WO2022106049A1 - Funktionalisierte polyglycin-poly(alkylenimin)-copolymere, deren herstellung und verwendung zur herstellung von wirkstoff- und effektstoff-formulierungen - Google Patents
Funktionalisierte polyglycin-poly(alkylenimin)-copolymere, deren herstellung und verwendung zur herstellung von wirkstoff- und effektstoff-formulierungen Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022106049A1 WO2022106049A1 PCT/EP2021/000146 EP2021000146W WO2022106049A1 WO 2022106049 A1 WO2022106049 A1 WO 2022106049A1 EP 2021000146 W EP2021000146 W EP 2021000146W WO 2022106049 A1 WO2022106049 A1 WO 2022106049A1
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- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 100
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 9
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 16
- 239000004480 active ingredient Substances 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 title description 18
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- -1 sulfuric acid ester Chemical group 0.000 claims description 90
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 31
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 26
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 17
- 229920000765 poly(2-oxazolines) Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000003710 aryl alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 claims description 6
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfuric acid Substances OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005903 acid hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000001733 carboxylic acid esters Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012868 active agrochemical ingredient Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000003178 carboxy group Chemical group [H]OC(*)=O 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012377 drug delivery Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000003459 sulfonic acid esters Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N urethane group Chemical group NC(=O)OCC JOYRKODLDBILNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003905 agrochemical Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- SCKXCAADGDQQCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Performic acid Chemical compound OOC=O SCKXCAADGDQQCS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002118 epoxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002978 peroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 80
- NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aziridine Chemical compound C1CN1 NOWKCMXCCJGMRR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 46
- 229920002873 Polyethylenimine Polymers 0.000 description 45
- GQWWGRUJOCIUKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[3-(2-methyl-1-oxopyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3-yl)propyl]guanidine Chemical group O=C1N(C)C(CCCN=C(N)N)=CN2C=CC=C21 GQWWGRUJOCIUKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethylamine Chemical compound CCN(CC)CC ZMANZCXQSJIPKH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- 229920006187 aquazol Polymers 0.000 description 42
- 239000012861 aquazol Substances 0.000 description 42
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 35
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 35
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 29
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 29
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 27
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 22
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 21
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 239000004471 Glycine Substances 0.000 description 20
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 20
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 19
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 18
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 17
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 17
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 17
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 16
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 125000003277 amino group Chemical group 0.000 description 15
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 15
- DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycine Chemical compound NCC(O)=O DHMQDGOQFOQNFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 14
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 12
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 description 12
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 12
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 12
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 238000004448 titration Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000007306 functionalization reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 238000000425 proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 10
- 150000001408 amides Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 10
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 10
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 9
- 229920001429 chelating resin Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 9
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 9
- SJHPCNCNNSSLPL-CSKARUKUSA-N (4e)-4-(ethoxymethylidene)-2-phenyl-1,3-oxazol-5-one Chemical compound O1C(=O)C(=C/OCC)\N=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 SJHPCNCNNSSLPL-CSKARUKUSA-N 0.000 description 8
- FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylacetamide Chemical compound CN(C)C(C)=O FXHOOIRPVKKKFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 8
- 238000012656 cationic ring opening polymerization Methods 0.000 description 8
- 125000003630 glycyl group Chemical group [H]N([H])C([H])([H])C(*)=O 0.000 description 8
- 229920002521 macromolecule Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 8
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 108010067770 Endopeptidase K Proteins 0.000 description 7
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 7
- LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I dipotassium trisodium dihydrogen phosphate hydrogen phosphate dichloride Chemical compound P(=O)(O)(O)[O-].[K+].P(=O)(O)([O-])[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Cl-].[K+].[Cl-].[Na+] LOKCTEFSRHRXRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-I 0.000 description 7
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000002924 oxiranes Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 239000002953 phosphate buffered saline Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 7
- ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylazanium;chloride Chemical compound Cl.CCN(CC)CC ILWRPSCZWQJDMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 6
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethylselenoniopropionate Natural products CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000002411 thermogravimetry Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000000376 2-oxazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000113 differential scanning calorimetry Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000001938 differential scanning calorimetry curve Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000003999 initiator Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 5
- VUQUOGPMUUJORT-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate Chemical compound COS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(C)C=C1 VUQUOGPMUUJORT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 description 5
- 229920000232 polyglycine polymer Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 238000000954 titration curve Methods 0.000 description 5
- NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;1-ethenyl-2-ethylbenzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1C=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NWUYHJFMYQTDRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- IMSODMZESSGVBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Oxazoline Chemical compound C1CN=CO1 IMSODMZESSGVBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000001266 acyl halides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003456 ion exchange resin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920003303 ion-exchange polymer Polymers 0.000 description 4
- KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium chloride Chemical compound [Li+].[Cl-] KWGKDLIKAYFUFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 4
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010189 synthetic method Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl chloride Chemical compound CC(Cl)=O WETWJCDKMRHUPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000012346 acetyl chloride Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000008186 active pharmaceutical agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005917 acylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920005605 branched copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000007853 buffer solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 description 3
- 238000003776 cleavage reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- IPIVAXLHTVNRBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N decanoyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCC(Cl)=O IPIVAXLHTVNRBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007857 degradation product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000914 diffusion-ordered spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000010828 elution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920000333 poly(propyleneimine) Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 235000019260 propionic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 3
- IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N quinbolone Chemical compound O([C@H]1CC[C@H]2[C@H]3[C@@H]([C@]4(C=CC(=O)C=C4CC3)C)CC[C@@]21C)C1=CCCC1 IUVKMZGDUIUOCP-BTNSXGMBSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000007017 scission Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001757 thermogravimetry curve Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003039 volatile agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide Substances CCN=C=NCCCN(C)C LMDZBCPBFSXMTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NYEZZYQZRQDLEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole Chemical compound CCC1=NCCO1 NYEZZYQZRQDLEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001263 acyl chlorides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000002730 additional effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000009435 amidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007112 amidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N barium oxide Chemical compound [Ba]=O QVQLCTNNEUAWMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000872 buffer Substances 0.000 description 2
- DVECBJCOGJRVPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N butyryl chloride Chemical compound CCCC(Cl)=O DVECBJCOGJRVPX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007334 copolymerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000502 dialysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000012039 electrophile Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004185 ester group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 2
- RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N glutathione Chemical compound OC(=O)[C@@H](N)CCC(=O)N[C@@H](CS)C(=O)NCC(O)=O RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UCVODTZQZHMTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptanoyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCCCC(Cl)=O UCVODTZQZHMTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000003919 heteronuclear multiple bond coherence Methods 0.000 description 2
- YWGHUJQYGPDNKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexanoyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCCC(Cl)=O YWGHUJQYGPDNKT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000001165 hydrophobic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920005684 linear copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 150000004702 methyl esters Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 2
- NTQYXUJLILNTFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N nonanoyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCCCCCC(Cl)=O NTQYXUJLILNTFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- REEZZSHJLXOIHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N octanoyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCCCCC(Cl)=O REEZZSHJLXOIHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000006362 organocatalysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002918 oxazolines Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- XGISHOFUAFNYQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentanoyl chloride Chemical compound CCCCC(Cl)=O XGISHOFUAFNYQF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000144 pharmacologic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- RZWZRACFZGVKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N propanoyl chloride Chemical compound CCC(Cl)=O RZWZRACFZGVKFM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012712 reversible addition−fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007151 ring opening polymerisation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- ZRCXHANDGUCXKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)butanediamide Chemical compound NC(=O)CC(C(N)=O)CCO ZRCXHANDGUCXKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VERUITIRUQLVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-butyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole Chemical class CCCCC1=NCCO1 VERUITIRUQLVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AADZRTSFCAMLBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-hexyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole Chemical class CCCCCCC1=NCCO1 AADZRTSFCAMLBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQWAVMKUNIQCFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nonyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole Chemical class CCCCCCCCCC1=NCCO1 OQWAVMKUNIQCFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000003504 2-oxazolinyl group Chemical group O1C(=NCC1)* 0.000 description 1
- SPXXVGQMQJYJJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-prop-2-enyloxirane Chemical compound C=CCC1CO1 SPXXVGQMQJYJJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GXCJLVVUIVSLOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-propyl-4,5-dihydro-1,3-oxazole Chemical class CCCC1=NCCO1 GXCJLVVUIVSLOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CSDQQAQKBAQLLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C1C(C=CS2)=C2CCN1 CSDQQAQKBAQLLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010006187 Breast cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000026310 Breast neoplasm Diseases 0.000 description 1
- JTKXTLRAUSOBTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N C.N=C=O Chemical compound C.N=C=O JTKXTLRAUSOBTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
- C08G69/04—Preparatory processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
- C08G73/02—Polyamines
- C08G73/0233—Polyamines derived from (poly)oxazolines, (poly)oxazines or having pendant acyl groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2230/00—Compositions for preparing biodegradable polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G2310/00—Agricultural use or equipment
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
- C08G69/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain of the macromolecule
- C08G69/02—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
- C08G69/08—Polyamides derived from amino-carboxylic acids or from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids derived from amino-carboxylic acids
- C08G69/10—Alpha-amino-carboxylic acids
Definitions
- the invention relates to new copolymers which can be described as functionalized polyglycine-polyalkyleneimine copolymers and which are distinguished by very good degradability.
- the invention relates to the preparation and processing of these copolymers by oxidation of polyalkyleneimines followed by functionalization of NH groups in the partially oxidized polymer backbone. These copolymers can be used in particular for the production of active substance and effect substance formulations.
- Biocompatible polymers represent highly attractive materials for biomedical applications such as drug delivery.
- Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is currently the most commonly used polymer for such purposes. Due to its high hydrophilicity and so-called “cloaking behavior” it elicits little immune response in the body and thus increases the drug's blood circulation time.
- PEG has several disadvantages, namely the formation of toxic by-products, sequestration in organs, and the stimulation of anti-PEG antibodies.
- PAOx Poly(2-n-alkyl-2-oxazolines) with short side chains show similar hydrophilicity, biocompatibility and "cloaking behavior" and therefore appear to be promising candidates as a replacement for PEG, which is further demonstrated in a detailed comparison of their solution behavior was confirmed (cf. Grube, M.; Leiske, MN; Schubert, US; Nischang, I. POx as an alternative to PEG? A hydrodynamic and light scattering study. Macromolecules 2018, 51, 1905-1916). In contrast to PEG, PAOx also exhibit higher structural versatility due to their side-chain modifiability.
- PAOx with longer side chains are hydrophobic and can be used to make amphiphilic copolymers, low surface energy materials or low adhesion coatings. Thermal and crystalline properties can also be tuned by variations in the PAOx side chains (compare Hoogenboom, R.; Fijten, M.W.M.; Thijs, H.M.L.; van Lankvelt, B.
- a strategy to solve the problem could be to incorporate hydrolytically sensitive groups into the polymer backbone, such as ester or amide moieties. These can be hydrolyzed under, for example, acidic or enzymatic conditions, which could lead to degradation of the entire polymer.
- hydrolytically sensitive groups such as ester or amide moieties. These can be hydrolyzed under, for example, acidic or enzymatic conditions, which could lead to degradation of the entire polymer.
- ester groups into the PAOx backbone.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide new functionalized copolymers with improved degradability.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a simple method for preparing these functionalized copolymers.
- R 1 is a radical of the formula -CO-R 2 , of the formula -CO-NH-R 2 or of the formula -CH 2 -CH(OH)-R 12 ,
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are independently hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl,
- R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, -C m H 2 mX or -(C n H 2n -O)o-(CpH 2p -O)q R 6 , R 6 is hydrogen or is Ci -Ce-alkyl,
- R 12 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl,
- X is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylic acid ester, sulfuric acid ester, sulfonic acid ester or carbamic acid ester, m is an integer from 1 to 18, n and p are independently integers from 2 to 4, where n is not equal to p , and o and q are independently integers from 0 to 60, where at least one of o or q is not equal to 0, the percentages referring to the total amount of structural units of formula (I), (II) and (III) or of formula ( IV), (V) and (VI) are related.
- copolymers can be prepared starting from readily available poly(alkyleneimines).
- the invention therefore also relates, in a first variant, to a process for preparing these copolymers with the measures i) reacting a polyalkyleneimine which contains recurring structural units of the formula (Ia) or the formula (IVa), preferably in an amount of at least 90 mol %, with an oxidizing agent, whereby a copolymer containing the structural units of the formula (Ia) and the formula (II) or containing the structural units of the formula (IVa) and the formula (V) is obtained
- the invention relates to a process for the production of these copolymers with the measures iii) partial hydrolysis of a polyoxazoline containing recurring structural units of the formula (I) or of a polyoxazine containing recurring structural units of the formula (IV)
- degradable, functionalized polyglycine-polyalkyleneimine copolymers having amide bonds integrated into the polymer backbone can be prepared via a simple synthetic route.
- polyalkyleneimines can be partially oxidized and the resulting product functionalized via reaction with an epoxide, an isocyanate, or an activated acyl derivative such as an activated ester or an acyl halide.
- polyoxazolines or polyoxazines can be partially hydrolyzed, resulting in polyalkyleneimine units, which can be oxidized in whole or in part in a subsequent step.
- Polyalkyleneimines used in the first variant of the process according to the invention usually contain at least 90 mol % of recurring structural units of the formula (Ia) or of the formula (IVa) and are commercially available or can be obtained by hydrolysis of poly(2-oxazolines) substituted in the 2-position ( POx), in particular from PEtOx, or from poly(2-oxazines) substituted in the 2-position.
- the starting materials used for the hydrolysis are usually POx which contain at least 20 mol %, preferably at least 50 mol %, of repeating structural units derived from 2-oxazoline in the polymer. While commercially available polyalkyleneimines are branched, linear polyalkyleneimines are obtained by the hydrolysis of POx.
- hydrolysis of polyoxazolines or polyoxazines can also take place partially and leads to copolymers which contain recurring structural units of the formulas (I) and (III) or which contain recurring structural units of the formulas (IV) and (VI). These copolymers can be oxidized, leading directly to the copolymers of this invention. In this variant of the process, there is usually no reacylation.
- a preferred simple synthetic route for the post-polymerization proceeds via the consecutive hydrolysis of poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEtOx), a partial oxidation and reacylation.
- PEtOx poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)
- CROP cationic ring-opening polymerization
- PEI linear poly(ethyleneimine)
- PEI is disadvantageous because of its cytotoxicity and, like PEtOx, its non-degradability.
- Englert et al. reported the controlled oxidation of linear PEI with Hydrogen peroxide to increase degradability by incorporating amide groups into the PEI backbone (cf. Enhancing the biocompatibility and biodegradability of linear poly(ethylene imine) through controlled oxidation; Macromolecules 2015, 48, 7420-7427).
- the resulting structure corresponds to the repeating unit of poly(glycine) and hence the polymer can be considered poly(ethyleneimine-co-glycine) (referred to herein as oxPEI). Due to its additional hydrolytically sensitive amide groups, the polymer not only showed increased degradability, but also improved biocompatibility compared to the otherwise cytotoxic PEI.
- oxPEI was functionalized with a subsequent reacylation step or by reaction with isocyanates or with epoxides. Accordingly, the homologous polypropyleneimine (PPI) can also be used instead of PEI.
- PPI polypropyleneimine
- acylating reagents such as acyl halides
- dPAOx poly(2-n-alkyl-2-oxazoline-staf-glycines)
- the amount of acyl derivative of the formula (VII) or of isocyanate of the formula (VIII) or of epoxide of the formula (IX) should be chosen so that the proportion of structural units of the formula (III) or of the formula (VI ) in the resulting copolymer is between 0 and 20 mol%.
- copolymers are to be understood as meaning the abovementioned organic compounds which are characterized by the repetition of certain units (monomer units or repeating units).
- the copolymers according to the invention consist of at least two types of different repeating units. Polymers are produced through the chemical reaction of monomers with the formation of covalent bonds (polymerization) and form the so-called polymer backbone by linking the polymerized units. This can have side chains on which functional groups can be located. Copolymers according to the invention consist of at least two different monomer units, which can be arranged randomly, as a gradient, alternately or as a block. If some of the copolymers have hydrophobic properties, they can form nanoscale structures (e.g. nanoparticles, micelles, vesicles) in an aqueous environment.
- nanoscale structures e.g. nanoparticles, micelles, vesicles
- water-soluble compounds or “water-soluble copolymers” are to be understood as meaning compounds or copolymers which dissolve in at least 1 g/L of water at 25°C.
- active substances are to be understood as meaning compounds or mixtures of compounds which act on a living organism exert a desired effect.
- This can be, for example, active pharmaceutical ingredients or agrochemical active ingredients.
- Active ingredients can be low or high molecular weight organic compounds.
- the active ingredients are preferably low-molecular pharmaceutically active substances or higher-molecular pharmaceutically active substances, for example from potentially usable proteins, such as antibodies, interferons, cytokines.
- pharmaceutically active substance means any inorganic or organic molecule, substance or compound which has a pharmacological effect.
- active pharmaceutical ingredient is used herein synonymously with the term “drug”.
- effect substances are to be understood as meaning compounds or mixtures of compounds which are added to a formulation in order to impart certain additional properties to it and/or to facilitate its processing.
- effect substances and “auxiliaries and additives” are used synonymously in this description.
- auxiliaries and additives are substances that are added to a formulation in order to impart certain additional properties to it and/or to facilitate its processing.
- auxiliaries and additives are tracers, contrast media, carriers, fillers, pigments, dyes, perfumes, lubricants, UV stabilizers, antioxidants or surfactants.
- excipients and additives means any pharmacologically tolerable and therapeutically useful substance that is not a pharmaceutical active substance but can be formulated together with a pharmaceutical active substance in a pharmaceutical composition in order to influence the qualitative properties of the pharmaceutical composition, in particular to to enhance.
- the auxiliaries and/or additives preferably develop none or with regard to the intended Treatment no appreciable or at least no undesired pharmacological effect.
- polymer particles are to be understood as meaning copolymers according to the invention which are present in particle form and which may also contain other ingredients.
- the particles may be in liquid form dispersed in a hydrophilic liquid, or the particles may be in solid form, either dispersed in a hydrophilic liquid or in the form of a powder.
- the size of the particles can be determined by visual methods, for example by microscopy; for particle sizes in the nano range, light scattering or electron microscopy can be used.
- the shape of the polymer particles can be arbitrary, for example spherical, ellipsoidal or irregular.
- the polymer particles can also form aggregates of several primary particles.
- the particles of copolymers according to the invention are preferably in the form of nanoparticles.
- the particles can also contain other components, for example active ingredients or auxiliaries or additives.
- Nanoparticles are to be understood as meaning particles whose diameter is less than 1 ⁇ m and which can be composed of one or more molecules. They are generally characterized by a very high surface-to-volume ratio and thus offer very high chemical reactivity. Nanoparticles can consist of copolymers according to the invention or contain other components in addition to these copolymers, such as active ingredients or auxiliaries or additives.
- the copolymers according to the invention can be in the form of linear polymers or they can also be branched copolymers.
- Linear copolymers are formed, for example, by consecutive hydrolysis of PEtOx, followed by partial oxidation to oxPEI and reacylation to dPAOx.
- Branched Copolymers arise for example by partial oxidation of commercially available PEI, which is known to be branched, to oxPEI followed by re-functionalization, eg by reacylation to dPAOx.
- solubility of the copolymers according to the invention can be influenced by copolymerization with suitable monomers and/or by functionalization. Such techniques are known to those skilled in the art
- the copolymers according to the invention can cover a wide molar mass range.
- Typical molar masses (M n ) range from 1000 to 500 000 g/mol, in particular from 1000 to 50 000 g/mol. These molar masses can be determined by 1 H NMR spectroscopy of the dissolved polymer.
- an analytical ultracentrifuge or chromatographic methods such as size exclusion chromatography, can be used to determine the molar masses.
- Preferred copolymers according to the invention have an average molar mass (number average) in the range from 1000 to 50 000 g/mol, in particular from 3000 to 10 000 g/mol, determined by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy or by using an analytical ultracentrifuge. These are preferably linear copolymers. Branched copolymers according to the invention preferably have a higher average molar mass, for example an M n in the range from 50,000 to 500,000 g/mol, in particular from 80,000 to 200,000 g/mol.
- the molar proportion of structural units of the formula (I) in the copolymers according to the invention is 10 to 95 mol%, preferably 20 to 90 mol% and in particular 30 to 70 mol%, based on the total amount of structural units of the formulas (I), (II) and (III).
- the molar proportion of structural units of the formula (II) in the copolymers according to the invention is 5 to 90 mol %, preferably 10 to 80 mol % in particular 30 to 70 mol %, based on the total amount of structural units of the formulas (I), (II) and (III).
- the molar proportion of structural units of the formula (III) in the copolymers according to the invention is 0 to 20 mol %, preferably 0 to 10 mol %, based on the total amount of structural units of the formulas (I), (II) and (III).
- the molar proportion of structural units of the formula (IV) in the copolymers according to the invention is 10 to 95 mol%, preferably 20 to 90 mol% and in particular 30 to 70 mol%, based on the total amount of structural units of the formulas (IV), (V) and (VI).
- the molar proportion of structural units of the formula (V) in the copolymers according to the invention is 5 to 90 mol%, preferably 10 to 80 mol% and in particular 30 to 70 mol%, based on the total amount of structural units of the formulas (IV), (V) and (VI).
- the molar proportion of structural units of the formula (VI) in the copolymers according to the invention is 0 to 20 mol %, preferably 0 to 10 mol %, based on the total amount of structural units of the formulas (IV), (V) and (VI).
- R 1 is a radical of the formula -CO-R 2 or of the formula -CO-NH-R 2 or of the formula -CH 2 -CH(OH)-R 12 , preferably a radical of the formula -CO-R 2 .
- R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 independently of one another are hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl or ethyl and in particular hydrogen.
- R 2 is hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, -C m H2m-X or - (C n H 2n -O) 0 - (C p H 2 pO) qR 6 , preferably hydrogen, CiC-is-alkyl, Cyclohexyl or phenyl, in particular Ci-C 18 -alkyl, and very particularly Ci-Cu-alkyl.
- R 6 is hydrogen or Ci -Ce-alkyl, preferably hydrogen or methyl
- R 12 is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl, preferably hydrogen, CrCis-alkyl, C2- Ci8 -alkenyl, cyclohexyl or phenyl, in particular hydrogen, Ci- Cß -alkyl or C2-C3-alkenyl.
- m is an integer from 1 to 18, preferably from 2 to 12.
- X is hydroxyl, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxylic acid ester, sulfuric acid ester, sulfonic acid ester or carbamic acid ester, preferably hydroxyl or alkoxy
- n and p are independently integers from 2 to 4, where n is not equal to p.
- n is 2 and p is 3.
- o and q are independently integers from 0 to 60, at least one of o or q being non-zero.
- o and q are independently 1 to 40, especially 2 to 10.
- the radicals R 2 and R 12 can be alkyl. These are usually alkyl groups with one to twenty carbon atoms, which can be straight-chain or branched. Examples are methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl or eicosyl. Methyl, ethyl and propyl are particularly preferred.
- R 12 can be alkenyl. These are usually alkenyl groups with two to twenty carbon atoms, which can be straight-chain or branched. The double bond can be in any position in the chain, but is preferably in the alpha position.
- alkenyl radicals are vinyl, allyl, butenyl, pentenyl, hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl, undecenyl, dodecenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl, heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nonadecenyl or eicosenyl. Vinyl and allyl are particularly preferred.
- the radicals R 2 and R 12 can mean cycloalkyl. These are usually cycloalkyl groups with five to six ring carbon atoms. Cyclohexyl is particularly preferred.
- the radicals R 2 and R 12 can mean aryl. These are usually aromatic hydrocarbon radicals with five to ten ring carbon atoms. Phenyl is preferred.
- the radicals R 2 and R 12 can mean aralkyl. These are usually aryl groups linked to the rest of the molecule via an alkylene group. Benzyl is preferred.
- Radical X can mean alkoxy. These are usually Ci-Cß-alkoxy groups. Preference is given to ethoxy and in particular methoxy.
- Radical X can be a carboxylic ester (-COOR), sulfonic ester (-SO 3 R), sulfuric ester (-SO4R) or carbamic ester (-NR'COOR or -OCONRR) (R and R' are each monovalent organic radicals).
- R and R' are usually esters of carboxylic, sulfonic, sulfuric or carbamic acids with aliphatic alcohols, in particular with aliphatic Ci-C 6 alcohols. Ethyl and especially methyl esters are preferred.
- Copolymers which contain 20 to 90 mol % of structural units of the formula (I), 10 to 80 mol % of structural units of the formula (II) and 0 to 20 mol % of structural units of the formula (III).
- copolymers wherein R 1 is a radical of the formula -CO-R 2 .
- copolymers in which R.sup.2 is C.sub.3 -C.sub.18 -alkyl , in particular C7-C.sub.12 -alkyl.
- R 2 is Ci-Ci 8 -alkyl and R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 and R 11 are hydrogen.
- copolymers are preferred in which R 6 is hydrogen or methyl.
- R 2 is Ci-Ci 8 -alkyl, cycloalkyl or phenyl.
- Particularly preferred copolymers are water soluble.
- the copolymers according to the invention can consist of the structural units of the formulas (I), (II) and, if appropriate, (III) or of the structural units of the formulas (IV), (V) and, if appropriate, (VI), or can also contain other structural units which are derived of monomers which can be copolymerized with monomers used in the preparation of polyalkyleneimines or polyoxazolines.
- the proportion of such further structural units, based on the total mass of the copolymer, is generally up to 25 mol %.
- These further structural units can be randomly distributed or arranged in the form of blocks in the copolymer.
- Preferred copolymers according to the invention are characterized in that they contain at least 90 mol %, in particular at least 95 mol %, based on their total mass, of structural units of the formula (I), the formula (II) and optionally of the formula (III) or of the formula (IV), of the formula (V) and optionally of the formula (VI).
- copolymers according to the invention have end groups which typically arise in the preparation of poly(oxazolines) or of poly(alkyleneimines). These end groups can be modified by functionalization. The techniques required for this are known to those skilled in the art.
- Copolymers according to the invention can be covalently linked to other active ingredients or effect substances via the end groups.
- the copolymers according to the invention can be prepared by partial oxidation of polyalkyleneimines and by re-functionalization of the oxidized product by reaction with an epoxide, isocyanate or an activated acyl derivative, in particular with an activated ester or acyl halide.
- the oxidation is preferably carried out in solution, in particular in an aqueous or alcoholic-aqueous solution.
- Oxidizing agents known per se can be used as the oxidizing agent. Examples are per-compounds, hypochlorites, chlorine or oxygen, especially hydrogen peroxide.
- Per compounds are preferably used. Examples of this are hydrogen peroxide, peracids, organic peroxides or organic hydroperoxides, in particular hydrogen peroxide.
- step i) Preference is given to processes in which the oxidizing agent used in step i) is hydrogen peroxide.
- the amount of oxidizing agent is chosen so that the desired proportion of oxidized structural units is formed in the polymer backbone.
- the reaction temperature is generally between 10 and 80°C, in particular in the range from 20 to 40°C.
- the oxidation reaction time is generally between 5 minutes and 5 days.
- the oxidized product is refunctionalized by reaction with an acyl derivative of formula (VII) described above, or with an isocyanate of formula (VIII) described above, or with an epoxide of formula (IX) described above.
- acyl derivatives are acyl halides, carboxylic acid anhydrides or carboxylic acids activated by means of known coupling agents, for example N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS ester), dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ester (DCC ester) or 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide ester (EDC ester).
- NHS ester N-hydroxysuccinimide ester
- DCC ester dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ester
- EDC ester 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide ester
- isocyanates are monoalkyl isocyanates such as methane isocyanate or ethane isocyanate, cyclohexyl isocyanate or phenyl isocyanate.
- Suitable epoxides are ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, 1,2-epoxybut-3-ene or 1,2-epoxypent-4-ene.
- the reaction temperature is generally between 10 and 80°C, in particular in the range from 20 to 40°C.
- the reaction time for the refunctionalization is generally between 5 minutes and 5 days, in particular between 12 and 48 hours.
- the poly(alkylenimines) used are preferably copolymers which have been obtained by alkaline or, in particular, by acidic hydrolysis of poly(2-oxazolines), in particular of poly(2-alkyl-2-oxazolines). These copolymers are linear and are used as well-defined starting materials derived from polymers that can be obtained by CROP of commercially available monomers.
- Poly(oxazolines) are known compounds. These are usually prepared by cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines in solution and in the presence of an initiator.
- initiators are electrophiles such as esters of aromatic sulfonic acids, salts or esters of aliphatic sulfonic acids or carboxylic acids, or aromatic halogen compounds. Multifunctional electrophiles can also be used as initiators.
- branched or star-shaped molecules can also form.
- preferred initiators are esters of arylsulfonic acids, such as methyl tosylate, esters of alkanesulfonic acids, such as methyl triflate, or mono- or dibromomethylbenzene.
- the polymerisation is usually carried out in a polar aprotic solvent, for example in acetonitrile.
- 2-oxazines can also be used to prepare homologous poly(oxazines).
- the hydrolysis of poly(oxazolines) is preferably carried out in solution, in particular in an aqueous or alcoholic-aqueous solution.
- Inorganic or organic acids can be used as acids.
- Mineral acids are preferably used.
- hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid or nitric acid preferably hydrochloric acid.
- suitable bases are alkali metal hydroxides, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide.
- the reaction temperature is generally between 20 and 180°C, in particular in the range from 70 to 130°C.
- the hydrolysis reaction time is generally between 5 minutes and 24 hours.
- the polyalkyleneimine used in step i) is obtained by hydrolysis, in particular by acidic hydrolysis, of a poly(oxazoline).
- the copolymers according to the invention can be used to produce formulations which contain pharmaceutical or agrochemical active substances.
- the copolymers according to the invention can be water-soluble or non-water-soluble.
- Copolymers functionalized with formyl, acetyl, propionyl or butionyl groups are generally water soluble.
- Copoylmers functionalized with longer AIkanoyl chains are not water-soluble.
- Water-insoluble copolymers according to the invention can be present in dispersed form in hydrophilic liquids, for example as emulsions or as suspensions.
- copolymers according to the invention are preferably in the form of particles, in particular in the form of nanoparticles.
- the invention therefore also relates to particles, in particular nanoparticles, containing the copolymers described above.
- Particles which contain one or more pharmaceutical or agrochemical active ingredients are very particularly preferred.
- particularly preferred particles contain at least one active pharmaceutical ingredient and suitable auxiliaries and additives.
- the particles can be present as a powder in solid form or they can be present in dispersed form in hydrophilic solvents, the particles being present in the dispersing medium in liquid form or, in particular, in solid form.
- the particles preferably form a disperse phase in a liquid containing water and/or water-miscible compounds.
- the proportion of particles in a dispersion can cover a wide range.
- the proportion of particles in the dispersion medium is 0.5 to 20% by weight, preferably 1 to 5% by weight.
- the particles according to the invention can be produced by precipitation, preferably by nanoprecipitation.
- the copolymers according to the invention which are little or not hydrophilic due to the presence of hydrophobic groups, are dissolved in a water-miscible solvent, such as acetone. This solution is dropped into a hydrophilic dispersing medium. This is preferably done with vigorous stirring. This can promote the production of smaller particles.
- the copolymer is deposited in the dispersing medium in finely divided form.
- the particles according to the invention can also be produced by emulsification, preferably by nanoemulsion.
- the copolymers according to the invention which are little or not hydrophilic due to the presence of hydrophobic groups, are dissolved in a water-immiscible solvent, such as dichloromethane or ethyl acetate. This solution is combined with a hydrophilic dispersing medium, as a result of which two liquid phases are preferably formed. This mixture is then emulsified by energy input, preferably by exposure to ultrasound.
- one or more active ingredients and/or one or more auxiliaries and additives can be present when it is dispersed in the dispersing medium.
- these active substances and/or auxiliary and additives are added after dispersing the copolymer in the hydrophilic liquid.
- the polymer particles can be separated from the hydrophilic liquid in different ways. Examples are centrifugation, ultrafiltration or dialysis.
- the polymer dispersion produced according to the invention can be further purified after production. Common methods include cleaning by dialysis, by ultrafiltration, by filtration or by centrifugation.
- Aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (30% w/w) was obtained from Carl Roth.
- Acetyl chloride (ca. 90%) was purchased from Merck Schuchardt.
- Propionyl chloride (>98.0%), n-Butyryl chloride (>98.0%), Valeroyl chloride (>98.0%), n-Hexanoyl chloride (>98.0%), n-Heptanoyl chloride (>98.0%) , n-octanoyl chloride (>99.0%) and n-nonanoyl chloride (>95.0%) were purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (TCI). Amberlite IRA-67 was obtained from Merck and was washed several times with deionized water before use.
- N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and acetonitrile were dried in a solvent purification system (MB-SPS-800 from M Braun).
- Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was obtained from Biowest. taking measurements
- Proton ( 1 H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were measured on a Bruker AC 300 MHz and a Bruker AC 400 MHz spectrometer, respectively.
- Correlation Spectroscopic (COSY) NMR, Heteronuclear Single Quantum Correlation Spectroscopic (HSQC) NMR, Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation (HMBC) NMR spectra and DOSY NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker AC 400 MHz spectrometer. Measurements were performed at room temperature using either D 2 O, d4-methanol or deuterated chloroform as solvent. Chemical shifts ( ⁇ ) are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to the residual non-deuterated solvent resonance signal.
- Infrared (IR) spectroscopy was performed on a Shimadzu I RAffinity-1 CE system equipped with a Quest ATR single-reflective diamond crystal ATR cuvette for extended range measurement.
- Size exclusion chromatography was performed with two different setups. Measurements in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) were performed using an Agilent 1200 series system equipped with a PSS degasser, G1310A pump, G1329A autosampler, Techlab oven, G1362A refractive index detector ( RID) and a PSS GRAM-guard/30/1000 ⁇ column (10 pm particle size). DMAc with 0.21% by weight LiCl was used as the eluent. The flow rate was 1 ml min'1 and the oven temperature was 40°C. Polystyrene (PS) standards from 400 to 1,000,000 g mol' 1 were used for the calculation of molar masses.
- PS Polystyrene
- Measurements in chloroform were performed using a Shimadzu system (Shimadzu Corp., Kyoto, Japan) equipped with an SCL-10A VP system controller, a SIL-10AD VP autosampler, an LC-10AD VP pump, an RID -10A RI detector, a CTO-10A VP oven and a PSS SDV guard/lin S column (5mm particle size).
- a mixture of chloroform/isopropanol/triethylamine (94/2/4 vol%) was used as eluent.
- the flow rate was 1 ml min' 1 and the Oven temperature was 40°C.
- PS standards from 400 to 100,000 g mol" 1 were used to calibrate the system.
- thermogravimetric analysis was carried out using a Netzsch TG 209 F1 Iris from 20 to 580° C. at a heating rate of 20 K min' 1 under an N 2 atmosphere.
- Decomposition temperatures were determined at 95% of the original mass.
- DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
- PEtOx was synthesized by cationic ring-opening polymerization (CROP) of EtOx.
- CROP cationic ring-opening polymerization
- MeOTs 124 g, 0.665 mol
- EtOx 3965 g, 40.00 mol, 60.2 equiv
- MeCN dry MeCN
- PEtOx (80.0 g, 12.5 mmol) was dissolved in aqueous hydrochloric acid (6 M, 600 mL) and heated at 90 °C for 24 h. Volatiles were removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in deionized water (1600 mL). Aqueous NaOH (3 M, 300 mL) was added in portions to reach pH 10, resulting in precipitation of the polymer. The polymer was then filtered off and purified by recrystallization from water (800ml). PEI was obtained as a white solid (yield: 47.5 g)
- oxPEI The synthesis of oxPEI was carried out using a method adapted from Englert et al. carried out (Englert, C.; Hart Kunststoff, M.; Bellstedt, P.; Kempe, K.; Yang, C.; Chu, SK; Ke, X.; Garcia, JM; Ono, RJ; Fevre, M.; Wojtecki, RJ; Schubert, US; Yang, YY; Hedrick, JL Enhancing the biocompatibility and biodegradability of linear poly(ethylene imine) through controlled oxidation. Macromolecules 2015, 48, 7420-7427).
- PEI (45.0 g, 17.0 mmol) was dissolved in methanol (1100 mL) with stirring and aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution (72 mL, 30% w/w, 0.7 equiv per amine unit) was added dropwise. After stirring at room temperature for 3 days, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the product dried in vacuo at room temperature for 7 days and at 70°C for 1 day. oxPEI was recovered as a brown solid (yield: 29.1 g).
- the degree of hydrolysis DH was calculated according to equation (1) from the integrals of the 1 H NMR spectra of PEI.
- D is the integral of the methylene groups of the ethyleneimine units and A is the integral of the methyl groups of the remaining EtOx units.
- the degree of oxidation DO was calculated from the integrals of the polymer backbone signals of the 1 H NMR spectra of oxPEI according to Equation (2).
- F is the integral of the methylene group of the glycine units
- A is the integral of the methyl groups of the remaining EtOx units
- D is the integral of the methylene groups of the ethyleneimine units.
- Titrations to determine the residual amino groups were performed using an automated Metrohm OMNIS titrator equipped with a Metrohm Ecotrode plus pH electrode. All measurements were performed in a dynamic titration mode that adjusted the titration speed to the change in pH during the titration. A typical measurement was performed as follows: The polymer was dissolved in deionized water to give a 10 mL polymer solution with a concentration of 1 mg mL' 1 . The polymer solution was acidified to reach a pH of 2 by adding a concentrated aqueous HCl solution dropwise. The solution was then titrated to pH 12 against 0.1 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution while stirring. The equivalence points were determined from the first derivative of the titration curve.
- dPMeOx (20 mg) and proteinase K (10 mg) were dissolved in PBS buffer solution and incubated at 37° C. for 30 days. Then the water was removed under reduced pressure. Both products were analyzed by NMR spectroscopy.
- Preparation example H1 Synthesis of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline-stat-glycine), dPMeOx dPMeOx was prepared according to the general procedure by adding 3.2 g (1.0 mmol) oxPEI, 16 ml (11.6 g, 115 mmol, 4.1 equiv per amine moiety) triethylamine and 6 mL (6.6 g, 84 mmol, 3.0 equiv per amine moiety) acetyl chloride were used. The reaction mixture was precipitated by pouring it directly into ice-cold diethyl ether (ca. -80°C, 700 ml).
- Triethylammonium chloride formed during the reaction was filtered off and the solution precipitated in ice-cold diethyl ether (1000 mL, -80°C).
- the residue was dissolved in DMF (50 mL) and reprecipitated into ice-cold diethyl ether (500 mL).
- the crude product was dissolved in deionized water, Amberlite IRA-67 ion exchange resin was added and the mixture was stirred for 1.5 h. Then the Amberlite IRA-67 was filtered off and water was removed under reduced pressure.
- the residue was twice dissolved in methanol (30 ml) and precipitated in ice-cold diethyl ether (ca. -80°C).
- Preparation Example H5 Synthesis of poly(2-n-pentyl-2-oxazoline-staf-glycine), dPPentOx dPPentOx was prepared according to the general procedure by adding 2.7 g (0.88 mmol) oxPEI, 13 ml (9.4 g, 93 mmol, 3.6 equiv per amine) triethylamine and 10 ml (9.6 g, 72 mmol, 2.8 equiv per amine) hexanoyl chloride. Triethylammonium chloride was filtered off and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.
- the crude product was dissolved in chloroform (100 mL) and washed with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (3 x 40 mL) and aqueous sodium chloride solution (4 x 40 mL). To remove the remaining triethylammonium chloride and DMF impurities, the organic phase was diluted with chloroform (100 mL) and washed again with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (3 x 500 mL) and aqueous sodium chloride solution (3 x 500 ml). The organic phase was dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and the solvent removed under reduced pressure. After drying under vacuum overnight the product was obtained as a brown, highly viscous liquid (yield: 6.5 g).
- Preparation example H6 Synthesis of poly(2-n-hexyl-2-oxazoline-stat-glycine), dPHexOx dPHexOx was prepared according to the general procedure by adding 2.1 g (0.88 mmol) oxPEI, 10.5 ml (7 .6 g, 75 mmol, 3.8 equiv per amine unit) triethylamine and 8.5 mL (8.2 g, 55 mmol, 2.8 equiv per amine unit) heptanoyl chloride were used. The precipitated triethylammonium salt was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
- Preparation Example H7 Synthesis of poly(2-n-heptyl-2-oxazoline-sfat-glycine), dPHeptOx dPHeptOx was prepared according to the general procedure by adding 2.0 g (0.65 mmol) oxPEI, 10 ml (7.3 g, 72 mmol, 3.8 equiv per amine unit) triethylamine and 9 mL (8.6 g, 53 mmol, 2.8 equiv per amine unit) octanoyl chloride. Triethyl ammonium chloride was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
- Preparation example H8 Synthesis of poly(2-n-octyl-2-oxazoline-sfaf-glycine), dPOctOx dPOctOx was prepared according to the general procedure by adding 1.9 g (0.61 mmol) oxPEI, 9.5 ml (6 .9 g, 68 mmol, 3.8 equiv per amine unit) triethylamine and 9.5 mL (8.9 g, 51 mmol, 2.8 equiv per amine unit) nonanoyl chloride were used. Triethyl ammonium chloride formed during the reaction was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure.
- Preparation example H9 Synthesis of poly(2-n-nonyl-2-oxazoline-sfaf-glycine), dPNonOx dPNonOx was prepared according to the general procedure by using 1.8 g (0.58 mmol) oxPEI, 9 ml (6.5 g, 65 mmol, 3.8 equiv per amine unit) triethylamine and 10 mL (9.2 g, 48 mmol, 2.8 equiv per amine unit) decanoyl chloride. Precipitated triethylammonium chloride was removed by filtration and volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.
- Example C1 Characterization of the polymers by 1 H-NMR spectroscopy
- the first step towards a dPAOx library was to synthesize a substantial amount of PEtOx as a well-defined starting material via CROP (see general synthetic methods, Synthesis of PEtOx).
- a synthesis protocol was developed in a 10 L Normag reactor, yielding almost 4 kg of PEtOx with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 60 and a narrow dispersity (D) of 1.14 determined by SEC in DMAc.
- DP degree of polymerization
- D narrow dispersity
- the resulting PEtOx contained two isomeric end groups arising from nucleophilic attack at the 2- or 5-positions of the oxazoline ring, but in both cases resulting in hydroxyl end groups upon hydrolysis to linear poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) led.
- the hydrolysis was carried out under acidic conditions (cf. general synthesis methods, synthesis of PEI). To obtain complete hydrolysis, the reaction was carried out overnight with excess 6M HCl. The successful synthesis was confirmed by the 1 H NMR spectrum (compare Figure 1 ), which clearly showed the disappearance of the signals assigned to the ethyl substituents of PEtOx.
- Figure 1 shows 1 H NMR spectra (300 MHz, 300 K, D 2 O or MeOD) of PEtOx, PEI, oxPEI and dPEtOx and the assignment of the signals to the schematic representations of the structures.
- PEI was prepared by oxidizing PEtOx with hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent.
- the oxidation occurred in the polymer backbone and thus formed randomly distributed backbone amide groups.
- the structure of the resulting oxPEI corresponds to the repeating unit of poly(glycine) alongside unaffected ethyleneimine units. Therefore, the polymer can also be referred to as a poly(ethyleneimine stat glycine) copolymer.
- Aiming to generate 50% of the amino groups by oxidation in the PEI became 0.7 equivalents Hydrogen peroxide used per amino group.
- the degree of oxidation (DO) which was determined by the integral ratio in the 1 H-NMR spectrum to be 54% (cf.
- the resulting oxPEI provided the platform for the synthesis of various degradable polymers.
- subsequent reacylation with a homologous series of aliphatic acyl chlorides from acetyl chloride to n-decanoyl chloride was applied to reintroduce amide moieties equivalent to the N-acylethyleneimine structures in PAOx.
- the resulting polymer structures resemble PAOx with additional, randomly distributed poly(glycine) units integrated into the polymer backbone.
- poly(2-n-alkyl-2-oxazoline-stat-glycine) copolymers or as degradable poly(2-n-alkyl-2-oxazoline) analogs due to the degradability of the glycine moiety.
- the described synthetic approach thus enabled the construction of a dPAOx library with the same chain length and DO using only EtOx as a commercially available monomer.
- Example C2 Characterization of the polymers by IR spectroscopy
- Figure 2 shows ATR-IR spectra of PEtOx, PEI, oxPEI and dPEtOx in the range of wavenumbers from 1000 to 3500 cm' 1 including the assignment of the most important bands.
- the IR spectroscopy of PEtOx, PEI, poly(glycine), as well as oxPEI has been previously reported in the literature, which allowed easy assignment of vibrational bands.
- the band decreased upon oxidation to oxPEI and almost disappeared after the subsequent re-acylation step to dPEtOx, indicating almost complete functionalization of the amino groups.
- the vibrational band at 1628 cm' 1 in the PEtOx spectrum can be assigned to the amide I band, which is mainly due to the carbonyl stretching vibration.
- the band almost completely disappeared during hydrolysis to PEI due to cleavage of the carbonyl-bearing side chain.
- Amide groups were reintroduced during oxidation to oxPEI and subsequent reacylation to dPEtOx, leading to an increase in the carbonyl vibrational band.
- the amide II band at 1543 cm' 1 mainly caused by the bending vibration of the NH bond, was not observed in PEtOx, which had only tertiary amide groups without NH bonds, and showed the structural difference between PEtOx and dPEtOx.
- Signals from carboxylic acid derivatives, which are due to possible degradation products, are expected at around 1710 cm'- 1 . However, such signals could not be observed in the spectra of oxPEI or dPEtOx.
- Example C3 Characterization of the polymers by SEC SEC analyzes were only possible to a limited extent due to solubility changes in the synthesis route and possible interactions of some polymers with the column material. However, all polymers dissolved in both CHCh and DMAc, except for PEI, which was not soluble in these SEC solvents and dPMeOx, which was only soluble in DMAc (see Table 1).
- PETOx, PEI, oxPEI and dPAOx a Obtained by calculation with theoretical monomer units.
- b Determined by SEC in CHC (2 vol% isopropanol, 4 vol% triethylamine, PS calibration, RI detection).
- c Determined by SEC in DMAc (0.21 wt% LiCl, PS calibration, RI detection).
- d decomposition temperature determined by TGA at 95% of the original mass.
- f melting temperature determined by DSC using the third heating curve at 10 K min' 1 .
- PEtOx and poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) have a lower Critical solution temperature (LCST) in water, while this was not observed for dPEtOx or dPPropOx, possibly due to the formation of additional hydrogen bonds that can be formed by the amide hydrogen of the glycine moiety.
- Example C4 Characterization of the polymers by titration
- Aqueous solution titrations were performed to determine the number of amino groups in the polymer backbone of PEI, oxPEI and the water-soluble dPAOx, namely dPMeOx, dPEtOx and dPPropOx. Although the titration of amino groups allowed a qualitative assessment, an accurate quantitative analysis was not performed due to residual water in PEI and oxPEI, which would affect the results.
- a superimposition of the titration curves of PEI, oxPEI and dPMeOx is shown in Figure 3 as an example.
- Figure 3 shows titration curves of PEI, oxPEI and dPMeOx (1 mg mL' 1 ) against 0.1 M NaOH and their first derivatives.
- the polymer solutions were acidified with concentrated HCl before titration. The individual curves are superimposed vertically for clarity and the corresponding pH values of the equivalence points are indicated.
- Figure 3 shows the development within the synthetic sequence. Acidification of the aqueous polymer solutions with concentrated HCl prior to titrations resulted in the appearance of two equivalence points (EP) for amine-containing polymers when titrated with dilute sodium hydroxide solution.
- the first EP corresponds to the neutralization of the excess HCl, while the second EP relates to the neutralization of the amino groups.
- the oxidation of PEI to oxPEI converted 54% of the amino moieties to amide moieties of the poly(glycine) moieties.
- the reduced number of amino groups was reflected in the reduced distance between the two EPs during titration.
- Example C5 Characterization of the polymers by TGA and DSC
- thermogravimetric analysis TGA
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the dPAOx showed good thermal stability up to temperatures above 100 °C. However, they are not as stable as their non-degradable PAOx analogues, which have degradation temperatures (T d ) exceeding 300 °C.
- T d degradation temperatures
- the lower thermal stability of dPAOx can be attributed to the presence of additional degradable amide groups in the backbone.
- Figure 4 shows the DSC thermograms of PEtOx, PEI, oxPEI and dPEtOx (N 2 , third heating curve, 10 K min' 1 ). The individual thermograms are superimposed vertically for clarity.
- Figure 5 shows the DSC thermograms of different dPAOx (N 2 , third heating run, 10 K min' 1 ). Here, too, the individual thermograms are superimposed vertically for reasons of better representation.
- the figure shows the DSC thermograms of the Ci-Cg-alkyl substituted derivatives of dPAOx (dPMeOx - dPNonOx).
- Figure 6 shows glass transition temperatures and melting temperatures of dPAOx compared to glass transition temperatures and melting temperatures of non-degradable PAOx from the literature. Glass transitions were made from the turning points determined. The data from the literature was taken from the following publications:
- FIG. 4 An overlay of the DSC thermograms of PEtOx, PEI, oxPEI and dPEtOx in Figure 4 shows the differences in the thermal behavior of the polymers within the synthesis sequence.
- the polymers showed an amorphous behavior.
- the PEI backbone has no side chains, allowing the main chains to pack regularly, resulting in the formation of crystallites with a melting temperature (T m ) of 62 °C.
- T m melting temperature
- the introduction of random amide groups by oxidation disrupted the packing, leading to amorphous behavior of oxPEI.
- dPEtOx Similar to PEtOx, dPEtOx also showed amorphous behavior, both with glass transition temperature (T g ) values above the T g of oxPEI due to the existence of side chains. dPEtOx showed the highest T g within the sequence, as it exhibits both the irregularity of the polymer backbone due to the randomly distributed amide groups and A/-acyl side chains. From the DSC thermograms of the dPAOx polymers in Figure 5, as well as from the relationships between the T g and T m values and the number of carbon atoms in the dPAOx side chain and comparison with the T g and T m values of The following information can be obtained from the non-degradable PAOx in Figure 6.
- T g values decreased linearly with increasing side chain length with a similar slope for both series, especially for dPAOx with longer side chains. Macromolecules with only short side chains can pack more tightly, leading to stronger interactions between the amide dipoles, which slows down the relaxation of the backbone and thus leads to higher T g values.
- poly(2-n-heptyl-2-oxazoline)-(dPHeptOx) poly(2-n-octyl-2-oxazoline)-(dPOctOx) and poly(2-n-nonyl-2-oxazoline)- Analogues (dPNonOx) semicrystalline behavior was observed.
- the semicrystalline properties, unique to dPAOx with side chains of at least seven carbon atoms, can be attributed to side chain crystallization analogously to PAOx.
- PAOx exhibits semicrystallinity even with shorter alkyl substituents. The difference can be attributed to the irregularity in the dPAOx backbone due to the additional, randomly distributed glycine units.
- the T m values of dPHeptOx, dPOctOx and dPNonOx were more than 100 °C below the T m values of the corresponding PAOx of around 150 °C.
- the melting points increased with increasing side chain length from T m from 9 °C for dPHeptOx to a T m of 28 °C for dPNonOx, while the T m values of PAOx were independent of side chain length.
- asymmetric triple melting peaks were observed for dPAOx with longer side chains, while the corresponding PAOx showed only one symmetric melting peak. The asymmetry became less pronounced with increasing side chain length.
- Example C6 Characterization of the polymers by degradation studies using acidic hydrolysis
- dPAOx compared to PAOx is its ability to be potentially degradable due to the additional backbone amide groups.
- Figure 7 shows the successful degradation of the dPAOx polymers under these conditions.
- dPEtOx Before treatment with HCl, dPEtOx showed broad signals corresponding to Polymers are typical, while the signals from the degraded dPEtOx were sharp, as is commonly observed for small molecules.
- DOSY NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm the degradation of dPAOx.
- Figure 8 shows the overlay of the DOSY NMR spectra of PEtOx (left) and dPEtOx (right) before (upper spectrum) and after (lower spectrum) treatment with HCl (400 MHz, 297 K, D 2 O, solvent-signate suppressed). For reasons of clarity, the individual spectra are superimposed vertically.
- DOSY NMR spectroscopy allows the 1 H NMR signals to be fractionated according to their diffusion coefficients. Before treatment with HCl, all PEtOx signals corresponded to the same diffusion coefficient and confirmed the covalent bonds between the individual groups.
- the cleaved propionic acid could be clearly distinguished from the non-degraded PEI backbone, since it had a higher diffusion coefficient due to its lower molar mass.
- all dPEtOx signals showed the same diffusion coefficient.
- the spectrum of the degraded dPEtOx showed signals with three different diffusion coefficients.
- the propionic acid signals formed were easy to identify as they showed the same diffusion coefficient as in the post-treatment PEtOx spectra. Therefore, the other two signals were attributed to degradation products of the former polymer backbone, such as glycine, which showed different diffusion behavior.
- Example C7 Characterization of the polymers by degradation studies using enzymatic hydrolysis
- dPMeOx was treated with proteinase K at 37°C in a PBS buffer solution for 30 days.
- Figure 9 shows the overlay of the 1 H NMR spectra of dPMeOx after treatment with proteinase K in PBS buffer (upper spectrum) and of glycine with proteinase K in PBS buffer (lower spectrum) (400 MHz, 297 K, D 2 O). For reasons of clarity, the individual spectra are superimposed vertically.
- the 1 H NMR spectrum of dPMeOx after treatment with proteinase K in Figure 9 confirmed the partial degradation of the polymer.
- the sharp signal at 1.93 ppm showed cleavage of the side chains, resulting in acetic acid in the case of dPMeOx.
- the sharp signal at 8.46 ppm and the signal at 3.58 ppm were already observed for the dPAOx degraded under acidic conditions, thus confirming the degradation of the polymer backbone.
- Overlay with a 1 H NMR spectrum of glycine in a proteinase K PBS buffer solution of the same concentration confirms the assignment of the latter signal to glycine.
- the broad polymer signals from the methyl side chain, the dPMeOx backbone, and the backbone amide group can still be observed in the spectrum, indicating the slow degradation kinetics under the experimental conditions.
- glycine moieties facilitated the degradability of the dPAOx backbone under acidic and enzymatic conditions and highlighted their potential to be used in biomedical or other applications as degradable PAOx analogues.
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DE102022002240A1 (de) | 2022-06-21 | 2023-12-21 | Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Poly(oxazolin)- und Poly(oxazin)-basierte Lipide, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und deren Verwendung |
WO2023247064A1 (de) | 2022-06-21 | 2023-12-28 | Next Generation Pharma Polymers Gmbh | Poly(oxazolin)- und poly(oxazin)-basierte lipide, verfahren zu deren herstellung und deren verwendung |
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IL302905A (en) | 2023-07-01 |
CN116601209A (zh) | 2023-08-15 |
US20230416463A1 (en) | 2023-12-28 |
WO2022106049A8 (de) | 2023-06-08 |
CA3202072A1 (en) | 2022-05-27 |
EP4247875A1 (de) | 2023-09-27 |
DE102020007116A1 (de) | 2022-05-25 |
BR112023008972A2 (pt) | 2024-02-06 |
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