WO2022191179A1 - 使用済みlibから有価金属を回収する方法 - Google Patents
使用済みlibから有価金属を回収する方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022191179A1 WO2022191179A1 PCT/JP2022/009980 JP2022009980W WO2022191179A1 WO 2022191179 A1 WO2022191179 A1 WO 2022191179A1 JP 2022009980 W JP2022009980 W JP 2022009980W WO 2022191179 A1 WO2022191179 A1 WO 2022191179A1
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- metal
- zinc
- electrode assembly
- alloy
- slag
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 75
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 229910002065 alloy metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000006479 redox reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000001784 detoxification Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017868 Cu—Ni—Co Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- VDGMIGHRDCJLMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Cu].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Cu].[Co].[Ni] VDGMIGHRDCJLMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002354 inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000550 scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 used LIB Chemical class 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
- C22B5/04—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes by aluminium, other metals or silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
- C22B9/16—Remelting metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0026—Pyrometallurgy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0026—Pyrometallurgy
- C22B15/0028—Smelting or converting
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0026—Pyrometallurgy
- C22B15/0056—Scrap treating
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/02—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/02—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes
- C22B23/021—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes by reduction in solid state, e.g. by segregation processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
- C22B7/003—Dry processes only remelting, e.g. of chips, borings, turnings; apparatus used therefor
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B9/00—General processes of refining or remelting of metals; Apparatus for electroslag or arc remelting of metals
- C22B9/02—Refining by liquating, filtering, centrifuging, distilling, or supersonic wave action including acoustic waves
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for recovering valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel and copper from used lithium ion secondary batteries (referred to as used LIB).
- used LIB used lithium ion secondary batteries
- Electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries contain lithium as well as valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel, copper, and aluminum. required to be collected.
- Patent Document 1 describes a recovery method using a copper smelting furnace. Specifically, raw materials containing the above-mentioned valuable metals, such as used LIB, are put into a copper smelting furnace, reduced and melted to form an alloy of the above-mentioned valuable metals and copper, and copper, nickel, etc. are separated and recovered from this alloy. .
- Patent Document 2 describes the following method. Used LIB is put into a converter for copper smelting without copper matte, and the remaining heat is used to burn it. Copper matte is then charged and melted by blowing in oxygen to form an alloy of the valuable metal and copper. Then, copper, nickel, etc. are separated and recovered from this alloy.
- Patent Document 3 describes the following method.
- the used LIB is oxidized and roasted at 600° C. or higher, and the resulting roasted product is reduced and melted by adding a reducing agent such as carbon and a flux to produce an alloy containing valuable metals.
- Valuable metals are recovered from the alloy separated from the slag.
- the purpose of the present invention is to provide a valuable metal recovery method that eliminates the above-mentioned conventional problems. Specifically, it is an object of the present invention to provide a method for recovering valuable metals by which cobalt can be easily recovered.
- the present invention solves the above problems by the following means. Specifically, zinc, which is more easily oxidized than copper, is used as the collector metal. As a result, cobalt can be easily recovered by concentrating it on the metal side by utilizing the oxygen potential during the oxidation reaction of zinc in the process of forming a molten body without adding a reducing agent.
- a step of adding an excessive amount of metallic zinc relative to the mass of the electrode assembly to the electrode assembly (hereinafter referred to as the electrode assembly) taken out from the detoxified used LIB, the electrode assembly and the metallic zinc.
- the recovery method According to the recovery method according to one aspect of the present invention, most of the nickel and cobalt contained in the cell can be alloyed and recovered, and loss due to slag formation of nickel and cobalt is small.
- the oxygen potential is determined by the oxidation-reduction reaction of Zn/ZnO, so the reduction reaction by carbon may be ignored. Therefore, it is not necessary to separate the positive and negative electrode active materials contained in the cell.
- the active material of the negative electrode is mainly graphite, and according to the recovery method according to one embodiment of the present invention, the positive electrode and the negative electrode can be treated without being separated, so that the used LIB can be remarkably separated.
- the valuable metal alloy recovered by the recovery method according to one aspect of the present invention is spongy, it is highly soluble in acid and can be easily subjected to subsequent wet treatment.
- the metal zinc that has undergone volatile distillation can be recovered and reused repeatedly, the treatment cost can be reduced.
- the exterior material of the LIB is removed in advance and processed as an electrode assembly, so the exterior material can be processed separately from the cell, and the exterior material can be an aluminum material. aluminum can be easily recovered.
- the method of recovering valuable metals from used LIBs of this embodiment has the following steps. (1) A step of adding an excessive amount of metallic zinc relative to the mass of the electrode assembly to the electrode assembly taken out from the detoxified used LIB. (2) A step of heating the mixture of the electrode assembly and metallic zinc to form a melt. (3) A step of removing the molten body and separating it into alloy metal and slag. (4) A step of heating the alloy metal to volatilize the zinc in the alloy metal and recover the valuable metal alloy metal. Each step will be described below.
- the recovery method of the present invention has a metallic zinc addition step of adding an excessive amount of metallic zinc relative to the mass of the electrode assembly.
- a LIB cell has a positive electrode and a negative electrode paired with an electrolyte and a separator interposed therebetween, and these are housed in an exterior material.
- An electrode assembly (an electrode assembly taken out from the used LIB) is obtained by removing the exterior material and the electrolytic solution from the used LIB that has been discharged and detoxified, and this electrode assembly is mixed with metallic zinc and placed in a heating furnace. Load.
- the electrode assembly includes components such as a positive electrode current collector, a positive electrode active material, a separator, a negative electrode current collector, and a negative electrode active material after physical separation such as crushing and sieving.
- Table 1 shows representative examples of each metal component contained in the electrode assembly.
- the amount of metal zinc added is excessive with respect to the mass of the electrode assembly.
- the amount of metallic zinc is preferably 10 to 20 times the amount of the positive electrode active material contained in the electrode assembly. If the amount of metallic zinc added is less than 10 times the mass, useful components such as cobalt in the electrode assembly will not be sufficiently reduced, resulting in insufficient formation of alloy metals of zinc and valuable metals.
- the increase (decrease in the Zn/ZnO ratio) increases the amount of slag, making the separation between the alloy metal and the slag insufficient, making it difficult to separate and recover valuable metals.
- the mass of the positive electrode active material in the electrode assembly is determined as follows. Concentrations of Ni, Co, and Mn in the electrode assembly are measured using ICP-AES. From these concentrations, the content (mass) of each metal element is calculated, and these are totaled to calculate the mass of the positive electrode active material.
- melt body forming process A mixture of the electrode assembly and metallic zinc in the furnace is heated in the atmosphere to a temperature above the melting point and below the boiling point of the metallic zinc to form a melt containing an alloy metal of zinc and a valuable metal.
- the melt formation temperature is preferably 600° C. or higher.
- the melt formation temperature approaches the boiling point of metallic zinc, the vapor pressure rises and the volatilization amount of metallic zinc increases.
- the heating time it is preferable to keep the temperature between 600°C and 900°C for 2.5 hours to 5 hours. If this holding time is shorter than 2 hours, it becomes difficult to separate the slag and the metal. On the other hand, even if this holding time is longer than 5 hours, the effect does not change much.
- the free energies in the redox reactions of cobalt, nickel, and copper are all lower than the free energies in the redox reaction of zinc. is also located above. Therefore, cobalt, nickel, and copper are more easily reduced than zinc, and are incorporated into zinc as a metal phase to form a zinc-based alloy (alloy metal) containing cobalt, nickel, and copper.
- the free energies of redox reactions of manganese and aluminum are lower than the free energies of redox reactions of zinc, they are more easily oxidized than zinc, forming oxides and shifting to the slag phase. .
- Oxygen anaerobic and under vacuum means that the inside of the furnace is made into an inert gas (Ar or N 2 ) atmosphere to prevent oxidation of zinc, then the inside of the furnace is reduced to a vacuum state to lower the boiling point, and processing is performed in this vacuum state.
- FIG. 1 An example of the processing steps of this embodiment is shown in FIG.
- the lithium ion battery is subjected to discharge detoxification treatment, then the exterior material is removed and separated from the electrode assembly.
- Metal zinc is added to the electrode assembly (metal zinc addition step), and the electrode assembly is charged into a heating furnace and heated and melted to form a melt containing slag and metal (melt formation step).
- the molten body is cooled and separated into zinc-based alloy metal and slag (metal slag separation process), the zinc-based alloy metal is heated to the boiling point of zinc or higher to volatilize zinc (zinc volatilization process), and Cu-Ni-Co Recover valuable metal alloy metal containing Volatilized zinc vapor (metallic zinc) is recovered and returned to the metallic zinc addition step for reuse as a metallic zinc source.
- Example ⁇ The used LIB was subjected to discharge detoxification treatment, and then the exterior material was removed to recover the electrode assembly.
- Table 1 shows the metal components of the electrode assembly. 100 g of metal zinc was mixed with 5 g of the positive electrode active material of this electrode assembly. The resulting mixture was charged into an electric furnace, heated to 880° C. in the atmosphere, and held for 4 hours to form a melt. Thereafter, the molten material was removed from the furnace and cooled with water, and 74.7 g of metal and 53.9 g of slag were separated and recovered. Metal components contained in this metal and slag were measured. Table 2 shows the separated metal and metal components of the slag (Test No. 1A).
- the separated metal was placed in an electric furnace to create an argon atmosphere in the furnace, and then the pressure in the furnace was reduced to a vacuum state. In this vacuum atmosphere, the alloy metal was obtained by heating to 910° C. to evaporate zinc.
- Table 2 shows the metal components contained in this sponge-like alloy metal (Test No. 1B). In addition, in Table 2, the ratio of the content of each element to the total amount of Ni, Co, Mn, Cu, and Al is described in mass %.
- a melt was formed in the same manner as Test No. 1A except that the amount of metal zinc added to 5 g of the positive electrode active material was changed to 50 g, and 44.8 g of metal and 35.4 g of slag were obtained. Metal components contained in this metal and slag were measured. The results are shown in Table 2 (Test No. 2).
- a molten body was formed in the same manner as Test No. 1A except that the heating temperature of the electric furnace was changed to 800° C., and 81.1 g of metal and 47.5 g of slag were obtained. Metal components contained in this metal and slag were measured. The results are shown in Table 2 (Test No. 3).
- the used LIB was subjected to discharge detoxification treatment, and then the exterior material was removed to recover the electrode assembly.
- 40 g of metal zinc was mixed with 5 g of the positive electrode active material of this electrode assembly.
- the resulting mixture was charged into an electric furnace, heated to 900° C. in the atmosphere, and held for 2 hours to form a melt. After that, the molten body was taken out from the furnace, cooled with water, and recovered (Test No. 4).
- the separability of the metal and slag in the recovered sample was low, and it was difficult to separate and recover the metal and slag.
- the metals of test Nos. 1A, 2 and 3 contain zinc, copper, nickel and cobalt, and the valuable metals nickel and cobalt can be recovered as part of the alloy. Also, as shown in Test No. 1B, an alloy of nickel, cobalt and copper can be recovered by heating the alloy of Test No. 1A at 910° C. to volatilize zinc. On the other hand, if the amount of metallic zinc added to the electrode assembly is less than 10 times the mass and the melting time is about 2 hours, it becomes difficult to separate the metal from the slag. It was confirmed that more than one hour is preferable.
- This embodiment is suitably applied to the process of recovering valuable metals such as cobalt, nickel, and copper from used LIB.
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Abstract
Description
本願は、2021年3月11日に、日本に出願された特願2021-039636号に基づき優先権を主張し、その内容をここに援用する。
[1]無害化した使用済みLIBから取り出した電極集合体(以下、電極集合体と云う)に、前記電極集合体の質量に対して過剰量の金属亜鉛を加える工程、電極集合体と金属亜鉛の混合物を加熱して熔体を形成する工程と、前記熔体を取り出して合金メタルとスラグに分離する工程と、前記合金メタルを加熱して前記合金メタル中の亜鉛を揮発させて、有価金属の合金メタルを回収する工程と、を有することを特徴とする使用済みLIBから有価金属を回収する方法。
[2]前記電極集合体の正極活物質の量に対して10倍~20倍質量の金属亜鉛を添加する上記[1]に記載する使用済みLIBから有価金属を回収する方法。
[3]大気下で600℃~900℃に加熱して、亜鉛と有価金属の合金メタルを含む熔体を形成する上記[1]または上記[2]に記載する使用済みLIBから有価金属を回収する方法。
[4]前記スラグと分離した前記合金メタルを910℃以上に加熱して前記合金メタル中の亜鉛を揮発させ、銅とニッケルとコバルトの合金メタルを回収する上記[1]~上記[3]の何れかに記載する使用済みLIBから有価金属を回収する方法。
本発明の一態様に係る回収方法において、熔体を形成する工程では、Zn/ZnOの酸化還元反応により酸素ポテンシャルが決定するため、カーボンによる還元反応を無視しても良い。従ってセルに含まれる正極と負極の活物質を分離しなくてもよい。負極の活物質は主にグラファイトであり、本発明の一態様に係る回収方法によれば、正極と負極を分離せずに処理できるので、使用済みLIBの分別処理が格段に容易である。
(1)無害化した使用済みLIBから取り出した電極集合体に、電極集合体の質量に対して過剰量の金属亜鉛を加える工程。
(2)電極集合体と金属亜鉛の混合物を加熱して熔体を形成する工程。
(3)熔体を取り出して合金メタルとスラグに分離する工程。
(4)合金メタルを加熱して合金メタル中の亜鉛を揮発させて、有価金属の合金メタルを回収する工程。
以下、各工程に従って説明する。
本発明の回収方法は、電極集合体の質量に対して過剰量の金属亜鉛を加える金属亜鉛添加工程を有する。LIBのセルは電解液およびセパレータを介在して正極と負極が対に形成されており、これらが外装材に収納されている。放電し無害化処理した使用済みLIBから外装材や電解液を取り除いて電極集合体(使用済みLIBから取り出した電極集合体)を得て、この電極集合体を金属亜鉛と混合して加熱炉に装入する。なお、前記電極集合体には、破砕・ふるい分け等の物理選別後の正極集電体、正極活物質、セパレータ、負極集電体、負極活物質などの成分が含まれる。電極集合体に含まれる各金属成分の代表例を表1に示す。
電極集合体中の正極活物質の質量は、以下のようにして求められる。ICP-AESを用いて電極集合体中のNi,Co,Mnの濃度を測定する。これらの濃度から、各金属元素の含有量(質量)を算出し、これらを合計して正極活物質の質量は算出される。
炉内の電極集合体と金属亜鉛の混合物を大気下で、金属亜鉛の融点以上~沸点未満の温度に加熱して亜鉛と有価金属の合金メタルを含む熔体を形成する。ただし、熔体形成温度が上記融点付近の低温であるとスラグとメタルの分離に時間がかかるため、熔体形成温度は600℃以上が望ましい。また、熔体形成温度が金属亜鉛の沸点近くになると蒸気圧が上がり、金属亜鉛の揮発量が増加するため900℃以下が望ましい。
上記合金メタルとスラグの熔体を炉内から取り出して水冷する。冷却された熔体は衝撃を加えるとメタル部分とスラグ部分に容易に分離する。
スラグと分離した上記合金メタルを回収し、亜鉛の沸点以上の温度、例えば910℃以上に加熱して合金メタル中の亜鉛を揮発させると、銅-コバルト-ニッケルの有価金属合金が得られる。揮発した亜鉛を回収するために加熱する際は、酸素嫌気、真空下で行うことが望ましい。有価金属合金は亜鉛部分が揮発しているのでスポンジ状であり、酸への溶解性が高く、その後の湿式処理が容易である。揮発蒸留させた金属亜鉛は回収して繰り返し利用できるので、処理コストを抑えることができる。
酸素嫌気、真空下とは、亜鉛の酸化を防ぐために炉内を不活性ガス(ArやN2)雰囲気とし、次いで沸点を下げるために炉内を減圧し真空状態とし、この真空状態で処理することを意味する。
使用済みLIBを放電無害化処理し、次いで外装材を除去して電極集合体を回収した。電極集合体の金属成分を表1に示す。この電極集合体の正極活物質5gに対して金属亜鉛100gを混合した。得られた混合物を電気炉に装入し、大気下、880℃まで昇温し、次いで4時間保持して熔体を形成した。その後、炉内から熔体を取り出して水冷し、メタル74.7gとスラグ53.9gを分離し回収した。このメタルとスラグに含まれる金属成分を測定した。
分離したメタルとスラグの金属成分を表2に示す(試験No.1A)。
分離したメタルを電気炉に入れて炉内をアルゴン雰囲気とし、次いで炉内を減圧して真空状態とした。この真空雰囲気にて、910℃に加熱して亜鉛を蒸発させてスポンジ状の合金メタルを得た。このスポンジ状合金メタルに含まれる金属成分を表2に示す(試験No.1B)。
なお、表2では、Ni,Co,Mn,Cu,Alの合計量に対する各元素の含有量の割合を、質量%で記載している。
電気炉の加熱温度を800℃にした他は試験No.1Aと同様にして熔体を形成し、メタル81.1gとスラグ47.5gを得た。このメタルとスラグに含まれる金属成分を測定した。この結果を表2に示す(試験No.3)。
一方、電極集合体に加える金属亜鉛量が10倍質量未満であって熔融時間が2時間程度ではメタルとスラグを分離し難くなるので、金属亜鉛量が10倍質量以上および熔融時間は2.5時間以上が好ましいことが確認された。
Claims (4)
- 無害化した使用済みLIBから取り出した電極集合体に、前記電極集合体の質量に対して過剰量の金属亜鉛を加える工程と、
前記電極集合体と前記金属亜鉛の混合物を加熱して熔体を形成する工程と、
前記熔体を取り出して合金メタルとスラグに分離する工程と、
前記合金メタルを加熱して前記合金メタル中の亜鉛を揮発させて、有価金属の合金メタルを回収する工程と、を有することを特徴とする使用済みLIBから有価金属を回収する方法。 - 前記電極集合体の正極活物質の量に対して10倍~20倍質量の金属亜鉛を添加する請求項1に記載する使用済みLIBから有価金属を回収する方法。
- 大気下で600℃~900℃に加熱して、亜鉛と有価金属の合金メタルを含む熔体を形成する請求項1または請求項2に記載する使用済みLIBから有価金属を回収する方法。
- 前記スラグと分離した前記合金メタルを910℃以上に加熱して前記合金メタル中の亜鉛を揮発させ、銅とニッケルとコバルトの合金メタルを回収する請求項1~請求項3の何れか一項に記載する使用済みLIBから有価金属を回収する方法。
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JPS54123561A (en) * | 1978-03-18 | 1979-09-25 | Tanekichi Yamada | Recovery of metal carbide component and metal from sintered hard alloy |
JPH0987755A (ja) * | 1995-09-25 | 1997-03-31 | Ryokichi Shinpo | 固体鉄スクラップからの不純物除去方法 |
JP2019135321A (ja) | 2018-02-05 | 2019-08-15 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 廃リチウムイオン電池からの有価金属の回収方法 |
JP6589966B2 (ja) | 2017-11-22 | 2019-10-16 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | リチウムイオン電池廃材の処理方法 |
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JPS54123561A (en) * | 1978-03-18 | 1979-09-25 | Tanekichi Yamada | Recovery of metal carbide component and metal from sintered hard alloy |
JPH0987755A (ja) * | 1995-09-25 | 1997-03-31 | Ryokichi Shinpo | 固体鉄スクラップからの不純物除去方法 |
JP6589966B2 (ja) | 2017-11-22 | 2019-10-16 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | リチウムイオン電池廃材の処理方法 |
JP2019135321A (ja) | 2018-02-05 | 2019-08-15 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 廃リチウムイオン電池からの有価金属の回収方法 |
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