JP6667615B2 - 金属含有クラスター触媒並びにこれを用いた二酸化炭素還元用電極および二酸化炭素還元装置 - Google Patents
金属含有クラスター触媒並びにこれを用いた二酸化炭素還元用電極および二酸化炭素還元装置 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6667615B2 JP6667615B2 JP2018508941A JP2018508941A JP6667615B2 JP 6667615 B2 JP6667615 B2 JP 6667615B2 JP 2018508941 A JP2018508941 A JP 2018508941A JP 2018508941 A JP2018508941 A JP 2018508941A JP 6667615 B2 JP6667615 B2 JP 6667615B2
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- carbon dioxide
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- electrode
- copper
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims description 93
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- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
- C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C1/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon
- C07C1/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon
- C07C1/12—Preparation of hydrocarbons from one or more compounds, none of them being a hydrocarbon from oxides of a carbon from carbon dioxide with hydrogen
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C11/00—Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C11/02—Alkenes
- C07C11/04—Ethylene
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C9/00—Aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons
- C07C9/02—Aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons with one to four carbon atoms
- C07C9/04—Methane
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C9/00—Aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons
- C07C9/02—Aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons with one to four carbon atoms
- C07C9/06—Ethane
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B3/00—Electrolytic production of organic compounds
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
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Description
[1] 二酸化炭素を還元するために用いられる触媒であって、
前記触媒が、金、銀、銅、白金、ロジウム、パラジウム、ニッケル、コバルト、鉄、マンガン、クロム、イリジウムおよびルテニウムから選択される1種の金属原子(M)を含んでなるクラスターである、金属含有クラスター触媒。
[2] 前記クラスターが、前記金属原子(M)を含む金属酸化物からなる、上記[1]に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒。
[3] 前記クラスターが、下記一般式(1)で表される、金属単体または金属酸化物からなる、上記[1]または[2]に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒。
MnOm ・・・(1)
但し、前記式(1)において、Mは、前記金属原子(M)を表し、nおよびmは整数であり、nは30以下であり、mはnとの関係でm/n比が0〜2である。
[4] 前記式(1)において、mは、nとの関係で、m/nが0.5〜1.5となる整数である、上記[3]に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒。
[5] 前記クラスターの一次粒径が0.1〜3.0nmである、上記[1]〜[4]のいずれか1項に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒。
[6] 上記[1]〜[5]のいずれか1項に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒を含む、二酸化炭素還元用電極。
[7] 上記[6]に記載の二酸化炭素還元用電極を備える、二酸化炭素還元装置。
MnOm ・・・(1)
上記(1)式において、Mは上述の金属原子(M)を、Oは酸素原子を表す。
また、nおよびmは、整数である。
まず、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマーのクロロホルム溶液と、デンドリマーに対し12モル当量の塩化銅のアセトン溶液とを混合することで、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマー銅錯体を合成した。次いで、この溶液に、過剰量の水素化ホウ素ナトリウムを添加して、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマー銅錯体を還元し、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマー銅クラスターを合成した。また、合成したフェニルアゾメチンデンドリマー銅クラスターを窒素雰囲気下で焼成することによって、銅含有クラスターを内包した炭素材料を合成した。
実施例2は、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマー銅クラスターの焼成雰囲気を、窒素雰囲気に替えて大気雰囲気とし、焼成温度を実施例1より低温とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で、銅含有クラスターを内包した炭素材料と、これを用いた銅含有クラスター触媒を含む電極を作製した。
実施例3は、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマー銅クラスターの焼成温度を、実施例1より低温とした以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で、銅含有クラスターを内包した炭素材料と、これを用いた銅含有クラスター触媒を含む電極を作製した。
実施例4は、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマー銅クラスターを、窒素雰囲気での焼成後に、水素雰囲気でさらに焼成した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で、銅含有クラスターを内包した炭素材料と、これを用いた銅含有クラスター触媒を含む電極を作製した。
実施例5は、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマーのクロロホルム溶液と、デンドリマーに対し12モル当量の硝酸銀のアセトン溶液とを混合することで、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマー銀錯体を合成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で、銀含有クラスターを内包した炭素材料と、これを用いた銀含有クラスター触媒を含む電極を作製した。
比較例1では、以下に示す方法により、無電解メッキ法によってイオン交換膜上に銅を析出させ、析出した銅粒子が集合した銅多孔質体を有する電極を得た。
まず、図3に示す電極製造装置27の槽29aには、5mmol/Lの酢酸銅水溶液30mLを入れ、槽29bには12質量%水酸化ホウ素ナトリウム溶液(14mol/LのNaOH、Aldrich社製)142μLおよび蒸留水29.858mLの混合溶液を入れた。このような構成の電極製造装置27を室温で1時間静置し、無電解メッキ法によってイオン交換膜21上に銅を析出させ、銅多孔質体を有する電極を得た。
比較例2は、比較例1で作製した電極を大気雰囲気にて焼成したこと以外は、比較例1と同様の方法で、銅多孔質体を有する電極を得た。
比較例3は、比較例1で作製した電極を窒素雰囲気にて焼成したこと以外は、比較例1と同様の方法で、銅多孔質体を有する電極を得た。
比較例4は、比較例1の5mmol/Lの酢酸銅水溶液30mLを、5mmol/Lの硝酸銀水溶液30mLに変更し、銀多孔体を有する電極を作製した以外は、比較例1と同様の方法を行った。
上記実施例および比較例に係る触媒について、下記に示す特性評価を行った。各特性の評価条件は下記の通りである。結果を表1に示す。
触媒を構成する上記金属含有クラスターおよび金属含有多孔質体について、誘導結合プラズマ試料分析法、X線光電子分光を用いて組成分析および価数の評価を行った。
また、分析用サンプルは、実施例1〜5は電極作製前の銅含有クラスターを含む炭素材料とし、比較例1〜4はイオン交換膜上の多孔体部を削り取って分離した金属材料とした。
実施例1〜5は電極作製前の金属含有クラスターを含む炭素材料について、また、比較例1〜4はイオン交換膜上から、採取した金属含有多孔質体について、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM、日本電子株式会社製)を用いて、一次粒子(他の粒子と凝集していない、単独の粒子)の輪郭が明確に認識できる倍率で、それぞれの粒子を撮影し、各実施例および比較例毎に、次の解析を行った。まず、撮影された画像から、無作為に100個の粒子(一次粒子)を選択し、画像処理装置により、粒子毎の投影面積を求め、それらの合計から粒子の合計の占有面積を算出した。この合計の占有面積を、選択した粒子の個数(100個)で割って、1粒子あたりの平均占有面積を算出し、この面積に相当する円の直径(1粒子あたりの平均円相当直径)を、一次粒径とした。
還元試験は、図4に示す炭酸ガスの還元試験装置50を用いて行った。ここで、上記実施例および比較例に係る電極は、カソード電極69aとして用いられた。なお、図5は、電解セル53を示す図で、図4のH部拡大図である。還元試験装置50は主に、第1槽51a、第2槽51b、電解セル53、電源55、分析管59、供給管61等から構成される。
CO2+8H++8e− → CH4+2H2O
CO2+12H++12e− → C2H4+4H2O
CO2+14H++14e− → C2H6+4H2O
2H2O → 4H++4e−+O2
実施例6〜27は、フェニルアゾメチンデンドリマーの世代数、原料の当量、およびフェニルアゾメチンデンドリマー銅クラスターの焼成条件等を適宜変更した以外は、実施例1と同様の方法で、銅含有クラスターを内包した炭素材料と、これを用いた銅含有クラスター触媒を含む電極を作製し、実施例1と同様の評価を行った。結果を表2に示す。なお、表2中、実施例1〜4は、表1に示したものと同じである。
3、3a………電解セル
5………ガス回収装置
7………電解液循環装置
9………二酸化炭素供給部
11………電源
13………セパレータ
15a、15b………電解液
16a、16b………槽
17………金属メッシュ
19………カソード電極
21………イオン交換膜
23………電解質
25………アノード電極
27………電極生成装置
29a、29b………槽
31………シール部材
33………還元剤水溶液
35………銅イオン水溶液
50………還元試験装置
51a、51b………槽
53………電解セル
55………電源
57………炭酸水素ナトリウム溶液
59………分析管
61………供給管
63………銅含有クラスター触媒または銅多孔質体
65………イオン交換膜
67………金属性不織布
69a、69b………電極
71………シール部材
73………金属メッシュ
Claims (7)
- 電解により二酸化炭素を還元するための電極材料として用いられる触媒であって、
前記触媒が、銀および銅から選択される1種の金属原子(M)を含んでなるクラスターであり、前記クラスターが、前記金属原子(M)を含む金属酸化物からなる、金属含有クラスター触媒。 - 前記金属原子(M)が銅である、請求項1に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒。
- 前記クラスターが、下記一般式(1)で表される金属酸化物からなる、請求項1または2に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒。
MnOm ・・・(1)
但し、前記式(1)において、Mは、前記金属原子(M)を表し、nおよびmは整数であり、nは30以下であり、mはnとの関係でm/n比が0.5〜2である。 - 前記式(1)において、mは、nとの関係で、m/n比が0.5〜1.5となる整数である、請求項3に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒。
- 前記クラスターの一次粒径が0.1〜3.0nmである、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒。
- 請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の金属含有クラスター触媒を含む、二酸化炭素還元用電極。
- 請求項6に記載の二酸化炭素還元用電極を備える、二酸化炭素還元装置。
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