WO2022012649A1 - 固态电解质材料及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents

固态电解质材料及其制备方法与应用 Download PDF

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WO2022012649A1
WO2022012649A1 PCT/CN2021/106665 CN2021106665W WO2022012649A1 WO 2022012649 A1 WO2022012649 A1 WO 2022012649A1 CN 2021106665 W CN2021106665 W CN 2021106665W WO 2022012649 A1 WO2022012649 A1 WO 2022012649A1
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solid
rare earth
electrolyte material
solid electrolyte
ionic conductivity
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PCT/CN2021/106665
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English (en)
French (fr)
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余金秋
徐国峰
罗亮
杨容
赵尚骞
余天玮
段奕
王建涛
Original Assignee
河北雄安稀土功能材料创新中心有限公司
国联汽车动力电池研究院有限责任公司
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Priority to KR1020227046258A priority Critical patent/KR20230019155A/ko
Priority to JP2022581601A priority patent/JP2023532554A/ja
Publication of WO2022012649A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022012649A1/zh

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052Li-accumulators
    • H01M10/0525Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/056Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
    • H01M10/0561Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
    • H01M10/0562Solid materials
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2300/00Electrolytes
    • H01M2300/0085Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

  • the present application relates to the field of solid-state batteries, in particular to a rare earth halide solid-state electrolyte material and a preparation method and application thereof.
  • All-solid-state batteries based on solid-state electrolytes are an important development direction for power batteries, and are expected to achieve higher specific energy density than traditional lithium-ion batteries based on liquid electrolytes, and can completely solve the safety problems of traditional lithium-ion batteries.
  • Solid-state electrolyte materials with excellent performance are the key to all-solid-state batteries. It is generally desirable for solid-state electrolytes to have the following three properties: (1) excellent intrinsic electrochemical properties, including high room temperature ionic conductivity and suitable electrochemical window; (2) good physicochemical stability, which is convenient for solid-state batteries manufacturing; (3) lower raw material and manufacturing costs to meet the economic viability of solid-state batteries for commercial applications.
  • Japan's Panasonic reported two new halide solid-state electrolytes, Li 3 YCl 6 and Li 3 YBr 6 , whose ionic conductivities at room temperature can reach 0.51mS ⁇ cm -1 and 1.7mS ⁇ cm -1 , respectively, and their oxidation potentials can be up to 4.21V and 3.15V, showing good application potential, thus arousing extensive interest in halide solid electrolytes.
  • Li 3 ErCl 6, Li 3 InCl 6 and Li 3 ScCl 6 materials have been reported, respectively, up to room temperature ionic conductivity 0.31mS ⁇ cm -1, 2.04mS ⁇ cm -1 and 3mS ⁇ cm -1, in which Li 3 Both InCl 6 and Li 3 ScCl 6 have electrochemical oxidation potentials above 4V.
  • the In and Sc elements used in Li 3 InCl 6 and Li 3 ScCl 6 are expensive, which is very unfavorable for their future industrial applications.
  • Li 3 YCl 6, Li 3 YBr 6, Li 3 ErCl 6 on the one hand the oxidation potential is still low; on the other hand can easily absorb moisture, poor stability in air, is not conducive to producing solid-state battery.
  • the purpose of this application is to improve the properties of rare earth halide solid electrolyte materials, especially to improve its electrochemical oxidation potential and air stability, so as to obtain new materials with better comprehensive properties.
  • a rare earth halide-collecting solid state electrolyte material is provided, the general chemical formula is Li a REX b F c , wherein RE is at least one of rare earth elements Y, Er, and Yb, and X is Cl, One or both of Br, 2.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.5, 3.5 ⁇ b ⁇ 6.5, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2.
  • the lower limit of a is selected from 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.08, 3.1, 3.2 or 3.45
  • the upper limit is selected from 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.08, 3.1, 3.2, 3.45 or 3.5;
  • the lower limit of b is selected from 3.5, 4, 4.2, 4.5, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9, 6, 6.1 or 6.4
  • the upper limit is selected from 4, 4.2, 4.5, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9, 6, 6.1 or 6.4.
  • the lower limit of c is selected from 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.5 or 1.8 and the upper limit is selected from 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.5, 1.8 or 2.
  • RE is one of rare earth elements Y, Er, and Yb
  • X is one of Cl and Br.
  • X is Cl, 2.8 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.2, 5.7 ⁇ b ⁇ 6, and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.2.
  • the introduction of F will not cause the change of the crystal phase of the chloride, so it can not only ensure that the material has a high ionic conductivity, but also can significantly improve its oxidation potential.
  • the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 0.45mS ⁇ cm -1 , preferably ⁇ 0.5mS ⁇ cm -1 , more preferably ⁇ 0.69mS ⁇ cm -1 ;
  • the electrochemical oxidation potential of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 4.33V, preferably >4.38V, more preferably ⁇ 4.50V;
  • the relative moisture absorption rate of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 58%, preferably ⁇ 54%, more preferably ⁇ 50%.
  • a small amount of F substitution can increase the oxidation potential of Li 3 YCl 6 from 4.10V to 4.50V while maintaining the ionic conductivity of 0.50mS ⁇ cm ⁇ 1 .
  • the hygroscopicity of the material is also significantly improved, and the relative hygroscopicity under the same conditions is reduced by 50% compared with the non-doped F.
  • X is Br, 2.8 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.2, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6.1, and 0.1 ⁇ c ⁇ 1.5.
  • the introduction amount of F is in this range, the ionic conductivity of the material can be maintained at a high level, and its oxidation potential can be effectively improved.
  • a certain amount of F substitution can increase the oxidation potential of Li 3 YBr 6 from 3.12V to 3.52V while maintaining its ionic conductivity at 2.10mS ⁇ cm ⁇ 1 .
  • the hygroscopicity of the material has also been greatly improved, with the relative hygroscopicity reduced by 63% under the same conditions.
  • the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 0.75mS ⁇ cm -1 , preferably ⁇ 1.25mS ⁇ cm -1 , more preferably ⁇ 1.84mS ⁇ cm -1 ;
  • the electrochemical oxidation potential of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 3.35V, preferably >3.41V, more preferably ⁇ 3.52V;
  • the relative moisture absorption rate of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 44%, preferably ⁇ 36%, more preferably ⁇ 29%.
  • a second aspect of the present application provides a method for preparing the rare earth halide solid state electrolyte material according to any one of the above, including:
  • (1) take by weighing raw material according to the composition shown in the chemical formula and the molar ratio, and the raw material is the halide of Li and the halide of RE;
  • the raw material contains at least one fluoride.
  • the specific conditions of the solid-phase sintering in step (3) include:
  • the sintering temperature is 500 ⁇ 700°C;
  • the sintering time is 2 to 12 hours.
  • a third aspect of the present application provides a solid-state battery, the solid-state electrolyte of which is any one of the rare earth halide solid state electrolyte materials described above or the rare earth halide solid state electrolyte materials prepared by any of the above-mentioned preparation methods. at least one.
  • the rare earth halide solid state electrolyte material provided by the present application contains F element.
  • the present application is precisely by introducing the F element and adjusting the composition, on the premise of maintaining the high ionic conductivity of the rare earth halide electrolyte material, to effectively improve the electrochemical oxidation potential and air stability of the rare earth halide electrolyte material.
  • the ionic conductivity of the material usually increases in order of F, Cl, Br, and I, but the electrochemical oxidation potential decreases in order of F, Cl, Br, and I.
  • the inventor accidentally discovered that the F component is properly regulated, and F doping not only does not cause the reduction of the halide ion conductivity, but improves it instead.
  • the mechanism is not very clear, and it may be related to the change of the local microstructure of the material caused by F doping, making it more favorable for the transport of Li ions.
  • the present application actually provides a technical solution for effectively improving the comprehensive performance of rare earth halide solid state electrolytes such as Li 3 YCl 6 and Li 3 YBr 6 , and produces unexpected and outstanding effects.
  • the present application provides a rare earth halide solid state electrolyte material, the general chemical formula is Li a REX b F c , wherein RE is at least one of rare earth elements Y, Er, and Yb, and X is one of Cl, Br or Two, 2.5 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.5, 3.5 ⁇ b ⁇ 6.5, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2.
  • the lower limit of a is selected from 2.5, 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.08, 3.1, 3.2 or 3.45
  • the upper limit is selected from 2.8, 2.9, 3, 3.08, 3.1, 3.2, 3.45 or 3.5;
  • the lower limit of b is selected from 3.5, 4, 4.2, 4.5, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9, 6, 6.1 or 6.4
  • the upper limit is selected from 4, 4.2, 4.5, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.9, 6, 6.1 or 6.4.
  • the lower limit of c is selected from 0.05, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.5 or 1.8 and the upper limit is selected from 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 1.5, 1.8 or 2.
  • RE is one of rare earth elements Y, Er, and Yb
  • X is one of Cl and Br.
  • X is Cl, 2.8 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.2, 5.7 ⁇ b ⁇ 6, and 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.2.
  • the introduction of F will not cause the change of the crystal phase of the chloride, so it can not only ensure that the material has a high ionic conductivity, but also can significantly improve its oxidation potential.
  • the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 0.45mS ⁇ cm -1 , preferably ⁇ 0.5mS ⁇ cm -1 , more preferably ⁇ 0.69mS ⁇ cm -1 ;
  • the electrochemical oxidation potential of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 4.33V, preferably >4.38V, more preferably ⁇ 4.50V;
  • the relative moisture absorption rate of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 58%, preferably ⁇ 54%, more preferably ⁇ 50%.
  • a small amount of F substitution can increase the oxidation potential of Li 3 YCl 6 from 4.10V to 4.50V while maintaining the ionic conductivity of 0.50mS ⁇ cm ⁇ 1 .
  • the hygroscopicity of the material is also significantly improved, and the relative hygroscopicity under the same conditions is reduced by 50% compared with the non-doped F.
  • X is Br, 2.8 ⁇ a ⁇ 3.2, 4 ⁇ b ⁇ 6.1, and 0.1 ⁇ c ⁇ 1.5.
  • the introduction amount of F is in this range, the ionic conductivity of the material can be maintained at a high level, and its oxidation potential can be effectively improved.
  • a certain amount of F substitution can increase the oxidation potential of Li 3 YBr 6 from 3.12V to 3.52V while maintaining its ionic conductivity at 2.10mS ⁇ cm ⁇ 1 .
  • the hygroscopicity of the material has also been greatly improved, with the relative hygroscopicity reduced by 63% under the same conditions.
  • the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 0.75mS ⁇ cm -1 , preferably ⁇ 1.25mS ⁇ cm -1 , more preferably ⁇ 1.84mS ⁇ cm -1 ;
  • the electrochemical oxidation potential of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 3.35V, preferably >3.41V, more preferably ⁇ 3.52V;
  • the relative moisture absorption rate of the solid electrolyte material is ⁇ 44%, preferably ⁇ 36%, more preferably ⁇ 29%.
  • the present application also provides a method for preparing the rare earth halide solid state electrolyte material described in any of the above, including:
  • (1) take by weighing raw material according to the composition shown in the chemical formula and the molar ratio, and the raw material is the halide of Li and the halide of RE;
  • the raw material contains at least one fluoride.
  • the specific conditions of the solid-phase sintering in step (3) include:
  • the sintering temperature is 500 ⁇ 700°C;
  • the sintering time is 2 to 12 hours.
  • step (3) the rare earth halide solid electrolyte material is obtained by grinding and crushing after sintering.
  • the present application also provides a solid-state battery, the solid-state electrolyte of which is at least one of the rare earth halide solid state electrolyte material described in any one of the above and the rare earth halide solid state electrolyte material prepared by the preparation method described in any one of the above.
  • the electrolyte material is pressed into the mold cell, the thickness of the electrolyte layer is measured and recorded as L, and then a carbon/electrolyte/carbon symmetrical blocking electrode cell is assembled in the mold cell, and the AC impedance of the cell under open circuit conditions is measured.
  • the electrochemical oxidation stability potential was measured by linear voltammetry.
  • the cell configuration was BE/SSE+C/SSE/Li, the scan rate was 1mV/s, and the voltage range was Voc ⁇ 7V.

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Abstract

本申请涉及一种固态电解质材料及其制备方法与应用,所述材料化学通式为Li aREX bF c,其中RE为稀土元素Y、Er、Yb中的至少一种,X为Cl、Br中的一种或两种,2.5≤a≤3.5,3.5≤b<6.5,0<c≤2。该材料提高了稀土卤化物固态电解质材料的性能,特别是提高其电化学氧化电位和空气稳定性。

Description

固态电解质材料及其制备方法与应用
交叉引用
本申请基于申请号为202010694069.4、申请日为2020年07月17日的中国专利申请提出,并要求该中国专利申请的优先权,该中国专利申请的全部内容在此引入本申请作为参考。
技术领域
本申请涉及固态电池领域,具体涉及一种稀土卤化物固态电解质材料及其制备方法与应用。
背景技术
基于固态电解质的全固态电池是目前动力电池的重要发展方向,有望获得比目前基于液态电解质的传统锂离子电池更高的比能量密度,并可彻底解决传统锂离子电池的安全性问题。
性能优异的固态电解质材料是全固态电池的关键。通常希望固态电解质具备以下三个方面的性质:(1)优异的本征电化学性能,包括高的室温离子电导率,适宜的电化学窗口;(2)良好的物化稳定性,以便于固态电池的制造;(3)较低的原材料和制造成本,以满足固态电池商业应用的经济可行性。
现有的固态电解质材料中,研究较多的主要有聚合物、氧化物、硫化物材料,但这些材料在全固态电池的应用中均存在不同程度问题,比如聚合物材料的电化学窗口过窄,氧化物材料离子电导率偏低且制备成本偏高,硫化物材料空气稳定性差、电化学稳定性差等,从而限制了其商业化应用。
2018年,日本松下报道了两种新型卤化物固态电解质Li 3YCl 6和Li 3YBr 6,其室温离子电导率分别可达0.51mS·cm -1和1.7mS·cm -1,氧化电位分别可达4.21V和3.15V,展现出了良好的应用潜力,因而引起了人们对于卤化物固态电解质的广泛兴趣。随后Li 3ErCl 6、Li 3InCl 6和Li 3ScCl 6材料相继被报道,室温离子电导率分别可达0.31mS·cm -1、2.04mS·cm -1和3mS·cm -1,其中Li 3InCl 6和Li 3ScCl 6都具 有4V以上的电化学氧化电位。然而目前已报道的这些材料中,Li 3InCl 6和Li 3ScCl 6所用In、Sc元素成本昂贵,非常不利于其未来产业化应用。Li 3YCl 6、Li 3YBr 6、Li 3ErCl 6一方面氧化电位仍偏低;另一方面极易吸潮,空气稳定性较差,不利于固态电池的制造。
采取合适的策略对Li 3YCl 6等使用廉价稀土原料的稀土卤化物固态电解质材料进行性能优化,在保持其较高离子电导率的前提下,提升其电化学氧化电位,同时改善其空气稳定性,将是开发具有商业化应用前景的新型固态电解质材料的有效手段。
发明内容
(一)发明目的
本申请的目的在于提高稀土卤化物固态电解质材料的性能,特别是提高其电化学氧化电位和空气稳定性,从而获得综合性能更为优异的新材料。
(二)技术方案
根据本申请的一个方面,提供了一种集稀土卤化物固态电解质材料,化学通式为Li aREX bF c,其中RE为稀土元素Y、Er、Yb中的至少一种,X为Cl、Br中的一种或两种,2.5≤a≤3.5,3.5≤b<6.5,0<c≤2。
可选地,a的下限选自2.5、2.8、2.9、3、3.08、3.1、3.2或3.45,上限选自2.8、2.9、3、3.08、3.1、3.2、3.45或3.5;
b的下限选自3.5、4、4.2、4.5、5.4、5.5、5.6、5.7、5.9、6、6.1或6.4,上限选自4、4.2、4.5、5.4、5.5、5.6、5.7、5.9、6、6.1或6.4。
c的下限选自0.05、0.08、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5、1.5或1.8,上限选自0.08、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5、1.5、1.8或2。
可选地,RE为稀土元素Y、Er、Yb中的一种,X为Cl、Br中的一种。
可选地,X为Cl,2.8≤a≤3.2,5.7≤b≤6,0<c≤0.2。
当元素按以上配比时,F的引入不会引起氯化物晶相变化,因而既能保证材料具有较高的离子电导率,又能显著提高其氧化电位。
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的离子电导率≥0.45mS·cm -1,优选≥0.5mS·cm -1,更优选≥0.69mS·cm -1
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的电化学氧化电位≥4.33V,优选>4.38V,更优选≥4.50V;
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的相对吸湿率≤58%,优选≤54%,更优选≤50%。
根据本申请的一个实施例,很少量的F替代即可将Li 3YCl 6的氧化电位由4.10V提升至4.50V,同时保持0.50mS·cm -1的离子电导率。材料的吸湿性也有明显改善,与不掺F相比,同等条件下的相对吸湿率降低了50%。
可选地,X为Br,2.8≤a≤3.2,4≤b≤6.1,0.1≤c≤1.5。
当F的引入量为该范围时,既能维持材料的离子电导率在较高的水平,又能有效提升其氧化电位。
根据本申请的另一个实施例,一定量的F替代可将Li 3YBr 6的氧化电位由3.12V提升至3.52V,同时保持其离子电导率在2.10mS·cm -1。材料的吸湿性也有大幅改善,同等条件下的相对吸湿率降低了63%。
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的离子电导率≥0.75mS·cm -1,优选≥1.25mS·cm -1,更优选≥1.84mS·cm -1
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的电化学氧化电位≥3.35V,优选>3.41V,更优选≥3.52V;
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的相对吸湿率≤44%,优选≤36%,更优选≤29%。
本申请的第二方面提供了上述任一项所述稀土卤化物固态电解质材料的制备方法,包括:
(1)根据化学通式所示成分及摩尔比称取原料,所述原料为Li的卤化物和RE的卤化物;
其中,所述原料中至少包含一种氟化物。
(2)将称取的原料研磨成粉,混合,得到原料混合物;
(3)对所述原料混合物进行固相烧结,得到所述稀土卤化物固 态电解质材料。
可选地,步骤(3)所述固相烧结的具体条件包括:
在真空或干燥惰性气氛条件下进行;
烧结温度为500~700℃;
烧结时间为2~12h。
本申请的第三个方面,提供了一种固态电池,其固态电解质为上述任一项所述稀土卤化物固态电解质材料、上述任一项所述制备方法制备的稀土卤化物固态电解质材料中的至少一种。
(三)有益效果
本申请的一个显著特征在于,本申请提供的稀土卤化物固态电解质材料含有F元素。本申请正是通过引入F元素并进行成分调控,在保持稀土卤化物电解质材料高离子电导率的前提下,有效改善稀土卤化物电解质材料的电化学氧化电位和空气稳定性。
发明人在前期工作中发现,固态电解质材料的离子电导率、氧化电位、空气稳定性等性质均与其元素组成有明显相关。经验规律表明,在其它条件相同的情况下,阴离子电负性越强,材料的离子电导率越低,但电化学氧化电位越高。例如,在Li 3REX 6三元体系中,材料的离子电导率通常会按F、Cl、Br、I依次升高,但电化学氧化电位则按F、Cl、Br、I依次降低。由此可见,F元素的引入,会带来极为负面的效果,即大幅降低材料的离子电导率,这对于固态电解质材料而言将是致命的。目前在Li 3REX 6三元体系中或类似的Li-M-X体系中已报道的氟化物材料离子电导率都极低,比氯化物和溴化物要低至少两到三个数量级。因此,从通常认知来看,引入F元素并不能必然改善卤化物电解质的性能,甚至还有很大的造成电解质性能下降的风险。
而本申请的实验结果表明,通过F元素的引入和成分调控,可以在不牺牲稀土卤化物材料离子电导率的前提下,有效改善稀土卤化物电解质材料的电化学氧化电位和空气稳定性,最终实现其整体性能的提升。
发明人在实现本申请的过程中偶然发现,F成分调控得当,F掺 杂不仅不会造成卤化物离子电导率的降低,反而使其得到了提升。其原理尚不十分清楚,可能与F掺杂引起材料局部微结构发生变化,使其更有利于Li离子的传输有关。
因此,本申请事实上提供了一种有效改善Li 3YCl 6、Li 3YBr 6等稀土卤化物固态电解质综合性能的技术方案,并产生了意想不到的突出效果。
具体实施方式
为使本申请的目的、技术方案和优点更加清楚明白,以下结合具体实施例,并参照附图,对本申请进一步详细说明。但是应该理解,这些描述只是示例性的,而并非要限制本申请的范围。此外,在以下说明中,省略了对公知结构和技术的描述,以避免不必要地混淆本申请的概念。
本申请提供了一种稀土卤化物固态电解质材料,化学通式为Li aREX bF c,其中RE为稀土元素Y、Er、Yb中的至少一种,X为Cl、Br中的一种或两种,2.5≤a≤3.5,3.5≤b<6.5,0<c≤2。
可选地,a的下限选自2.5、2.8、2.9、3、3.08、3.1、3.2或3.45,上限选自2.8、2.9、3、3.08、3.1、3.2、3.45或3.5;
b的下限选自3.5、4、4.2、4.5、5.4、5.5、5.6、5.7、5.9、6、6.1或6.4,上限选自4、4.2、4.5、5.4、5.5、5.6、5.7、5.9、6、6.1或6.4。
c的下限选自0.05、0.08、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5、1.5或1.8,上限选自0.08、0.1、0.2、0.3、0.5、1.5、1.8或2。
可选地,RE为稀土元素Y、Er、Yb中的一种,X为Cl、Br中的一种。
可选地,X为Cl,2.8≤a≤3.2,5.7≤b≤6,0<c≤0.2。
当元素按以上配比时,F的引入不会引起氯化物晶相变化,因而既能保证材料具有较高的离子电导率,又能显著提高其氧化电位。
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的离子电导率≥0.45mS·cm -1,优选≥0.5mS·cm -1,更优选≥0.69mS·cm -1
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的电化学氧化电位≥4.33V,优选>4.38V,更优选≥4.50V;
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的相对吸湿率≤58%,优选≤54%,更优选≤50%。
根据本申请的一个实施例,很少量的F替代即可将Li 3YCl 6的氧化电位由4.10V提升至4.50V,同时保持0.50mS·cm -1的离子电导率。材料的吸湿性也有明显改善,与不掺F相比,同等条件下的相对吸湿率降低了50%。
可选地,X为Br,2.8≤a≤3.2,4≤b≤6.1,0.1≤c≤1.5。
当F的引入量为该范围时,既能维持材料的离子电导率在较高的水平,又能有效提升其氧化电位。
根据本申请的另一个实施例,一定量的F替代可将Li 3YBr 6的氧化电位由3.12V提升至3.52V,同时保持其离子电导率在2.10mS·cm -1。材料的吸湿性也有大幅改善,同等条件下的相对吸湿率降低了63%。
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的离子电导率≥0.75mS·cm -1,优选≥1.25mS·cm -1,更优选≥1.84mS·cm -1
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的电化学氧化电位≥3.35V,优选>3.41V,更优选≥3.52V;
可选地,所述的固态电解质材料的相对吸湿率≤44%,优选≤36%,更优选≤29%。
本申请还提供了上述任一项所述稀土卤化物固态电解质材料的制备方法,包括:
(1)根据化学通式所示成分及摩尔比称取原料,所述原料为Li的卤化物和RE的卤化物;
其中,所述原料中至少包含一种氟化物。
(2)将称取的原料研磨成粉,混合,得到原料混合物;
(3)对所述原料混合物进行固相烧结,得到所述稀土卤化物固态电解质材料。
可选地,步骤(3)所述固相烧结的具体条件包括:
在真空或干燥惰性气氛条件下进行;
烧结温度为500~700℃;
烧结时间为2~12h。
步骤(3)中烧结后研磨破碎得到所述稀土卤化物固态电解质材料。
本申请还提供了一种固态电池,其固态电解质为上述任一项所述稀土卤化物固态电解质材料、上述任一项所述制备方法制备的稀土卤化物固态电解质材料中的至少一种。
以下将结合本申请的具体实施例对本申请的具体实施方式做进一步说明,各实施例所用原料若无特殊说明均为市售产品,各工艺条件若无特殊说明均为常规操作条件。
通用测试方法:
1、离子电导率测试:
将电解质材料在模具电池内压片,量取电解质层的厚度记为L,随后在模具电池内组装成碳/电解质/碳的对称阻塞电极电池,测量该电池在开路条件下的交流阻抗,所得阻抗值记为R,利用公式σ=L/(R·A)进行计算,其中σ为离子电导率,L为电解质层的厚度,R为阻抗值,A为电解质片的电极面积。
2、电化学氧化电位测试:
利用线性伏安法测量电化学氧化稳定电位,电池构型为BE/SSE+C/SSE/Li,扫速为1mV/s,电压范围为Voc~7V。
3、相对吸湿率测试:
将电解质材料在模具电池内压片,称取质量记为m 0,在50%湿度条件下放置1小时后称取质量记为m t,则吸湿率h=(m t-m o)/m o。以Li 3YCl 6的吸湿率h 0为基准,相对吸湿率h r=h/h 0*100%。
对比例1
在充Ar手套箱中准确称取19.55克无水YCl 3(99.9wt%)和12.72克无水LiCl(99.9wt%),研磨成粉末后混合均匀,装入石英管中。将石英管从手套箱中取出后迅速接入真空系统抽真空,当真空度达到1×10 -3Pa时烧熔封口。将封口的石英管置于井式炉中加热至550℃保 温6小时进行固相烧结,冷却后研磨破碎。所得产物即为Li 3YCl 6材料。
对比例2
在充Ar手套箱中准确称取16.43克无水YBr 3(99.9wt%)和13.03克无水LiBr(99.9wt%),研磨成粉末后混合均匀,装入石英管中。其它操作与对比例1相同。所得产物即为Li 3YBr 6材料。
实施例1
在充Ar手套箱中准确称取18.90克无水YCl 3(wt99.9%)、12.72克无水LiCl(99.9wt%)和0.48克YF 3,研磨成粉末后混合均匀,装入石英管中。其它操作与对比例1相同。所得产物即为Li 3YCl 5.9F 0.1材料。
实施例2-12除原料配比不同外,其余操作均与实施例1相同,各实施例根据化学式所示元素配比称取原料。
所有实施例的详细对比情况见表1。
表1:
Figure PCTCN2021106665-appb-000001
Figure PCTCN2021106665-appb-000002
由表1中对比例1和实施例2可知,很少量的F替代即可将Li 3YCl 6的氧化电位由4.10V提升至4.50V,同时保持0.50mS·cm -1的离子电导率。材料的吸湿性也有明显改善,与不掺F相比,同等条件下的相对吸湿率降低了50%。
由表1中对比例2和实施例8可知,一定量的F替代可将Li 3YBr 6的氧化电位由3.12V提升至3.52V,同时保持其离子电导率在2.10mS·cm -1。材料的吸湿性也有大幅改善,同等条件下的相对吸湿率降低了63%
应当理解的是,本申请的上述具体实施方式仅仅用于示例性说明或解释本申请的原理,而不构成对本申请的限制。因此,在不偏离本申请的精神和范围的情况下所做的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。此外,本申请所附权利要求旨在涵盖落入所附权利要求范围和边界、或者这种范围和边界的等同形式内的全部变化和修改例。

Claims (9)

  1. 一种稀土卤化物固态电解质材料,其特征在于,化学通式为Li aREX bF c,其中RE为稀土元素Y、Er、Yb中的至少一种,X为Cl、Br中的一种或两种,2.5≤a≤3.5,3.5≤b<6.5,0<c≤2。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的固态电解质材料,其特征在于,RE为稀土元素Y、Er、Yb中的一种,X为Cl、Br中的一种。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的固态电解质材料,其特征在于,X为Cl,2.8≤a≤3.2,5.7≤b≤6,0<c≤0.2。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的固态电解质材料,其特征在于,X为Br,2.8≤a≤3.2,4≤b≤6.1,0.1≤c≤1.5。
  5. 根据权利要求3所述的固态电解质材料,其特征在于,其离子电导率≥0.45mS·cm -1,电化学氧化电位≥4.33V。
  6. 根据权利要求4所述的固态电解质材料,其特征在于,其离子电导率≥0.75mS·cm -1,电化学氧化电位≥3.35V。
  7. 权利要求1~6任一项所述稀土卤化物固态电解质材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括:
    (1)根据化学通式所示成分及摩尔比称取原料,所述原料为Li的卤化物和RE的卤化物;
    (2)将称取的原料研磨成粉,混合,得到原料混合物;
    (3)对所述原料混合物进行固相烧结,得到所述稀土卤化物固态电解质材料。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤(3)所述固相烧结的具体条件包括:
    在真空或干燥惰性气氛条件下进行;
    烧结温度为500~700℃;
    烧结时间为2~12h。
  9. 一种固态电池,其特征在于,其固态电解质为权利要求1~6任一项所述稀土卤化物固态电解质材料、权利要求7或8所述制备方 法制备的稀土卤化物固态电解质材料中的至少一种。
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