WO2022120447A1 - Método de preparo de um catalisador de deslocamento do gás d'água a alta tempertaura e processo para reduzir o teor de monóxido de carbono - Google Patents
Método de preparo de um catalisador de deslocamento do gás d'água a alta tempertaura e processo para reduzir o teor de monóxido de carbono Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022120447A1 WO2022120447A1 PCT/BR2021/050514 BR2021050514W WO2022120447A1 WO 2022120447 A1 WO2022120447 A1 WO 2022120447A1 BR 2021050514 W BR2021050514 W BR 2021050514W WO 2022120447 A1 WO2022120447 A1 WO 2022120447A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- potassium
- alumina
- water gas
- mol
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 74
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 40
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 32
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 31
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 84
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- -1 gamma Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 5
- XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium benzoate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XAEFZNCEHLXOMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003751 zinc Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxidooxidoaluminium Chemical compound O[Al]=O FAHBNUUHRFUEAI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002798 polar solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910001593 boehmite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical group [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 43
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 34
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 abstract description 25
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 24
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 19
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 17
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 abstract description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 15
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper oxide Chemical class [Cu]=O QPLDLSVMHZLSFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 8
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 7
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 abstract description 4
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 abstract description 3
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 24
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 21
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 19
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 18
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 15
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000000629 steam reforming Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 10
- ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc nitrate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ONDPHDOFVYQSGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000013980 iron oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000005751 Copper oxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000431 copper oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004876 x-ray fluorescence Methods 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000000711 cancerogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036541 health Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 2
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Substances [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium nitrate Inorganic materials [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000012764 semi-quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000010 zinc carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004438 BET method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017488 Cu K Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017541 Cu-K Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005856 abnormality Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000002453 autothermal reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 231100000315 carcinogenic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce][Ce] ZMIGMASIKSOYAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000420 cerium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ce+3].[Ce+3] DRVWBEJJZZTIGJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007809 chemical reaction catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- UOUJSJZBMCDAEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Cr+3].[Cr+3] UOUJSJZBMCDAEU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004817 gas chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052595 hematite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011019 hematite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000014413 iron hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(2+);oxygen(2-) Chemical class [O-2].[Fe+2] VBMVTYDPPZVILR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(ii) hydroxide Chemical class [OH-].[OH-].[Fe+2] NCNCGGDMXMBVIA-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008520 organization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002574 poison Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KVOIJEARBNBHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium;oxido(oxo)alumane Chemical compound [K+].[O-][Al]=O KVOIJEARBNBHHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002407 reforming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012258 stirred mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
- B01J21/04—Alumina
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
- B01J23/04—Alkali metals
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/06—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of zinc, cadmium or mercury
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- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
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- B01J35/613—10-100 m2/g
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- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
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- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
- B01J37/0205—Impregnation in several steps
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- C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
- C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
- C01B3/06—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents
- C01B3/12—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide
- C01B3/16—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide using catalysts
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- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
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- C01B2203/0283—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step
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- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1076—Copper or zinc-based catalysts
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
- C01B2203/10—Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions
- C01B2203/1041—Composition of the catalyst
- C01B2203/1082—Composition of support materials
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10K—PURIFYING OR MODIFYING THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF COMBUSTIBLE GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE
- C10K3/00—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide
- C10K3/02—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by catalytic treatment
- C10K3/04—Modifying the chemical composition of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide to produce an improved fuel, e.g. one of different calorific value, which may be free from carbon monoxide by catalytic treatment reducing the carbon monoxide content, e.g. water-gas shift [WGS]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
Definitions
- the present invention deals with methods of preparing a high temperature water gas displacement catalyst, free of chromium and iron or noble metals, in which they are used in the process for converting carbon monoxide (CO) , applied in H 2 production units aiming to maintain the high activity of CO conversion, not having the environmental or operating limitations with low excess of steam in the process.
- CO carbon monoxide
- the water gas shift reaction is an integral step of the steam reforming process for the production of hydrogen.
- the reaction can be represented by equation 1, being exothermic and typically limited by thermodynamic equilibrium.
- the "water gas shift" reaction is conducted in a first stage, called “High Temperature Shift” (HTS), whose catalyst operates at typical temperatures between 330°C at the inlet and up to 450 °C at the reactor outlet, followed by cooling of the effluent stream and additional reaction in a second stage, called “Low Temperature Shift” (LTS), whose catalyst operates at typical temperatures between 180 °C, in the inlet, up to 240°C at the reactor outlet.
- LTS Low Temperature Shift
- the LTS reactor and the subsequent amine CO 2 separation system is replaced by the pressure swing adsorption (PSA) process. Pressure conditions are dictated by the use of hydrogen, typically the process pressure is between 10 to 40 bar.
- LTS catalysts are made up of copper oxide, zinc oxide and alumina, with typical contents between 40 to 35% m/m; 27 to 44 % w/w with alumina as balance, respectively. They may also contain minor amounts of alkaline promoters, such as cesium (Cs) or potassium (K). LTS catalysts quickly lose activity when exposed to high temperature, which is why they are used in the typical temperature range of 180°C to 240°C, or in their Medium Temperature Shift (MTS) version at temperatures of 180° C to 330°C. The lower temperature of the usage range is normally dictated by the requirement that no vapor condensation occurs in the reactor at the operating pressure of the unit.
- Cs cesium
- K potassium
- the HTS catalyst used industrially in large units here considered the units with production greater than 50,000 Nm 3 /d of hydrogen, consists of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu), mostly in the form of oxides before the catalyst comes into operation.
- the catalyst formulation has the disadvantage of containing chromium in its formulation. Particularly, during the calcination steps for the manufacture of this catalyst, it is inevitable that variable levels of chromium are formed in the oxidation state VI (CrO 3 or Cr 6+ ), a compound that has known carcinogenic effects and damages the environment, being subject to in the world to an increasing stringency of legislation.
- HTS catalysts Another unfavorable characteristic of the current formulation of HTS catalysts is the presence of iron oxides in their composition, which typically make up 80 to 90% m/m of the catalyst.
- the iron oxide present in the HTS catalyst is mostly in the form of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), in addition to minor contents of other iron hydroxides.
- the catalyst After being loaded into the reactor, the catalyst is subjected to an activation procedure, which reduces the hematite phase (Fe 2 O 3 ) to the magnetite phase (Fe 3 O 4 ), which in turn constitutes the active phase of the reactor. catalyst. Simultaneously, during the reduction the CuO phases are reduced to metallic copper.
- the reactions are exemplified below:
- the Fe 3 O 4 phase is formed, its stability under industrial conditions will depend on the relationship between the oxidizing and reducing components present in the reactor feed, particularly the H 2 O/H 2 and CO 2 /CO ratios .
- the literature teaches that when the steam content in the process is reduced below a certain value, usually expressed as the steam/carbon ratio in the previous reforming step, the iron oxide phases transform into undesirable iron carbide-type phases.
- the iron carbide phases in turn, lead to the formation of by-products such as hydrocarbons, alcohols and other compounds, which reduce the hydrogen yield and bring additional difficulties in purifying the hydrogen produced and the condensed steam in the process.
- the teaching of an HTS catalyst free of iron in its composition is desirable.
- a solution taught in US6500403 to reduce excess steam in the H 2 production process by steam reforming would be to carry out the water gas shift reaction in a first step, at temperatures between 280°C to 370°C, using an iron-free and copper-based catalyst on a support, thus reducing the CO/CO 2 ratio at the entrance of the second stage, which would be carried out on a conventional Fe/ Cr, at the typical temperature of 350°C to 500°C.
- This solution adds high additional costs to the steam reforming process, as it includes an additional CO abatement step, or load cooling steps followed by heating, which brings energy losses and/or greater process complexity.
- Patents US7998897, US81119099 and WO2018/134162A1 teach an HTS catalyst free of Fe and Cr in its formulation.
- the catalyst is a mixture of zinc aluminate (ZnAl 2 O 4 ) and zinc oxide (ZnO), with a Zn/AI molar ratio between 0.5 to 1.0, in combination with metals alkalines selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Rb, Cs and mixtures thereof, in a content between 0.4 to 8.0% w/w, based on the oxidized material.
- the invention US7998898 teaches a catalyst with a Zn/Al molar ratio of 0.7, containing 34 to 35% w/w Zn and 7 to 8% Cs.
- a catalyst with a Zn/Al molar ratio of 0.7 containing 34 to 35% w/w Zn and 7 to 8% Cs.
- HTS catalyst that is free from chromium (Cr), an element dangerous to health and the environment, free from iron (Fe) so that a reduced excess of steam can be used in the process, with gains in energy efficiency, but which has high activity and stability under the conditions of the steam reforming process, thus allowing the replacement of current HTS catalysts in existing units.
- Cr chromium
- Fe iron
- Patent US7964114B2 refers to the development of a catalyst for use in water gas exchange processes, a method for manufacturing the catalyst and a method for using the catalyst.
- the catalyst is composed of iron oxide, copper oxide, zinc oxide, alumina and, optionally, potassium oxide.
- the catalyst demonstrates surprising activity for carbon monoxide conversion under high to moderate temperature reaction conditions.
- iron oxide in its formulation, which prevents it from working with a low excess of steam in relation to the stoichiometry of the shift reaction, to gain energy efficiency in the process of producing H 2 by steam reforming.
- the present invention was developed, through the provision of HTS catalysts, free from chromium, iron and noble metals, which have high activity and resistance to thermal deactivation, that is, maintaining activity for long periods, even when exposed to high process temperatures.
- HTS catalysts free from chromium, iron and noble metals, which have high activity and resistance to thermal deactivation, that is, maintaining activity for long periods, even when exposed to high process temperatures.
- the reduction of excess steam in the process for converting CO, expressed by the steam/gas or steam/carbon ratio, is only possible by using iron-free HTS catalysts such as those obtained in the present invention.
- the elimination of chromium from the catalyst formulation, especially in its carcinogenic form of Cr 6+ minimizes risks during catalyst handling, loading and unloading steps.
- the use of an HTS catalyst tolerant to low steam/gas ratios reduces the risk of occurrences of abnormalities in the process, which could lead to increased pressure drop and/or formation of by-products in the reactor.
- the reduction of the steam/carbon ratio in the steam reforming process for the production of H 2 contributes to the reduction of CO 2 emissions in the process, since the H 2 production process, together with the FCC process, are the two biggest emitters of CO 2 in refining.
- the present invention deals with a catalyst for the conversion of CO by the displacement reaction of water gas at high temperature, free of chromium and iron, consisting of alumina promoted by potassium and zinc oxide.
- the catalyst thus prepared maintains high CO conversion activity, not having the environmental limitations or operating with low excess steam in the process, according to state-of-the-art catalysts.
- Such a catalyst is used in the process of producing hydrogen or synthesis gas by steam reforming of hydrocarbons, allows the use of low steam/carbon ratios in the process, presenting high activity and stability to thermal deactivation and lower environmental restrictions of production, storage, use and disposal than industrially used catalysts based on iron, chromium and copper oxides.
- the present invention deals with a catalyst applicable to the water gas displacement step of the steam reforming process for the production of hydrogen.
- a catalyst consists of a potassium aluminate-type support containing zinc oxide as a promoter.
- the catalyst has a specific area greater than 60 m 2 /g, a potassium content between 4 and 15% m/m and a zinc oxide content between 10 and 30% m/m, based on the oxidized material, being obtained by the method of preparation, comprising the following steps.
- Impregnation of an alumina selected from boehmite, gamma or theta-alumina, with an aqueous solution of a potassium salt, preferably potassium hydroxide, carbonate or nitrate, followed by drying and calcination at temperatures between 400°C and 800°C , to obtain a potassium-promoted alumina;
- a potassium salt preferably potassium hydroxide, carbonate or nitrate
- a polar solution preferably aqueous, containing a zinc salt, preferably zinc nitrate or carbonate
- potassium-promoted alumina refers to an alumina containing potassium species on its surface which, depending on the calcination temperature, can present crystalline structures of oxide of aluminum and potassium, such as the K 2 O.AI 2 O 3 form (CAS 12003-62-3).
- step 1 does not need to be performed, and commercial potassium aluminates can be used, provided they have a specific surface area greater than 15m 2 /g, preferably greater than 40m 2 /g.
- Aluminas that have greater resistance to loss of specific surface area, in the presence of steam and at temperatures between 250°C and 450°C, can also be used, such as aluminas promoted by lanthanum contents between 1 and 5% m/m.
- the formatting step can be carried out by commercial machines, obtaining tablets, preferably with typical dimensions of 3 to 6 mm in diameter and height.
- Other formats can also be used, such as a single cylinder or multiple cylinders connected (trilobe, quadralobe) or raschig rings.
- an alumina such as gamma or theta-alumina, already pre-formatted, can be used.
- the support is impregnated simultaneously with a potassium salt, preferably potassium hydroxide or nitrate, and a zinc salt, preferably zinc nitrate or carbonate, in a solution of a polar solvent, preferably water, followed by drying and calcination at temperatures between 400°C to 800°C.
- a potassium salt preferably potassium hydroxide or nitrate
- a zinc salt preferably zinc nitrate or carbonate
- the catalyst thus prepared is active, stable and ready for use, not requiring any additional activation procedure, and can be used in the conversion reaction of CO with water vapor to produce hydrogen, at inlet temperatures reactor between 280°C to 400°C, preferably at temperatures between 300°C to 350°C and reactor outlet temperature between 380°C to 500°C, preferably between 400°C to 450°C.
- the operating pressure in the reactor can be in the range of 10 to 40 kgf/cm 2 , preferably between 20 to 30 kgf/cm 2 .
- the steam/dry gas molar ratio at the reactor inlet is preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.6 mol/mol, more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.3 mol/mol.
- the steam/carbon (mol/mol) ratio at the inlet of the primary steam reforming reactor, which precedes the high temperature water gas displacement reactor (HTS) is preferably in the range of 1 to 5 mol/mol, more preferably in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 mol/mol.
- the concentration of CO in the dry gas at the inlet of the conversion reactor is typically 5 to 30% v/v, preferably 8 to 20% v/v.
- a third aspect of the present invention is to provide a process for converting carbon monoxide by contacting said catalyst with a stream of synthesis gas at temperatures between 250°C to 450°C, steam/gas between 0.2 to 1.0 mol/mol and pressures between 10 to 40 atm.
- HTS high temperature water gas displacement reaction
- KAIO2 potassium aluminate
- ZnO zinc oxide
- This comparative example illustrates the preparation of a catalyst, according to the state of the art, of high temperature water gas displacement (HTS) of the zinc aluminate type promoted by alkali metals.
- HTS high temperature water gas displacement
- an aqueous solution containing 311 grams of demineralized water (H 2 O), 415 grams of aluminum nitrate (AI(NO 3 ) 3.9H 2 O , brand VETEC, PA) was prepared by dissolving and stirring at room temperature. at a nominal Zn/Al ratio of 0.5 mol/mol.
- the solution was made up with demineralized water to 830 ml and showed a pH of 1.04.
- an ammonium hydroxide solution (NH 4 OH, 28% w/w, VETEC) was added at room temperature, in 30 minutes and with stirring at 300 rpm, until the pH of the stirred mixture was between 8.0 to 8.5. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour and then filtered and washed with demineralized water. The precipitated material was then dried at 110°C for 12 h and then calcined in static air at 750°C for 3 h.
- This comparative example in accordance with the state of the art illustrates the preparation of a high temperature water gas displacement (HTS) catalyst of the zinc aluminate type promoted by alkali metals.
- HTS high temperature water gas displacement
- Ten grams of the material produced in EXAMPLE 1 was impregnated by the pore volume technique with 6.1 ml of an aqueous solution containing 0.145 grams of potassium hydroxide (VETEC). The material was dried at 100°C for 1 hour and then calcined at 500°C for 2 hours in order to obtain a promoted zinc aluminate catalyst with 1% w/w potassium.
- This comparative example in accordance with the state of the art illustrates the preparation of a high temperature water gas displacement (HTS) catalyst of the zinc aluminate type promoted by alkali metals.
- the preparation was identical to that used in EXAMPLE 2, varying the sodium hydroxide content potassium in order to have a nominal potassium content of 2 % m/m.
- the product showed by the N2 adsorption technique a specific surface area of 60.0 m 2 /g, pore volume of 0.24 cm 3 /g and average pore diameter of 143 A.
- This comparative example in accordance with the state of the art illustrates the preparation of a high temperature water gas displacement (HTS) catalyst of the zinc aluminate type promoted by alkali metals.
- the preparation was identical to that used in EXAMPLE 2, varying the potassium hydroxide content in order to have a nominal potassium content of 8% m/m.
- the product showed by the N2 adsorption technique a specific surface area of 42 m 2 /g, pore volume of 0.19 cm 3 /g and average pore diameter of 181 A.
- EXAMPLE 6 EXAMPLE 6:
- This comparative example in accordance with the state of the art illustrates the preparation of a high temperature water gas displacement (HTS) catalyst of the zinc aluminate type promoted by alkali metals.
- the preparation was identical to that used in EXAMPLE 2, changing the potassium source to potassium carbonate (K 2 CO 3 ) in order to have a nominal potassium content of 4% m/m.
- the product showed by the N2 adsorption technique a specific surface area of 39 m 2 /g, pore volume of 0.18 cm 3 /g and average pore diameter of 188 A.
- EXAMPLE 7 EXAMPLE 7:
- This comparative example illustrates the preparation of a high temperature water gas displacement (HTS) catalyst of the zinc aluminate type promoted by alkali metals and in accordance with the state of the art.
- the material was prepared in a similar way as in EXAMPLE 1, except that the proportions of the reagents were altered in order to have a Zn/Al ratio of 0.70 mol/mol.
- the characterizations of the material showed a) by the technique of adsorption of N2 a specific surface area of 22 m 2 /g, pore volume of 0.12 cm 3 /g and average pore diameter of 235; b) by the quantitative technique of X-ray Fluorescence (FRX) a composition containing 25% w/w of Al and 40% w/w of Zn, with the oxygen balance and by the technique of X-ray diffraction (XRD) the standard characteristic of zinc aluminate, as shown in Figure 1.
- FRX X-ray Fluorescence
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- This comparative example in accordance with the state of the art illustrates the preparation of a high temperature water gas displacement (HTS) catalyst of the zinc aluminate type promoted by alkali metals.
- HTS high temperature water gas displacement
- Ten grams of the material produced in EXAMPLE 7 was impregnated by the pore volume technique with 4.0 ml of an aqueous solution containing 0.598 grams of potassium hydroxide (VETEC). The material was dried at 100°C for 1 hour and then calcined at 500°C for 2 hours in order to obtain a zinc aluminate-type catalyst promoted with 4% w/w potassium.
- the product presented by the N2 adsorption technique a specific surface area of 16.7 m 2 /g, pore volume of 0.10 cm 3 /g and average pore diameter of 173 A.
- This comparative example in accordance with the state of the art illustrates the preparation of a high temperature water gas displacement (HTS) catalyst of the zinc aluminate type promoted by alkali metals.
- the preparation was identical to that used in EXAMPLE 8, varying the sodium hydroxide content potassium in order to have a nominal potassium content of 8 % m/m.
- the product showed by the N2 adsorption technique a specific surface area of 17.5 m 2 /g, pore volume of 0.08 cm 3 /g and average pore diameter of 176 A.
- This example illustrates the preparation of a high temperature water gas displacement (HTS) catalyst of the alumina type promoted with potassium and zinc oxide, in accordance with the present invention.
- HTS high temperature water gas displacement
- a commercial alumina hydroxide (boehmite, CATAPAL, SASOL) was impregnated by the wet spot method with a 70 ml of aqueous solution containing 11.5 grams of potassium hydroxide (VETEC).
- VETEC potassium hydroxide
- the following material was dried at 100°C for 12h and calcined in static air at 600°C for 2 hours to obtain a SUPPORT of the potassium-promoted alumina type, as shown in Figure 2.
- the material showed a specific surface area of 111 m 2 /g and pore volume of 0.27 cm 3 /g by the nitrogen adsorption technique (BET).
- This example describes the measurement of catalytic activity of the catalysts obtained according to EXAMPLES 1 TO 12.
- the shift reaction was carried out in a fixed bed reactor, at atmospheric pressure.
- the sample was initially heated in argon flow to 100°C and then to 350°C, at a rate of 5°C/min in a flow of 5% H 2 in argon saturated with water vapor at 73°C.
- the gas mixture was replaced by a mixture containing 10% CO, 10% COz, 2% methane in H 2 balance, keeping the saturator temperature with water at 73°C, corresponding to a steam/gas ratio of 0.55 mol/mol.
- the reaction was carried out at temperatures from 350°C to 450°C with the reactor effluent being analyzed by gas chromatography. Catalyst activity was expressed as CO conversion (% v/v).
- Table 1 Activity in the water gas displacement reaction (XCO) of HTS catalysts prepared according to the state of the art and according to the present invention.
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US18/256,538 US20240024855A1 (en) | 2020-12-09 | 2021-11-23 | Methods for preparing a catalytic converter by displacement of water gas at high temperature and method for reducing carbon monoxide content |
GB2307861.1A GB2615283A (en) | 2020-12-09 | 2021-11-23 | Method for preparing a catalytic converter by displacement of water gas at high temperature and method for reducing carbon monoxide content |
CN202180083073.XA CN116981513A (zh) | 2020-12-09 | 2021-11-23 | 通过高温水煤气变换制备催化剂的方法和降低一氧化碳含量的方法 |
DKPA202370256A DK202370256A1 (en) | 2020-12-09 | 2023-05-26 | Method for preparing a catalytic converter by displacement of water gas at high temperature and method for reducing carbon monoxide content |
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Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4861745A (en) * | 1988-08-03 | 1989-08-29 | United Catalyst Inc. | High temperature shift catalyst and process for its manufacture |
EP2141118A1 (en) * | 2008-07-03 | 2010-01-06 | Haldor Topsoe A/S | Chromium-free water gas shift catalyst |
WO2010000387A1 (en) * | 2008-07-03 | 2010-01-07 | Haldor Topsøe A/S | Process for operating hts reactor |
US7964114B2 (en) * | 2007-12-17 | 2011-06-21 | Sud-Chemie Inc. | Iron-based water gas shift catalyst |
-
2020
- 2020-12-09 BR BR102020025161-9A patent/BR102020025161A2/pt unknown
-
2021
- 2021-11-23 US US18/256,538 patent/US20240024855A1/en active Pending
- 2021-11-23 CN CN202180083073.XA patent/CN116981513A/zh active Pending
- 2021-11-23 WO PCT/BR2021/050514 patent/WO2022120447A1/pt active Application Filing
- 2021-11-23 GB GB2307861.1A patent/GB2615283A/en active Pending
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Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4861745A (en) * | 1988-08-03 | 1989-08-29 | United Catalyst Inc. | High temperature shift catalyst and process for its manufacture |
US7964114B2 (en) * | 2007-12-17 | 2011-06-21 | Sud-Chemie Inc. | Iron-based water gas shift catalyst |
EP2141118A1 (en) * | 2008-07-03 | 2010-01-06 | Haldor Topsoe A/S | Chromium-free water gas shift catalyst |
WO2010000387A1 (en) * | 2008-07-03 | 2010-01-07 | Haldor Topsøe A/S | Process for operating hts reactor |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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SANG-WOO PARK ET AL.: "Development of ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst for reverse-water- gas-shift reaction of CAMERE (carbon dioxide hydrogenation to form methanol via a reverse-water-gas-shift reaction) process", APPLIED CATALYSIS A: GENERAL, vol. 211, 7 March 2001 (2001-03-07), pages 81 - 90, XP004272700, DOI: 10.1016/S0926-860X(00)00840-1 * |
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BR102020025161A2 (pt) | 2022-06-21 |
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GB202307861D0 (en) | 2023-07-12 |
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