Platinum group metals with alkali- or alkaline earth metals
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
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- B01J35/391—Physical properties of the active metal ingredient
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0236—Drying, e.g. preparing a suspension, adding a soluble salt and drying
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/03—Precipitation; Co-precipitation
- B01J37/031—Precipitation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/06—Washing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/08—Heat treatment
- B01J37/082—Decomposition and pyrolysis
- B01J37/088—Decomposition of a metal salt
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
- C01B3/12—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
- C01B3/16—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide using catalysts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/38—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts
- C01B3/40—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents using catalysts characterised by the catalyst
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/32—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air
- C01B3/34—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents
- C01B3/48—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/0283—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step
Definitions
- the water gas shift reaction (“water gas shift” or just “shift) is an integral step in the steam reforming process for the production of hydrogen.
- the reaction can be represented by equation 1, being exothermic and typically limited by thermodynamic equilibrium.
- LTS catalysts are made of copper oxide, zinc oxide and alumina, with typical contents between 40 and 35% m/m; 27 to 44 %m/m with alumina as balance, respectively. They may also contain minor amounts of alkaline promoters, such as cesium (Cs) or potassium (K). LTS catalysts lose activity quickly when exposed to high temperature, which is why they are used in the typical temperature range of 180°C to 240°C, or in their version of “Medium Temperature Shift (MTS) at temperatures of 180°C up to 330°C. The lower temperature of the utilization range is normally dictated by the requirement that steam condensation does not occur in the reactor at the operating pressure of the unit.
- Cs cesium
- K potassium
- the HTS catalyst used industrially in large units here considered units with a production greater than 50,000 Nm 3 /d of hydrogen, consists of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu), mostly in the form of oxides, before the catalyst goes into operation, and, after the beginning of the operation, consisting of metallic copper and iron and chromium oxides.
- Fe iron
- Cr chromium
- Cu copper
- the formulation of this catalyst has the disadvantage of containing chromium in its formulation.
- CrCb or Cr 64- variable levels of chromium in oxidation state VI
- CrCb or Cr 64- variable levels of chromium in oxidation state VI
- the strict rules for exposure in the workplace to Cr 64 by OSHA L/S Occupation Health and Safety Organizatior ⁇
- OSHA L/S Occupation Health and Safety Organizatior ⁇
- Cr 64- has negative impacts on the manufacturing process, handling, transportation, loading, unloading and disposal of the material. Therefore, it is desirable to produce a chromium-free STH catalyst in its formulation.
- a logical solution to produce a chromium-free catalyst is to simply eliminate it from the catalyst composition.
- chromium plays an essential role in the formulation of the STH catalyst, reducing the loss of surface area of the iron oxide phases present in the catalyst at the usual temperatures of the process, that is, between 330°C and 500 °C. Consequently, it reduces the material's deactivation rate, allowing the catalyst to maintain good performance throughout the unit's campaign period, typically lasting between 3 and 5 years, this function being called in the catalysis area as that of a structural promoter.
- Patent 7744849 teaches a catalyst for the water gas displacement reaction comprising a platinum-based catalyst with at least one alkaline earth metal and at least one third metal.
- the catalyst in this patent comprises: a) Pt, b) at least one of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, their oxides and mixture thereof and c) at least one of Sc, Y , Ti, Zr , V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Fe, Co, Ir, Ni, Pd, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, their oxides and their mixture, and can be supported in one or in combination of aluminum, zirconium, titanium, cerium, magnesium, lanthanum, niobium, yttrium or iron oxides.
- Said catalyst can be used in compact hydrogen production equipment.
- Patent 7824455 describes the application of a precious metal catalyst of Pt, Pd or their mixtures, or Pt-lr mixtures for the shift exchange reaction in the temperature range of 200°C to 400° C, supported on a mixture of Ce and Zr oxides, with Ce in the range from 20 to 58% or from 58 to 80% and Zr in the range from 42 to 20%, with, as promoter, at least one metal selected from yttrium , alkali metals or alkaline earth metals in the range 0.01-1%.
- the present invention was developed, through which a catalyst formulation free of chromium and copper was adopted, consisting of iron oxide containing platinum (Pt), sodium (Na) and optionally aluminum (AI) inserted in the crystal lattice of an iron oxide with hematite crystalline structure (Fe203).
- a catalyst formulation free of chromium and copper consisting of iron oxide containing platinum (Pt), sodium (Na) and optionally aluminum (AI) inserted in the crystal lattice of an iron oxide with hematite crystalline structure (Fe203).
- the present invention contributes decisively to reducing the effluent CO content of the process, which increases energy efficiency and contributes to the better operation of the PSA system.
- a more active HTS catalyst has an estimated potential to contribute to reducing production costs by around 1%.
- the use of a more active HTS catalyst makes it possible to tolerate greater abnormalities in the steam reforming process for the production of hydrogen, which could lead to increased head loss and/or formation of by-products in the reactor, causing risks of shutdowns unscheduled.
- the use of a more active catalyst in the H2 production process allows for greater energy efficiency and thus contributes to reducing CO2 emissions, estimated at 10t C02/t of H2 in a traditional configuration.
- the H2 production process, along with the FCC process, are the two biggest emitters of CO2 from refining.
- the present invention deals with STH catalysts, free of chromium (Cr), containing Pt contents between 0.1 and 0.4% m/m, promoted by sodium (Na) with contents between 0.1 and 0 .3% m/m, and optionally aluminum contents between 5.0 and 6.0% m/m in iron oxide balance, which makes it possible to reconcile high activity with excellent resistance to deactivation by exposure to high temperatures.
- Cr chromium
- Na sodium
- the present invention provides a process for converting carbon monoxide from a stream of synthesis gas using said catalyst and vapor/gas ratio between 0.2 and 1.0 mol/mol, pressures between 10 and 40 atm and temperatures between 250°C and 450°C, or preferably between 250°C and 370°C, where the maximum temperature of the bed can be limited by injecting water or steam together with the gas feed containing CO at the inlet of the reactor.
- the invention is applied in hydrogen or synthesis gas production units, either by steam, autothermal reforming, dry reforming or gasification.
- the present invention deals with catalysts applicable to the conversion of CO to CO2 and H2 by the water gas displacement reaction.
- catalysts consist of an iron oxide support with a crystalline structure identifiable by the X-ray diffraction technique as hematite, promoted by platinum (Pt) contents between 0.1 and 0.4% m/m and with a content of sodium (Na) between 0.1 and 0.3% m/m, based on oxidized material.
- the catalyst contains aluminum with a content of 5.0 to 6.0% m/m.
- catalyst pellets with typical dimensions between 0.3 and 0.7 cm in diameter and 0.5 to 1.0 cm in length, and then calcine at temperatures between 300°C and 450 °C to obtain a hematite promoted with platinum and sodium and, optionally, with aluminum inserted in the crystalline structure of iron oxide, so that the platinum content is between 0.1 and 0.4% m/m, the sodium between 0.1 and 0.3% m/m and, optionally, aluminum content between 5.0 and 6.0% m/m in iron oxide balance with hematite structure and a specific surface area greater than 50m 2 /g.
- the formatting of the material can have cylindrical formats with a hole in the middle or cylinders with a wavy outer surface.
- the catalysts thus prepared avoid additional sodium incorporation steps.
- the presence of sodium at controlled levels allows obtaining a high CO conversion activity while maintaining a high resistance to deactivation by exposure to high temperatures, as amply demonstrated in the examples.
- Very low levels of sodium in the final product produce a catalyst with lower activity and very high levels of sodium produce a catalyst with low resistance to deactivation by prolonged exposure to high temperatures.
- the catalyst containing aluminum (AI) inserted into the crystalline structure of hematite shows alteration of the unit cell parameter to values between 0.5005 and 0.5010 nm, as measured by the X-ray diffraction technique. a greater activity of the catalyst allowing to reduce the levels of Pt needed in the final product.
- the catalysts thus prepared are in the form of hematite promoted by platinum and sodium and optionally aluminum, being activated by a reduction procedure to transform the hematite phase (Fe203) into the magnetite phase (Fe304).
- the procedure is well established in the industry and consists of passing a gas containing H2 or CO and water vapour, with a vapor/gas ratio typically between 2 and 6 mol/mol, at temperatures between 250°C and 400°C, over a period of 1 to 3 hours.
- the catalysts thus prepared and activated can be used in the reaction of CO conversion with water vapor to produce hydrogen, at reactor inlet temperatures between 250°C and 350°C, preferably at temperatures between 280°C and 300°C.
- the operating pressure in the reactor can be in the range of 10 to 40 kgf/cm 2 , preferably between 20 and 30 kgf/cm 2
- the steam/dry gas molar ratio at the reactor inlet is 0.2 to 1.0 mol/ mol, preferably between 0.3 and 0.8 mol/mol.
- the dry gas at the reactor inlet typically contains CO contents between 5 and 30% v/v, preferably between 8 and 20% v/v.
- This comparative example illustrates that the presence of sodium is detrimental to a catalyst consisting of iron oxides.
- a 1.0M aqueous solution of iron nitrate (Fe(N03)3.9H20) and a second 1.5M aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) were added simultaneously for 1 h under stirring, keeping the temperature between 45° C and 50°C and the pH between 7.5 and 8.0.
- the suspension was maintained under the previous conditions of temperature, pH and agitation for another 1 h for aging of the precipitate.
- the precipitate was then filtered and separated into several parts to be washed with different amounts of water in order to obtain different levels of residual sodium in the product.
- the monitoring parameter of the washing step was the conductivity of the washing water.
- the washed material was then dried at 100°C for 5h and calcined at 400°C for 2h to obtain a catalyst identified as FeOx-yNa, where yNa is the sodium content (Na) in the product in oxidized form.
- the crystalline phases present in the samples were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), using the Rigaku Miniflex II diffractometer, with Cu tube and monochromator, with speed of 2°/min and angle variation of 5 o at 90°.
- the catalyst presented an X-ray diffraction profile corresponding to the presence of hematite.
- the textural analysis (BET) was conducted by nitrogen adsorption for specific area determination in Micromeritics ASAP 2400 equipment. For the determinations, the samples were previously treated at 300°C in vacuum.
- the analysis of the composition was performed by X-Ray Fluorescence (FRX) in the PANAIytical MagiX PRO equipment equipped with a 4kW Rh tube.
- the activity of the catalysts in the water gas displacement reaction was measured in a fixed bed reactor and at atmospheric pressure, in commercial equipment (AutoChem Micromerits).
- the sample was initially heated in an argon flow to 100°C and then to 350°C, at a rate of 5°C/min, in a flow of 5% H2 in argon saturated with water vapor at 73°C.
- the gas mixture was replaced by a mixture containing 10% v/v CO, 10% v/v CO2, 2% v/v methane in H2 balance, maintaining the saturator temperature with water at 73°C, corresponding to a steam/gas ratio of 0.55 mol/mol.
- the reaction was conducted at different temperatures with the reactor effluent being analyzed by gas chromatography.
- the activity of the catalysts was expressed as CO conversion (%v/v).
- This example in accordance with the present invention illustrates the method of preparing the hematite-based catalyst promoted by platinum and sodium at low levels.
- Pt(NH3)4 (N03)2 CAS 20634-12-2
- the suspension was kept in the previous conditions of temperature, pH and agitation for another 1h to age the precipitate.
- the precipitate was then filtered and separated into several parts to be washed with different amounts of water in order to obtain different levels of residual sodium in the product.
- the characterization of the metallic area of platinum was carried out by the cyclohexane dehydrogenation reaction , conducted at atmospheric pressure, in a fixed bed reactor, using a cyclohexane saturator maintained at 10°C and hydrogen as carrier gas.
- the catalyst reduction was carried out at 300°C for 2 hours in hydrogen flow (40 ml/min) and then at the same temperature the reaction was carried out.
- Catalysts containing Pt have dehydrogenating activity, so zero activity for dehydrogenation is an unusual result, raising doubts about the effect of the interaction between Na and Pt. Such interaction is able to reduce the dehydrogenation activity of cyclohexane, characteristic of platinum with predominantly metallic function (Table 2). To evaluate this hypothesis, a series of catalysts with different sodium contents were evaluated, finding dehydrogenating activity for samples with low Na contents, as can be seen in Table 2.
- the Pt content in the samples determined by the FRX technique was 0.20 ⁇ 0.0.1 and the Fe content 69 ⁇ 1 m/m, with oxygen balance.
- RD refers to the rate of the cyclohexane dehydrogenation reaction.
- the stability of the catalysts in the water gas displacement reaction was measured in a fixed bed reactor and at atmospheric pressure, in commercial equipment (AutoChem Micromeritcs).
- the sample was initially Heated in a flow of argon to 100°C and then to 350°C at a rate of 5°C/min in a flow of 5% H2 in argon saturated with water vapor at 73°C.
- the gas mixture was replaced by a mixture containing 10% v/v CO, 10% v/v CO2, 2% v/v methane in H2 balance, maintaining the saturator temperature with water at 73°C, corresponding to a steam/gas ratio of 0.55 mol/mol to measure the initial activity at a temperature of 350°C.
- Table 3 shows the initial activity and stability results. Surprisingly, however, the present invention teaches that high levels of sodium, despite allowing greater activity, reduce the stability of the catalyst upon exposure to high temperatures, with a sodium content comprised between 0.1 and 0.3% m /m allows you to get the best combined performance of activity and stability.
- This comparative example illustrates that the preparation method, by incorporating platinum through the impregnation of the hematite phase, produces a catalyst with lower activity than that obtained by the catalyst preparation method described in the present invention, that is, by co- precipitation.
- a catalyst prepared in accordance with EXAMPLE 2, containing a sodium content of less than 0.05% m/m was impregnated by the wet spot method with an aqueous solution of a water-soluble platinum compound or polar solvents such as, but not restricted to the compounds Pt(NH3)4(N03)2 (CAS 20634-12-2), H 2 PtCl5.xH 2 0 (CAS 26023-84-7), PtCU (CAS 13454-96-1), ( NH ) 2 PtCl 4 (CAS 13820-41-2) and (NH ) 2 PtCl 6 (CAS 16919-58-7).
- a water-soluble platinum compound or polar solvents such as, but not restricted to the compounds Pt(NH3)4(N03)2 (CAS 20634-12-2), H 2 PtCl5.xH 2 0 (CAS 26023-84-7), PtCU (CAS 13454-96-1), ( NH ) 2 PtCl 4 (CAS 13820-41-2) and
- the catalyst was then dried at 100°C for 2h and calcined at 400°C for 2h to obtain a hematite-based catalyst promoted by 0.2% platinum (Pt) based on the oxidized product.
- the catalyst was characterized and had the CO conversion activity measured by the water gas displacement reaction performed as described in EXAMPLE 1 and by the cyclohexane dehydrogenation activity described in EXAMPLE 2.
- Table 4 shows that the catalyst prepared by the coprecipitation method, according to the present invention, (EXAMPLE 2) allows to obtain a higher CO conversion activity than the catalyst prepared by the impregnation method (EXAMPLE 3), in which despite the smaller metal area estimated by the cyclohexane dehydrogenation activity.
- sodium interacts more efficiently with Pt atoms, forming species with high CO conversion activity.
- the greater interaction between sodium and platinum would reduce the activity of cyclohexane dehydrogenation, characteristic of platinum with predominantly metallic function (Table 4), but would increase the activity for the CO conversion reaction by the water gas displacement reaction.
- the Fe content was 69 ⁇ 1 m/m, with oxygen balance.
- R D refers to the rate of the cyclohexane dehydrogenation reaction [gmol/gs].
- This example in accordance with the present invention illustrates the method of preparing the hematite-based catalyst promoted by aluminum, platinum and sodium at low levels.
- a 1.0M aqueous solution of iron nitrate (Fe(N03)3.9H20) containing a platinum compound soluble in water or polar solvents, such as, but not restricted to, Pt(NH3)4(N03)2 compounds (CAS 20634 -12-2), H 2 PtCl5.xH 2 0 (CAS 26023-84-7), PtCU (CAS 13454-96-1 ), (NH )2PtCl4 (CAS 13820-41-2) and (NhU ⁇ PtCle ( CAS 16919-58-7) and the aluminum salt AI(N03)3.9H20 and a second 1.5M aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) were added simultaneously for 1 h under stirring, keeping the temperature between 55 °C and 65°C and pH between 7.5 and 8.0.
- the suspension was maintained under the previous conditions of temperature, pH and agitation for another 1h for the precipitate to age.
- the precipitate was then filtered and separated into several parts to be washed with different amounts of water in order to obtain different levels of residual sodium in the final product.
- Table 5 Type of crystalline phase with the dimensions of its unit cell measured by the X-ray diffraction technique.
- tC average hematite crystallite size.
- Table 6 illustrates that, with the introduction of aluminum in the formulation, the hematite phase is obtained at higher calcination temperatures. On the other hand, higher values for specific surface area are observed (Table 7), which contribute to greater catalyst activity.
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Abstract
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GBGB2318312.2A GB202318312D0 (en) | 2021-06-04 | 2022-06-03 | Method for preparing water-gas shift catalysts, catalysts, and method for reducing carbon monoxide content |
GB2318334.6A GB2623444A (en) | 2021-06-04 | 2022-06-03 | Method for preparing water-gas shift catalysts, catalysts, and method for reducing carbon monoxide content |
US18/565,166 US20240261772A1 (en) | 2021-06-04 | 2022-06-03 | Method for preparing water gas shift catalysts, catalysts and process for reducing carbon monoxide content |
DKPA202370589A DK202370589A1 (en) | 2021-06-04 | 2023-11-29 | Method for preparing water gas shift catalysts, catalysts and process for reducing carbon monoxide content |
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2021
- 2021-06-04 BR BR102021010907-6A patent/BR102021010907A2/pt unknown
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- 2022-06-03 WO PCT/BR2022/050199 patent/WO2022251943A1/pt active Application Filing
- 2022-06-03 CN CN202280043579.2A patent/CN117545554A/zh active Pending
- 2022-06-03 US US18/565,166 patent/US20240261772A1/en active Pending
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GB2611859A (en) * | 2022-08-09 | 2023-04-19 | Petroleo Brasileiro Sa Petrobras | Method of preparing the water-gas shift catalyst, catalyst, use and process to reduce the content of carbon monoxide |
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