WO2022195895A1 - 光アイソレータ、紫外線レーザ装置及び電子デバイスの製造方法 - Google Patents
光アイソレータ、紫外線レーザ装置及び電子デバイスの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 119
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 12
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- WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium difluoride Chemical group [F-].[F-].[Ca+2] WUKWITHWXAAZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 34
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/28—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00 for polarising
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
- G02F1/093—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect used as non-reciprocal devices, e.g. optical isolators, circulators
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/005—Optical devices external to the laser cavity, specially adapted for lasers, e.g. for homogenisation of the beam or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
- H01S3/0064—Anti-reflection devices, e.g. optical isolaters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/02—Constructional details
- H01S3/04—Arrangements for thermal management
- H01S3/0401—Arrangements for thermal management of optical elements being part of laser resonator, e.g. windows, mirrors, lenses
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
- H01S3/22—Gases
- H01S3/223—Gases the active gas being polyatomic, i.e. containing two or more atoms
- H01S3/225—Gases the active gas being polyatomic, i.e. containing two or more atoms comprising an excimer or exciplex
- H01S3/2251—ArF, i.e. argon fluoride is comprised for lasing around 193 nm
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
- H01S3/22—Gases
- H01S3/223—Gases the active gas being polyatomic, i.e. containing two or more atoms
- H01S3/225—Gases the active gas being polyatomic, i.e. containing two or more atoms comprising an excimer or exciplex
- H01S3/2256—KrF, i.e. krypton fluoride is comprised for lasing around 248 nm
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/23—Arrangements of two or more lasers not provided for in groups H01S3/02 - H01S3/22, e.g. tandem arrangements of separate active media
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/05—Construction or shape of optical resonators; Accommodation of active medium therein; Shape of active medium
- H01S3/08—Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof
- H01S3/08004—Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof incorporating a dispersive element, e.g. a prism for wavelength selection
- H01S3/08009—Construction or shape of optical resonators or components thereof incorporating a dispersive element, e.g. a prism for wavelength selection using a diffraction grating
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/10—Controlling the intensity, frequency, phase, polarisation or direction of the emitted radiation, e.g. switching, gating, modulating or demodulating
- H01S3/10084—Frequency control by seeding
- H01S3/10092—Coherent seed, e.g. injection locking
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/14—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range characterised by the material used as the active medium
- H01S3/22—Gases
- H01S3/223—Gases the active gas being polyatomic, i.e. containing two or more atoms
- H01S3/225—Gases the active gas being polyatomic, i.e. containing two or more atoms comprising an excimer or exciplex
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/23—Arrangements of two or more lasers not provided for in groups H01S3/02 - H01S3/22, e.g. tandem arrangements of separate active media
- H01S3/2366—Arrangements of two or more lasers not provided for in groups H01S3/02 - H01S3/22, e.g. tandem arrangements of separate active media comprising a gas as the active medium
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to an optical isolator, an ultraviolet laser device, and a method of manufacturing an electronic device.
- a KrF excimer laser device that outputs laser light with a wavelength of about 248 nm and an ArF excimer laser device that outputs laser light with a wavelength of about 193 nm are used.
- the three axes a, b, and c are rotated by a first angle around the c-axis, and are rotated by the first angle around the b-axis.
- the first angle is 40 degrees or more and 50 degrees or less
- the second angle is 45 degrees or more and 75 degrees or less
- the z-axis is parallel to the propagation direction of light incident on the calcium fluoride crystal from the first polarizer, and the angle difference between the transmission axis of the first polarizer and the x-axis is in the range of 0 degrees or more and 45 degrees or less.
- Calcium fluoride crystals are arranged so that
- An ultraviolet laser device includes an oscillation stage laser that outputs linearly polarized pulsed laser light having an ultraviolet wavelength, an amplifier that amplifies and outputs the pulsed laser light, and an oscillation stage laser and the amplifier. and an optical isolator arranged on the optical path between the first optical isolator and the first optical isolator arranged so as to have a transmission axis having a normalized transmittance of 0.9 or more for incident light of linearly polarized light having an ultraviolet wavelength.
- the Faraday material is calcium fluoride crystal
- the crystal axis of the calcium fluoride crystal [001] direction is the a-axis
- the [100] direction is the b-axis
- the [010] direction is the c-axis
- the three axes a, b, and c are rotated by a first angle around the c-axis
- the b-axis rotated by the first angle is
- the first angle is 40 degrees or more and 50 degrees or less
- the second angle is 45 degrees or more and 75 degrees or less, where the axes rotated by the second angle about the center are the x-axis, the
- a method for manufacturing an electronic device includes an oscillation stage laser that outputs linearly polarized pulsed laser light having an ultraviolet wavelength, an amplifier that amplifies and outputs the pulsed laser light, and an oscillation stage laser and the amplifier. and an optical isolator arranged on an optical path between the optical isolator and the optical isolator arranged so as to have a transmission axis having a normalized transmittance of 0.9 or more for incident light of linearly polarized light having an ultraviolet wavelength.
- a Faraday rotator containing a Faraday material that rotates the polarization direction of light transmitted through the first polarizer by a magnetic field, and a normalized transmittance of 0.9 or more for incident light transmitted through the Faraday rotator and a second polarizer arranged so as to be the transmission axis of the Faraday material is calcium fluoride crystal, the crystal axis of the calcium fluoride crystal [001] direction is the a axis, [100]
- the direction of [010] is the b axis and the direction of [010] is the c axis
- the three axes of the a axis, the b axis, and the c axis are rotated by a first angle around the c axis, and rotated by the first angle b
- the first angle is 40 degrees or more and 50 degrees or less
- the second angle is 45 degrees or more and 75 degrees, where the axes rotated by the second angle around the axes are the
- the z-axis is parallel to the propagation direction of light incident on the calcium fluoride crystal from the first polarizer, and the angle difference between the transmission axis of the first polarizer and the x-axis is 0 degrees or more and 45
- An ultraviolet laser device in which calcium fluoride crystals are arranged is used to generate laser light amplified by an amplifier so that the range is below the degree, and the amplified laser light is output to an exposure device to manufacture electronic devices. exposing laser light onto a photosensitive substrate in an exposure apparatus to perform the exposure.
- FIG. 1 is a side view schematically showing the configuration of an ultraviolet laser device according to a comparative example.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a problem of the ultraviolet laser device according to the comparative example.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows the configuration of an optical isolator according to a comparative example for suppressing return light.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows the configuration of an optical isolator according to the first embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram of the definitions of the x-axis, y-axis and z-axis obtained by rotating the crystal axes, and the rotation angles ⁇ and ⁇ .
- FIG. 1 is a side view schematically showing the configuration of an ultraviolet laser device according to a comparative example.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a problem of the ultraviolet laser device according to the comparative example.
- FIG. 3 schematically shows the configuration of an optical isolator according to a comparative example for suppressing return light.
- FIG. 4 schematically shows the configuration of an optical is
- FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing an example of preferable arrangement conditions for the Faraday material.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between the transmission axis of the first polarizer and the crystal axis of the Faraday material.
- FIG. 8 shows the relationship between the transmission axis of the first polarizer and the x-axis and y-axis of the Faraday material when viewed in the direction of propagation of incident light in FIG.
- FIG. 9 is a graph reproduced from Non-Patent Document 1, showing the degree of depolarization ⁇ , which is the ratio of the polarization component orthogonal to the polarization direction of the incident light, of the transmitted light to the total incident power of the light incident on the CaF2 crystal.
- FIG. 10 is a graph estimating the relationship between the degree of depolarization ⁇ and the rotation angle ⁇ when the wavelength of incident light is 193 nm.
- FIG. 11 is a chart showing preferred ranges of the magnetic field applied to the Faraday rotator and the thickness of the Faraday material.
- FIG. 12 is a graph showing the relationship between the angle difference between the transmission axis of the polarizer and the polarization direction of the pulsed laser beam and the extinction ratio, and a graph obtained by converting the extinction ratio into normalized transmittance.
- FIG. 13 schematically shows the configuration of an optical isolator according to the second embodiment.
- Embodiment 3 6.1 Configuration 6.2 Operation 6.3 Action/Effect7.
- Embodiment 4 7.1 Configuration 7.2 Operation 7.3 Action/Effect 7.4 Modification 8.
- Embodiment 5 8.1 Configuration 8.2 Operation 8.3 Action/Effect9.
- Embodiment 6 9.1 Configuration 9.2 Operation 9.3 Action/Effect 10.
- Embodiment 7 10.1 Configuration 10.2 Operation 10.3 Action/Effect 11. 12.
- the embodiments described below show some examples of the present disclosure and do not limit the content of the present disclosure. Also, not all the configurations and operations described in each embodiment are essential as the configurations and operations of the present disclosure. In addition, the same reference numerals are given to the same components, and redundant explanations are omitted.
- a “polarizer” is an optical element that separates light in a specific polarization direction (transmission axis direction) from light whose polarization direction is orthogonal to that.
- parallel refers to a practically acceptable angle difference that does not lose its technical significance, unless otherwise specified, unless otherwise specified from the context. includes the notion of approximately parallelism, including the range of In addition, the terms “perpendicular” or “perpendicular” in this specification also lose their technical significance, unless explicitly stated otherwise, unless otherwise clear from the context. It includes the concept of substantially perpendicular or substantially perpendicular, including the range of practically acceptable angular differences without .
- FIG. 1 is a side view schematically showing the configuration of an ultraviolet laser device 20 according to a comparative example.
- the comparative examples of the present disclosure are forms known by the applicant to be known only by the applicant, and not known examples to which the applicant admits.
- the ultraviolet laser device 20 is an excimer laser device including a master oscillator (MO) 22 , an MO beam steering unit 24 and a power oscillator (PO) 26 .
- MO 22 includes a band narrowing module (LNM) 30, a chamber 32, and an output coupling mirror 34.
- LNM band narrowing module
- the LNM 30 includes a prism expander 36 for narrowing the spectral width and a grating 38.
- the prism expander 36 and the grating 38 are arranged in a Littrow arrangement in which the incident angle and the diffraction angle match.
- Out-coupling mirror 34 is a partially reflective mirror with a reflectivity of 40% to 60%.
- Output coupling mirror 34 is arranged to form an optical cavity with LNM 30 .
- a chamber 32 is placed on the optical path of the optical resonator.
- the chamber 32 includes a pair of discharge electrodes 40a, 40b and two windows 42, 44 through which the laser light is transmitted.
- the chamber 32 is filled with laser gas.
- the laser gas includes rare gas, halogen gas, and buffer gas.
- the rare gas may be argon (Ar) or krypton (Kr) gas, for example.
- Halogen gas may be, for example, fluorine (F 2 ) gas.
- the buffer gas may be neon (Ne) gas, for example.
- a voltage is applied between the discharge electrodes 40a and 40b by a power source (not shown).
- the power supply may be a pulse power module (PPM) that includes a switch and charging capacitor.
- PPM pulse power module
- the MO beam steering unit 24 includes a high reflection mirror 50 and a high reflection mirror 52, and is arranged so that the laser light output from the MO 22 is incident on the PO 26.
- MO pulse energy monitor 54 is arranged between the high reflection mirror 50 and the high reflection mirror 52 .
- MO pulse energy monitor 54 includes beam splitter (BS) 55 and optical sensor 56 .
- the BS 55 is arranged on the optical path of the pulsed laser beam output from the MO 22 and arranged so that the reflected light from the BS 55 is incident on the optical sensor 56 .
- the configuration of the chamber 62 may be similar to that of the chamber 32.
- the chamber 62 includes a pair of discharge electrodes 70a, 70b and two windows 72,74.
- the chamber 62 is filled with laser gas.
- Rear mirror 60 may be, for example, a partially reflective mirror with a reflectivity of 50% to 90%.
- Out-coupling mirror 64 may be a partially reflective mirror with a reflectivity of 10% to 30%.
- a high voltage pulse is applied between the discharge electrodes 40a and 40b in the chamber 32 from a power source (not shown).
- a discharge is generated between the discharge electrodes 40a and 40b in the chamber 32, the laser gas is excited, and the ultraviolet wavelength of 150 nm to 380 nm narrowed by the optical resonator composed of the output coupling mirror 34 and the LNM 30. of pulsed laser light is output from the output coupling mirror 34 .
- the energy of the pulsed laser light output from the output coupling mirror 34 is measured by the MO pulse energy monitor 54 . Also, this pulsed laser light is incident on the rear mirror 60 of the PO 26 as seed light by the MO beam steering unit 24 .
- a high voltage pulse is applied between the discharge electrodes 70a and 70b in the chamber 62 from a power source (not shown).
- a discharge is generated between the discharge electrodes 70a and 70b in the chamber 62, the laser gas is excited, and the seed light is amplified by the Fabry-Perot optical resonator composed of the output coupling mirror 64 and the rear mirror 60.
- the pulsed laser beam is output from the output coupling mirror 64 as an output laser beam.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a problem of the ultraviolet laser device 20 according to the comparative example. If the return light from PO26 returns to MO22, laser performance will deteriorate.
- the term "returned light” as used herein refers to the sum of two types of light, that is, the MO returned light and the PO exit light.
- the light emitted from the MO 22 is incident on the PO 26, but since the rear mirror 60 inside the PO 26 is a partially reflecting mirror (reflectance 50% to 90%), part of the light incident on the rear mirror 60 is inside the PO 26. Instead of going to , it returns to the MO22 side as it is.
- the light that is reflected by the rear mirror 60 and returns to the MO 22 side without proceeding into the chamber 62 of the PO 26 is called "MO return light".
- the optical isolator 80 has a first polarizer 83, a Faraday rotator 84, and a second polarizer 88 arranged in this order from the MO 22 side.
- Faraday rotator 84 includes Faraday material 85 and magnets 86 .
- the rightward arrow shown in the Faraday rotator 84 indicates the direction of the magnetic field generated by the magnet 86.
- a double-headed arrow shown in a dashed circle in the figure represents the direction of the plane of polarization of the pulsed laser beam when the line of sight is aligned with the direction in which the pulsed laser beam travels, that is, the polarization direction.
- horizontally polarized, linearly polarized pulsed laser light is output from the MO 22 .
- the polarization direction of the pulsed laser light output from the MO 22 is rotated counterclockwise by 45 degrees by the half-wave plate 81 .
- the first polarizer 83 has its transmission axis parallel to the polarization direction of the pulsed laser beam output from the half-wave plate 81, and the pulsed laser beam output from the half-wave plate 81 is , is transmitted through the first polarizer 83 .
- the pulsed laser light transmitted through the first polarizer 83 has its polarization direction rotated 45 degrees clockwise by the Faraday rotator 84 to which the magnetic field is applied. As a result, the pulsed laser light output from the Faraday rotator 84 is horizontally polarized.
- the second polarizer 88 has its transmission axis parallel to the polarization direction of the pulsed laser light output from the Faraday rotator 84, and the pulsed laser light output from the Faraday rotator 84 is directed to the second After passing through polarizer 88 , it enters PO 26 .
- the half-wave plate 81 adjusts the polarization direction of the pulsed laser beam from the MO 22 so that the polarization direction of the pulsed laser beam output from the MO 22 and the polarization direction of the pulsed laser beam incident on the PO 26 are the same. . This avoids changing other modules that depend on the polarization direction.
- Calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ) crystal is used as the Faraday material 85 of the Faraday rotator 84 when suppressing return light of short wavelength light such as an excimer laser with a wavelength of about 193 nm.
- a high-power laser beam for example, a laser beam of 10 W or more is incident on the CaF 2 crystal
- the influence of thermal birefringence cannot be ignored, and the polarization purity deteriorates. Due to this deterioration of the polarization purity, the ratio of the return light reflected by the first polarizer 83 is reduced, and the isolation ratio of the optical isolator 80 is deteriorated.
- the Faraday rotator 112 is arranged so that the crystal axis of the Faraday material 135 and the propagation direction of incident light have the following relationship. That is, when the Faraday material 135 is a CaF2 crystal, as shown in FIG. , the three axes a, b, and c are ⁇ -rotated around the c-axis, and the axes rotated by ⁇ around the ⁇ -rotated b-axis are the x-axis, y-axis, and z-axis, respectively. .
- the rotation angle ⁇ and the rotation angle ⁇ will be described later.
- the z-axis of the Faraday material 135 is parallel to the propagation direction of the laser light, and the polarization direction of the laser light is parallel to the x-axis at approximately the center of the medium length of the Faraday material 135. , to place the Faraday material 135 .
- Other configurations may be the same as in FIG.
- FIG. is a side view shown in FIG. FIG. 8 shows the relationship between the transmission axis TA1 of the first polarizer 83 and the x-axis and y-axis of the Faraday material 135 when viewed in the direction (z-axis) in which incident light propagates.
- the polarization direction of light that passes through the first polarizer 83 and enters the Faraday rotator 112 is parallel to the x-axis.
- the direction in which the polarization direction of the incident light is rotated by the Faraday rotator 112 is the clockwise direction in FIG.
- a preferable range of the angle difference ⁇ between the transmission axis TA1 of the first polarizer 83 and the polarization direction of the incident light is 0 degrees or more and 45 degrees or less in the direction in which the polarization direction of the incident light is rotated by the Faraday rotator 112. be.
- FIG. 9 is a graph obtained by copying FIG.
- FIG. 9 shows the dependence of the degree of depolarization ⁇ on the rotation angle ⁇ , which is the ratio of the polarization component orthogonal to the polarization direction of the incident light to the transmitted light with respect to the total incident power of the light incident on the CaF2 crystal. It is In FIG. 9, the rotation angle ⁇ is 45 degrees. From the graph indicated by the solid line in FIG. 9, when ⁇ is from 50 degrees to 60 degrees, the rate of change in the polarization direction is small, and deterioration in polarization purity is small.
- FIG. 9 is a graph when the wavelength of the incident light is 1074 nm, the relationship between the value of ⁇ and the rotation angle ⁇ when the wavelength of the incident light is 193 nm is estimated as shown in FIG. become.
- the vertical axis of FIG. 10 is normalized by setting the value of ⁇ to "1" when ⁇ is 0 degrees.
- the preferred range of ⁇ is 45 degrees to 75 degrees, the more preferred range is 54 degrees to 66 degrees, and the most preferred range is 58 degrees to 62 degrees.
- the preferred rotation angle is estimated to be between 45 degrees and 75 degrees for ⁇ when ⁇ is 45 degrees.
- the allowable range of ⁇ is 45° ⁇ 5°.
- notation indicating a numerical range such as "45 degrees to 75 degrees” indicates a range including numerical values shown before and after "-”. means less than a degree.
- the rotation angle ⁇ is an example of the "first angle” in the present disclosure, and the rotation angle ⁇ is an example of the "second angle" in the present disclosure.
- FIG. 10 is a graph when the wavelength of the incident light is 193 nm, but when the wavelength of the incident light is 248 nm or other ultraviolet wavelengths, there is a slight deviation from the graph of FIG. It can be a graph similar to the graph. Therefore, the above preferred ranges for the rotation angles ⁇ and ⁇ grasped from FIG. 10 also apply to incident light of other ultraviolet wavelengths such as 248 nm.
- the oscillation wavelength of the ArF excimer laser includes a wavelength of 193 nm.
- the oscillation wavelength of the KrF excimer laser includes a wavelength of 248 nm.
- the Faraday material 135 is a CaF2 crystal and the wavelength of the incident light is 193 nm, which is the oscillation wavelength of the ArF excimer laser
- the magnetic field applied to the Faraday rotator 112 and the thickness of the Faraday material 135 in the optical axis direction are selected.
- the possible ranges are 0.5T to 3.0T and 6 mm to 40 mm, as shown in FIG. More preferably 0.75T to 2.9T and 10mm to 30mm, most preferably 0.8T to 1.5T and 15mm to 25mm.
- the Faraday rotator 112 is manufactured based on predetermined parameters such as the direction of the crystal axis and the thickness in the direction of the optical axis at the stage of processing the CaF 2 crystal incorporated in the Faraday rotator 112 .
- FIG. 12 shows a graph showing the relationship between the angle difference between the transmission axis of the polarizer and the polarization direction of the pulsed laser beam and the extinction ratio (dB), and a graph obtained by converting the extinction ratio into normalized transmittance.
- the vertical axis on the left side of FIG. 12 represents the extinction ratio, and the vertical axis on the right side represents the normalized transmittance.
- the normalized transmittance is a value normalized so that the transmittance is 1.0 when the angle difference is 0 degrees.
- the standard for the incident pulsed laser light is If the transmissivity is 0.9 or more, it can function sufficiently effectively in practice. Therefore, according to FIG. 12, the preferable allowable range of the angle difference between the transmission axis of the first polarizer 83 or the second polarizer 88 and the polarization direction of the pulsed laser light is 0.9 or more when the normalized transmittance is 0.9 or more. is a range of ⁇ 17.5 degrees.
- the condition that "the polarization direction of the laser light is parallel to the x-axis at the center of the Faraday material 135" described with reference to FIG. 6 is one of preferable conditions. It is not required to position the Faraday rotator 112 so that the polarization direction is parallel to the x-axis at the exact center position of the medium length of the Faraday material 135 . Since the plane of polarization of the light incident on the Faraday material 135 is rotated by the Faraday effect, the polarization direction changes along the x-axis in the optical path of the light traveling through the medium of the Faraday material 135 (somewhere in the medium of the Faraday material 135).
- Arranging the Faraday rotator 112 so that the polarization direction is parallel to the x-axis near the center of the thickness of the Faraday material 135 is particularly preferable in that the effect of suppressing the deterioration of the polarization purity is averaged.
- the Faraday rotator 112 By arranging the Faraday rotator 112 so as to satisfy the above conditions, the distortion due to the photoelastic effect is reduced, and the influence of thermal birefringence can be suppressed even with the same amount of heat input.
- the relationship between the crystal axis of the Faraday material 135 and the propagation direction of the incident light can be found by the above steps 1 and 2. Also, the relationship between the crystal axis of the Faraday material 135 and the transmission axis of the first polarizer 83 is known.
- the polarization direction of forward light that is transmitted through the first polarizer 83 and enters the Faraday rotator 112 is maintained before and after transmission through the Faraday rotator 112, and the second polarized light is
- An example has been described in which the polarization direction of the return light that passes through the element 88 and enters the Faraday rotator 112 rotates 90 degrees before and after passing through the Faraday rotator 112.
- the intended function is not limited to this example. Angular differences in the polarization direction before and after transmission through the Faraday rotator 112 are allowed to the extent achievable. According to FIG.
- the polarization direction of forward light that passes through the first polarizer 83 and enters the Faraday rotator 112 is maintained within an angle difference of 17.5 degrees before and after the Faraday rotator 112 passes through. and the polarization direction of the return light that passes through the second polarizer 88 and enters the Faraday rotator 112 is rotated within 90 degrees ⁇ 17.5 degrees before and after passing through the Faraday rotator 112 .
- the polarization direction of forward light incident on the first polarizer 83 and the polarization direction of return light returning from the PO 26 transmitted through the Faraday rotator 112 and incident on the first polarizer 83 are 90 degrees ⁇ 17 degrees. Due to the crossing angle within 0.5 degrees, the return light is reflected by the first polarizer 83 and is suppressed from entering the MO 22 .
- FIG. 13 schematically shows the configuration of the optical isolator 122 according to the second embodiment. Regarding the configuration shown in FIG. 13, points different from those of FIGS. 3 and 4 will be described.
- the optical isolator 122 according to the second embodiment uses a temperature-adjustable Faraday rotator 113 in place of the Faraday rotator 112 in the first embodiment, and has a configuration in which the temperature of the Faraday rotator 113 is controlled to a constant temperature. It differs from the configuration of the first embodiment in that the
- FIG. 14 is a front view schematically showing the configuration of the Faraday rotator 113
- FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 15-15 of FIG.
- a Faraday material 135 is held in a holder 137 and placed inside a hollow magnet 136 .
- Faraday rotator 113 includes heaters 138 a and 138 b and temperature sensor 139 .
- Heaters 138 a and 138 b and temperature sensor 139 are attached to holder 137 . It is preferable that the heaters 138a and 138b are arranged at symmetrical positions with the Faraday material 135 interposed therebetween so as to extend parallel to the optical axis direction.
- a temperature sensor 139 detects the temperature of the Faraday rotator 113 .
- the optical isolator 122 includes a heater power supply 142 and a processor 144 that controls the temperature of the Faraday rotator 113 (see FIG. 13).
- a heater power supply 142 supplies power to the heaters 138a and 138b.
- the processor 144 controls the heater power supply 142 so as to keep the temperature of the Faraday rotator 113 constant. Note that the description of "keep constant" includes keeping within an allowable range.
- Processor 144 controls heaters 138 a and 138 b via heater power supply 142 to suppress temperature changes in Faraday material 135 .
- the processor 144 is a processing device that includes a storage device storing a control program and a CPU (Central Processing Unit) that executes the control program.
- the Faraday rotator 113 is arranged so as to satisfy the conditions described with reference to FIGS.
- the processor 144 drives the heaters 138a and 138b via the heater power supply 142, monitors the temperature with the temperature sensor 139 of the Faraday rotator 113, and controls the temperature of the Faraday rotator 113 so as to maintain a predetermined temperature. do.
- the predetermined temperature is, for example, 100° C. or less, preferably room temperature.
- a preferable temperature control range is ⁇ 1°C.
- Other operations are the same as those of the second embodiment.
- the temperature by controlling the temperature to be constant, the change in the optical path length due to the temperature change is suppressed, the rotation angle of the polarized light can be kept constant, and the deterioration of the isolation ratio is suppressed. can do.
- FIG. 16 schematically shows the configuration of the Faraday rotator 112 in the optical isolator 123 according to the third embodiment.
- the optical isolator 123 includes a first polarizer 83 and a second polarizer 88, which are not shown in FIG. 16, like the optical isolator 120 of FIG. Regarding the configuration shown in FIG. 16, points different from FIG. 4 will be described.
- the optical isolator 123 has a rotating stage 150 that rotates the Faraday rotator 112 around the y-axis.
- Other configurations may be the same as in FIG.
- the rotation angle of ⁇ can be adjusted to an angle at which polarization purity is less deteriorated before and after transmission through the Faraday rotator 112 .
- the isolation ratio can be increased.
- FIG. 17 schematically shows a configuration example of an ultraviolet laser device 100 according to Embodiment 4.
- the ultraviolet laser device 100 differs from the configuration shown in FIG. 1 in that a half-wave plate 81 and an optical isolator 120 are arranged on the optical path between the MO 22 and PO 26 .
- the configuration of the optical isolator 120 is similar to that described in Embodiment 1, and includes a first polarizer 83, a Faraday rotator 112, and a second polarizer 88.
- the Faraday rotator 112 As described in Mode 1, the crystal axes of the CaF 2 crystals are arranged so as to satisfy specific conditions.
- the optical isolator 120 further includes a damper 116 for termination of return light.
- the damper 116 is arranged such that the return light reflected by the first polarizer 83 is incident on the damper 116 .
- Other configurations may be similar to those in FIGS. 1 and 4 .
- the first polarizer 83 is arranged so that its transmission axis is parallel to the polarization direction of the pulsed laser light output from the half-wave plate 81, so that the polarization direction is changed by the half-wave plate 81.
- the rotated pulsed laser beam passes through the first polarizer 83 (point c).
- the pulsed laser beam transmitted through the first polarizer 83 is incident on the Faraday rotator 112, and the polarization direction is rotated clockwise by 45 degrees by the Faraday rotator 112 (point d).
- the second polarizer 88 is arranged so that its transmission axis is parallel to the polarization direction of the pulsed laser light whose polarization direction is rotated by the Faraday rotator 112, so that the polarization direction is rotated by the Faraday rotator 112.
- the pulsed laser light passes through the second polarizer 88 .
- the polarization direction at point a and the polarization direction at point e of the pulsed laser light traveling from MO 22 to PO 26 are the same.
- the polarization direction of the pulsed laser light propagating in the direction from MO22 to PO26 is the same as the polarization direction of the pulsed laser light (return light) returning in the direction from PO26 to MO22. Therefore, return light traveling in the direction from PO 26 to MO 22 is transmitted through the second polarizer 88 .
- the pulsed laser light returning in the direction of MO 22 is reflected by the first polarizer 83 and is suppressed from entering MO 22, so that the thermal load on MO 22 is reduced, Energy stability, line width stability, etc. are improved as compared with the configuration of the comparative example (FIG. 1).
- a plane-parallel substrate 202 is placed on the optical path between the second polarizer 88 and the highly reflective mirror 52 .
- the plane-parallel substrate 202 may be a calcium fluoride substrate.
- the two-axis angle adjustment holder 204 is a holder whose angle can be adjusted using, for example, an axis perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 18 and an axis parallel to the plane of the plane-parallel substrate 202 and the plane of FIG. It's okay.
- the high-reflection mirror 52 is held by a two-axis angle adjustment holder 208 whose angle can be adjusted using each of two orthogonal axes as a rotation axis.
- the two-axis angle adjustment holder 208 is a holder whose angle can be adjusted using, for example, an axis perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG. 18 and an axis parallel to the reflection surface of the high reflection mirror 52 and the paper surface of FIG. It's okay.
- the biaxially adjustable parallel plane substrate 202 is adjusted so that the pulsed laser light from the MO 22 is shifted parallel to the traveling direction so that the pulsed laser light is most efficiently incident on the PO 26 .
- the biaxially adjustable high reflection mirror 52 is adjusted so that the pulsed laser light is most efficiently incident on the PO 26 .
- Each of the biaxial angle adjustment holder 204 and the biaxial angle adjustment holder 208 is an example of the "optical axis adjustment mechanism" in the present disclosure.
- a configuration that includes both the biaxially adjustable parallel plane substrate 202 and the biaxially adjustable high-reflection mirror 52 is a preferred form, but a configuration that includes only one of these is also possible.
- FIG. 19 schematically shows the configuration of an ultraviolet laser device 106 according to the sixth embodiment. Regarding the configuration shown in FIG. 19, points different from FIG. 17 will be described.
- An ultraviolet laser device 106 shown in FIG. 19 includes an ultraviolet solid-state laser device 232 as an oscillation stage laser in place of MO22 in FIG. 17, and an excimer amplifier 236 in place of PO26. Other configurations may be the same as the configuration shown in FIG.
- the ultraviolet solid-state laser device 232 may have a configuration including a semiconductor laser system, a titanium-sapphire amplifier, and a wavelength conversion system.
- the semiconductor laser system includes a distributed feedback (DFB) semiconductor laser that outputs a CW laser beam with a wavelength of about 773.6 nm, and a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) that pulses the CW laser beam. It may be a configuration including.
- the wavelength conversion system includes a plurality of nonlinear optical crystals, wavelength-converts an incident pulsed laser beam, and outputs a quadruple harmonic pulsed laser beam.
- a wavelength conversion system includes, for example, an LBO crystal and a KBBF crystal.
- LBO crystal is a nonlinear optical crystal represented by the chemical formula LiB 3 O 5 .
- a KBBF crystal is a nonlinear optical crystal represented by the chemical formula KBe 2 BO 3 F 2 .
- the excimer amplifier 236 includes a chamber 242 , a convex cylindrical mirror 244 and a concave cylindrical mirror 246 .
- the chamber 242 includes a pair of discharge electrodes 250a, 250b and two windows 252, 254 through which laser light is transmitted.
- the discharge electrodes 250a and 250b are arranged facing each other with a discharge space 256 interposed therebetween. A space between the discharge electrodes 250 a and 250 b becomes a discharge space 256 .
- the direction in which the discharge electrodes 250a and 250b face each other across the discharge space 256 corresponds to the discharge direction.
- the chamber 242 is filled with a laser gas similar to the laser gas described in FIG.
- the convex cylindrical mirror 244 and the concave cylindrical mirror 246 are arranged so that the seed light from the solid-state ultraviolet laser device 232 passes through the discharge space 256 of the excimer amplifier 236 three times, thereby expanding and amplifying the beam in the discharge direction. placed.
- the operation of the optical isolator 120 is the same as in the first embodiment.
- the optical isolator 120 prevents amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) or the like generated by the excimer amplifier 236 from entering the ultraviolet solid-state laser device 232 .
- ASE amplified spontaneous emission
- the light returning from the excimer amplifier 236 toward the ultraviolet solid-state laser device 232 does not enter the ultraviolet solid-state laser device 232. is reduced, and the energy stability, line width stability, etc. are improved as compared with the configuration of the comparative example.
- the stage laser differs in that it is PO 266 with a ring resonator 270 .
- FIG. 21 is a top view schematically showing the configuration of the PO 266 applied to Embodiment 7.
- FIG. The ring resonator 270 includes a highly reflective mirror 284 , a highly reflective mirror 285 , a highly reflective mirror 286 and a partially reflective mirror 290 .
- the laser light transmitted through the partial reflection mirror 290 is reflected by the high reflection mirror 284, enters the chamber 62 and is amplified, is then reflected by the high reflection mirrors 285 and 286, and enters the chamber 62 again. is amplified by A part of the laser light output from the chamber 62 is transmitted by the partially reflecting mirror 290 and the other part is reflected and amplified again by the ring resonator 270 .
- the amplified pulsed laser light that has passed through the partially reflecting mirror 290 is output from the ultraviolet laser device 107 .
- the optical isolator 120 suppresses return light from the PO 266 from entering the MO 22 .
- the operations of the half-wave plate 81 and the optical isolator 120 are the same as in the fourth embodiment described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 17.
- FIG. 1 The operations of the half-wave plate 81 and the optical isolator 120 are the same as in the fourth embodiment described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 17.
- FIG. 1 The operations of the half-wave plate 81 and the optical isolator 120 are the same as in the fourth embodiment described with reference to FIGS. 3 and 17.
- FIG. 22 schematically shows a configuration example of an exposure apparatus 300 .
- Exposure apparatus 300 includes illumination optical system 304 and projection optical system 306 .
- the illumination optical system 304 illuminates a reticle pattern of a reticle (not shown) placed on the reticle stage RT with laser light incident from the ultraviolet laser device 100 .
- the projection optical system 306 reduces and projects the laser beam transmitted through the reticle to form an image on a workpiece (not shown) placed on the workpiece table WT.
- the workpiece is a photosensitive substrate, such as a semiconductor wafer, coated with photoresist.
- the exposure apparatus 300 synchronously translates the reticle stage RT and the workpiece table WT, thereby exposing the workpiece to laser light reflecting the reticle pattern.
- a semiconductor device can be manufactured through a plurality of processes.
- a semiconductor device is an example of an "electronic device" in this disclosure.
- the ultraviolet laser device 105, 106 or 107 described in the fifth to seventh embodiments may be used to generate laser light.
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Abstract
Description
1.用語の説明
2.比較例に係る紫外線レーザ装置の概要
2.1 構成
2.2 動作
3.課題
4.実施形態1
4.1 構成
4.2 第1の偏光子の透過軸とファラデー材料の結晶軸との関係
4.3 回転角α及び回転角βについて
4.4 磁場及びファラデー材料の厚さの好ましい範囲
4.5 偏光子の透過軸とレーザ光の偏光方向との許容角度差
4.6 動作
4.7 作用・効果
4.8 結晶軸の検証方法
4.9 変形例
5.実施形態2
5.1 構成
5.2 動作
5.3 作用・効果
6.実施形態3
6.1 構成
6.2 動作
6.3 作用・効果
7.実施形態4
7.1 構成
7.2 動作
7.3 作用・効果
7.4 変形例
8.実施形態5
8.1 構成
8.2 動作
8.3 作用・効果
9.実施形態6
9.1 構成
9.2 動作
9.3 作用・効果
10.実施形態7
10.1 構成
10.2 動作
10.3 作用・効果
11.電子デバイスの製造方法について
12.光アイソレータの他の応用例
13.その他
以下、本開示の実施形態について、図面を参照しながら詳しく説明する。以下に説明される実施形態は、本開示のいくつかの例を示すものであって、本開示の内容を限定するものではない。また、各実施形態で説明される構成及び動作の全てが本開示の構成及び動作として必須であるとは限らない。なお、同一の構成要素には同一の参照符号を付して、重複する説明を省略する。
「偏光子」とは、特定の偏光方向(透過軸方向)の光とそれと偏光方向が直交する光を分離する光学素子をいう。
2.1 構成
図1は、比較例に係る紫外線レーザ装置20の構成を概略的に示す側面図である。本開示の比較例とは、出願人のみによって知られていると出願人が認識している形態であって、出願人が自認している公知例ではない。
図示しない電源より高電圧パルスがチャンバ32内の放電電極40a,40b間に印加される。チャンバ32内の放電電極40a,40b間で放電が発生すると、レーザガスが励起され、出力結合ミラー34とLNM30とで構成される光共振器によって狭帯域化された、波長が150nmから380nmの紫外線波長のパルスレーザ光が出力結合ミラー34から出力される。
図2は、比較例に係る紫外線レーザ装置20の課題を示す図である。PO26からの戻り光がMO22まで戻るとレーザ性能が悪化する。ここでいう「戻り光」とは、MO戻り光と、PO抜け光との2種類の光の和を指す。MO22より出射された光は、PO26へと入射されるが、PO26内のリアミラー60は部分反射ミラー(反射率50%~90%)であるため、リアミラー60に入射する光の一部はPO26内部へ向かわずにそのままMO22側へ戻ってしまう。PO26のチャンバ62内に進むことなく、リアミラー60によって反射されてMO22側へと戻る光を「MO戻り光」という。
4.1 構成
図4は、実施形態1に係る光アイソレータ120の構成を概略的に示す。図4に示す構成について、図3と異なる点を説明する。光アイソレータ120は、図3のファラデー回転子84に代えて、ファラデー材料135を含むファラデー回転子112を備える。ファラデー材料135は、CaF2結晶であり、実施形態1では、ファラデー材料135の透過前後でレーザ光の偏光純度の悪化が少なくなるようにファラデー回転子112が配置される点で、図3の構成と異なる。
図7は、第1の偏光子83の透過軸TA1とファラデー材料135のx軸及びy軸との関係を概略的に示す側面図である。図8は、入射する光が伝搬する方向(z軸)に見た場合の第1の偏光子83の透過軸TA1とファラデー材料135のx軸及びy軸との関係を示す。第1の偏光子83を透過してファラデー回転子112に入射する光の偏光方向はx軸と平行である。また、入射光の偏光方向がファラデー回転子112によって回転する方向は、図8において時計回り方向である。第1の偏光子83の透過軸TA1と、入射光の偏光方向との角度差θの好ましい範囲は、入射光の偏光方向がファラデー回転子112によって回転する方向に、0度以上45度以下である。
図9は、非特許文献1に記載されているFig.1を転記したグラフである。図9には、CaF2結晶に入射した光の全入射パワーに対する透過光の、入射光の偏光方向に対して直交した偏光成分の割合である偏光解消度γの回転角βの依存性が示されている。図9において回転角αは45度である。図9中の実線で示すグラフから、βが50度から60度のときが、偏光方向の変化する割合が小さく、偏光純度の悪化が小さい。
ファラデー材料135がCaF2結晶であるときの磁場及びファラデー材料135の厚さの好ましい範囲を、入射光の波長が193nmの場合と248nmの場合とについて図11に示す。ArFエキシマレーザの発振波長には波長193nmが含まれる。KrFエキシマレーザの発振波長には波長248nmが含まれる。
第1の偏光子83及び第2の偏光子88のそれぞれの透過軸と、各偏光子に入射させるパルスレーザ光の偏光方向とは平行であることが最も好ましいが、厳密に平行である場合に限らず、実用上目的の機能を果たすことができる範囲で、両者の角度差が許容される。
MO22から出力され第1の偏光子83を透過した直線偏光のパルスレーザ光は、磁場が印加されたファラデー回転子112により、ファラデー回転子112の透過の前後で偏光方向が時計回り方向に45度回転する。第2の偏光子88は、その透過軸がファラデー回転子112から出力されたパルスレーザ光の偏光方向と平行に配置されており、ファラデー回転子112から出力されたパルスレーザ光は、第2の偏光子88を透過した後、PO26に入射する。
実施形態1に係る光アイソレータ120によれば、高出力のレーザ光がファラデー回転子112に入射しても、熱複屈折の影響による偏光純度の悪化が抑制され、高いアイソレーション比を維持することができる。
実施形態1で説明した条件を満たす光アイソレータの構成であるか否かを検証する方法として、例えば、次のような方法がある。
実施形態1では、第1の偏光子83を透過してファラデー回転子112に入射する行きの光の偏光方向がファラデー回転子112の透過の前後で維持され、第2の偏光子88を透過してファラデー回転子112に入射する戻り光の偏光方向がファラデー回転子112の透過の前後で90度回転する例を説明したが、この例に限らず、実用上目的の機能を果たすことができる範囲で、ファラデー回転子112の透過の前後における偏光方向の角度差が許容される。図12によれば、第1の偏光子83を透過してファラデー回転子112に入射する行きの光の偏光方向は、ファラデー回転子112の透過の前後で17.5度以内の角度差に維持され、第2の偏光子88を透過してファラデー回転子112に入射する戻り光の偏光方向は、ファラデー回転子112の透過の前後で90度±17.5度以内の角度回転するように構成されてよい。第1の偏光子83に入射する行きの光の偏光方向と、PO26から戻る戻り光がファラデー回転子112を透過して第1の偏光子83に入射するときの偏光方向とが90度±17.5度以内の角度で交差する構成により、戻り光は第1の偏光子83で反射され、MO22への入射が抑制される。
5.1 構成
図13は、実施形態2に係る光アイソレータ122の構成を概略的に示す。図13に示す構成について、図3及び図4と異なる点を説明する。実施形態2に係る光アイソレータ122は、実施形態1におけるファラデー回転子112に代えて、温度調整が可能なファラデー回転子113が用いられ、ファラデー回転子113を一定の温度に温度制御する構成を備えている点で実施形態1の構成と異なる。
プロセッサ144は、ヒータ電源142を介してヒータ138a,138bを駆動し、ファラデー回転子113の温度センサ139によって温度を監視し、所定の温度に保つようにファラデー回転子113を温調する。所定の温度は、例えば、100℃以下で室温が好ましい。また、好ましい温度の制御範囲は±1℃である。他の動作は実施形態2と同様である。
図10に示す好ましいβの角度は温度依存性があるので、実施形態2に係る光アイソレータ122によれば、温度を一定に制御することにより、好ましいβが変化することによる偏光純度の悪化を抑制することができ、高いアイソレーション比を維持することができる。
6.1 構成
図16は、実施形態3に係る光アイソレータ123におけるファラデー回転子112の部分の構成を概略的に示す。なお、光アイソレータ123は、図4の光アイソレータ120と同様に、図16には示されていない、第1の偏光子83及び第2の偏光子88を含む。図16に示す構成について、図4と異なる点を説明する。
回転ステージ150を動かすことにより、ファラデー回転子112はy軸の回りに回転する。b軸がc軸を中心にα回転したy軸を中心にファラデー回転子112を回転させることにより、αの回転角を維持しつつ、βの回転角を調整できる。
実施形態3に係る光アイソレータ123によれば、βの回転角を、ファラデー回転子112の透過前後で偏光純度の悪化が少ない角度に調整することができる。その結果、アイソレーション比を高くすることができる。
7.1 構成
図17は、実施形態4に係る紫外線レーザ装置100の構成例を概略的に示す。図17に示す構成について、図1と異なる点を説明する。紫外線レーザ装置100は、MO22とPO26との間の光路上に1/2波長板81と光アイソレータ120とが配置される点で図1の構成と異なる。光アイソレータ120の構成は、実施形態1で説明した構成と同様であり、第1の偏光子83と、ファラデー回転子112と、第2の偏光子88とを含み、ファラデー回転子112は、実施形態1で説明したように、CaF2結晶の結晶軸を特定の条件を満たすように配置した構成となっている。
1/2波長板81及び光アイソレータ120の動作は、図3及び実施形態1と同様である。MO22から出力され、特定の方向に偏光したパルスレーザ光(a点)は1/2波長板81によって偏光方向が反時計回り方向に45度回転する(b点)。
実施形態4に係る紫外線レーザ装置100によれば、高出力のレーザ光がファラデー回転子112に入射しても、熱複屈折の影響による偏光純度の悪化が抑制され、高いアイソレーション比を維持することができる。
MOパルスエネルギモニタ54の配置については、光アイソレータ120の上流側又は下流側のいずれにも配置することが可能であるが、図17のように、光アイソレータ120の上流側に配置する構成が好ましい。
8.1 構成
図18は、実施形態5に係る紫外線レーザ装置105の構成を概略的に示す。図18に示す構成について、図17と異なる点を説明する。図18に示す紫外線レーザ装置105は、第2の偏光子88とPO26との間の光路上に、2軸調整可能な平行平面基板202と、2軸調整可能な高反射ミラー52とが配置される点で、図17に示す構成と異なる。平行平面基板202は、直交する2軸のそれぞれを回転軸として角度の調整が可能な2軸角度調整ホルダ204に保持される。
光軸の調整は、2軸調整可能な平行平面基板202と、2軸調整可能な高反射ミラー52とを調整することにより、MO22からのパルスレーザ光がPO26に最も効率的に入射されるように行われる。
実施形態5に係る紫外線レーザ装置105によれば、実施形態4と同様の効果が得られる。さらに、実施形態5の構成によれば、PO26に入射させる注入光の光軸調整が実施形態4の構成に比べて容易になる。
9.1 構成
図19は、実施形態6に係る紫外線レーザ装置106の構成を概略的に示す。図19に示す構成について、図17と異なる点を説明する。図19に示す紫外線レーザ装置106は、図17におけるMO22の代わりに、発振段レーザとして紫外線固体レーザ装置232を備え、PO26の代わりに、エキシマ増幅器236を備える。他の構成は、図17に示す構成と同様であってよい。
紫外線固体レーザ装置232から出力されたシード光は、光アイソレータ120を透過して、エキシマ増幅器236に入射する。エキシマ増幅器236に入射した波長約193nmのシード光は、凸面シリンドリカルミラー244及び凹面シリンドリカルミラー246で反射することにより、放電電極250a,250bの間の放電空間256を3回通過する。これにより、シード光のビームが拡大されて増幅される。エキシマ増幅器236は本開示における「マルチパス増幅器」の一例である。3パスのエキシマ増幅器236に限らず、各種のマルチパス増幅器を適用可能である。
実施形態6に係る紫外線レーザ装置106によれば、エキシマ増幅器236から紫外線固体レーザ装置232の方向に戻る光は紫外線固体レーザ装置232に入射しないため、紫外線固体レーザ装置232への熱負荷が軽減され、エネルギ安定性や線幅安定性などが比較例の構成よりも向上する。
10.1 構成
図20は、実施形態7に係る紫外線レーザ装置107の構成を概略的に示す。図20に示す構成について、図17と異なる点を説明する。実施形態7に係る紫外線レーザ装置107は、実施形態4の構成に対して、増幅段レーザの構成及びMO22からのレーザ光を増幅段レーザに導入する高反射ミラーの構成が異なる。
MO22から出力されたレーザ光は、高反射ミラー50、高反射ミラー52及び高反射ミラー283で順次反射された後、部分反射ミラー290からリング共振器270に入射する。
実施形態7に係る紫外線レーザ装置107によれば、実施形態4と同様の効果が得られる。
図22は、露光装置300の構成例を概略的に示す。露光装置300は、照明光学系304と投影光学系306とを含む。照明光学系304は、紫外線レーザ装置100から入射したレーザ光によって、レチクルステージRT上に配置された図示しないレチクルのレチクルパターンを照明する。投影光学系306は、レチクルを透過したレーザ光を、縮小投影してワークピーステーブルWT上に配置された図示しないワークピースに結像させる。ワークピースはフォトレジストが塗布された半導体ウエハ等の感光基板である。
実施形態1~7において例示した光アイソレータ120、122及び123は、紫外線レーザ装置に限らず、様々な用途に適用可能である。例えば、光アイソレータ120への入射光は、パルスレーザ光に限らず、CWレーザ光であってもよいし、放射光であってもよい。例えば、光アイソレータ120は、加速器における放射光の出口に配置されてもよい。また、光アイソレータ120は、重水素ランプを用いた分光器における紫外域の波長の迷光を抑制するために配置されてもよい。光アイソレータ122及び123についても同様である。
上記の説明は、制限ではなく単なる例示を意図している。従って、特許請求の範囲を逸脱することなく本開示の実施形態に変更を加えることができることは、当業者には明らかである。また、本開示の実施形態を組み合わせて使用することも当業者には明らかである。
Claims (20)
- 紫外線波長の直線偏光の入射光に対する規格化透過率が0.9以上の透過軸となるように配置される第1の偏光子と、
前記第1の偏光子を透過した光の偏光方向を磁場によって回転させるファラデー材料を含むファラデー回転子と、
前記ファラデー回転子を透過した前記入射光に対する規格化透過率が0.9以上の透過軸となるように配置される第2の偏光子とを備えた光アイソレータであって、
前記ファラデー材料はフッ化カルシウム結晶であり、
前記フッ化カルシウム結晶の結晶軸である[001]の方向をa軸、[100]の方向をb軸、[010]の方向をc軸とするとき、前記a軸、前記b軸及び前記c軸の3軸が、前記c軸を中心に第1の角度回転し、前記第1の角度回転した前記b軸を中心に第2の角度回転した軸をそれぞれx軸、y軸及びz軸とする場合に、
前記第1の角度は40度以上50度以下であり、
前記第2の角度は45度以上75度以下であり、
前記z軸は、前記第1の偏光子から前記フッ化カルシウム結晶に入射する光の伝搬方向と平行であり、
前記第1の偏光子の透過軸と前記x軸との角度差が0度以上45度以下の範囲になるように、前記フッ化カルシウム結晶が配置される、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に記載の光アイソレータであって、
第2の角度は、54度以上66度以下である、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に記載の光アイソレータであって、
第2の角度は、58度以上62度以下である、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に記載の光アイソレータであって、
前記第1の偏光子から前記ファラデー材料に入射して前記ファラデー材料の媒質中を伝搬する光の偏光方向がファラデー効果により、前記ファラデー材料の媒質内で前記x軸と平行になるように、前記フッ化カルシウム結晶が配置される、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に記載の光アイソレータであって、
前記入射光の偏光方向と、前記第1の偏光子の透過軸との角度差は、17.5度以内であり、
前記ファラデー回転子を透過した前記入射光の偏光方向と、前記第2の偏光子の透過軸との角度差は、17.5度以内である、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に記載の光アイソレータであって、
前記第2の偏光子から前記ファラデー回転子を透過して前記第1の偏光子に入射する戻り光の偏光方向は、前記第1の偏光子の透過軸と90度±17.5度以内の角度で交差しており、前記戻り光は前記第1の偏光子によって反射される、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に光アイソレータであって、
前記入射光の波長がArFエキシマレーザの発振波長又はKrFエキシマレーザの発振波長である、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に記載の光アイソレータであって、
前記ファラデー回転子に印加される磁場の磁束密度は、0.5T以上3.0T以下である、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項8に記載の光アイソレータであって、
前記入射光の波長がArFエキシマレーザの発振波長である場合に、前記ファラデー材料の光軸方向の厚さは、6mm以上40mm以下である、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項8に記載の光アイソレータであって、
前記入射光の波長がKrFエキシマレーザの発振波長である場合に、前記ファラデー材料の光軸方向の厚さは、13mm以上83mm以下である、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に記載の光アイソレータであって、
前記ファラデー材料は、複数に分割されて構成される、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に記載の光アイソレータであって、
前記ファラデー回転子は、ヒータと、温度センサとを備え、前記ファラデー材料の温度が許容温度範囲に保たれるように制御される、
光アイソレータ。 - 請求項1に記載の光アイソレータであって、
前記ファラデー回転子を前記y軸の回りに回転させる回転ステージを備える、
光アイソレータ。 - 紫外線レーザ装置であって、
紫外線波長の直線偏光のパルスレーザ光を出力する発振段レーザと、
前記パルスレーザ光を増幅して出力する増幅器と、
前記発振段レーザと前記増幅器との間の光路上に配置される光アイソレータと、を備え、
前記光アイソレータは、
紫外線波長の直線偏光の入射光に対する規格化透過率が0.9以上の透過軸となるように配置される第1の偏光子と、
前記第1の偏光子を透過した光の偏光方向を磁場によって回転させるファラデー材料を含むファラデー回転子と、
前記ファラデー回転子を透過した前記入射光に対する規格化透過率が0.9以上の透過軸となるように配置される第2の偏光子とを備え、
前記ファラデー材料はフッ化カルシウム結晶であり、
前記フッ化カルシウム結晶の結晶軸である[001]の方向をa軸、[100]の方向をb軸、[010]の方向をc軸とするとき、前記a軸、前記b軸及び前記c軸の3軸が、前記c軸を中心に第1の角度回転し、前記第1の角度回転した前記b軸を中心に第2の角度回転した軸をそれぞれx軸、y軸及びz軸とする場合に、
前記第1の角度は40度以上50度以下であり、
前記第2の角度は45度以上75度以下であり、
前記z軸は、前記第1の偏光子から前記フッ化カルシウム結晶に入射する光の伝搬方向と平行であり、
前記第1の偏光子の透過軸と前記x軸との角度差が0度以上45度以下の範囲になるように、前記フッ化カルシウム結晶が配置される、
紫外線レーザ装置。 - 請求項14に記載の紫外線レーザ装置であって、
前記ファラデー回転子に配置されたヒータと、
前記ファラデー回転子の温度を検出する温度センサと、
前記温度センサからの情報に基づき、前記ファラデー材料の温度変化を抑制するように、前記ヒータを制御するプロセッサと、を備える、
紫外線レーザ装置。 - 請求項14に記載の紫外線レーザ装置であって、
前記ファラデー回転子を前記y軸の回りに回転させる回転ステージを備える、
紫外線レーザ装置。 - 請求項14に記載の紫外線レーザ装置であって、
前記第2の偏光子と前記増幅器との間に、少なくとも2軸の調整機構を含む光軸調整機構を備える、
紫外線レーザ装置。 - 請求項14に記載の紫外線レーザ装置であって、
前記発振段レーザと前記増幅器とのそれぞれは、レーザガスが充填されるチャンバを備える、
紫外線レーザ装置。 - 請求項14に記載の紫外線レーザ装置であって、
前記発振段レーザは紫外線固体レーザである、
紫外線レーザ装置。 - 電子デバイスの製造方法であって、
紫外線波長の直線偏光のパルスレーザ光を出力する発振段レーザと、
前記パルスレーザ光を増幅して出力する増幅器と、
前記発振段レーザと前記増幅器との間の光路上に配置される光アイソレータと、を備え、
前記光アイソレータは、
紫外線波長の直線偏光の入射光に対する規格化透過率が0.9以上の透過軸となるように配置される第1の偏光子と、
前記第1の偏光子を透過した光の偏光方向を磁場によって回転させるファラデー材料を含むファラデー回転子と、
前記ファラデー回転子を透過した前記入射光に対する規格化透過率が0.9以上の透過軸となるように配置される第2の偏光子とを備え、
前記ファラデー材料はフッ化カルシウム結晶であり、
前記フッ化カルシウム結晶の結晶軸である[001]の方向をa軸、[100]の方向をb軸、[010]の方向をc軸とするとき、前記a軸、前記b軸及び前記c軸の3軸が、前記c軸を中心に第1の角度回転し、前記第1の角度回転した前記b軸を中心に第2の角度回転した軸をそれぞれx軸、y軸及びz軸とする場合に、
前記第1の角度は40度以上50度以下であり、
前記第2の角度は45度以上75度以下であり、
前記z軸は、前記第1の偏光子から前記フッ化カルシウム結晶に入射する光の伝搬方向と平行であり、
前記第1の偏光子の透過軸と前記x軸との角度差が0度以上45度以下の範囲になるように、前記フッ化カルシウム結晶が配置される紫外線レーザ装置を用いて前記増幅器により増幅されたレーザ光を生成し、前記増幅されたレーザ光を露光装置に出力し、
電子デバイスを製造するために、前記露光装置内で感光基板上に前記レーザ光を露光すること
を含む、電子デバイスの製造方法。
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PCT/JP2021/011550 WO2022195895A1 (ja) | 2021-03-19 | 2021-03-19 | 光アイソレータ、紫外線レーザ装置及び電子デバイスの製造方法 |
CN202180092720.3A CN116830019A (zh) | 2021-03-19 | 2021-03-19 | 光隔离器、紫外线激光装置和电子器件的制造方法 |
JP2023506707A JP7537690B2 (ja) | 2021-03-19 | 2021-03-19 | 光アイソレータ、紫外線レーザ装置及び電子デバイスの製造方法 |
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Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS61141189A (ja) * | 1984-12-13 | 1986-06-28 | Nippon Sekiei Glass Kk | フアラデ−回転子を用いた紫外線レ−ザ−システム |
WO2004049039A1 (ja) * | 2002-11-25 | 2004-06-10 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | ファラデー回転子、及びこれを用いた磁気光学デバイス |
JP2004302412A (ja) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-10-28 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 磁気光学デバイス |
JP2011225400A (ja) * | 2010-04-20 | 2011-11-10 | Oxide Corp | 磁気光学素子用の単結晶および当該結晶を用いたデバイス |
US20140218795A1 (en) * | 2013-02-05 | 2014-08-07 | Electro-Optics Technology, Inc. | Power scalable multi-pass faraday rotator |
JP2015200645A (ja) * | 2014-04-04 | 2015-11-12 | 株式会社ニューフレアテクノロジー | 撮像装置、検査装置および検査方法 |
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2021
- 2021-03-19 JP JP2023506707A patent/JP7537690B2/ja active Active
- 2021-03-19 CN CN202180092720.3A patent/CN116830019A/zh active Pending
- 2021-03-19 WO PCT/JP2021/011550 patent/WO2022195895A1/ja active Application Filing
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Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS61141189A (ja) * | 1984-12-13 | 1986-06-28 | Nippon Sekiei Glass Kk | フアラデ−回転子を用いた紫外線レ−ザ−システム |
WO2004049039A1 (ja) * | 2002-11-25 | 2004-06-10 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | ファラデー回転子、及びこれを用いた磁気光学デバイス |
JP2004302412A (ja) * | 2003-03-14 | 2004-10-28 | Murata Mfg Co Ltd | 磁気光学デバイス |
JP2011225400A (ja) * | 2010-04-20 | 2011-11-10 | Oxide Corp | 磁気光学素子用の単結晶および当該結晶を用いたデバイス |
US20140218795A1 (en) * | 2013-02-05 | 2014-08-07 | Electro-Optics Technology, Inc. | Power scalable multi-pass faraday rotator |
JP2015200645A (ja) * | 2014-04-04 | 2015-11-12 | 株式会社ニューフレアテクノロジー | 撮像装置、検査装置および検査方法 |
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CN116830019A (zh) | 2023-09-29 |
JPWO2022195895A1 (ja) | 2022-09-22 |
US20230375846A1 (en) | 2023-11-23 |
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