WO2022158187A1 - 積層体、リチウムイオン二次電池用の負極集電体、及びリチウムイオン二次電池用の負極 - Google Patents
積層体、リチウムイオン二次電池用の負極集電体、及びリチウムイオン二次電池用の負極 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022158187A1 WO2022158187A1 PCT/JP2021/046577 JP2021046577W WO2022158187A1 WO 2022158187 A1 WO2022158187 A1 WO 2022158187A1 JP 2021046577 W JP2021046577 W JP 2021046577W WO 2022158187 A1 WO2022158187 A1 WO 2022158187A1
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- Prior art keywords
- metal layer
- nickel
- layer
- negative electrode
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- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 20
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 20
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 528
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 338
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 338
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 229
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007747 plating Methods 0.000 description 110
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 107
- 238000009713 electroplating Methods 0.000 description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 41
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 36
- RRIWRJBSCGCBID-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel sulfate hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Ni+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O RRIWRJBSCGCBID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 18
- 229940116202 nickel sulfate hexahydrate Drugs 0.000 description 18
- 239000001509 sodium citrate Substances 0.000 description 16
- HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium citrate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CC(O)(CC([O-])=O)C([O-])=O HRXKRNGNAMMEHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 16
- 229940038773 trisodium citrate Drugs 0.000 description 16
- QWMFKVNJIYNWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-bromo-2-(2,5-dimethylpyrrol-1-yl)pyridine Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(C)N1C1=CC=C(Br)C=N1 QWMFKVNJIYNWII-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 238000007772 electroless plating Methods 0.000 description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002390 adhesive tape Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 4
- KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N boric acid Chemical compound OB(O)O KGBXLFKZBHKPEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004327 boric acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- LAIZPRYFQUWUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-L nickel chloride hexahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.[Cl-].[Cl-].[Ni+2] LAIZPRYFQUWUBN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 4
- KWSLGOVYXMQPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2h-tetrazole Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C1=CC=CC(C2=NNN=N2)=C1 KWSLGOVYXMQPPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005238 degreasing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000003475 lamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001379 sodium hypophosphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 2
- ZRRLFMPOAYZELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N disodium;hydrogen phosphite Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].OP([O-])[O-] ZRRLFMPOAYZELW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920003026 Acene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910004706 CaSi2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000298 Cellophane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019001 CoSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910019974 CrSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005329 FeSi 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002986 Li4Ti5O12 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013188 LiBOB Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 LiCF3CF2SO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000552 LiCF3SO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013275 LiMPO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002993 LiMnO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003005 LiNiO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013410 LiNixCoyAlzO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910012573 LiSiO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002097 Lithium manganese(III,IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910019018 Mg 2 Si Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017028 MnSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910016006 MoSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000990 Ni alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910005881 NiSi 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910008484 TiSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Mn] Chemical compound [Li].[Mn] KLARSDUHONHPRF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229960002645 boric acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000032798 delamination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N dilithium;dioxido(dioxo)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-][Mn]([O-])(=O)=O QHGJSLXSVXVKHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000765 intermetallic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium perchlorate Chemical compound [Li+].[O-]Cl(=O)(=O)=O MHCFAGZWMAWTNR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910001486 lithium perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001496 lithium tetrafluoroborate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DMEJJWCBIYKVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium vanadium Chemical compound [Li].[V] DMEJJWCBIYKVSB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002070 nanowire Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005240 physical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001197 polyacetylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000767 polyaniline Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000128 polypyrrole Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000123 polythiophene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/665—Composites
- H01M4/667—Composites in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
- B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a laminate, a negative electrode current collector for lithium ion secondary batteries, and a negative electrode for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- a negative electrode current collector for a lithium ion secondary battery is subjected to repeated loads (compressive stress and tensile stress) due to the volume of the negative electrode active material layer laminated on the negative electrode current collector changing with charge and discharge. receive. Deformation of the negative electrode current collector due to this load causes deformation of the battery body or short-circuiting between electrodes. Therefore, the negative electrode current collector is required to have durability against load.
- Patent Document 1 discloses, as a negative electrode current collector having tensile strength, a negative electrode current collector in which an electrode foil containing copper and a hard nickel plating layer are laminated.
- Patent Document 2 below describes a collector in which a first metal layer made of copper and a second metal layer made of nickel or a nickel alloy are laminated as a current collector having sufficient strength for suppressing cracks and tearing. Discloses electric bodies.
- the laminate has a first metal layer comprising copper and a second metal layer comprising nickel and laminated directly to the first metal layer, such as the conventional negative electrode current collector described above, the laminate is subject to repeated stress, the second metal layer tends to separate from the first metal layer.
- the inventors have found that the delamination of the second metal layer from the first metal layer is due to the difference in hardness (elastic modulus) between the first and second metal layers.
- the Young's modulus of a second metal layer comprising nickel tends to be higher than the Young's modulus of a first metal layer comprising copper. That is, the second metal layer containing nickel is harder than the first metal layer containing copper and is less likely to deform due to stress.
- the elastic modulus of the second metal layer tends to increase and the second metal layer tends to harden.
- An object of one aspect of the present invention is to provide a laminate having a first metal layer containing copper and a second metal layer containing nickel in which peeling of the second metal layer from the first metal layer is suppressed;
- An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery including a laminate.
- a laminate according to one aspect of the present invention includes a first metal layer containing copper and a second metal layer containing nickel and directly laminated to the first metal layer, the first surface of the second metal layer is the surface in contact with the first metal layer, the second surface of the second metal layer is the back surface of the first surface, the thickness direction of the second metal layer is substantially perpendicular to the first surface, and the second It is the direction from one surface to the second surface, the unit of the nickel content in the second metal layer is % by mass, and the nickel content in the second metal layer decreases along the thickness direction.
- the second metal layer may further contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of phosphorus and tungsten.
- the second metal layer may consist of a plurality of nickel-containing layers laminated in the thickness direction, and the nickel content in each of the plurality of nickel-containing layers may differ from each other.
- the thickness of the first metal layer is represented as T1
- the thickness of the second metal layer is represented as T2
- T2/T1 may be 0.6 or more and 1.0 or less.
- the nickel content in the second metal layer may be highest in the vicinity of the first surface, may decrease stepwise along the thickness direction, and may be lowest in the vicinity of the second surface.
- the nickel content in the second metal layer may be highest in the vicinity of the first surface, may decrease continuously along the thickness direction, and may be lowest in the vicinity of the second surface.
- a negative electrode current collector for a lithium ion secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention includes the laminate described above.
- a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery includes the negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer containing a negative electrode active material, and the negative electrode active material layer is the second metal layer. Laminated directly to the second surface.
- the negative electrode active material may contain silicon.
- a laminate having a first metal layer containing copper and a second metal layer containing nickel, a laminate that suppresses peeling of the second metal layer from the first metal layer, A negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery including a laminate are provided.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a laminate (negative electrode current collector) according to one embodiment of the present invention and a negative electrode including the laminate.
- FIG. 2 is a graph showing an example of the nickel content distribution in the second metal layer.
- FIG. 3 is a graph showing another example of the nickel content distribution in the second metal layer.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing an outline of the bending test.
- the laminate according to this embodiment is a negative electrode current collector for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the laminate 10 according to this embodiment has a first metal layer 1 and a second metal layer 2 .
- the first metal layer 1 contains copper (Cu).
- the second metal layer 2 contains nickel (Ni). Since the laminate 10 has not only the first metal layer 1 but also the second metal layer 2 laminated to the first metal layer 1, the laminate 10 is similar to a conventional current collector consisting of only one metal layer containing Cu. It can have a higher tensile strength than the body. In the case of the laminate 10 shown in FIG. 1, the second metal layer 2 is directly laminated to both surfaces of the first metal layer 1 .
- the second metal layer 2 may be directly laminated on only one surface of the first metal layer 1 .
- the first surface S ⁇ b>1 of the second metal layer 2 is the surface in contact with the first metal layer 1 .
- the first surface S ⁇ b>1 of the second metal layer 2 may be rephrased as an interface between the first metal layer 1 and the second metal layer 2 .
- the second surface S2 of the second metal layer 2 is the rear surface of the first surface S1.
- a thickness direction D of the second metal layer 2 is substantially perpendicular to the first surface S1 and is a direction from the first surface S1 to the second surface S2.
- a negative electrode 20 for a lithium ion secondary battery has a laminate 10 (negative electrode current collector) and a negative electrode active material layer 3 .
- the negative electrode active material layer 3 contains a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer 3 is directly laminated on the second surface S2 of each second metal layer 2 .
- a lithium ion secondary battery according to the present embodiment may include a negative electrode 20, a positive electrode, a separator, and an electrolytic solution.
- a separator and electrolyte are placed between the negative electrode 20 and the positive electrode. The electrolyte permeates the separator.
- the positive electrode may include a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer laminated on the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector may be aluminum foil or nickel foil.
- the positive electrode active material layer contains a positive electrode active material.
- positive electrode active materials include lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2), lithium nickelate ( LiNiO2 ), lithium manganate ( LiMnO2 ), lithium manganese spinel ( LiMn2O4 ) , LiNixCoyMnzMaO .
- M is selected from the group consisting of Al, Mg, Nb, Ti, Cu, Zn and Cr ), lithium vanadium compound (LiV 2 O 5 ), olivine-type LiMPO 4 (M is one selected from Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Mg, Nb, Ti, Al and Zr more than one type of element, or VO.), lithium titanate ( Li4Ti5O12 ), LiNixCoyAlzO2 ( 0.9 ⁇ x + y + z ⁇ 1.1), polyacetylene, polyaniline, polypyrrole, It may be one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of polythiophenes and polyacenes.
- the positive electrode active material layer may further contain a conductive aid such as carbon or metal powder.
- the positive electrode active material layer may further contain a binder (adhesive or resin).
- the separator may be one or more membranes (films or laminates) made of electrically insulating porous polymers.
- the electrolyte contains a solvent and an electrolyte (lithium salt).
- the solvent may be water or an organic solvent.
- electrolytes include LiPF6 , LiClO4, LiBF4 , LiCF3SO3 , LiCF3CF2SO3 , LiC ( CF3SO2 ) 3 , LiN ( CF3SO2 ) 2 , LiN ( One or more lithium compounds selected from the group consisting of CF3CF2SO2 ) 2 , LiN ( CF3SO2 ) ( C4F9SO2 ), LiN ( CF3CF2CO ) 2 and LiBOB , good.
- the unit of the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 is % by mass.
- the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 decreases along the thickness direction D of the second metal layer 2 . That is, the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 is highest in the vicinity of the first surface S1, gradually or stepwise decreases from the first surface S1 toward the second surface S2, and reaches the second surface S2. lowest in the neighborhood.
- the graph of FIG. 2 shows an example of the Ni content distribution in the second metal layer 2 .
- the horizontal axis of the graph in FIG. 2 is the distance d from the first surface S1 in the thickness direction D of the second metal layer 2 .
- the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 represents the Ni content ([Ni]) at a position in the second metal layer 2 at a distance d from the first surface S1. As shown in FIG. 2, the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 may continuously (gradually) decrease along the thickness direction D. As shown in FIG. The distribution of the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 may be represented by a straight line. The distribution of the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 may be represented by a curve.
- the separation of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 can be suppressed.
- the mechanism by which the separation of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 is suppressed is as follows. However, the following mechanism is a hypothesis, and the technical scope of the present invention is not limited by the following mechanism.
- the elastic modulus of the second metal layer 2 decreases. The lower the elastic modulus of the second metal layer 2, the softer the second metal layer 2, and the difference in elastic modulus between the first metal layer 1 and the second metal layer 2 is reduced. Since the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 decreases along the thickness direction D, the elastic modulus of the second metal layer 2 increases along the thickness direction D. That is, the elastic modulus of the second metal layer 2 is lowest near the first surface S1, increases gradually or stepwise from the first surface S1 toward the second surface S2, and is highest near the second surface S2. high. Therefore, the difference in elastic modulus between the first metal layer 1 and the second metal layer 2 decreases along the direction opposite to the thickness direction D and is minimized at the first surface S1.
- the first surface S ⁇ b>1 having the lowest elastic modulus in the second metal layer 2 contacts the soft first metal layer 1 .
- the first surface S1 side of the second metal layer 2 is likely to be deformed to the same extent as the first metal layer 1 in accordance with the stress repeatedly acting on the laminate 10 due to the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer 3.
- the peeling of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 is suppressed.
- the elastic modulus of the second metal layer 2 gradually or stepwise increases along the thickness direction D, so that the stress acting on the second metal layer 2 due to the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer 3 is reduced. scatter. As a result, deformation of the second metal layer 2 is suppressed, and peeling of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 is also suppressed.
- the negative electrode housed in the battery package is rolled or folded while being laminated with the separator, electrolyte and positive electrode. Since stress is likely to act on the bent portion of the laminate (negative electrode current collector) that constitutes the negative electrode, the second metal layer easily separates from the first metal layer at the bent portion of the conventional laminate. On the other hand, according to the present embodiment, peeling of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 at the bent portion of the laminate 10 can be suppressed.
- the second metal layer 2 may be composed of a plurality of nickel-containing layers laminated in the thickness direction D, and the Ni content in each of the plurality of nickel-containing layers may differ from each other. In other words, multiple nickel-containing layers may be distinguished from each other based on their Ni content.
- the Ni content may be constant in each nickel-containing layer.
- the Ni content may decrease along the thickness direction D in each nickel-containing layer.
- the thickness of each nickel-containing layer may be uniform.
- the number n of nickel-containing layers constituting the second metal layer 2 is an integer of 2 or more, and is not particularly limited. For example, any pair of nickel-containing layers that make up the second metal layer 2 are denoted as the (k-1)-th nickel-containing layer and the k-th nickel-containing layer.
- k is an arbitrary integer greater than or equal to 2 and less than or equal to n.
- the kth nickel-containing layer is laminated directly to the (k ⁇ 1)th nickel-containing layer in the thickness direction D of the second metal layer 2 .
- the (k ⁇ 1)th nickel-containing layer ie the first nickel-containing layer
- the distance between the first metal layer 1 and the k-th nickel-containing layer is greater than the distance between the first metal layer 1 and the (k-1)th nickel-containing layer, and the Ni content in the k-th nickel-containing layer is It is lower than the Ni content in the (k ⁇ 1)-th nickel-containing layer.
- the second metal layer 2 consists of a first nickel-containing layer, a second nickel-containing layer, and a third nickel-containing layer.
- the first nickel-containing layer is laminated directly to the first metal layer 1
- the second nickel-containing layer is laminated directly to the first nickel-containing layer
- the third nickel-containing layer is laminated directly to the second nickel-containing layer.
- the horizontal axis of the graph of FIG. 3 is the same as the horizontal axis of the graph of FIG. 2, and the vertical axis of the graph of FIG. 3 is the same as the vertical axis of the graph of FIG. As shown in FIG.
- the Ni content in the third nickel-containing layer L3 is lower than the Ni content in the second nickel-containing layer L2, and the Ni content in the second nickel-containing layer L2 is higher than the Ni content in the second nickel-containing layer L2. 1 lower than the Ni content in the nickel-containing layer L1.
- the Ni content in each of the first nickel-containing layer L1, the second nickel-containing layer L2, and the third nickel-containing layer L3 may be constant, and the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 is It may decrease stepwise along the thickness direction D.
- Ni may be the main component of the second metal layer 2 . That is, when the second metal layer 2 contains multiple kinds of elements, the Ni content may be the highest.
- the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 may be, for example, 60% by mass or more and less than 100% by mass, or 60% by mass or more and 99% by mass or less. When the second metal layer 2 contains three or more elements, the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 may be less than 50% by mass.
- a part of the second metal layer 2 may be Ni simple substance. At least part or the whole of the second metal layer 2 may be an alloy containing Ni or an intermetallic compound containing Ni. When the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 is within the above range, peeling of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 is easily suppressed.
- the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 is highest near the first surface S1 of the second metal layer 2 .
- the maximum value of the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 is expressed as [Ni] MAX .
- the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 is the lowest near the second surface S2 of the second metal layer 2 .
- the minimum value of the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 is expressed as [Ni] MIN .
- ⁇ [Ni] is defined as [Ni] MAX - [Ni] MIN .
- ⁇ [Ni] may be 4% by mass or more and 18% by mass or less, or 6% by mass or more and 12% by mass or less.
- the second metal layer 2 may further contain at least one element (additive element) selected from the group consisting of phosphorus (P) and tungsten (W). All the elements other than Ni among all the elements constituting the second metal layer 2 may be additive elements. Since the total content of additive elements in the second metal layer 2 increases along the thickness direction D of the second metal layer 2, the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 is decreases along the thickness direction D of the That is, the total content of the additive elements in the second metal layer 2 is lowest in the vicinity of the first surface S1, increases gradually or stepwise from the first surface S1 toward the second surface S2, It is highest near the surface S2.
- the second metal layer 2 may further contain additional elements other than P and W. When the second metal layer 2 contains additional elements other than P and W, the second metal layer 2 may be free of P and W.
- the second metal layer 2 may be formed by electroplating or electroless plating.
- a heat treatment of the second metal layer 2 formed by an electrolytic plating method or an electroless plating method may be performed.
- the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 can be reduced along the thickness direction D of the second metal layer 2 by the electroplating method or the electroless plating method.
- the control factors for the distribution of the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 are the composition of the plating solution, the content and ratio of each raw material in the plating solution, the temperature of the plating solution, the pH of the plating solution, and the first metal layer. It may be a current density of 1, a plating execution time, and the like.
- the raw material contained in the plating solution may be, for example, a compound containing Ni and a compound containing the additive element.
- the second metal layer 2 consisting of a plurality of nickel-containing layers with different Ni contents may be formed by performing the plating method a plurality of times with different control factors. That is, the Ni content in each of the plurality of nickel-containing layers forming the second metal layer 2 is such that the Ni content in the second metal layer 2 decreases along the thickness direction D of the second metal layer 2. may be controlled. By decreasing the current density of the first metal layer during electroplating continuously or stepwise with the passage of time, the second metal layer 2 having a decreasing Ni content along the thickness direction D is formed. may be
- Cu may be the main component of the first metal layer 1 .
- the first metal layer 1 may consist of Cu only.
- the first metal layer 1 may be made of an alloy containing Cu.
- the laminate 10 can have high conductivity required for a negative electrode current collector for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer 3 is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that can occlude and release lithium ions.
- the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode active material layer 3 may contain silicon (Si).
- a negative electrode active material containing silicon is more likely to expand and contract during charging and discharging of a lithium ion secondary battery than other negative electrode active materials.
- the laminate 10 (second metal layer 2) is subjected to repeated tensile stress due to the volume change of the negative electrode active material layer 3 due to charging and discharging. However, according to the present embodiment, peeling of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 due to volume fluctuation of the negative electrode active material layer 3 is suppressed.
- the negative electrode active material containing silicon may be a simple substance of silicon, an alloy containing silicon, or a compound containing silicon (such as an oxide or silicate).
- alloys containing silicon include tin (Sn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), indium (In), silver ( Ag), titanium (Ti), germanium (Ge), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb) and chromium (Cr).
- the compound containing silicon may contain at least one element selected from the group consisting of boron (B), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O) and carbon (C).
- negative electrode active materials containing silicon include SiB 4 , SiB 6 , Mg 2 Si, Ni 2 Si, TiSi 2 , MoSi 2 , CoSi 2 , NiSi 2 , CaSi 2 , CrSi 2 , Cu 5 Si, FeSi 2 , MnSi. 2 , NbSi 2 , TaSi 2 , VSi 2 , WSi 2 , ZnSi 2 , SiC, Si 2 N 2 , Si 2 N 2 O, SiO X (0 ⁇ X ⁇ 2) and at least one selected from the group consisting of LiSiO It may be a compound.
- the negative electrode active material may be fibers containing silicon (such as nanowires) or particles containing silicon (such as nanoparticles).
- the negative electrode active material layer 3 may further contain a binder. The binder binds the negative electrode active materials together and binds the negative electrode active material layer 3 to the surface of the second metal layer 2 .
- the thickness T1 of the first metal layer 1 may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m or more and 8 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness T2 of one second metal layer 2 may be, for example, 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m or less, or 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the total thickness T2 of the plurality of second metal layers 2 may be expressed as T2 TOTAL , and T2 TOTAL /T1 may be 0.6 or more and 1.0 or less. For example, if the laminate 10 has two second metal layers 2, as shown in FIG. 1, T2 TOTAL is the sum of the thicknesses of the two second metal layers 2. As shown in FIG.
- T2 TOTAL /T1 When T2 TOTAL /T1 is 0.6 or more, peeling of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 is easily suppressed, and the laminate 10 tends to have a sufficiently high tensile strength. As T2 TOTAL /T1 is smaller, the cost of raw materials for the laminate 10 (second metal layer 2) is suppressed. When T2 TOTAL /T1 is 1.0 or less, peeling of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 is easily suppressed, and the lithium ion secondary battery including the laminate 10 has a sufficiently high energy density. easy to do Even when the second metal layer 2 constituting the laminate 10 is only one layer, T2/T1 may be 0.6 or more and 1.0 or less for the same reason as above.
- a thickness T3 of one negative electrode active material layer 3 may be, for example, 10 ⁇ m or more and 300 ⁇ m or less. Each of the thickness T1 of the first metal layer 1, the thickness T2 of the second metal layer 2, and the thickness T3 of the negative electrode active material layer 3 may be uniform.
- the dimensions of the first metal layer 1, the second metal layer 2, and the negative electrode active material layer 3 in the direction perpendicular to the stacking direction may be substantially the same.
- the width of each of the first metal layer 1, the second metal layer 2, and the negative electrode active material layer 3 in the direction perpendicular to the stacking direction may be several tens mm or more and several hundred mm or less.
- Each length of the first metal layer 1, the second metal layer 2, and the negative electrode active material layer 3 in the direction perpendicular to the stacking direction may be several tens of mm or more and several thousand mm or less.
- the second metal layer may be formed by vapor deposition.
- the vapor deposition method may be, for example, metal organic physical vapor deposition (MOPVD), such as sputtering, or metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).
- MOPVD metal organic physical vapor deposition
- MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
- the laminate according to the present invention may be used as a heat dissipation material or an electromagnetic shielding material. Stress acts on the heat dissipating material or the electromagnetic shielding material as the heat dissipating material or the electromagnetic shielding material is processed. According to the present invention, it is possible to suppress the peeling of the second metal layer 2 from the first metal layer 1 that accompanies the processing of the heat dissipating material or the electromagnetic wave shielding material.
- Pretreatment of first metal layer A commercially available electrolytic copper foil was used as the first metal layer.
- the thickness of the first metal layer was 4.5 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the first metal layer was uniform.
- the organic matter adhering to the surface of the first metal layer was removed.
- As the degreasing liquid Surcup MSC-3-A manufactured by Uyemura & Co., Ltd. was used. After degreasing, the first metal layer was washed by immersing the first metal layer in pure water for 1 minute.
- the first metal layer was immersed in dilute sulfuric acid for 1 minute to remove the natural oxide film present on the surface of the first metal layer.
- concentration of dilute sulfuric acid was 10% by mass.
- the first metal layer was washed by immersing the first metal layer in pure water for 1 minute.
- Laminates of Examples 1 to 13 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were produced by the following method using the first metal layer that had undergone the above pretreatment.
- Example 1 A second metal layer was formed on both surfaces of the first metal layer by the following electrolytic plating. In other words, electroplating formed a laminate composed of the first metal layer and the second metal layer laminated on both surfaces of the first metal layer.
- the second metal layer of Example 1 includes a first nickel-containing layer L1 directly laminated on the surface of the first metal layer, a second nickel-containing layer L2 directly laminated on the first nickel-containing layer L1, and a second and a third nickel-containing layer L3 laminated directly to the nickel-containing layer L2.
- the surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 in contact with the first metal layer corresponds to the first surface of the second metal layer.
- the first metal layer and other electrodes connected to a power source were immersed in a plating solution, and current was applied to the first metal layer and other electrodes.
- the plating solution contained nickel sulfate hexahydrate, sodium tungstate dihydrate, and trisodium citrate.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the plating solution was 60 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the plating solution was 100 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the plating solution was 145 g/L.
- the pH of the plating solution was adjusted to 5.0.
- the temperature of the plating solution was adjusted to 50°C.
- a first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed on the surface of the first metal layer by adjusting the current density of the first metal layer during electrolytic plating to 5 A/dm 2 and continuing the electrolytic plating for 0.5 minutes.
- Second nickel-containing layer L2 Before forming the second nickel-containing layer L2, the surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 was washed by immersing the first metal layer on which the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed in pure water for 1 minute. . The first metal layer on which the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed was immersed in the plating solution together with other electrodes. By adjusting the current density of the first metal layer during electrolytic plating to 3 A/dm 2 and continuing electrolytic plating for 0.8 minutes, the second nickel-containing layer L2 was formed on the surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1. rice field.
- the laminate formed by the above plating method was immersed in pure water for 1 minute to wash the laminate. After washing the laminate, water adhering to the laminate was removed. After removing the moisture, the laminate was heat treated at 110° C. for 6 hours.
- Example 1 The laminate of Example 1 was produced by the above method.
- the exposed surface of the third nickel-containing layer L3 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Example 2 In Example 2, as the second metal layer, only the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed on both surfaces of the first metal layer. In the process of forming the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Example 2, the current density of the first metal layer during electroplating was continuously decreased from 5 A/dm 2 to 2 A/dm 2 over time. . The duration of electroplating in Example 2 was adjusted so that the integrated current of the first metal layer during electroplating was the same as in Example 1.
- Example 2 A laminate of Example 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Example 3 In the process of forming the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Example 3, the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 0.2 minutes. In the process of forming the second nickel-containing layer L2 of Example 3, the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 4 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 0.4 minutes. In the process of forming the third nickel-containing layer L3 of Example 3, the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 3 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 0.7 minutes. In the case of Example 3, after washing the surface of the third nickel-containing layer L3 with pure water, the fourth nickel-containing layer L4 was formed on the surface of the third nickel-containing layer L3.
- the second metal layer of Example 3 includes the first nickel-containing layer L1 directly laminated on the surface of the first metal layer, the second nickel-containing layer L2 directly laminated on the first nickel-containing layer L1, It consisted of a third nickel-containing layer L3 directly laminated to the second nickel-containing layer L2 and a fourth nickel-containing layer L4 directly laminated to the third nickel-containing layer L3.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 2 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 1.3 minutes.
- a laminate of Example 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the fourth nickel-containing layer L4 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Example 4 In the process of forming the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Example 4, the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 0.5 minutes. In the process of forming the second nickel-containing layer L2 in Example 4, the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 2 A/dm 2 and electroplating continued for 5 minutes. In Example 4, the third nickel-containing layer L3 was not formed. A laminate of Example 4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items. In Example 4, the exposed surface of the second nickel-containing layer L2 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Example 5 In the case of Example 5, the second metal layer was formed on both surfaces of the first metal layer by the following electroless plating instead of electrolytic plating.
- the second metal layer of Example 5 includes a first nickel-containing layer L1 directly laminated on the surface of the first metal layer, a second nickel-containing layer L2 directly laminated on the first nickel-containing layer L1, and a second and a third nickel-containing layer L3 laminated directly to the nickel-containing layer L2.
- ⁇ Catalyst treatment> Prior to forming the first nickel-containing layer L1, a catalytic treatment of the surface of the first metal layer was performed. In the catalytic treatment, the first metal layer was immersed in the catalyst treatment solution for 1 minute to attach the catalyst (palladium sulfate) to the surface of the first metal layer. The temperature of the catalyst treatment liquid was adjusted to 40°C. Axemalta MNK-4-M manufactured by Uyemura & Co., Ltd. was used as the catalyst treatment liquid.
- first nickel-containing layer L1 ⁇ Formation of first nickel-containing layer L1>
- the electroless nickel plating solution used for forming the first nickel-containing layer L1 was TOPNICOLON LPH manufactured by Okuno Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- the electroless nickel plating solution contained sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent.
- the temperature of the electroless nickel plating solution was adjusted to 90°C.
- the duration of electroless plating was 2 minutes.
- Second nickel-containing layer L2 Before forming the second nickel-containing layer L2, the surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 was washed by immersing the first metal layer on which the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed in pure water for 1 minute. . After cleaning the surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 and before forming the second nickel-containing layer L2, the surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 was subjected to catalytic treatment by the method described above. In the process of forming the second nickel-containing layer L2, the first metal layer on which the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed was immersed in an electroless nickel plating solution.
- the electroless nickel plating solution used for forming the second nickel-containing layer L2 was ICP Nicolone GM manufactured by Okuno Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- the electroless nickel plating solution contained sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent.
- the temperature of the electroless nickel plating solution was adjusted to 80°C.
- the duration of electroless plating was 2.5 minutes.
- the electroless nickel plating solution used for forming the third nickel-containing layer L3 was ICP Nicolone SOF manufactured by Okuno Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- the electroless nickel plating solution contained sodium hypophosphite as a reducing agent.
- the temperature of the electroless nickel plating solution was adjusted to 85°C.
- the duration of electroless plating was 2.5 minutes. After forming the third nickel-containing layer L3, the laminate was washed by immersing the laminate in pure water for 1 minute.
- Example 5 The laminate of Example 5 was produced by the above method.
- the exposed surface of the third nickel-containing layer L3 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Example 6 In Example 6, the third nickel-containing layer L3 was not formed. A laminate of Example 6 was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except for this matter. In Example 6, the exposed surface of the second nickel-containing layer L2 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Example 7 Using a plating solution having a composition different from that of Example 1, electrolytic plating of Example 7 was performed.
- the plating solution of Example 7 contained nickel sulfate hexahydrate, nickel chloride hexahydrate, boric acid, trisodium citrate, and sodium hydrogen phosphite.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the plating solution of Example 7 was 100 g/L.
- the content of nickel chloride hexahydrate in the plating solution of Example 7 was 30 g/L.
- the content of boric acid in the plating solution of Example 7 was 30 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the plating solution of Example 7 was 30 g/L.
- the content of sodium hydrogen phosphite in the plating solution of Example 7 was 20 g/L.
- the pH of the plating solution of Example 7 was adjusted to 3.5.
- the temperature of the plating solution of Example 7 was adjusted to 60°C.
- Example 7 as the second metal layer, only the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed on both surfaces of the first metal layer.
- the current density of the first metal layer during electroplating was continuously decreased from 4 A/ dm2 to 0.5 A/ dm2 over time. let me The duration of electroplating in Example 7 was adjusted so that the integrated current of the first metal layer during electroplating was the same as in Example 5.
- Example 7 A laminate of Example 7 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Example 8 The nickel content in the electroless nickel plating solution used to form the second nickel-containing layer L2 of Example 8 was greater than the nickel content.
- a laminate of Example 8 was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except for this matter.
- the exposed surface of the third nickel-containing layer L3 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Example 9 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following first plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the first plating solution of Example 9 was 40 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the first plating solution of Example 9 was 45 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the first plating solution of Example 9 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the first plating solution of Example 9 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 3 minutes.
- the second nickel-containing layer L2 of Example 9 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following second plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the second plating solution of Example 9 was 30 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the second plating solution of Example 9 was 60 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the second plating solution of Example 9 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the second plating solution of Example 9 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 3 minutes.
- Example 9 the third nickel-containing layer L3 was not formed.
- a laminate of Example 9 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the second nickel-containing layer L2 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Example 10 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following first plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the first plating solution of Example 10 was 60 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the first plating solution of Example 10 was 30 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the first plating solution of Example 10 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the first plating solution of Example 10 was adjusted to 7.0. In the process of forming the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Example 10, the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating was continued for 1 minute.
- the second nickel-containing layer L2 of Example 10 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following second plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the second plating solution of Example 10 was 40 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the second plating solution of Example 10 was 45 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the second plating solution of Example 10 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the second plating solution of Example 10 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electroplating was continued for 1 minute.
- the third nickel-containing layer L3 of Example 10 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following third plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the third plating solution of Example 10 was 30 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the third plating solution of Example 10 was 60 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the third plating solution of Example 10 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the third plating solution of Example 10 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electroplating was continued for 1 minute.
- Example 10 A laminate of Example 10 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the third nickel-containing layer L3 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Example 11 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following first plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the first plating solution of Example 11 was 70 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the first plating solution of Example 11 was 15 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the first plating solution of Example 11 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the first plating solution of Example 11 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 1.5 minutes.
- the second nickel-containing layer L2 of Example 11 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following second plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the second plating solution of Example 11 was 60 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the second plating solution of Example 11 was 8 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the second plating solution of Example 11 was 30 g/L.
- the pH of the second plating solution of Example 11 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 2 minutes.
- Example 11 the third nickel-containing layer L3 was not formed.
- a laminate of Example 11 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the second nickel-containing layer L2 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Example 12 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following first plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the first plating solution of Example 12 was 70 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the first plating solution of Example 12 was 8 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the first plating solution of Example 12 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the first plating solution of Example 12 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 1 minute.
- the second nickel-containing layer L2 of Example 12 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following second plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the second plating solution of Example 12 was 70 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the second plating solution of Example 12 was 15 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the second plating solution of Example 12 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the second plating solution of Example 12 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating was continued for 1 minute.
- the third nickel-containing layer L3 of Example 12 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following third plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the third plating solution of Example 12 was 60 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the third plating solution of Example 12 was 30 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the third plating solution of Example 12 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the third plating solution of Example 12 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electroplating was continued for 1 minute.
- Example 12 A laminate of Example 12 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the third nickel-containing layer L3 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Example 13 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following first plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the first plating solution of Example 13 was 70 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the first plating solution of Example 13 was 4 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the first plating solution of Example 13 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the first plating solution of Example 13 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 1.5 minutes.
- the second nickel-containing layer L2 of Example 13 was formed by electrolytic plating using the following second plating solution.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the second plating solution of Example 13 was 70 g/L.
- the content of sodium tungstate dihydrate in the second plating solution of Example 13 was 8 g/L.
- the content of trisodium citrate in the second plating solution of Example 13 was 80 g/L.
- the pH of the second plating solution of Example 13 was adjusted to 7.0.
- the current density of the first metal layer was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electrolytic plating continued for 1.5 minutes.
- Example 13 the third nickel-containing layer L3 was not formed.
- a laminate of Example 13 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the second nickel-containing layer L2 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Comparative example 1 In Comparative Example 1, as the second metal layer, only the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed on both surfaces of the first metal layer. Using a plating solution having a composition different from that of Example 1, electrolytic plating of Comparative Example 1 was performed.
- the plating solution of Comparative Example 1 contained nickel sulfate hexahydrate, nickel chloride hexahydrate, and boric acid.
- the content of nickel sulfate hexahydrate in the plating solution of Comparative Example 1 was 240 g/L.
- the content of nickel chloride hexahydrate in the plating solution of Comparative Example 1 was 45 g/L.
- the content of boric acid in the plating solution of Comparative Example 1 was 30 g/L.
- the pH of the plating solution was adjusted to 4.2.
- the temperature of the plating solution was adjusted to 40°C.
- the current density of the first metal layer during electroplating was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and electroplating continued for 1.5 minutes.
- Comparative Example 1 A laminate of Comparative Example 1 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Comparative example 2 In Comparative Example 2, only the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed on both surfaces of the first metal layer as the second metal layer. In the case of Comparative Example 2, the current density of the first metal layer during electroplating was adjusted to 5 A/dm 2 and the electroplating was continued for 2 minutes, whereby the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed on the surface of the first metal layer. Been formed.
- a laminate of Comparative Example 2 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- Comparative Example 3 In Comparative Example 3, as the second metal layer, only the first nickel-containing layer L1 was formed on both surfaces of the first metal layer.
- the electroless nickel plating solution used for forming the first nickel-containing layer L1 of Comparative Example 3 was the same as the electroless nickel plating solution used for forming the third nickel-containing layer L3 of Example 5.
- the duration of electroless plating was 7 minutes.
- a laminate of Comparative Example 3 was produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the first nickel-containing layer L1 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- a laminate of Comparative Example 4 was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except for the above items.
- the exposed surface of the third nickel-containing layer L3 corresponds to the second surface of the second metal layer.
- the laminate was cut in the lamination direction (the direction perpendicular to the first surface of the second metal layer). A cross-section of the laminate was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The composition of the second metal layer exposed in the cross section of the laminate was analyzed along the thickness direction D of the second metal layer by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS).
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the Ni content [Ni] in each nickel-containing layer constituting the second metal layer of each of Examples 1 to 13 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 is shown in Table 1 below.
- L1 in Table 1 means the first nickel-containing layer.
- L2 in Table 1 means the second nickel-containing layer.
- L3 in Table 1 means the third nickel-containing layer.
- L4 in Table 1 means the fourth nickel-containing layer. Except for Examples 2 and 7, the Ni content [Ni] in each nickel-containing layer was substantially constant.
- the Ni content [Ni] in the second metal layer decreased continuously along the thickness direction D of the second metal layer. That is, in Examples 2 and 7, the Ni content in the second metal layer was the highest near the first surface of the second metal layer and the lowest near the second surface of the second metal layer. In the case of Example 2, the maximum Ni content in the second metal layer was 69 mass %, and the minimum Ni content in the second metal layer was 62 mass %. In Example 7, the maximum Ni content in the second metal layer was 99 mass %, and the minimum Ni content in the second metal layer was 87 mass %.
- ⁇ [Ni] of Examples 1 to 13 and Comparative Example 4 are shown in Table 1 below.
- the definition of ⁇ [Ni] is as described above.
- each nickel-containing layer constituting the second metal layer was uniform.
- the thickness of each nickel-containing layer was measured in cross section of the laminate.
- the thickness of each nickel-containing layer is shown in Table 1 below.
- the shape of the laminate 10 used in the bending test was rectangular.
- the length of the long side of the laminate 10 (the length of the laminate 10 in the direction perpendicular to the lamination direction) was 150 mm.
- the length of the short side of the laminate 10 (the width of the laminate in the direction perpendicular to the lamination direction) was 50 mm.
- a cylindrical body 14 harder than the laminate 10 was used in the bending test.
- the height of the columnar body 14 was greater than the length of the short side of the laminate 10 .
- the curvature radius R of the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical body 14 was 5 mm.
- the outer peripheral surface of the columnar body 14 was in contact with the central portion of the layered body 10 in the long side direction of the layered body 10 so that the height direction of the columnar body 14 was parallel to the short sides of the layered body 10 .
- the laminate 10 was folded so that the surface of the laminate 10 (the second surface of the second metal layer) was in close contact with the outer peripheral surface of the cylindrical body 14 .
- One end 12 of the folded laminate 10 was fixed in a jig 13 .
- the other end 15 of the folded laminate 10 was repeatedly reciprocated for 1 minute along the direction B (long side direction of the laminate 10).
- the reciprocating movement distance of the end portion 15 was 30 mm.
- the reciprocating cycle was 150 times/min.
- Example 1-13 and Comparative Examples 1-4 described above are shown in Table 1 below.
- a in Table 1 means that the peel rate RP is 0%.
- B in Table 1 means that the peel rate RP is more than 0% and less than 10%.
- C in Table 1 means that the peel rate R P is 10% or more.
- the laminate according to one aspect of the present invention may be used as a negative electrode current collector of a lithium ion secondary battery.
- SYMBOLS 1 First metal layer, 2... Second metal layer, 3... Negative electrode active material layer, 10... Laminated body (current collector), 20... Negative electrode, D... Thickness direction of second metal layer, S1... Second metal The first surface of the layer, S2...the second surface of the second metal layer.
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- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池は、負極20、正極、セパレータ及び電解液を含んでよい。セパレータ及び電解液は、負極20及び正極の間に配置される。電解液はセパレータを透過する。正極は、正極集電体と、正極集電体に積層された正極活物質層とを含んでよい。例えば、正極集電体は、アルミニウム箔又はニッケル箔であってよい。正極活物質層は、正極活物質を含む。例えば、正極活物質は、コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)、ニッケル酸リチウム(LiNiO2)、マンガン酸リチウム(LiMnO2)、リチウムマンガンスピネル(LiMn2O4)、LiNixCoyMnzMaO2(x+y+z+a=1、0≦x<1、0≦y<1、0≦z<1、0≦a<1、MはAl、Mg、Nb、Ti、Cu、Zn及びCrからなる群より選ばれる一種類以上の元素である。)、リチウムバナジウム化合物(LiV2O5)、オリビン型LiMPO4(Mは、Co、Ni、Mn、Fe、Mg、Nb、Ti、Al及びZrより選ばれる一種類以上の元素、又はVOである。)、チタン酸リチウム(Li4Ti5O12)、LiNixCoyAlzO2(0.9<x+y+z<1.1)、ポリアセチレン、ポリアニリン、ポリピロール、ポリチオフェン及びポリアセンからなる群より選ばれる一種以上の化合物であってよい。正極活物質層は、炭素又は金属粉等の導電助剤を更に含んでよい。正極活物質層は、バインダー(接着剤又は樹脂)を更に含んでよい。セパレータは、電気的絶縁性を有する多孔質の高分子からなる一つ以上の膜(フィルム又は積層体)であってよい。電解液は、溶媒及び電解質(リチウム塩)を含む。溶媒は、水又は有機溶媒であってよい。例えば、電解質(リチウム塩)は、LiPF6、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiCF3SO3、LiCF3CF2SO3、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(CF3CF2SO2)2、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiN(CF3CF2CO)2及びLiBOBからなる群より選ばれる一種以上のリチウム化合物であってよい。
第二金属層2におけるNiの含有率は厚み方向Dに沿って減少するので、第二金属層2の弾性率は厚み方向Dに沿って増加する。つまり、第二金属層2の弾性率は第一表面S1の近傍において最も低く、第一表面S1から第二表面S2に向かって徐々に又は段階的に増加し、第二表面S2の近傍において最も高い。したがって、第一金属層1と第二金属層2との間の弾性率の差は、厚み方向Dとは逆の方向に沿って減少し、第一表面S1において最小になる。つまり、第二金属層2において弾性率が最も低い第一表面S1(第二金属層2において最も軟らかい第一表面S1)が、軟らかい第一金属層1に接する。その結果、負極活物質層3の体積変動に因って繰り返し積層体10へ作用する応力に応じて、第二金属層2の第一表面S1側が第一金属層1と同程度に変形し易く、第一金属層1からの第二金属層2の剥離が抑制される。また、第二金属層2の弾性率が厚み方向Dに沿って徐々に又は段階的に増加することにより、負極活物質層3の体積変動に因って第二金属層2に作用する応力が分散する。その結果、第二金属層2の変形が抑制され、第一金属層1からの第二金属層2の剥離も抑制される。
第一金属層として、市販の電解銅箔が用いられた。第一金属層の厚みは、4.5μmであった。第一金属層の厚みは均一であった。第一金属層を酸性の脱脂液中に1分間浸漬することにより、第一の金属層の表面に付着した有機物が除去された。脱脂液としては、上村工業株式会社製のスルカップMSC‐3‐Aが用いられた。脱脂後、第一金属層を純水に1分間浸漬することにより、第一金属層が洗浄された。
以下の電解めっきにより、第一金属層の両方の表面に第二金属層が形成された。つまり、電解めっきにより、第一金属層と第一金属層の両方の表面に積層された第二金属層から構成される積層体が形成された。
実施例1の第二金属層は、第一金属層の表面に直接積層された第1ニッケル含有層L1と、第1ニッケル含有層L1に直接積層された第2ニッケル含有層L2と、第2ニッケル含有層L2に直接積層された第3ニッケル含有層L3とからなっていた。第一金属層に接する第1ニッケル含有層L1の表面が、第二金属層の第一表面に相当する。
電解めっき中の第一金属層の電流密度を5A/dm2に調整し、電解めっきを0.5分継続することにより、第1ニッケル含有層L1が第一金属層の表面に形成された。
第2ニッケル含有層L2を形成する前に、第1ニッケル含有層L1が形成された第一金属層を1分間純水中に浸漬することにより、第1ニッケル含有層L1の表面が洗浄された。
第1ニッケル含有層L1が形成された第一金属層が、他の電極と共にめっき液中に浸漬された。電解めっき中の第一金属層の電流密度を3A/dm2に調整し、電解めっきを0.8分継続することにより、第2ニッケル含有層L2が第1ニッケル含有層L1の表面に形成された。
第3ニッケル含有層L3を形成する前に、第2ニッケル含有層L2が形成された第一金属層を1分間純水中に浸漬することにより、第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面が洗浄された。
第2ニッケル含有層L2が形成された第一金属層が、他の電極と共にめっき液中に浸漬された。電解めっき中の第一金属層の電流密度を2A/dm2に調整し、電解めっきを1.3分継続することにより、第3ニッケル含有層L3が第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面に形成された。
実施例2の場合、第二金属層として、第1ニッケル含有層L1のみが第一金属層の両方の表面に形成された。実施例2の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、電解めっき中の第一金属層の電流密度を、時間の経過に伴って5A/dm2から2A/dm2まで連続的に減少させた。実施例2の電解めっきの継続時間は、電解めっき中の第一金属層の積算電流が実施例1と同じになるように調整された。
実施例3の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが0.2分継続した。
実施例3の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が4A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが0.4分継続した。
実施例3の第3ニッケル含有層L3の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が3A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが0.7分継続した。
実施例3の場合、純水を用いた第3ニッケル含有層L3の表面の洗浄後、第4ニッケル含有層L4が第3ニッケル含有層L3の表面に形成された。つまり、実施例3の第二金属層は、第一金属層の表面に直接積層された第1ニッケル含有層L1と、第1ニッケル含有層L1に直接積層された第2ニッケル含有層L2と、第2ニッケル含有層L2に直接積層された第3ニッケル含有層L3と、第3ニッケル含有層L3に直接積層された第4ニッケル含有層L4とからなっていた。
第4ニッケル含有層L4の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が2A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1.3分継続した。
上記の事項を除いて実施例1と同様の方法で、実施例3の積層体が作製された。実施例3の場合、露出する第4ニッケル含有層L4の表面が、第二金属層の第二表面に相当する。
実施例4の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが0.5分継続した。
実施例4の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が2A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが5分継続した。
実施例4の場合、第3ニッケル含有層L3は形成されなかった。
上記の事項を除いて実施例1と同様の方法で、実施例4の積層体が作製された。実施例4の場合、露出する第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面が、第二金属層の第二表面に相当する。
実施例5の場合、電解めっきではなく以下の無電解めっきにより、第一金属層の両方の表面に第二金属層が形成された。実施例5の第二金属層は、第一金属層の表面に直接積層された第1ニッケル含有層L1と、第1ニッケル含有層L1に直接積層された第2ニッケル含有層L2と、第2ニッケル含有層L2に直接積層された第3ニッケル含有層L3とからなっていた。
第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成前に、第一金属層の表面の触媒処理が実施された。触媒処理では、第一金属層を触媒処理液中に1分間浸漬することにより、第一金属層の表面に触媒(硫酸パラジウム)を付着させた。触媒処理液の温度は40℃に調整された。触媒処理液としては、上村工業株式会社製のアクセマルタMNK‐4‐Mが用いられた。
第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、第一金属層が無電解ニッケルめっき液中に浸漬された。第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成に用いられた無電解ニッケルめっき液は、奥野製薬工業株式会社製のトップニコロンLPHであった。無電解ニッケルめっき液は、還元剤として、次亜リン酸ナトリウムを含んでいた。無電解ニッケルめっき液の温度は90℃に調整された。無電解めっきの継続時間は2分であった。
第2ニッケル含有層L2を形成する前に、第1ニッケル含有層L1が形成された第一金属層を1分間純水中に浸漬することにより、第1ニッケル含有層L1の表面が洗浄された。第1ニッケル含有層L1の表面の洗浄後、第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成前に、上記の方法で、第1ニッケル含有層L1の表面の触媒処理が実施された。
第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成過程では、第1ニッケル含有層L1が形成された第一金属層が、無電解ニッケルめっき液中に浸漬された。第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成に用いられた無電解ニッケルめっき液は、奥野製薬工業株式会社製のICPニコロンGMであった。無電解ニッケルめっき液は、還元剤として、次亜リン酸ナトリウムを含んでいた。無電解ニッケルめっき液の温度は80℃に調整された。無電解めっきの継続時間は2.5分であった。
第3ニッケル含有層L3を形成する前に、第2ニッケル含有層L2が形成された第一金属層を1分間純水中に浸漬することにより、第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面が洗浄された。第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面の洗浄後、第3ニッケル含有層L3の形成前に、上記の方法で、第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面の触媒処理が実施された。
第3ニッケル含有層L3の形成過程では、第2ニッケル含有層L2が形成された第一金属層が、無電解ニッケルめっき液中に浸漬された。第3ニッケル含有層L3の形成に用いられた無電解ニッケルめっき液は、奥野製薬工業株式会社製のICPニコロンSOFであった。無電解ニッケルめっき液は、還元剤として、次亜リン酸ナトリウムを含んでいた。無電解ニッケルめっき液の温度は85℃に調整された。無電解めっきの継続時間は2.5分であった。第3ニッケル含有層L3の形成後、積層体を1分間純水中に浸漬することにより、積層体が洗浄された。
実施例6の場合、第3ニッケル含有層L3は形成されなかった。この事項を除いて実施例5と同様の方法で、実施例6の積層体が作製された。実施例6の場合、露出する第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面が、第二金属層の第二表面に相当する。
実施例1のめっき液とは組成が異なるめっき液を用いて、実施例7の電解めっきが実施された。実施例7のめっき液は、硫酸ニッケル六水和物、塩化ニッケル六水和物、ホウ酸、クエン酸三ナトリウム、及び亜リン酸水素ナトリウムを含んでいた。実施例7のめっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、100g/Lであった。実施例7のめっき液中の塩化ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、30g/Lであった。実施例7のめっき液中のホウ酸の含有量は、30g/Lであった。実施例7のめっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、30g/Lであった。実施例7のめっき液中の亜リン酸水素ナトリウムの含有量は、20g/Lであった。実施例7のめっき液のpHは、3.5に調整された。実施例7のめっき液の温度は、60℃に調整された。
実施例8の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成に用いられた無電解ニッケルめっき液におけるニッケルの含有量は、実施例5の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成に用いられた無電解ニッケルめっき液におけるニッケルの含有量よりも大きかった。この事項を除いて実施例5と同様の方法で、実施例8の積層体が作製された。実施例8の場合、露出する第3ニッケル含有層L3の表面が、第二金属層の第二表面に相当する。
実施例9の第1ニッケル含有層L1は、以下の第1めっき液を用いた電解めっきによって形成された。
実施例9の第1めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、40g/Lであった。実施例9の第1めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、45g/Lであった。実施例9の第1めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例9の第1めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例9の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが3分継続した。
実施例9の第2めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、30g/Lであった。実施例9の第2めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、60g/Lであった。実施例9の第2めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例9の第2めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例9の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが3分継続した。
上記の事項を除いて実施例1と同様の方法で、実施例9の積層体が作製された。実施例9の場合、露出する第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面が、第二金属層の第二表面に相当する。
実施例10の第1ニッケル含有層L1は、以下の第1めっき液を用いた電解めっきによって形成された。
実施例10の第1めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、60g/Lであった。実施例10の第1めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、30g/Lであった。実施例10の第1めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例10の第1めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例10の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1分継続した。
実施例10の第2めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、40g/Lであった。実施例10の第2めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、45g/Lであった。実施例10の第2めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例10の第2めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例10の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1分継続した。
実施例10の第3めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、30g/Lであった。実施例10の第3めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、60g/Lであった。実施例10の第3めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例10の第3めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例10の第3ニッケル含有層L3の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1分継続した。
実施例11の第1ニッケル含有層L1は、以下の第1めっき液を用いた電解めっきによって形成された。
実施例11の第1めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、70g/Lであった。実施例11の第1めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、15g/Lであった。実施例11の第1めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例11の第1めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例11の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1.5分継続した。
実施例11の第2めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、60g/Lであった。実施例11の第2めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、8g/Lであった。実施例11の第2めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、30g/Lであった。実施例11の第2めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例11の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが2分継続した。
上記の事項を除いて実施例1と同様の方法で、実施例11の積層体が作製された。実施例11の場合、露出する第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面が、第二金属層の第二表面に相当する。
実施例12の第1ニッケル含有層L1は、以下の第1めっき液を用いた電解めっきによって形成された。
実施例12の第1めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、70g/Lであった。実施例12の第1めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、8g/Lであった。実施例12の第1めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例12の第1めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例12の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1分継続した。
実施例12の第2めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、70g/Lであった。実施例12の第2めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、15g/Lであった。実施例12の第2めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例12の第2めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例12の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1分継続した。
実施例12の第3めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、60g/Lであった。実施例12の第3めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、30g/Lであった。実施例12の第3めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例12の第3めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例12の第3ニッケル含有層L3の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1分継続した。
実施例13の第1ニッケル含有層L1は、以下の第1めっき液を用いた電解めっきによって形成された。
実施例13の第1めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、70g/Lであった。実施例13の第1めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、4g/Lであった。実施例13の第1めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例13の第1めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例13の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1.5分継続した。
実施例13の第2めっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、70g/Lであった。実施例13の第2めっき液中のタングステン酸ナトリウム二水和物の含有量は、8g/Lであった。実施例13の第2めっき液中のクエン酸三ナトリウムの含有量は、80g/Lであった。実施例13の第2めっき液のpHは、7.0に調整された。実施例13の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成過程では、第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1.5分継続した。
上記の事項を除いて実施例1と同様の方法で、実施例13の積層体が作製された。実施例13の場合、露出する第2ニッケル含有層L2の表面が、第二金属層の第二表面に相当する。
比較例1の場合、第二金属層として、第1ニッケル含有層L1のみが第一金属層の両方の表面に形成された。
実施例1のめっき液とは組成が異なるめっき液を用いて、比較例1の電解めっきが実施された。比較例1のめっき液は、硫酸ニッケル六水和物、塩化ニッケル六水和物、及びホウ酸を含んでいた。比較例1のめっき液中の硫酸ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、240g/Lであった。比較例1のめっき液中の塩化ニッケル六水和物の含有量は、45g/Lであった。比較例1のめっき液中のホウ酸の含有量は、30g/Lであった。めっき液のpHは、4.2に調整された。めっき液の温度は、40℃に調整された。
比較例1の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、電解めっき中の第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが1.5分継続した。
比較例2の場合、第二金属層として、第1ニッケル含有層L1のみが第一金属層の両方の表面に形成された。
比較例2の場合、電解めっき中の第一金属層の電流密度を5A/dm2に調整し、電解めっきを2分継続することにより、第1ニッケル含有層L1が第一金属層の表面に形成された。
比較例3の場合、第二金属層として、第1ニッケル含有層L1のみが第一金属層の両方の表面に形成された。
比較例3の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成に用いられた無電解ニッケルめっき液は、実施例5の第3ニッケル含有層L3の形成に用いられた無電解ニッケルめっき液と同じであった。比較例3の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、無電解めっきの継続時間は7分であった。
比較例4の第1ニッケル含有層L1の形成過程では、電解めっき中の第一金属層の電流密度が3A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが0.8分継続した。
比較例4の第2ニッケル含有層L2の形成過程では、電解めっき中の第一金属層の電流密度が4A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきが0.6分継続した。
比較例4の第3ニッケル含有層L3の形成過程では、電解めっき中の第一金属層の電流密度が5A/dm2に調整され、電解めっきを0.5分継続した。
以下の方法により、実施例1~13及び比較例1~4其々の積層体が分析された。
実施例2の場合、第二金属層におけるNiの含有率の最大値は、69質量%であり、第二金属層におけるNiの含有率の最小値は、62質量%であった。
実施例7の場合、第二金属層におけるNiの含有率の最大値は、99質量%であり、第二金属層におけるNiの含有率の最小値は、87質量%であった。
実施例1~13及び比較例1~4其々の積層体を用いて、JISC5016に従う以下の屈曲試験が実施された。屈曲試験の概要は、図4に示される。
屈曲試験後、積層体10において円柱体14の外周面に密着していた箇所(第二金属層の第二表面)に粘着テープが貼り付けされた。粘着テープを積層体10から剥離した後、粘着テープの表面において第二金属層が付着している部分の面積の合計aが測定された。下記数式1によって定義される剥離率RP(単位:%)が算出された。数式1中のAは、粘着テープの表面全体の面積である。粘着テープとしては、JIS Z 1522に規定されたセロハン粘着テープが用いられた。
RP=100×a/A (1)
Claims (9)
- 銅を含む第一金属層と、
ニッケルを含み、前記第一金属層に直接積層された第二金属層と、
を備え、
前記第二金属層の第一表面は、前記第一金属層に接する面であり、
前記第二金属層の第二表面は、前記第一表面の裏面であり、
前記第二金属層の厚み方向は、前記第一表面に略垂直であり、且つ前記第一表面から前記第二表面へ向かう方向であり、
前記第二金属層におけるニッケルの含有率の単位は、質量%であり、
前記第二金属層におけるニッケルの含有率は、前記厚み方向に沿って減少する、
積層体。 - 前記第二金属層は、リン及びタングステンからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも一種の元素を更に含む、
請求項1に記載の積層体。 - 前記第二金属層は、前記厚み方向において積層された複数のニッケル含有層からなり、
前記複数のニッケル含有層其々におけるニッケルの含有率は、互いに異なる、
請求項1又は2に記載の積層体。 - 前記第一金属層の厚みは、T1と表され、
前記第二金属層の厚みは、T2と表され、
T2/T1は、0.6以上1.0以下である、
請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載の積層体。 - 前記第二金属層におけるニッケルの含有率は、前記第一表面の近傍において最も高く、前記厚み方向に沿って段階的に減少し、前記第二表面の近傍において最も低い、
請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の積層体。 - 前記第二金属層におけるニッケルの含有率は、前記第一表面の近傍において最も高く、前記厚み方向に沿って連続的に減少し、前記第二表面の近傍において最も低い、
請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の積層体。 - 請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の積層体を備える、
リチウムイオン二次電池用の負極集電体。 - 請求項7に記載の負極集電体と、
負極活物質を含む負極活物質層と、
を備え、
前記負極活物質層は、前記第二金属層の前記第二表面に直接積層されている、
リチウムイオン二次電池用の負極。 - 前記負極活物質は、ケイ素を含む、
請求項8に記載の負極。
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JP2015170561A (ja) * | 2014-03-10 | 2015-09-28 | 日立化成株式会社 | 導電粒子、異方導電性接着剤、接続構造体及び導電粒子の製造方法 |
JP2018180098A (ja) * | 2017-04-05 | 2018-11-15 | 大同特殊鋼株式会社 | 積層体 |
JP2019186134A (ja) * | 2018-04-13 | 2019-10-24 | 東洋鋼鈑株式会社 | 積層電解箔 |
JP2020180366A (ja) * | 2019-02-28 | 2020-11-05 | サーキット フォイル ルクセンブルグ | 複合銅箔、プリント配線板、電子機器及び複合銅箔の製造方法 |
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US20230097139A1 (en) * | 2021-09-28 | 2023-03-30 | Tdk Corporation | Electronic component with metal terminal |
US11972902B2 (en) * | 2021-09-28 | 2024-04-30 | Tdk Corporation | Electronic apparatus with a metal terminal having portions of differing elasticity |
Also Published As
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US20240047695A1 (en) | 2024-02-08 |
JPWO2022158187A1 (ja) | 2022-07-28 |
CN116745112A (zh) | 2023-09-12 |
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