WO2022244857A1 - 複合体の製造方法、複合体を含むスラリーの製造方法、電極の製造方法、電極、イオン交換膜-電極接合体、および、co2電解装置 - Google Patents
複合体の製造方法、複合体を含むスラリーの製造方法、電極の製造方法、電極、イオン交換膜-電極接合体、および、co2電解装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022244857A1 WO2022244857A1 PCT/JP2022/020924 JP2022020924W WO2022244857A1 WO 2022244857 A1 WO2022244857 A1 WO 2022244857A1 JP 2022020924 W JP2022020924 W JP 2022020924W WO 2022244857 A1 WO2022244857 A1 WO 2022244857A1
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- metal
- composite
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- slurry
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- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N ruthenium(iv) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ru]=O WOCIAKWEIIZHES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- FBEIPJNQGITEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-J tetrachloroplatinum Chemical compound Cl[Pt](Cl)(Cl)Cl FBEIPJNQGITEBL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
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- STDMRMREKPZQFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-H tricopper;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[Cu+2].[Cu+2].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O.[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O STDMRMREKPZQFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/48—Silver or gold
- B01J23/50—Silver
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- B01J31/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/04—Mixing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/16—Reducing
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a method for producing a composite, a method for producing a slurry containing the composite, a method for producing an electrode using the same, an electrode, an ion exchange membrane-electrode assembly, and a CO 2 electrolysis device.
- Fossil fuels (oil, coal, natural gas) underpin modern energy-consuming society.
- Extraction of energy from fossil fuels involves the emission of CO 2 (carbon dioxide).
- CO 2 carbon dioxide
- An increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is said to be one of the causes of global warming, and its reduction is desired.
- CO 2 is an extremely stable substance, it is difficult to reuse it by decomposition or the like, and a new technology is required for converting CO 2 into other substances and recycling it as a resource.
- a CO2 reduction device with a polymer electrolyte type electrolytic cell has been found to be superior to other devices in that the ion transfer resistance can be sufficiently lowered by using a thin-film polymer electrolyte (patent Reference 1).
- the cathode for CO 2 reduction used in the polymer electrolyte type electrolytic cell contains fine catalyst particles and a conductive carrier.
- Non-Patent Document 1 a method of dispersing and supporting metal particles of an electrode catalyst on a carrier.
- a method of directly supporting the carrier by stirring the carrier, metal ions, and a reducing agent in an organic solvent for a long time.
- Carbon carriers and ceramic carriers are generally used for electrode catalysts. Since the carbon carrier and the ceramic carrier are microparticles having hydrophobicity, air bubbles tend to adhere to them in the solution. As a result, when a catalyst such as metal particles is carried on a carrier, the metal particles tend to be enlarged, and there is a possibility that the reduction in particle size and the high dispersion tend to be insufficient. Moreover, in co-supporting with an ion-exchange resin as described above, there is a possibility that the high-temperature and high-pressure treatment degrades the catalyst and the resin, and that the process becomes costly.
- an object of the present disclosure is to provide a technology related to a composite in which at least one of a metal simple substance or a metal compound having a small particle size and high dispersibility is supported on a carrier, and a slurry using the composite. aim.
- a method for producing a composite in which at least one elemental metal or metal compound is supported on a carrier includes a pressure reduction step (S1-1) of exposing a dispersion containing a solvent and the carrier to a reduced pressure environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature; a raw material mixture preparing step (S1-2) of mixing a metal ion donor, which is a metal ion source of the metal simple substance or the metal compound, with the dispersion to prepare a raw material mixture; and a supporting step (S1-3) of mixing a reducing agent into the raw material mixed liquid and supporting the elemental metal or the metal compound on the surface of the carrier (S1-3).
- a method for producing a slurry containing a composite in which at least one of an elemental metal or a metal compound is supported on a carrier and a polymer material includes a pressure reduction step (S2-1) of exposing the first dispersion containing the solvent (A) and the composite to a reduced pressure environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature; It is possible to provide a technique relating to a method for producing a slurry, including a slurry preparation step (S2-2) of mixing the polymer material with the first dispersion to prepare a slurry.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating a polymer-coated composite in the present disclosure
- FIG. 1 is an example of a schematic diagram illustrating an ion-exchange membrane-electrode assembly suitably used in the present disclosure.
- FIG. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an example of a schematic diagram showing an example of a CO 2 electrolyzer suitably used in the present disclosure;
- the inventors discovered that in the process of supporting metal particles or the like on a carrier, air bubbles adhere when the carrier is dispersed in a solvent. These bubbles not only interfere with the support of metal particles and the like on the carrier, but also generate predominantly crystal nuclei due to the unstable local concentration gradient near the gas-liquid interface, resulting in the deposition of metal particles and the like. maldistribution. Therefore, when the carrier is dispersed in the solvent, the solvent is exposed to a reduced pressure (e.g., absolute pressure of 80 kPa or less) environment for a predetermined period of time, so that the air bubbles can be discharged out of the system, resulting in the formation of crystal nuclei.
- a reduced pressure e.g., absolute pressure of 80 kPa or less
- Composite A composite according to the present disclosure is, for example, a composite in which at least one elemental metal or metal compound as a catalyst is supported on a carrier.
- the metal content of the elemental metal or the metal component of the metal compound in the composite is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effects of the disclosed technology.
- the content of the carrier is 100 parts by mass, 1 part by mass 10 parts by mass or more is preferable, and 20 parts by mass or more is more preferable.
- the upper limit of the metal content in the composite can be, for example, 100 parts by mass.
- the metal content of the metal element or the metal component of the metal compound is measured by the following method.
- the metal content of the composite is measured using a fluorescent X-ray analyzer.
- a calibration curve of the metal content and the detection peak of the predetermined metal is prepared using a powder with a known metal content of the carrier and a predetermined metal in advance using a fluorescent X-ray analyzer, A detection peak of a predetermined metal in the actually produced composite is measured using a fluorescent X-ray spectrometer, and the metal content is obtained from a calibration curve.
- the average particle size of the composite is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effects of the disclosed technology, but can be, for example, 200 nm or less, preferably 100 nm or less. The lower limit can be 1 nm or more.
- the average particle size of the composite can be measured by calculating the number average value of the particle sizes of 100 randomly selected particles measured using a scanning electron microscope. At the time of measurement, the length in the longest direction of the emerged composite particles is measured and taken as the major diameter, and the major diameter is measured as the particle diameter.
- the carrier is not particularly limited as long as it does not impair the effects of the technology disclosed herein, and may be any solid substance capable of supporting and fixing a simple substance of metal or a compound thereof.
- materials for the support include carbon supports, metal supports, metal nitride supports, metal carbide supports and metal oxide supports.
- the carrier may be in the form of particles, fiber, or sheet.
- the carrier is a conductive carrier.
- Conductive carriers preferably include carbon materials, titanium, tantalum, gold, silver or copper. These can be used singly or in combination. These can be selected in consideration of corrosion resistance.
- the conductive carrier is preferably made of a material different from that of the catalyst used.
- the carbon material is not particularly limited as long as it has conductivity and does not hinder the effects of the disclosed technology.
- the carbon material those known to be used for electrode materials can be used, and examples thereof include graphite carbon, vitreous carbon, carbon black, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.
- the carrier/conductive carrier is preferably particulate or short fibrous.
- the carrier/conductive carrier may be aggregates in which particles (primary particles) or short fibers are aggregated.
- the particulate or short fibrous form is judged to be particulate or short fibrous on the basis of general technical knowledge.
- aggregates in which short fibers are aggregated are also included in secondary particles.
- the average particle diameter of the primary particles or the average fiber length of the short fibers of the carrier is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effects of the disclosed technology, and can be, for example, 10 to 100 nm, preferably 20 to 50 nm.
- the average particle size and average fiber length of the conductive carrier can be freely selected in consideration of the surface area and porosity of the conductive carrier.
- the average particle size is the average particle size including primary particles or short fibers and secondary particles.
- the average particle size includes the particle size with the fiber length of the short fibers as the primary particle size and the particle size of the secondary particles of the short fibers. Average value.
- the average particle size is measured using a scanning electron microscope for 100 randomly selected particles. It is possible to measure by calculating the average value of the major axis. Observation means can be selected according to the average particle size.
- the average primary particle size of the carrier/conductive carrier is at least twice the average primary particle size of the catalyst.
- the specific surface area of the carrier is not particularly limited as long as it does not impair the effects of the technology disclosed herein, and can be, for example, 100 to 3000 m 2 /g, preferably 200 to 1800 m 2 /g.
- the specific surface area of the carrier is within such a range, the amount of supported metal element or metal compound is sufficient, and when the obtained polymer-coated composite or the composite itself described later is used as a CO 2 reduction catalyst, CO 2 is reduced. The diffusion of CO 2 on the surface of the CO 2 reduction catalyst is excellent.
- the hydrophobicity of the carrier is not particularly limited as long as it does not inhibit the effects of the technology disclosed herein.
- the contact angle between the tangent line of the droplet and the carrier surface is preferably 80 to 140°.
- the hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity are well balanced. That is, if the hydrophobicity is too low (hydrophilicity is too high), the slurry described later is sprayed on the substrate by spraying or the like, and then the solvent (A) described later is removed by drying or the like, and the polymer is formed on the surface of the composite.
- Elemental metals and metal compounds as catalysts according to the present disclosure are not particularly limited as long as they do not inhibit the effects of the disclosed technology.
- the simple metal and metal compound are Au, Ag, Cu, Pt, Ir, Pd, Ru, Ni, Co, Mn, Bi, Sn, Zn, Al It is preferable to include either.
- metal compounds shall include alloys.
- oxides and metal complexes such as Ag, Cu, Ir, Pd, Ru, Ni, Co, Mn, Bi, Sn, Zn, and Al are preferable.
- metal oxides include ruthenium oxide (RuO 2 , RuO x ), rhenium oxide (ReO 2 , ReO 3 , Re 2 O 7 , ReO x ), palladium oxide (PdO, PdO x ), iridium oxide (IrO 2 , IrO x ) and the like. These can be used singly or in combination.
- metal complexes include phthalocyanine complexes containing Cu, Re, Ru, Ni, Fe, Co, and Mn, porphyrin complexes, pyridine complexes, metal-supported covalent triazine structures, and the like.
- the shape of the elemental metal and the metal compound is not particularly limited as long as it does not inhibit the effects of the present invention, and may be, for example, particulate or film. Further, when a simple metal or a metal compound is used as a catalyst, a particulate form is preferable because the effect of the catalyst increases as the surface area of the catalyst supported on the carrier increases.
- the particles are not limited to primary particles, and may be secondary particles in which particles (primary particles) aggregate.
- the term “particulate” is not limited to those that are judged to be particulate based on general technical common sense, and the particles are very small, called “monatomic particles”, and the coordinated metal is at the atomic level. Also includes those highly dispersed at .
- the average particle size of the elemental metal and the metal compound when the shape is particulate is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effects of the disclosed technique, and can be, for example, 1 to 200 nm, preferably 1 to 100 nm. 1 to 50 nm is more preferred.
- a simple metal or a metal compound is used as a catalyst, the larger the particle size, the larger the surface area of the catalyst.
- the size effect is also an effect called the size effect, which greatly changes the activity and selectivity. Therefore, the particle size of the catalyst should be selected after confirming the activity of the catalyst.
- the average particle size of the catalyst involved in the reduction reaction of carbon dioxide the smaller the size effect, the more effective it is.
- the average particle size of the catalyst is preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or less.
- the catalyst is not agglomerated and dispersed, that is, that the number of primary particles contained therein is large, because the effect of the catalyst is high.
- the average particle size of the elemental metal and the metal compound (catalyst) is the average particle size of the primary particles of the elemental metal and the metal compound (catalyst).
- Measurement of the average particle size was performed using a scanning electron microscope under the conditions of an acceleration voltage of 10 kV and a magnification of 20,000 times. is the measurement range, and all the particles supported by the composite that do not protrude from the measurement range are observed, and the length in the longest direction of the particles that appears is measured. Let the average value be the average particle size.
- a method for producing a composite of the present disclosure will be described. According to the method for producing a composite of the present disclosure, it is possible to obtain a composite in which at least one of a metal simple substance or a metal compound having a smaller particle size and high dispersibility is supported on a carrier.
- the composite produced by the method for producing a composite according to the present disclosure is more suitable as the composite for the method for producing a slurry according to the present disclosure, which will be described later.
- the “solvent” is the “solvent (B)” and the “dispersion liquid” is the “second shall be read as “dispersion”.
- the method for producing a composite of the present disclosure includes a decompression step (S1-1) of exposing a dispersion containing a solvent and a carrier to a decompressed environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature; A raw material mixture preparation step (S1-2) of mixing a metal ion supply agent that supplies metal ions that are raw materials for a metal element or a metal compound with the dispersion to prepare a raw material mixture; a supporting step (S1-3) of adding a reducing agent to the raw material mixture to support the elemental metal or metal compound on the surface of the carrier.
- a catalyst in which at least one elemental metal or metal compound serving as a catalyst is supported on a carrier has a smaller particle size of the catalyst supported on the surface of the carrier, as described above. Therefore, it is excellent in reducing the particle size as a support (for example, used as an electrode catalyst) and having high dispersibility.
- Decompression step (S1-1) In the decompression step (S1-1), the dispersion liquid containing the solvent and the carrier is exposed to a decompression environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature. In the decompression step (S1-1), air bubbles are removed from the dispersion liquid, so that the particle size of the composite (or carrier) itself can be reduced. This is because, as a result of removing the air bubbles that were crystal nuclei in the dispersion liquid, the local deposition (generation) of the single metal or metal compound is suppressed, and the uniformity of the single metal or metal compound particles is improved. This is because the diameter decreases. From the above, an electrode, an ion-exchange membrane-electrode assembly, and a CO 2 electrolyzer using such a composite (or support) as an electrode catalyst can be made excellent in the production efficiency of reduction products. .
- the solvent is, for example, water or an alcohol compound, and an alcohol compound that is liquid in the temperature range of the preparation process and the reduction process under atmospheric pressure is used. It is preferable to use a solvent in which the metal ion donor and the reducing agent are soluble. As a result, the effect of sufficiently increasing the amount of catalyst supported can be obtained. More preferably, the vapor pressure is lower than the pressure exposed in the decompression step. As a result, the effect of suppressing solvent volatilization during the decompression process can be obtained.
- Such compounds include water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propyl alcohol, 1-butyl alcohol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerin, and the like.
- the dispersion obtained by mixing the solvent and the carrier is placed in a vacuum container or a container installed in a vacuum chamber, and a known decompression method is used to depressurize the vacuum container or vacuum.
- the inside of the container installed inside the chamber is evacuated to less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature, and the dispersion is exposed to the reduced pressure environment. Air bubbles in the dispersion can be removed by exposing the dispersion to a reduced pressure environment.
- the exposure time can be from 1 to 60 minutes.
- a decompression method for example, a known decompression device such as an evaporator or a vacuum pump can be used.
- a known decompression device such as an evaporator or a vacuum pump can be used.
- at least one of the solvent and the carrier before mixing can be used after being exposed in advance to a reduced pressure environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature.
- the pressure during decompression is less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure).
- the lower the ultimate pressure the better the removal of bubbles. ⁇ 50 kPa is preferable, and 5 to 10 kPa (absolute pressure) is more preferable.
- the ultimate pressure is within the range, it is possible to reduce the particle size of the composite (or carrier).
- the mixing ratio of the solvent and the carrier is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effects of the disclosed technology, but can be, for example, 100:0.01 to 100:1 in mass ratio.
- the dispersion may contain components other than the solvent and carrier.
- Raw material mixture preparation step (S1-2) In the raw material mixed solution preparation step (S1-2), the dispersion is mixed with a metal ion supply agent that supplies metal ions as a raw material of a metal element or a metal compound to prepare a raw material mixed solution.
- the raw material mixed solution preparation step (S1-2) is not limited to a reduced pressure environment, and can be carried out under a normal pressure environment. Further, the raw material mixture preparation step (S1-2) can be performed after the pressure reduction step (S1-1) or simultaneously with the pressure reduction step (S1-1).
- a metal ion supply agent that supplies metal ions as a raw material for a metal element or a metal compound is mixed to prepare a raw material mixture, and then the raw material mixture is heated at room temperature. , can be exposed to a reduced pressure environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure).
- the metal ion donor is mixed with the dispersion to form a raw material mixture.
- the metal ion supply agent supplies metal ions into the raw material mixture.
- the metal ions in the raw material mixed liquid are supported (precipitated) on the surface of the carrier as a single metal or a metal compound, thereby forming a composite. do. That is, the metal ion donor is a source of metal ions for the elemental metal or metal compound supported on the composite, ie, its raw material.
- the metal ion donor is not limited to a metal compound containing a desired metal, but also includes a desired simple substance of metal.
- simple metals such as sulfates, nitrates, carbonates, acetates, oxides, hydroxides, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, sulfides and complex salts can be used.
- the amount of the metal ion donor compounded is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effects of the presently disclosed technique.
- the amount of the elemental metal or metal compound supported on the carrier can be increased.
- the amount of the metal ion supplying agent charged is preferably 65 parts by mass or more and 150 parts by mass or less as a single metal or metal compound, and preferably 75 parts by mass or more and 135 parts by mass. Part or less is more preferable. Furthermore, it is more preferable to make it 75 mass parts or more and 120 mass parts or less.
- the charge amount of the metal ion supplying agent By setting the charge amount of the metal ion supplying agent to 150 parts by mass or less, it is possible to significantly improve the contact probability between the metal ions or the generated metal particles and the carrier, and the charge amount is set to 65 parts by mass or more. As a result, the amount of support for the generated metal particles becomes appropriate, and a sufficient amount of metal support or metal compound can be supported.
- the concentration of the metal ions supplied from the metal ion supplying agent in the solvent is not particularly limited as long as it does not inhibit the effect of the disclosed technology, but can be, for example, 0.1 to 2.0 g/L. .
- the raw material mixture prepared in the raw material mixture preparation step (S1-2) is added with a reducing agent to reduce the metal ions in the raw material mixture to form an elemental metal or a metal compound. As such, it precipitates (supports) on the surface of the carrier and forms a composite.
- the metal compound precipitates as a metal oxide or the like combined with dissolved oxygen in the raw material mixture.
- the production ratio of the deposition of the elemental metal and the metal compound can be controlled by adjusting the dissolved oxygen concentration of the liquid phase mixture.
- the concentration of oxygen dissolved in the liquid phase mixture can be adjusted based on the ratio of the elemental metal to be carried on the carrier and the metal compound.
- the dissolved oxygen concentration can be controlled by bubbling a predetermined gas. For example, if it is desired to lower the oxygen partial pressure, an oxygen-free gas such as N2 gas is bubbled. Conversely, when it is desired to increase the oxygen partial pressure, an oxygen-containing gas such as O2 gas or air is bubbled.
- the liquid phase mixture is heated by a heating device (not shown) to a target temperature corresponding to a predetermined metal, and the raw material mixture is stirred at a rotation speed for a predetermined time to initiate a reduction reaction. can proceed.
- the target temperature can be appropriately changed according to the metal cations to be reduced.
- the target temperature may be 40°C or higher, 50°C or higher, or 60°C or higher.
- the metal cations to be reduced are other metal ions (for example, platinum ions, gold ions, or silver ions)
- the target temperature may be 5° C. or higher, 15° C. or higher, or 20° C. or higher.
- the target temperature is preferably less than 100°C, 90°C or less, 80°C or less, 70°C or less, or 65°C or less.
- Excessive heating is disadvantageous in terms of input energy.
- the reduction reaction proceeds sufficiently even at temperatures below 100°C. Further, in the present invention, sufficient reduction and precipitation occur even at low temperatures, but excessive heating may lead to excessive reduction reaction and aggregation of particles, making it difficult to control the particle size.
- the time required for the reduction step depends on various conditions, but is usually 0.1 to 24 hours or 0.5 to 4 hours.
- the reducing agent is not particularly limited as long as it does not inhibit the effects of the disclosed technology, and examples thereof include salts of phosphinic acid.
- Phosphinic acid salts include lithium phosphinate, sodium phosphinate, potassium phosphinate, ammonium phosphinate and the like. These can be used singly or in combination.
- the amount of the reducing agent to be blended is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effects of the technology disclosed herein.
- Ec/Er can be 0.5 or more, preferably 1.0 or more, more preferably 1.2 or more, and even more preferably 1.5 or more.
- the upper limit of the compounding ratio is not particularly limited, for example, Ec/Er can be 5.0 or less from the viewpoint of manufacturing cost.
- the amount of the reducing agent compounded can be, for example, 1 to 10 g/L with respect to the raw material mixture.
- the method for producing slurry of the present disclosure is a method for producing slurry containing a composite in which at least one of a metal element or a metal compound is supported on a carrier, and a polymer material.
- a first dispersion containing the solvent (A) and the composite is exposed to a reduced pressure environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at normal temperature (S2-1 ), and a slurry preparation step (S2-2) of mixing the first dispersion with a polymer material to prepare a slurry.
- a slurry preparation step (S2-2) of mixing the first dispersion with a polymer material to prepare a slurry.
- Decompression step (S2-1) In the decompression step (S2-1), the first dispersion obtained by mixing the solvent (A) and the complex is placed in a vacuum container or a container installed in a vacuum chamber, and a known decompression method is performed. is used to reduce the pressure in a vacuum container or a container installed in a vacuum chamber to less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature, and expose the first dispersion to the reduced pressure environment. This removes air bubbles from the first dispersion.
- kPa absolute pressure
- the polymer material forms a coating layer that more uniformly covers part or all of the composite surface ( It is possible to co-support with a metal simple substance or a metal compound). That is, as a result of removing air bubbles in the first dispersion (or raw material mixed liquid), residual air bubbles at the interface between the composite and the polymer material are suppressed, and the uniformity of the coating layer of the polymer material is improved. A stable coating layer is formed. From the above, a composite having a coating layer with such a polymer material as an ion-exchange resin (see FIG.
- a polymer-coated composite or a polymer-coated composite can be used as an electrode catalyst.
- the electrodes, ion-exchange membrane-electrode assembly, and CO 2 electrolysis device used can be excellent in the production efficiency of reduction products.
- the exposure time can be from 1 to 60 minutes.
- a decompression method for example, a known decompression device such as an evaporator or a vacuum pump can be used.
- a known decompression device such as an evaporator or a vacuum pump can be used.
- at least one of the solvent (A) and the carrier before mixing can be used after being exposed in advance to a reduced pressure environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature.
- the pressure during decompression is less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure).
- the lower the ultimate pressure the better the removal of air bubbles.
- 0.1 to 50 kPa (absolute pressure) is preferable, and 5 to 40 kPa (absolute pressure) is more preferable.
- the ultimate pressure is within the range, it is possible to make the coating layer of the polymer-coated composite uniform.
- the mixing ratio (mass ratio) between the solvent (A) and the complex is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effects of the disclosed technology, but can be, for example, 10000:1 to 1:1.
- the first dispersion may contain components other than the solvent (A) and the carrier.
- the method for producing the composite used in the slurry production method of the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it does not inhibit the effects of the technology of the present disclosure.
- a known mixer is used to mix the carrier with the elemental metal or the metal compound to obtain a carrier supported by the elemental metal or the metal compound (hereinafter referred to as the supported (sometimes referred to as a body) is produced.
- the mixing time in this case can be 3 to 60 minutes.
- Another method for producing a support includes a method of depositing a simple metal or a metal compound on the support by a reduction reaction. More specifically, a carrier is mixed with a metal ion supply agent that supplies metal ions as raw materials for the simple metal or the metal compound, and a reducing agent, and the metal cations are reduced to convert the catalytic metal into a conductive carrier. can be carried on.
- the mixing time in this method can be from 1 to 48 hours. According to this production method, it is possible to support a simple metal or a metal compound having a smaller particle size on the carrier, which is preferable.
- a more preferred method for producing a composite used in the method for producing a slurry is the above-described method for producing a composite according to the present disclosure, in which a second dispersion containing a solvent (B) and a carrier is prepared by A decompression step (S1-1) of exposing to a decompressed environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature, and mixing a metal ion supply agent for supplying metal ions as a raw material of a simple metal or a metal compound to the dispersion liquid.
- a decompression step (S1-1) of exposing to a decompressed environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature, and mixing a metal ion supply agent for supplying metal ions as a raw material of a simple metal or a metal compound to the dispersion liquid.
- a raw material mixed solution preparation step (S1-2) for preparing a raw material mixed solution and a supporting step (S1-3) of adding a reducing agent to the raw material mixed solution and supporting a simple metal or a metal compound on the surface of the carrier, It is a manufacturing method including According to this method, a composite can be obtained in which at least one of a metal simple substance or a metal compound having a smaller particle size and high dispersibility is supported on a carrier.
- Solvent (A) As the solvent (A), water or an alcohol compound that is in a liquid phase within the temperature range of the decompression process under atmospheric pressure is used. It is desirable that the vapor pressure is lower than the pressure to which it is exposed in the decompression step. As a result, the effect of suppressing solvent volatilization during the decompression process can be obtained.
- Such compounds include water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propyl alcohol, 1-butyl alcohol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, diethylene glycol, glycerin, and the like.
- the mixing ratio (mass ratio) of the solvent (A) and the carrier is not particularly limited as long as it does not impair the effects of the disclosed technology, but can be, for example, 10000:1 to 1:1.
- Slurry preparation step (S2-2) In the slurry preparation step (S2-2), a slurry is prepared by mixing a polymer with the first dispersion.
- the slurry preparation step (S2-2) is not limited to a reduced pressure environment, and can be carried out under a normal pressure environment.
- the slurry preparation step (S2-2) can be performed after the pressure reduction step (S2-1) or simultaneously with the pressure reduction step (S2-1). That is, before exposing the first dispersion to a reduced pressure environment, the polymer can be mixed to prepare a slurry, and then the slurry can be exposed to a reduced pressure environment of less than 80 kPa (absolute pressure) at room temperature. .
- the blending amount of the polymer is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effects of the disclosed technology, but for example, when the blending amount of the composite is 100 parts by mass, it can be 1 to 100 parts by mass.
- the polymer according to the present disclosure spreads the slurry prepared by the slurry production method of the present disclosure on the substrate by spraying or the like, and when the solvent (A) is removed by drying or the like, a part of the surface of the composite or It is possible to form a coating layer covering the whole (co-loading with a metal element or a metal compound).
- the material of the polymer is not particularly limited as long as it does not impair the effects of the disclosed technique.
- a polymer-coated carrier is used as an electrode catalyst, it is preferable to use an ion-exchange resin, and in particular, an anion - exchange resin makes it possible to obtain an electrode catalyst capable of adsorbing a large amount of CO2 . In reduction, the production efficiency of reduction products such as CO (carbon monoxide) can be improved.
- the anion exchange resin according to the present disclosure is preferably an ionomer containing amino groups or quaternary ammonium groups. That is, the anion exchange resin preferably has a structure in which a structure having an amino group or a quaternary ammonium group is added to an ionomer base resin.
- the amino group includes primary amino group, secondary amino group and tertiary amino group.
- the base point density of the anion exchange resin (ionomer) is 2.0 mmol/cm 3 or more and 5.0 mmol/cm 3 or less, preferably 2.5 mmol/cm 3 or more and less than 4.5 mmol/cm 3 . It is more preferably 9 mmol/cm 3 or more and less than 4.5 mmol/cm 3 .
- the base point density of the anion exchange resin is within this range, it is possible to obtain an electrode catalyst having excellent CO 2 reduction efficiency even when the CO 2 concentration around the electrode catalyst is low.
- the carrier When the carrier is not coated with an anion exchange resin, or even when the carrier is coated with an anion exchange resin, if the base point density of the anion exchange resin is low, the electrocatalyst Since the supplied CO2 is gaseous, it can move freely, limiting the opportunity for CO2 to be adsorbed on the active sites of the catalyst, thus limiting the CO2 reduction efficiency.
- the base point density of the anion exchange resin can be adjusted by adjusting the ratio of hydrophobic and hydrophilic structures in the molecular structure of the ionomer. Therefore, as a method for adjusting the base point density of the anion exchange resin, a monomer having a hydrophobic structure or a polymer obtained by polymerizing the monomer in advance and a monomer having a hydrophilic structure or a polymer obtained by polymerizing the monomer in advance are used. , can be adjusted by adjusting the respective compounding ratios and copolymerizing them.
- the base point density of the anion exchange resin is obtained from the integral value of signals of amino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, and other functional groups serving as base points by 1 H-NMR measurement.
- the base resin of the ionomer is not particularly limited as long as it does not impede the effect of the disclosed technology.
- the ionomer according to the present disclosure has an amino group or a quaternary ammonium group, which is a hydrophilic group. Therefore, in order to adjust the base point density, it is used by adding it to a monomer or polymer in advance. is preferred.
- a halide monomer, an aromatic monomer, a monomer containing an ether bond, or a polymer thereof can be used because of their high hydrophobicity. It is particularly preferable to use fluorine-based monomers.
- the anion exchange resin covers part or all of the surface of the carrier, and the coverage ⁇ , which is the ratio of the coated area to the surface area of the carrier, is 70% or more. , 80% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, or 100%. From the viewpoint of the effect of accumulating a large amount of CO 2 in the vicinity of the catalyst, it is preferable that the coverage ⁇ is high.
- the coverage ⁇ is the electric double layer capacitance C dl / i in the dry state and the electric double layer capacitance C dl in the wet state of the electrode, which are calculated by electrochemical impedance measurement under an inert gas atmosphere.
- /W is represented by the following formula 1.
- the equivalent circuit is a circuit consisting of a parallel capacitor and resistor (A), and a resistor (B) connected in series to them, and the capacitance when the electrodes of the capacitor are dry is C dl /i and the capacitance when the electrodes of the capacitor are wet are taken as C dl/w respectively.
- the case where the electrodes of the capacitor are in a dry state means that the water content of the raw material gas to be supplied is 0.5% by volume or less (the volume of the entire raw material gas is % is 100% by volume), and the case where the electrodes of the capacitor are in a wet state indicates the case where the measurement is performed in an environment with a relative humidity of 100%.
- Other details regarding the measurement of the coverage follow the method described in Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry Volume 693, 15 March 2013, Pages 34-41.
- the coverage ⁇ is increased by exposing to a higher reduced pressure environment (under lower pressure) when mixing the anion exchange resin (or polymer) and the support, or after mixing. It is possible to make it higher.
- the average coating thickness of the anion exchange resin is not particularly limited as long as the effect of the disclosed technology is not impaired, but can be, for example, 0.01 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the average coating thickness of the anion exchange resin is 0.01 ⁇ m or more, channels for ion conduction are sufficiently formed, and hydroxide ions (OH ⁇ ) generated by the reaction are transferred to the ion exchange membrane more efficiently. Since it can be transported and the amount of basic sites is sufficient, the retention of carbonate species such as CO 2 and bicarbonate ions is sufficient.
- the average coating thickness of the anion exchange resin is 100 ⁇ m or less, the distance over which ions must move is appropriate, so the resistance to ion movement is moderate, and the voltage increase is suppressed ( reduction in efficiency).
- the distance that CO 2 must diffuse to reach the catalyst is not too long, the movement of CO 2 is facilitated, and it is possible to suppress voltage increase (suppress decrease in efficiency).
- the average coating thickness of the anion exchange resin is within such a range, the production efficiency of producing reduction products (such as CO) from CO 2 is excellent, especially when the supply concentration of CO 2 is low , an excellent electrode material can be obtained due to the production efficiency of reduction products.
- the slurry obtained by the production method of the present disclosure is sprayed by spraying or the like, and the solvent (A) is removed by drying or the like, so that at least one of a single metal or a metal compound is supported on a carrier. It is possible to form a polymer-coated composite in which the surface of the body is coated with a polymer.
- an electrode catalyst can be formed by using a catalyst as a metal element or a metal compound, using a conductive carrier as a carrier, and using an anion exchange resin as a polymer.
- the electrode catalyst thus obtained is superior in that it is excellent in reducing the particle size and has high dispersibility. Therefore, an electrode using this can be made excellent in the production efficiency of reduction products.
- this electrode can form an ion-exchange membrane-electrode assembly by joining with an ion-exchange membrane, and can also be used in a CO 2 electrolysis device.
- a membrane-electrode assembly having a high CO 2 reduction efficiency can be obtained by forming a membrane-electrode assembly using the electrode material of the present disclosure.
- the ion-exchange membrane-electrode assembly of the present disclosure is mainly composed of the electrode catalyst, ion-exchange membrane, and current collector (also referred to as a current collector when used in a plate shape) according to the present disclosure. Also, the electrode catalyst of the present disclosure is used by being provided between the ion exchange membrane and the current collector. The electrode catalyst can be formed into an electrode of a desired shape by adhering to a substrate or the like.
- Ion-exchange membrane The ion-exchange membrane according to the present disclosure is not particularly limited as long as it does not inhibit the effects of the disclosed technique. (registered trademark), Fumasep (registered trademark) and the like, and anion exchange membranes are preferably used.
- anion exchange membranes are preferably used in the ion exchange membrane-electrode assembly of the present disclosure.
- primary amino groups, secondary amino groups, tertiary amino groups, quaternary ammonium groups, and moreover, a plurality of these ion exchange groups are mixed. It is preferred to use an anion exchange membrane.
- Neocepta registered trademark
- ASE ASE
- AHA AMHA
- AMX ACS
- AFN AFX
- Celemion registered trademark
- AMV AMT
- DSV DSV
- AAV AAV
- ASV AHO
- AHT APS4
- the material of the anion exchange membrane may be the same as or different from the ion exchange resin, which is the polymer coating the electrode catalyst of the present disclosure. If the material of the anion exchange membrane is the same material as the anion exchange resin that coats the electrode catalyst of the present disclosure, it is possible to avoid deterioration of the interface between the anion exchange resin and the anion exchange membrane. Also, by avoiding phase separation at the interface between the anion exchange resin and the anion exchange membrane, it is possible to smooth the movement (conduction) of ions, which is preferable.
- Examples of current collectors according to the present disclosure include metal materials such as copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), stainless steel (SUS), nickel-plated steel, and brass. Copper is preferred from the viewpoint of Examples of the shape of the negative electrode current collector include metal foil, metal plate, metal thin film, expanded metal, punched metal, and foamed metal when the current collector is made of a metal material.
- the current collector is provided with vent holes for supplying and recovering gas (raw material gas and generated gas) to the electrode (or electrode catalyst). These vent holes allow the raw material gas to be uniformly and efficiently supplied to the electrode (or the electrode catalyst) and the generated gas (including unreacted raw material gas) to be discharged. Note that the number, location, and size of the ventilation holes are not limited and can be set as appropriate. Additionally, if the current collector is permeable, vent holes are not required.
- FIG. 3 shows an explanatory diagram of an ion exchange membrane-electrode assembly, and the current collector in FIG. 3 shows one using a porous air-permeable material.
- CO 2 electrolysis device When used as a cathode, have excellent CO 2 reduction efficiency, and are more effective particularly when the supplied CO 2 concentration is low.
- a CO2 electrolyzer can be obtained.
- CO2 electrolyzers can be used, for example, in processes for producing CO2 electrolysis products such as CO.
- the CO 2 electrolyzer comprises a cathode 101, an anode 102 forming a pair of electrodes with the cathode 101, and a solid electrolyte 103 interposed between the cathode 101 and the anode 102 so that at least a portion thereof is in contact with the anode 102. and the current collector 104 in contact with the surface 101-2 opposite to the contact surface 101-1 of the cathode 101 with the solid electrolyte 103, and the contact surface 102-2 of the anode 102 with the solid electrolyte 103.
- a voltage application unit 106 that applies a voltage between the current collector 104 and the support plate 105 (that is, between the cathode and the anode), have.
- a supply source and a supply device are used to supply CO 2 in a gaseous state and electrolyte aqueous solutions such as H 2 O and KHCO 3 as supporting electrolytes. Note that the CO 2 electrolyzer 100 shown in FIG.
- each component such as the cathode 101 and the anode 102 is separated for the sake of explanation, but in reality, the current collector 104, the cathode 101, The solid electrolyte 103, the anode 102, and the support plate 105 are each adhered by a predetermined method and integrated.
- Each component can be detachably configured to constitute one CO 2 electrolyzer 100 .
- the electrode catalyst according to the present disclosure is used as the cathode 101.
- the ion exchange membrane-electrode assembly of the present disclosure also serves as the current collector 104, the cathode 101, and the solid electrolyte 103 in FIG. That is, the current collector constituting the ion exchange membrane-electrode assembly becomes the current collector 104, the electrode catalyst of the present disclosure becomes the cathode 101, and the anion exchange membrane constitutes the solid electrolyte 103. a cathode can be formed.
- Example 2 A silver catalyst powder was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of carbon black mixed with ethanol was changed to 0.15 g.
- Example 3 A silver catalyst powder was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of carbon black mixed with ethanol was changed to 0.1 g.
- Example 4 A silver catalyst powder was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of carbon black mixed with ethanol was changed to 0.075 g.
- Example 1 A silver catalyst powder was produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of carbon black mixed with ethanol was 0.6 g, and the exposure to the reduced pressure environment was not performed.
- Example 6 A silver catalyst powder (composite) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the composite was not exposed to a reduced pressure environment during the synthesis of the composite.
- Example 7 A silver catalyst powder (composite) was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that the pressure of the reduced-pressure environment in the synthesis of the composite was set to 30 kPa (absolute pressure).
- Comparative Example 3 A silver catalyst powder (composite) of Comparative Example 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 5, except that exposure to a reduced pressure environment was not performed in the synthesis of the composite.
- Examples 5 to 8> Using the obtained composites of Examples 5 to 8, slurries of Examples 5 to 8 were prepared by the following procedure, and then electrodes of Examples 5 to 8 were produced. In a beaker, 15 mL of ethanol (solvent (A)) and 0.02 g of the obtained composite were mixed, and further, an ionomer as a polymer (base point density of 2.9 mmol/cm 3 , mainly aromatic as a base material) was added.
- solvent (A) solvent
- base point density of 2.9 mmol/cm 3 mainly aromatic as a base material
- Comparative Example 3 A slurry and an electrode of Comparative Example 3 were obtained in the same manner as in Examples 5 to 8, except that exposure to a reduced pressure environment was not performed during ionomer mixing.
- the product was washed with an aqueous sulfuric acid solution, and the solid matter was collected by a suction filter and vacuum-dried at 60° C. for 12 hours to obtain a catalyst powder (composite) supporting a Ni complex.
- This catalyst powder was used as the catalyst powder of Example 9 and Comparative Example 4.
- the mass of Ni supported was 1 part by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of carbon black as a carrier.
- Example 9 ⁇ Preparation of slurry and production of electrode>> ⁇ Example 9> In a beaker, 15 mL of ethanol and 0.02 g of the obtained complex were mixed, and an ionomer (“Nafion (registered trademark)” cation exchange resin manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich) was mixed as a polymer, and the pressure was 10 kPa (absolute pressure). The slurry of Example 9 was prepared by exposure for 10 minutes in a vacuum chamber in a reduced pressure environment of . Thereafter, the resulting slurry was applied on carbon paper under atmospheric pressure and dried to prepare an electrode of Example 9. ⁇ Comparative Example 4> An electrode of Comparative Example 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Example 9, except that exposure to a reduced pressure environment was not performed during ionomer mixing.
- an ionomer (“Nafion (registered trademark)” cation exchange resin manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich) was mixed as a polymer, and the pressure was 10
- Example 9 ⁇ Configuration of CO2 electrolysis device>
- the electrode obtained in Example 9 or Comparative Example 4 was used as a cathode, and a titanium mesh supporting iridium oxide was used as an anode.
- An anion exchange membrane with an ion exchange capacity of 1.5 mmol/g and a film thickness of 30 to 35 ⁇ m was used as the solid electrolyte.
- An electrolyte bath (0.5 M KHCO 3 aqueous solution) was used as the solution on the anode side, respectively.
- the cathode, the solid electrolyte, the anode, and the electrolyte bath were arranged in this order, and the cathode and the electrolyte bath sandwiched the ion exchange membrane and the anode.
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Abstract
Description
金属単体または金属化合物の少なくとも1つを担体に担持させた複合体の製造方法であって、
前記複合体の製造方法は、
溶媒と、前記担体と、を含有する分散液を、常温で、80kPa(絶対圧)未満の減圧環境下に暴露する減圧ステップ(S1-1)と、
前記分散液に、前記金属単体または前記金属化合物の金属イオン源である金属イオン供給剤を混合し、原料混合液を調製する原料混合液調製ステップ(S1-2)と、
前記原料混合液に還元剤を混合し、前記担体の表面に、前記金属単体または前記金属化合物を担持させる担持ステップ(S1-3)と、を含む複合体の製造方法に関する技術を提供することができる。
金属単体または金属化合物の少なくとも1つを担体に担持させた複合体と、高分子材料と、を含むスラリーの製造方法であって、
前記スラリーの製造方法は、
溶媒(A)と、前記複合体と、を含有する第一の分散液を、常温で、80kPa(絶対圧)未満の減圧環境下に暴露する減圧ステップ(S2-1)と、
前記第一の分散液に、前記高分子材料を混合し、スラリーを調製するスラリー調製ステップ(S2-2)と、を含む、スラリーの製造方法に関する技術を提供することができる。
本開示にかかる複合体は、例えば、触媒としての金属単体または金属化合物の少なくとも1つを担体に担持させた複合体である。
複合体を、触媒を含む電極用材料として用いる場合には、担体は導電性担体である。導電性担体としては、好ましくは、炭素材料、チタン、タンタル、金、銀、または、銅、を含む。これらは、単独で、または、複数を組み合わせて用いることができる。これらは、耐腐食性を考慮して選択することができる。導電性担体は、用いられる触媒とは異なる材質であることが好ましい。
即ち、疎水性が低すぎる(親水性が高すぎる)と、後述するスラリーをスプレーなどにより基材に散布したのち、乾燥などにより後述する溶媒(A)を除去し、高分子が複合体表面の一部または全部をより均一に被覆する被覆層を形成(金属単体または金属化合物と共担持)させた高分子被覆複合体や後述する好適な複合体の製造方法で製造した複合体をCO2還元触媒として用いた場合の触媒活性が低下する。
また、疎水性が高すぎる(親水性が低すぎる)と、担体の分散性が低下するため、複合体の粒子径が大きくなる。
金属酸化物としては、酸化ルテニウム(RuO2、RuOx)、酸化レニウム(ReO2、ReO3、Re2O7、ReOx)、酸化パラジウム(PdO、PdOx)、酸化イリジウム(IrO2、IrOx)などを挙げることができる。これらは、単独で、または、複数を組み合わせて用いることができる。
金属錯体としては、Cu、Re、Ru、Ni、Fe、Co、Mnを含むフタロシアニン錯体、ポルフィリン錯体、ピリジン錯体、金属担持共有結合性トリアジン構造体などを挙げることができる。
本開示の複合体の製造方法について説明する。本開示の複合体の製造方法によれば、粒子径がより小さく且つ分散性が高い金属単体または金属化合物、の少なくとも1つを担体に担持させた複合体を得ることができる。なお、本開示における複合体の製造方法によって作製した複合体は、後述する本開示のスラリーの製造方法における複合体としてより好適である。
分散液に、金属単体または金属化合物の原料となる金属イオンを供給する金属イオン供給剤を混合し、原料混合液を調製する原料混合液調製ステップ(S1-2)と、
原料混合液に還元剤を加え、担体の表面に、金属単体または金属化合物を担持させる担持ステップ(S1-3)と、を含む。
このようにして、作製された複合体を溶媒から取り出し、溶媒を乾燥させるなどによって除去することで、後述するスラリーの製造方法に用いられる好適な複合体とすることができる。
減圧ステップ(S1-1)は、溶媒と、担体と、を含有する分散液を、常温で、80kPa(絶対圧)未満の減圧環境下に暴露する。
減圧ステップ(S1-1)において、分散液中から気泡が除去されるため、複合体(または担持体)自体の粒子径を小さくすることが可能となる。これは分散液内における結晶核となっていた気泡が除去された結果、局所的な金属単体または金属化合物の析出(生成)が抑制され、金属単体または金属化合物の粒子の均一性が向上し粒子径が低下するためである。以上から、このような複合体(または担持体)を電極触媒として用いた電極、イオン交換膜-電極接合体、CO2電解装置は、還元生成物の生成効率に優れたものとすることができる。
原料混合液調製ステップ(S1-2)において、分散液に、金属単体または金属化合物の原料となる金属イオンを供給する金属イオン供給剤を混合し、原料混合液を調製する。原料混合液調製ステップ(S1-2)は、減圧環境下に限られず、常圧環境下において実施することができる。また、原料混合液調製ステップ(S1-2)は、減圧ステップ(S1-1)の後に行うか、または、減圧ステップ(S1-1)と同時に行うことができる。即ち、分散液を減圧環境下に暴露する前に、金属単体または金属化合物の原料となる金属イオンを供給する金属イオン供給剤を混合し、原料混合液を調製したのち、原料混合液を常温で、80kPa(絶対圧)未満の減圧環境下に暴露することができる。
担持ステップ(S1-3)において、原料混合液調製ステップ(S1-2)において調製された原料混合液は、還元剤を加えられ、原料混合液中の金属イオンが還元し、金属単体または金属化合物として、担体表面に析出し(担持し)、複合体を形成する。金属化合物としては、原料混合液中の溶存酸素と結合した金属酸化物などとして析出する。金属単体と金属化合物の析出の生成比は液相混合物の溶存酸素濃度を調整することで制御できる。
本開示のスラリーの製造方法は、金属単体または金属化合物の少なくとも1つを担体に担持させた複合体と、高分子材料と、を含むスラリーの製造方法である。
減圧ステップ(S2-1)において、溶媒(A)と複合体と、を混合して得られた第一の分散液を真空容器、または、真空室内に設置した容器内に入れ、公知の減圧方法を用いて、真空容器または真空室に内に設置された容器内を常温で、80kPa(絶対圧)未満に減圧し、第一の分散液を減圧環境下に暴露する。これにより、第一の分散液中から気泡が除去される。このため、スラリーをスプレーなどにより基材に散布し、乾燥などにより溶媒(A)を除去した際に、高分子材料が複合体表面の一部または全部をより均一に被覆する被覆層を形成(金属単体または金属化合物と共担持)することが可能となる。即ち、第一の分散液(または原料混合液)中において気泡が除去された結果、複合体-高分子材料界面における気泡の残留が抑制され、高分子材料の被覆層の均一性が向上し、安定した被覆層が形成される。以上から、このような高分子材料をイオン交換樹脂とする被覆層を有する複合体(図2参照。以降、高分子被覆複合体または高分子被覆複合体と記載する場合がある)を電極触媒として用いた電極、イオン交換膜-電極接合体、CO2電解装置は、還元生成物の生成効率に優れたものとすることができる。ここで、暴露時間は1~60分とすることができる。
本開示のスラリーの製造方法に用いられる複合体の製造方法は、本開示技術の効果を阻害しない限りにおいて特に限定されない。スラリーの製造方法に用いられる複合体の製造方法としては、公知の混合機を用い、担体と、金属単体または金属化合物とを混合することで、金属単体または金属化合物が担持した担体(以降、担持体と記載する場合がある)が作製される。この場合の混合時間は3~60分とすることができる。
この方法によれば、粒子径がより小さく且つ分散性が高い金属単体または金属化合物、の少なくとも1つを担体に担持させた複合体を得ることができる。
溶媒(A)は、大気圧下において減圧工程の温度範囲で液相である水またはアルコール化合物が使用される。減圧工程において曝される圧力よりも、蒸気圧が低いものが望ましい。これによって、減圧工程中の溶媒揮発を抑制する効果が得られる。このような化合物としては、水、メタノール、エタノール、1-プロピルアルコール、1-ブチルアルコール、イソプロパノール、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ジエチレングリコール、グリセリンなどが挙げられる。
スラリー調製ステップ(S2-2)において、第一の分散液に、高分子を混合し、スラリーを調製する。スラリー調製ステップ(S2-2)は、減圧環境下に限られず、常圧環境下において実施することができる。また、スラリー調製ステップ(S2-2)は、減圧ステップ(S2-1)の後に行うか、または、減圧ステップ(S2-1)と同時に行うことができる。即ち、第一の分散液を減圧環境下に暴露する前に、高分子を混合し、スラリーを調製したのち、スラリーを常温で、80kPa(絶対圧)未満の減圧環境下に暴露することができる。
(式1)
θ=(Cdl/i/Cdl/w)×100
ここで、等価回路は並列のキャパシタと抵抗(A)、および、それらに直列に接続にされた抵抗(B)から成る回路とし、キャパシタの電極が乾燥状態である場合の静電容量をCdl/i、およびキャパシタの電極が湿潤状態である場合の静電容量をCdl/wとそれぞれみなす。ここで、キャパシタの電極が乾燥状態である場合とは、相対湿度が10%未満の環境下で測定した場合又は供給する原料ガスの含有水分量が0.5体積%以下(原料ガス全体の体積%を100体積%とする)である場合を示し、キャパシタの電極が湿潤状態である場合とは、相対湿度が100%の環境下で測定した場合を示す。なお被覆率の測定に関するその他の詳細は、Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry Volume 693,15 March 2013, Pages 34-41に記載の方法に従うものとする。
陰イオン交換樹脂の平均被覆厚さが、0.01μm以上であると、イオン伝導のチャネルが十分に形成され、反応によって生成した水酸化物イオン(OH-)をイオン交換膜へ、より効率よく輸送することができ、さらに塩基点量が十分となることから、CO2や炭酸水素イオンといった炭酸種の保持量が十分となる。
また、陰イオン交換樹脂の平均被覆厚さが、100μm以下であると、イオンが移動しなければいけない距離が適切となることから、イオンの移動に対する抵抗が適度なものとなり、電圧増加の抑制(効率の低下の抑制)ができる。さらにCO2が触媒に到達するために拡散しなければいけない距離が大きすぎないことから、CO2の移動が容易となり、電圧増加の抑制(効率の低下の抑制)が可能となる。
以上により、陰イオン交換樹脂の平均被覆厚さがかかる範囲にある場合には、CO2から還元生成物(CO等)を生成する生成効率に優れ、特に、CO2の供給濃度が低い場合において、還元生成物の生成効率により優れた電極用材料を得ることができる。
本開示の製造方法によって得られたスラリーは、スプレーなどによって散布し、乾燥などによって溶媒(A)を除去することで、金属単体または金属化合物の少なくとも1つを担体に担持させた複合体の表面を高分子で被覆した、高分子被覆複合体を形成することが可能となる。上述したように、金属単体または金属化合物として触媒を用い、担体として導電性担体を用い、さらに高分子として、陰イオン交換樹脂を用いることで、電極触媒を形成することが可能となる。このようにして得られた電極触媒は、小粒子径化に優れ、高い分散性を有する点でより優れたものとなる。このため、これを用いた電極は、還元生成物の生成効率に優れたものとすることができる。また、この電極はイオン交換膜と接合することでイオン交換膜-電極接合体を形成することが可能となるほか、CO2電解装置に用いることが可能である。
本開示の電極用材料を用い、膜-電極接合体を形成すると、CO2還元効率の高い膜-電極接合体を得ることができる。
本開示にかかるイオン交換膜は、本開示技術の効果を阻害しない限りにおいて特に限定されず、例えば、Nafion(登録商標)、Aquivion(登録商標)などの陽イオン交換膜や、Sustainion(登録商標)、Fumasep(登録商標)などの陰イオン交換膜が挙げられ、陰イオン交換膜が好ましく用いられる。また、本開示のイオン交換膜-電極接合体においては、特に第一級アミノ基、第二級アミノ基、第三級アミノ基、第四級アンモニウム基、さらにこれらのイオン交換基が複数混在した陰イオン交換膜を用いることが好ましい。具体例としては、例えば、ネオセプタ(登録商標)、ASE、AHA、AMX、ACS、AFN、AFX(トクヤマ社製)、セレミオン(登録商標)、AMV、AMT、DSV、AAV、ASV、AHO、AHT、APS4(旭硝子社製)等を用いることができる。
本開示にかかる集電体としては、例えば、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)、ステンレス鋼(SUS)、ニッケルメッキ鋼、真鍮等の金属材料が挙げられ、中でも加工し易さとコストの点から銅が好ましい。負極集電体の形状は、集電体が金属材料の場合は、例えば、金属箔、金属板、金属薄膜、エキスパンドメタル、パンチングメタル、発泡メタル等を挙げることができる。
本開示にかかる電極触媒およびイオン交換膜-電極接合体は、陰極として用いることで、CO2還元効率に優れ、特に供給されるCO2濃度が低い場合において、より効果的であるCO2電解装置を得ることができる。CO2電解装置は、例えば、COのようなCO2電解生成物の製造方法に用いることができる。
<実施例1>
ビーカー内において、100mLのエタノール(溶媒(B))にカーボンブラック(担体)0.3gを混合し、超音波処理を10分行った後、10kPa(絶対圧)の減圧環境の真空室内で10分間暴露した。その後、0.1mol/Lの硝酸銀溶液(金属イオン供給剤)11.7mLと2.3mol/Lのホスフィン酸ナトリウム溶液(還元剤)1mLを混合し、室温で8時間の攪拌を行うことで硝酸銀を還元した。反応終了後、得られたスラリーを蒸留水で洗浄し遠心分離機により回収し、60℃で12時間真空乾燥し銀触媒粉末(複合体)を得た。
エタノールに混合するカーボンブラックの量を0.15gとした以外は実施例1と同様に処理し銀触媒粉末を作製した。
エタノールに混合するカーボンブラックの量を0.1gとした以外は実施例1と同様に処理し銀触媒粉末を作製した。
エタノールに混合するカーボンブラックの量を0.075gとした以外は実施例1と同様に処理し銀触媒粉末を作製した。
エタノールに混合するカーボンブラックの量を0.6gとし、減圧環境下における暴露を行わない以外は、実施例1と同様に処理し銀触媒粉末を作製した。
減圧環境下における暴露を行わない以外は、実施例1と同様に処理し銀触媒粉末を作製した。
<金属単体または金属化合物の担持量の測定>
得られた各実施例および比較例の複合体について、それぞれ、複数の複合体について蛍光X線分析を行い、あらかじめ担体と金属の含有率が既知の粉末について同様の測定を行うことで作成した検量線を用いて複合体における銀の含有質量%を求めた。
得られた各実施例および比較例の複合体について、それぞれ、走査型電子顕微鏡(日本電子社製JSM-7001F)を用いて、加速電圧10kV、倍率2万倍の条件下で確認された二次電子像内の縦4.5μm×横6.0μmの長方形を測定範囲とし、測定範囲からはみ出した部分のない全ての複合体に担持している銀粒子を観察し、現出した銀粒子の最も長い方向における長さを測定し長径とした。長径の得られた値を平均し、JIS Z8401:2019によって有効数字2桁にまとめた。銀粒子の平均粒子径は、結果を表1に示した。また各実施例の金属単体または金属化合物は、気泡が存在しないことにより、局所的な結晶核の生成が発生せず(分散性が高かったため)、その平均粒子径を小さくすることが可能になったものと推測される。
<実施例5>
ビーカー内において、100mLのエタノール(溶媒(B))にカーボンブラック(担体)0.6gを混合し、超音波処理を10分行った後、10kPa(絶対圧)の減圧環境の真空室内で10分間暴露した。その後、0.1mol/Lの硝酸銀溶液(金属イオン供給剤)11.7mLと2.3mol/Lのホスフィン酸ナトリウム溶液(還元剤)1mLを混合し、室温で16時間の攪拌を行うことで硝酸銀を還元した。反応終了後、得られたスラリーを蒸留水で洗浄し、遠心分離機により回収、60℃で12時間真空乾燥し銀触媒粉末(複合体)を得た。
<実施例6>
複合体合成時に減圧環境に暴露しなかったこと以外は、実施例5と同様の手順で銀触媒粉末(複合体)を得た。
<実施例7>
複合体合成における減圧環境の圧力を30kPa(絶対圧)としたこと以外は、実施例5と同様の手順で銀触媒粉末(複合体)を得た。
<実施例8>
複合体合成における減圧環境の圧力を60kPa(絶対圧)としたこと以外は、実施例5と同様の手順で銀触媒粉末(複合体)を得た。
複合体合成において減圧環境下における暴露を行わなかったこと以外は、実施例5と同様に処理し、比較例3の銀触媒粉末(複合体)を得た。
<実施例5~8>
得られた実施例5~8の複合体を用い、以下の手順で実施例5~8のスラリーを調製したのち、さらに実施例5~8の電極を作製した。
ビーカーに、15mLのエタノール(溶媒(A))と、得られた複合体0.02gを混合し、さらに、高分子としてアイオノマー(塩基点密度2.9mmol/cm3、基材として芳香族が主鎖にある樹脂で、側鎖として第四級アンモニウム基(第四級アルキルアミン基)が主鎖に結合している陰イオン交換樹脂)の粉末0.01gを混合、10kPa(絶対圧)の減圧環境の真空室内で10分間暴露して、スラリーを作製した。その後、得られたスラリーを大気圧下でカーボンペーパー上に塗布、乾燥し、電極を作製した。
アイオノマー混合時に減圧環境下における暴露を行わなかったこと以外は、実施例5~8と同様に処理し、比較例3のスラリーおよび電極を得た。
<CO2電解装置の構成>
得られた各実施例および比較例の電極を陰極として用い、酸化イリジウムを担持したチタンメッシュを陽極として用いた。また、固体電解質としてイオン交換容量1.5mmol/g、膜厚30~35μmの陰イオン交換膜を用いた。電解液槽(0.5MのKHCO3水溶液)を陽極側の溶液として用いた。陰極、固体電解質、陽極、電解液槽の順で配列し、陰極と電解液槽がイオン交換膜と陽極を挟み込んだ構造とした。
この装置を用いてCO2を陰極に供給し、陰極の印加電位を銀/塩化銀参照電極に対して-0.2Vとして、電気化学インピーダンス測定を用いてアイオノマーによる被覆率θを算出した。算出の際は、N2の供給下で測定した乾燥状態の陰極の電気二重層静電容量Cdl/iと、イオン交換水にバブリングしたCO2の供給下で測定した湿潤状態の陰極の電気二重層静電容量Cdl/Wに対し、下式1に基づいて算出した。
(式1)
θ=(Cdl/i/Cdl/w)×100
等価回路は並列のキャパシタと抵抗(A)、およびそれらに直列に接続にされた抵抗(B)から成る回路とし、キャパシタの電極が乾燥状態である場合の静電容量をCdl/i、キャパシタの電極が湿潤状態である場合の静電容量をCdl/wとみなした。結果を表3に示した。実施例6の被覆率は実施例5と同じであった。
この装置を用いてCO2:N2=3:1の体積比で混合したガスを陰極に供給し、陰極の印加電位は銀/塩化銀参照電極に対して-1.8Vとして、CO2を電気分解し、COを生成する際のCO生成部分電流密度[mA/cm2]を測定した。結果を表2および表3に示した。この結果によれば、アイオノマー混合時の減圧処理を行った場合、スラリー中の気泡が除去されたため、複合体の表面を被覆するアイオノマーと、担体(銀粒子を含む)の界面に気泡が存在せず、より均一な被覆層が形成できた結果、還元効率(CO生成部分電流密度)に優れた効果が得られたものと推測される。さらに、その効果は減圧処理時の圧力が低いほどより顕著に表れた。
ビーカー内において、15mLのエタノールにカーボンブラック(担体)0.4g、ペンタエチレンヘキサミン1.1mmolと塩化ニッケル(II)六水和物0.7mmolを混合し、得られたエタノール分散液に超音波を10分間照射した。その後、エタノール分散液を加熱乾燥してエタノールを蒸発させ、得られた混合物を電気炉を用い、不活性ガス中で900℃、30秒以上加熱、焼成した。その後、生成物を硫酸水溶液で洗浄し、吸引濾過器により固形物を回収、60℃で12時間真空乾燥し、Ni錯体が担持された触媒粉末(複合体)を得た。この触媒粉末を実施例9、比較例4の触媒粉末とした。
得られた触媒粉末は、担体であるカーボンブラック100質量部に対し、担持されたNiの質量が1質量部であった。
<実施例9>
ビーカーに、15mLのエタノールと、得られた複合体0.02gを混合し、さらに高分子としてアイオノマー(シグマアルドリッチ社製「Nafion(登録商標)」陽イオン交換樹脂)を混合、10kPa(絶対圧)の減圧環境の真空室内で10分間暴露して、実施例9のスラリーを作製した。その後、得られたスラリーを大気圧下でカーボンペーパー上に塗布、乾燥し、実施例9の電極を作製した。
<比較例4>
アイオノマー混合時に減圧環境下における暴露を行わなかったこと以外は、実施例9と同様に処理し、比較例4の電極を得た。
<CO2電解装置の構成>
得られた実施例9または比較例4の電極を陰極として用い、酸化イリジウムを担持したチタンメッシュを陽極として用いた。また、固体電解質としてイオン交換容量1.5mmol/g、膜厚30~35μmの陰イオン交換膜を用いた。電解液槽(0.5MのKHCO3水溶液)を陽極側の溶液として、それぞれ用いた。陰極、固体電解質、陽極、電解液槽の順で配列し、陰極と電解液槽がイオン交換膜と陽極を挟み込んだ構造とした。
この装置を用いてCO2を陰極に供給し、陰極の印加電位は銀/塩化銀参照電極に対して-1.4Vとして、CO2を電気分解し、COを生成する際のCO生成部分電流密度[mA/cm2]を測定した。結果を表4に示した。この結果によれば、ニッケル単原子粒子を担持した触媒を用いた場合には、銀触媒を用いた場合と同様に、アイオノマー混合時の減圧処理を行った場合の、還元効率(CO生成部分電流密度)に優れた効果が得られたものと推測される。
10 担体
11 金属単体または金属化合物の粒子
12 高分子
100 CO2電解装置
101 陰極(カソード)
101-1 陰極の固体電解質(イオン交換樹脂)と接する面
101-2 陰極の集電体と接する面
102 陽極(アノード)
102-1 陽極の支持板と接する面
102-2 陽極の固体電解質(イオン交換樹脂)と接する面
103 固体電解質(イオン交換樹脂)
104 集電体
104-1 集電体のガス供給孔
104-2 集電体のガス回収孔
105 支持板
105-1 支持板のガス流路
106 電圧印加部
Claims (14)
- 金属単体または金属化合物の少なくとも1つを担体に担持させた複合体の製造方法であって、
前記複合体の製造方法は、
溶媒と、前記担体と、を含有する分散液を、常温で、80kPa(絶対圧)未満の減圧環境下に暴露する減圧ステップ(S1-1)と、
前記分散液に、前記金属単体または前記金属化合物の金属イオン源である金属イオン供給剤を混合し、原料混合液を調製する原料混合液調製ステップ(S1-2)と、
前記原料混合液に還元剤を混合し、前記担体の表面に、前記金属単体または前記金属化合物を担持させる担持ステップ(S1-3)と、を含む複合体の製造方法。 - 前記金属単体または前記金属化合物は、Au、Ag、Cu、Pt、Ir、Pd、Ru、Ni、Co、Mn、Bi、Sn、Zn、Alのいずれかを含む、請求項1に記載の複合体の製造方法。
- 前記複合体における、前記金属単体または前記金属化合物の金属成分の金属含有量が、前記担体の含有量を100質量部とした場合に1質量部以上である、請求項1または2のいずれか一項に記載の複合体の製造方法。
- 前記金属単体または前記金属化合物は形状が粒子状のものを含み、
前記粒子状のものの平均粒子径が1~100nmである、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の複合体の製造方法。 - 金属単体または金属化合物の少なくとも1つを担体に担持させた複合体と、高分子材料と、を含むスラリーの製造方法であって、
前記スラリーの製造方法は、
溶媒(A)と、前記複合体と、を含有する第一の分散液を、常温で、80kPa(絶対圧)未満の減圧環境下に暴露する減圧ステップ(S2-1)と、
前記第一の分散液に、前記高分子材料を混合し、スラリーを調製するスラリー調製ステップ(S2-2)と、を含む、スラリーの製造方法。 - 前記複合体は、
溶媒(B)と、前記担体と、を含有する第二の分散液を、常温で、80kPa(絶対圧)未満の減圧環境下に暴露する減圧ステップ(S1-1)と、
前記第二の分散液に、前記金属単体または前記金属化合物の金属イオン源である金属イオン供給剤を混合し、原料混合液を調製する原料混合液調製ステップ(S1-2)と、
前記原料混合液に還元剤を混合し、前記担体の表面に、前記金属単体または前記金属化合物を担持させる担持ステップ(S1-3)と、を含む製造方法により製造された、請求項5に記載のスラリーの製造方法。 - 前記金属単体または前記金属化合物は、Au、Ag、Cu、Pt、Ir、Pd、Ru、Ni、Co、Mn、Bi、Sn、Zn、Alのいずれかを含む、請求項5または6に記載のスラリーの製造方法。
- 前記金属単体または前記金属化合物は、形状が粒子状のものを含み、
前記粒子状のものの平均粒子径が100nm以下である、請求項5~7のいずれか一項に記載のスラリーの製造方法。 - 前記高分子材料が、イオン交換樹脂を含む、請求項5~8のいずれか一項に記載のスラリーの製造方法。
- 前記イオン交換樹脂が、陰イオン交換樹脂を含む、請求項9に記載のスラリーの製造方法。
- 請求項5~10のいずれか一項に記載の製造方法により製造されたスラリーを基材上に塗布する電極の製造方法であり、
前記担体が導電性担体である、電極の製造方法。 - 請求項11に記載の製造方法により製造された電極。
- 請求項12に記載の電極を含む、イオン交換膜-電極接合体。
- 請求項13に記載のイオン交換膜-電極接合体を含む、CO2電解装置。
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JP2008177023A (ja) * | 2007-01-18 | 2008-07-31 | Bridgestone Corp | 固体高分子型燃料電池用電極及びその製造方法、並びにそれを備えた固体高分子型燃料電池 |
JP2010046577A (ja) * | 2008-08-20 | 2010-03-04 | Panasonic Corp | 排ガス浄化フィルタの製造方法 |
JP2019515142A (ja) * | 2016-05-03 | 2019-06-06 | オーパス 12 インコーポレイテッドOpus 12 Incorporated | Co2、coおよび他の化学化合物の電気化学反応のための先進的構造を有するリアクタ |
WO2020130078A1 (ja) * | 2018-12-20 | 2020-06-25 | 出光興産株式会社 | 金属、金属酸化物が担持された複合体の製造方法 |
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JP2008047473A (ja) * | 2006-08-18 | 2008-02-28 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 電極触媒 |
JP2008177023A (ja) * | 2007-01-18 | 2008-07-31 | Bridgestone Corp | 固体高分子型燃料電池用電極及びその製造方法、並びにそれを備えた固体高分子型燃料電池 |
JP2010046577A (ja) * | 2008-08-20 | 2010-03-04 | Panasonic Corp | 排ガス浄化フィルタの製造方法 |
JP2019515142A (ja) * | 2016-05-03 | 2019-06-06 | オーパス 12 インコーポレイテッドOpus 12 Incorporated | Co2、coおよび他の化学化合物の電気化学反応のための先進的構造を有するリアクタ |
WO2020130078A1 (ja) * | 2018-12-20 | 2020-06-25 | 出光興産株式会社 | 金属、金属酸化物が担持された複合体の製造方法 |
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