WO2021255935A1

WO2021255935A1 - Sway estimation system

Info

Publication number: WO2021255935A1
Application number: PCT/JP2020/024233
Authority: WO
Inventors: 然一伊藤; 郷平山中; 誠治渡辺; 健宮川
Original assignee: 三菱電機株式会社
Priority date: 2020-06-19
Filing date: 2020-06-19
Publication date: 2021-12-23
Also published as: JPWO2021255935A1; JP7276611B2; CN115867773A

Abstract

A sway estimation system is provided which can accurately estimate the sway of a building while keeping the number of sensors down. This sway estimation system (1) is provided with multiple vibration sensors (21) and a building sway estimation unit (23). The vibration sensors (21) are provided on the building (2). The vibration sensors (21) detect vibration. The building sway estimation unit (23) estimates sway of the building (2) on the basis of the detection results of the vibration sensors (21). The vibration sensors (21) include first vibration sensors (21a) and second vibration sensors (21b). The first vibration sensors (21a) are provided on first antinode sections. The first antinode sections are antinode sections of the fundamental vibration mode of the building (2). The second vibration sensors (21b) are provided on second antinode sections. The second antinode sections are those antinode sections of higher vibration modes of the building 2 that are farthest from the first antinode sections. The higher vibration modes are the vibration modes that are higher than the fundamental vibration mode.

Description

Shake estimation system

This disclosure relates to a shaking estimation system.

Patent Document 1 discloses an example of an elevator device. The elevator device includes an acceleration sensor and a control unit. The accelerometer is provided on a counterweight or the like. The control unit determines whether or not the elevator device can be diagnostically operated based on the detection result of the acceleration sensor.

Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2019-104568

However, in an elevator device that cannot supply power to the counterweight, it is not possible to diagnose the effect of building shaking using the acceleration sensor of Patent Document 1. For this reason, there are cases where the influence of shaking is diagnosed on the equipment installed in the building, including the elevator device, based on the information on the shaking of the building. Here, when directly measuring the shaking information of the building, for example, it is necessary to provide a sensor or the like on each floor of the building.

This disclosure relates to the solution of such problems. The present disclosure provides a shaking estimation system that can accurately estimate the shaking of a building while reducing the number of sensors.

The vibration estimation system according to the present disclosure includes a plurality of vibration sensors provided in the building, each of which detects vibration, and a building vibration estimation unit that estimates the vibration of the building based on the detection results of each of the plurality of vibration sensors. The plurality of vibration sensors are a first vibration sensor provided in the first abdomen, which is the abdomen of the basic vibration mode of the building, and a plurality of higher-order vibration modes of the building, which is a vibration mode higher than the basic vibration mode. It includes a second vibration sensor provided in the second abdomen, which is the abdomen farthest from the first abdomen in the abdomen.

With the shaking estimation system according to the present disclosure, it is possible to accurately estimate the shaking of a building while reducing the number of sensors.

It is a block diagram of the building to which the shaking estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 1 is applied. It is a block diagram of the shaking estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 1. FIG. It is a figure which shows the vibration mode of the building to which the vibration estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 1 is applied. It is a figure which shows the example of the vibration detected in the vibration estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 1. FIG. It is a figure which shows the example of the vibration detected in the vibration estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 1. FIG. It is a figure which shows the example of the shaking amount of each floor estimated in the shaking estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 1. FIG. It is a flow chart which shows the example of the operation of the shaking estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 1. It is a hardware block diagram of the main part of the shaking estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 1. FIG. It is a figure which shows the example of the vibration detected in the vibration estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 2. FIG. It is a block diagram of the shaking estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 3. FIG. It is a figure which shows the example of the weighting coefficient which concerns on Embodiment 3. It is a block diagram of the shaking estimation system which concerns on Embodiment 4. FIG. It is a figure which shows the example of the estimation of the shaking of a building by the building shaking estimation part which concerns on Embodiment 4. FIG.

The mode for implementing this disclosure will be explained with reference to the attached drawings. In each figure, the same or corresponding parts are designated by the same reference numerals, and duplicate description will be appropriately simplified or omitted.

Embodiment 1.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a building 2 to which the shaking estimation system 1 according to the first embodiment is applied.

The shaking estimation system 1 is applied to the building 2. The shaking estimation system 1 is a system for estimating the shaking of the applied building 2.

Building 2 has multiple floors. An elevator 3 is provided in the building 2. In the building 2, the hoistway 4 of the elevator 3 is provided. The hoistway 4 is a space that spans a plurality of floors. In the building 2, the machine room 5 of the elevator 3 is provided above the hoistway 4.

The elevator 3 includes a hoisting machine 6, a suspension body 7, a deflecting wheel 8, a basket 9, a balance weight 10, and a control device 11.

The hoisting machine 6 is provided in the machine room 5. The hoisting machine 6 includes a drive sheave 12, a hoisting machine motor 13, and a hoisting machine brake 14. The drive sheave 12 is a pulley of the elevator 3. The hoisting machine motor 13 is a device that rotates the drive sheave 12. The hoist brake 14 is a device that brakes the rotation of the drive sheave 12. The hoist brake 14 is, for example, an electromagnetic brake. The hoist brake 14 includes a brake wheel, a brake shoe, a brake spring, and an electromagnetic magnet. The brake vehicle is a brake drum or a brake disc coaxially coupled to the drive sheave 12. The brake shoe is a member that comes into contact with the brake vehicle when braking the rotation of the drive sheave 12. The brake spring is a spring that presses the brake shoe against the brake wheel by an elastic force. The electromagnetic magnet is a device that pulls the brake shoe away from the brake vehicle against the elastic force of the brake spring when releasing the braking of the rotation of the drive sheave 12.

The suspension body 7 is, for example, a plurality of ropes or a plurality of belts. The suspension body 7 is wound around the drive sheave 12. The deflecting wheel 8 is provided in the machine room 5. The deflecting wheel 8 is a pulley around which the suspension body 7 is wound. Both ends of the suspension body 7 are lowered from the machine room 5 to the hoistway 4. One end of the suspension body 7 is connected to the car 9 in the hoistway 4. The other end of the suspension body 7 is connected to the counterweight 10 in the hoistway 4.

The car 9 and the counterweight 10 are suspended in the hoistway 4 by the suspension body 7. The car 9 and the counterweight 10 move up and down the hoistway 4 in opposite directions by the hoisting machine 6. The basket 9 is a device for transporting users of the elevator 3 and the like between a plurality of floors. The counterweight 10 is a device that balances the load applied to both ends of the suspension body 7 with the car 9.

The control device 11 is provided in the machine room 5. The control device 11 is a device that controls the operation of the elevator 3. The control device 11 controls the rotation of the hoist 6 to move the car 9 up and down in the hoistway 4 at a preset speed.

The elevator 3 includes a pair of car guide rails 15 and a pair of counterweight guide rails 16. Each car guide rail 15 and each counterweight guide rail 16 are provided in the hoistway 4. The pair of car guide rails 15 are arranged on the left and right sides of the car 9, for example. Each car guide rail 15 guides the car 9 to move up and down. The pair of counterweight guide rails 16 are arranged on the left and right sides of the counterweight, for example. Each balance weight guide rail 16 guides the balance weight 10 to move up and down.

The elevator 3 includes a car shock absorber 17 and a counterweight shock absorber 18. The car shock absorber 17 and the counterweight shock absorber 18 are provided at the bottom of the hoistway 4. The car shock absorber 17 is provided below the car 9. The car shock absorber 17 is a device that cushions an impact when the car 9 collides with the bottom of the hoistway 4. The counterweight shock absorber 18 is provided below the counterweight weight 10. The counterweight shock absorber 18 is a device that cushions the impact when the counterweight 10 collides with the bottom of the hoistway 4.

The elevator 3 includes a P wave detector 19 (P wave: Primary wave) and an S wave detector 20 (S wave: Secondary wave). The P wave detector 19 and the S wave detector 20 are devices that detect seismic waves. The P wave detector 19 is provided at the bottom of the hoistway 4. The P wave detector 19 senses the P wave. The S wave detector 20 is provided in the machine room 5. The S wave detector 20 senses the S wave.

In the elevator 3, the control device 11 shifts the operation of the elevator 3 from the normal operation to the seismic control operation when the seismic wave detected by the P wave detector 19 or the like has a vibration exceeding a preset threshold value. .. In the seismic control operation, the control device 11 stops the running car 9 on the nearest floor. After that, the user in the car 9 is notified to get off the car 9. When the S wave detector 20 does not detect the shaking larger than the preset shaking, the control device 11 returns the operation of the elevator 3 to the normal operation.

FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of the shaking estimation system 1 according to the first embodiment.

The shaking estimation system 1 is a system that estimates the shaking of the building 2. Here, the shaking of the building 2 estimated by the shaking estimation system 1 is, for example, the distribution of the amount of shaking with respect to the height of the building 2. The amount of sway is, for example, the maximum acceleration, maximum velocity, or maximum displacement of sway. The shaking estimation system 1 estimates the shaking of the building 2 due to the earthquake, for example, when an earthquake occurs. The shaking estimation system 1 estimates the shaking of the building 2 in the horizontal direction, for example. The vibration estimation system 1 includes a plurality of vibration sensors 21 and a vibration estimation device 22.

Each vibration sensor 21 is provided in the building 2. In this example, each vibration sensor 21 is fixed to the building 2. A part or all of the plurality of vibration sensors 21 are arranged, for example, in the hoistway 4. Each vibration sensor 21 is a device that detects vibration. Each vibration sensor 21 outputs vibration acceleration, velocity, displacement, or the like as a vibration detection value. Each vibration sensor 21 is arranged at different heights in the building 2. Each vibration sensor 21 is arranged on different floors, for example.

The shaking estimation device 22 is, for example, a server computer provided in the building 2. Alternatively, the shaking estimation device 22 may be integrally mounted on the hardware of the elevator 3 such as the control device 11. Alternatively, the shaking estimation device 22 may be a server computer or the like provided at a base outside the building 2. The external base is, for example, an information center that collects information on the elevator 3. Alternatively, the shaking estimation device 22 may be, for example, a virtual server on a cloud service. The shaking estimation device 22 includes a building shaking estimation unit 23 and an elevator shaking estimation unit 24.

The building shaking estimation unit 23 is a part that estimates the shaking of the building 2 based on the detection results of each vibration sensor 21. The building shake estimation unit 23 outputs the estimated shake of the building 2 to the elevator shake estimation unit 24.

The elevator shake estimation unit 24 is a part that estimates the shake of the equipment of the elevator 3 based on the shake of the building 2 estimated by the building shake estimation unit 23. The device of the elevator 3 in which the shaking is estimated is, for example, a basket 9 or a counterweight 10. The elevator shake estimation unit 24 may estimate the shake of a non-moving device such as a control device 11. Here, the shaking of the equipment of the elevator 3 estimated by the elevator shaking estimation unit 24 is, for example, the amount of shaking of the equipment of the elevator 3. The amount of sway is, for example, the maximum acceleration, maximum velocity, or maximum displacement of sway.

Subsequently, an example of the arrangement of the vibration sensor 21 in the vibration estimation system 1 will be described with reference to FIG.
FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a vibration mode of the building 2 to which the vibration estimation system 1 according to the first embodiment is applied.

In FIG. 3, the vertical axis represents the height of the building 2. In FIG. 3, the horizontal axis represents the amplitude of vibration in each vibration mode. The graph on the left side of FIG. 3 represents a primary vibration mode. The graph in the center of FIG. 3 represents a quadratic vibration mode. The graph on the right side of FIG. 3 represents a third-order vibration mode.

In this example, the vibration estimation system 1 includes three vibration sensors 21 on the middle floor. The three vibration sensors 21 are arranged at positions set by using the vibration mode of the building 2.

When building 2 receives forced vibration from the ground surface due to an earthquake, building 2 can be modeled as a one-dimensional continuous elastic body. In this example, the vibration mode of building 2 represents relative vibration relative to the lowest floor. In this model, the top floor, which is the upper end of the building 2, is a free end. Further, the lowest floor, which is the lower end of the building 2, is a fixed end. At this time, the shaking of the building 2 is represented by the superposition of the vibration modes of the building 2 modeled as a continuous elastic body. Therefore, each vibration sensor 21 is arranged at any position on the abdomen of the vibration mode so that the vibration information of the vibration mode of the building 2 can be acquired. Here, the abdomen is a portion where the amplitude of vibration is maximized in the vibration mode. The abdomen may be, for example, the upper end of the building 2. With n as a natural number, the nth order vibration mode has, for example, n abdomen. Further, the n-th order vibration mode has, for example, n nodes. The node portion is a portion where the vibration amplitude becomes 0 in the vibration mode. The knot may be, for example, the lower end of the building 2. The lower end of the building 2 corresponds to, for example, the lowest floor. In general, the shaking of a building 2 due to an earthquake is well reproduced by three vibration modes: primary, secondary, and tertiary. Therefore, the three vibration sensors 21 are arranged at any position of the abdomen of the three vibration modes up to the third order. Further, the vibration estimation system 1 further includes a vibration sensor 21 arranged at a position that serves as a reference for vibration in the vibration mode. The vibration sensor 21 is arranged, for example, on the lowest floor of the building 2.

For the sake of simplicity, the arrangement of the three vibration sensors 21 on the middle floor will be described using an example in which the waveform of the vibration mode of the building 2 is represented by a sine and cosine waveform. Even in the general case where the waveform of the vibration mode of the building 2 is not represented by a sine and cosine waveform, the arrangement of the plurality of vibration sensors 21 is set by the same procedure. As the waveform of the vibration mode of the building 2, for example, a waveform calculated in advance based on the structure of the building 2 or the like is used.

_{The waveform φ n} (x) of the nth-order vibration mode is represented by a sinusoidal waveform as shown in the following equation (1). Here, x is a variable representing the height of the building 2. The origin of the height x is set to be 0, for example, on the lowest floor above the ground. The height x is standardized so as to be 1 on the top floor of the building 2.

The arrangement of the three vibration sensors 21 is set by using the vibration modes of the building 2 in ascending order of order.

_{The waveform φ 1} (x) of the first-order vibration mode of the building 2 is shown by the following equation (2). The primary vibration mode is the lowest vibration mode. The primary vibration mode is the basic vibration mode.

The first vibration sensor 21a, which is the first of the three vibration sensors 21, is arranged in the abdomen of the primary vibration mode. The abdomen of the primary vibration mode is only the upper end portion where x = 1. Therefore, the first vibration sensor 21a is arranged in the abdomen at the upper end where _{x = x 1 = 1.} The abdomen is the first abdomen. x ₁ is the position of the first abdomen.

_{The waveform φ 2} (x) of the second-order vibration mode of the building 2 is shown by the following equation (3). The second-order vibration mode is an example of a higher-order vibration mode higher than the basic vibration mode.

The second vibration sensor 21b, which is the second of the two vibration sensors 21, is arranged in any of the abdomen of the secondary vibration mode. There are two abdomen in the secondary vibration mode, a portion where x = 1/3 and a portion at the upper end where x = 1. Since the first vibration sensor 21a is already arranged at the upper end portion where x = 1, the second vibration sensor 21b is arranged at the abdomen where _{x = x 2 = 1/3.} The abdomen is the second abdomen. x ₂ is the position of the second abdomen.

_{The waveform φ 3} (x) of the third-order vibration mode of the building 2 is shown by the following equation (4). The third-order vibration mode is an example of a higher-order vibration mode than the higher-order vibration mode.

The third vibration sensor 21c, which is the third of the three vibration sensors 21, is arranged in any of the abdomen of the third vibration mode. The abdomen of the third-order vibration mode is a portion where x = 1/5, a portion where x = 3/5, and a portion at the upper end where x = 1. Since the first vibration sensor 21a is already arranged at the upper end portion where x = 1, the third vibration sensor 21c is either a portion where x = 1/5 or a portion where x = 3/5. Placed on one side.

Here, it is preferable that each vibration sensor 21 is arranged over the entire height of the building 2 so as to suppress a decrease in the accuracy of estimating the vibration of the building 2 at a position where the vibration sensor 21 is not provided. .. Therefore, the vibration sensors 21 are arranged at positions as far apart from each other as possible. In this example, the third vibration sensor 21c is arranged in the abdomen where the distance from the near side of the first abdomen and the second abdomen is the largest. The distance between the two abdomen is, for example, the difference in height between the two abdomen.

In this example, the distance Δx of the portion where x = 1/5 from the first abdomen where x = 1 is Δx = 4/5. The distance Δx of the portion where x = 1/5 from the second abdomen where x = 1/3 is Δx = 2/15. Therefore, the distance of the portion where x = 1/5 from the closer side of the first abdomen and the second abdomen is 2/15. Similarly, the distance of the portion where x = 3/5 from the closer side of the first abdomen and the second abdomen is 4/15. Therefore, the abdomen of the third-order vibration mode in which the distance from the near side of the first abdomen and the second abdomen is the largest is the portion where x = 3/5. Therefore, the third vibration sensor 21c is arranged in the abdomen where _{x = x 3 = 3/5.} The abdomen is the third abdomen. x ₃ is the position of the third abdomen.

Even when the vibration estimation system 1 includes four or more vibration sensors 21, the arrangement of the vibration sensors 21 is set by the same procedure. The vibration sensor 21 arranged in any of the abdomen of the nth-order vibration mode is the abdomen in which the vibration sensor 21 is arranged using, for example, a vibration mode lower than the nth-order vibration mode among the abdomen of the n-th order vibration mode. It is placed in the abdomen with the greatest distance from the nearest abdomen.

Subsequently, an example of estimating the shaking of the building 2 in the shaking estimation system 1 will be described with reference to FIG.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing an example of vibration detected in the vibration estimation system 1 according to the first embodiment.

In FIG. 4, the horizontal axis represents time. In FIG. 4, the vertical axis represents the vibration at the position where the vibration sensor 21 is provided in the building 2. The upper graph of FIG. 4 shows the vibration in the first abdomen. The lower graph of FIG. 4 shows the vibration in the second abdomen. The middle graph of FIG. 4 shows the vibration in the third abdomen. In the three graphs from the upper row to the lower row of FIG. 4, the vibration of the reference vibration sensor 21 provided on the lowest floor of the ground surface is obtained from the detected value of the vibration of the vibration sensor 21 arranged in the abdomen corresponding to each graph. The relative value is shown after subtracting the detected value of. In this example, the detected value of vibration is the acceleration of vibration. Even when the detected value of vibration in each vibration sensor 21 is velocity or displacement, the shaking of the building 2 is estimated by the same processing.

For example, while an earthquake or the like is occurring, the displacement, velocity, acceleration, etc., which are the detected values of vibration at the position where each vibration sensor 21 is provided, change with time. Therefore, the vibration estimation system 1 acquires the maximum value of the vibration detection value so that the maximum value such as the displacement, velocity, or acceleration of the vibration can be estimated as the vibration amount. The maximum value acquired here is, for example, the maximum value in the entire time domain during the occurrence of an earthquake. In the shaking estimation system 1, the detection values of the respective vibration sensors 21 at the same time are acquired so that the shaking of the building 2 can be estimated based on the vibration mode of the building 2. Therefore, the times in each vibration sensor 21 are synchronized with each other, for example.

The building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the shaking of the building 2 when, for example, an earthquake occurs. In the shaking estimation system 1, the occurrence and termination of an earthquake may be sensed by, for example, a P wave detector 19 or an S wave detector 20. Alternatively, the occurrence and termination of an earthquake may be sensed based on the detection value of any of the vibration sensors 21.

When the maximum value of vibration after the occurrence of an earthquake is updated with respect to the detected value of vibration of the vibration sensor 21 arranged in the abdomen of any of the vibration modes, the building shaking estimation unit 23 performs the vibration sensor 21. Memorize the maximum value of. Here, the maximum value of vibration is, for example, the maximum value in a relative value obtained by subtracting the value detected by the reference vibration sensor 21. The maximum value is indicated by a circle symbol in FIG. At this time, the building shaking estimation unit 23 also stores the detected values of the vibrations of all the other vibration sensors 21 at the same time. The detected value stored here is, for example, a relative value obtained by subtracting the detected value by the reference vibration sensor 21. The relative value is indicated by a square symbol in FIG. In this example, since there are three vibration sensors 21 arranged in the abdomen, each vibration sensor at three times t ₁ , t ₂ , and t _{3 where the relative value of the detected value of each vibration sensor 21 becomes maximum.} The detected value of 21 is stored.

Since vibration of the building 2 is represented by superposition of vibrational modes, the relative value of the detection value of each of the vibration sensors 21 at time t ₁ is represented by the following equation (5). Here, a ₁₁ represents a relative value to a reference of the vibration sensor 21 for the detection value of the first vibration sensor 21a which is detected at time t _1. a ₂₁ represents a relative value to a reference of the vibration sensor 21 for the detection value of the second vibration sensor 21b detected at time t _1. a ₃₁ represents the reference value relative to the vibration sensor 21 for the detection value of the third vibration sensor 21c that is detected at time t _1. Further, q ₁ (t) represents the mode amplitude of the first-order vibration mode at time t. q ₂ (t) represents the mode amplitude of the second-order vibration mode at time t. q ₃ (t) represents the mode amplitude of the third-order vibration mode at time t. Here, the mode amplitude is an example of the components of each vibration mode.

_{Using the waveforms φ 1} , φ ₂ , and φ ₃ of each known vibration mode, the building shake estimation unit 23 uses the mode amplitude q ₁ (t ₁ ), q _{2 at} _{time t 1 based on equation (5).} _(t 1), and _q 3 _{(t 1)} is calculated. Building shake estimation unit 23 based on the calculated mode amplitude can be calculated shake amount of the building 2 at time t ₁ for any position x of the building 2, including the position at which vibration sensor 21 is not provided. In this example, the building shaking estimation unit 23 calculates the amount of shaking for the position corresponding to each floor. Similarly, building shake estimation unit 23, the position corresponding to each floor, and calculates the shake amount of the building 2 at time t ₂ and t _3.

Subsequently, an example of the estimation result of the shaking of the building 2 in the shaking estimation system 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.
FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of vibration detected in the vibration estimation system 1 according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of the amount of shaking of each floor estimated by the shaking estimation system 1 according to the first embodiment.

In FIG. 5, the horizontal axis represents time. In FIG. 5, the vertical axis represents the acceleration of vibration at the position where the vibration sensor 21 is provided in the building 2. The solid line graph in FIG. 5 represents the vibration in the first abdomen. The dashed graph in FIG. 5 represents the vibration in the second abdomen. The dashed line graph in FIG. 5 represents vibration in the third abdomen. In this example, the building 2 has 20 floors. The first abdomen, the second abdomen, and the third abdomen are the 20th, 7th, and 12th floors of the building 2. The first vibration sensor 21a is arranged on the 20th floor, which is the first abdomen. The second vibration sensor 21b is arranged on the seventh floor, which is the second abdomen. The third vibration sensor 21c is arranged on the 12th floor, which is the third abdomen. The detected value of the first vibration sensor 21a becomes maximum at a time around 12.5 seconds.

In FIG. 6, based on the vibration detection result shown in FIG. 5, the vibration of the building 2 estimated by the building vibration estimation unit 23 at the time when the detection value of the first vibration sensor 21a becomes maximum is shown. In FIG. 6, the horizontal axis represents the floor of the building 2. In FIG. 6, the vertical axis shows the acceleration as the amount of shaking of the building 2. In FIG. 6, the solid line graph shows the estimated value by the shaking estimation unit. In FIG. 6, the square symbol indicates the amount of shaking of each floor of the building 2 at the time when the detected value of the first vibration sensor 21a is maximum.

As shown in FIG. 6, the estimated value by the shaking estimation unit almost corresponds to the shaking amount of each floor of the building 2. In this way, the amount of shaking of the entire building 2 is estimated with high accuracy by a small number of vibration sensors 21. Therefore, the influence of shaking on the equipment provided in the building 2 can be diagnosed based on the shaking amount of the building 2.

Subsequently, an example of estimating the shaking of the equipment of the elevator 3 in the shaking estimation system 1 will be described with reference to FIG. 7.
FIG. 7 is a flow chart showing an example of the operation of the shaking estimation system 1 according to the first embodiment.

When an earthquake occurs, the control device 11 shifts the operation of the elevator 3 from the normal operation to the earthquake control operation. In the elevator 3, when a vibration larger than the preset vibration is detected by, for example, the S wave detector 20, it is determined whether or not the diagnostic operation is possible. The diagnostic operation is an operation in which the influence of shaking is diagnosed by checking the presence or absence of an abnormality in the elevator 3.

Whether or not the diagnostic operation is possible is determined based on, for example, the shaking of the building 2 estimated by the shaking estimation system 1 based on the detection results of each vibration sensor 21. The building shake estimation unit 23 outputs the shake estimation result of the building 2 to the elevator shake estimation unit 24.

The elevator sway estimation unit 24 acquires the sway estimation result of the building 2 from the building sway estimation unit 23. The elevator shake estimation unit 24 acquires the position of the device of the elevator 3 from, for example, the control device 11. The position of the equipment of the elevator 3 is, for example, the position of the car 9 or the counterweight 10. The elevator shake estimation unit 24 estimates the shake of the equipment of the elevator 3 based on the estimation result of the shake of the building 2 and the position of the equipment of the elevator 3. The elevator shake estimation unit 24 estimates, for example, the shake of the building 2 at the position of the acquired device as the shake of the device.

After that, the elevator shaking estimation unit 24 compares the estimated shaking amount of the equipment of the elevator 3 with a preset threshold value. Here, the threshold value is a value stored in advance by, for example, the elevator shake estimation unit 24 or the like as a criterion for determining whether or not the elevator 3 can be diagnostically operated. The elevator sway estimation unit 24 determines that diagnostic operation is possible when the estimated sway amount is below the threshold value. On the other hand, the elevator sway estimation unit 24 determines that the diagnostic operation is impossible when the estimated sway amount is equal to or greater than the threshold value. The elevator shake estimation unit 24 outputs the determination result of whether or not the diagnostic operation is possible to the control device 11.

When the determination result that enables the diagnostic operation is received from the elevator shake estimation unit 24, the control device 11 starts the diagnostic operation of the elevator 3. When no abnormality is detected in the diagnostic operation, the control device 11 returns the operation of the elevator 3 to the normal operation.

On the other hand, when the determination result that the diagnostic operation is disabled is received from the elevator shake estimation unit 24, the control device 11 suspends the operation of the elevator 3 and makes it wait until the inspection by the maintenance staff.

The vibration estimation system 1 may include four or more vibration sensors 21 provided in the abdomen of the vibration mode. Further, the vibration estimation system 1 may include only two vibration sensors 21 provided in the abdomen of the vibration mode. At this time, the building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the shaking of the building 2 based on, for example, a primary vibration mode and a secondary vibration mode.

Further, in the vibration estimation system 1, when the P wave detector 19 or the S wave detector 20 has a function of outputting a vibration waveform, the P wave detector 19 or the S wave detector 20 functions as a vibration sensor 21. May also serve as. For example, the P wave detector 19 arranged at the bottom of the hoistway 4 may function as a reference vibration sensor 21 arranged at the bottom floor of the building 2. Further, the S wave detector 20 arranged in the machine room 5 may function as a vibration sensor 21 arranged in the abdomen of the basic vibration mode.

Further, in the building 2, the machine room 5 may not be provided at the upper part of the hoistway 4. At this time, the elevator 3 provided in the building 2 may be a machine roomless elevator. The elevator 3 provided in the building 2 is not limited to the types exemplified here. The elevator 3 provided in the building 2 may be a type of elevator such as a 2: 1 roping elevator with a hoist or a self-propelled elevator without a hoist. Further, a plurality of elevators 3 may be provided in the building 2. At this time, the operation of each elevator 3 may be managed by, for example, a group management device.

Further, the shaking estimation system 1 does not have to have the elevator shaking estimation unit 24. The shaking estimation system 1 may output the estimated shaking information of the building 2 to, for example, an external system for diagnosing the influence of the shaking of the elevator 3.

As described above, the vibration estimation system 1 according to the first embodiment includes a plurality of vibration sensors 21 and a building vibration estimation unit 23. Each vibration sensor 21 is provided in the building 2. Each vibration sensor 21 detects vibration. The building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the shaking of the building 2 based on the detection results of the respective vibration sensors 21. The plurality of vibration sensors 21 include a first vibration sensor 21a and a second vibration sensor 21b. The first vibration sensor 21a is provided on the first abdomen. The first abdomen is the abdomen of the building 2 in the basic vibration mode. The second vibration sensor 21b is provided on the second abdomen. The second abdomen is the abdomen farthest from the first abdomen among the plurality of abdomens in the higher vibration mode of the building 2. The higher-order vibration mode is a higher-order vibration mode than the basic vibration mode.

In the configuration, the plurality of vibration sensors 21 are arranged at the positions of the building 2 including the first abdomen and the second abdomen. The vibration of the first abdomen well represents the vibration by the basic vibration mode. The vibration of the second abdomen well represents the vibration due to the higher vibration mode. Since the vibration of the building 2 is represented by the superposition of vibration modes such as the basic vibration mode and the higher-order vibration mode, the information characterizing the vibration of the building 2 is detected by a small number of vibration sensors 21. As a result, the building shake estimation unit 23 can accurately estimate the shake of the building 2 while suppressing the number of vibration sensors 21. Further, since the vibration of the building 2 is estimated accurately, even if a large number of devices for diagnosing the influence of the shaking are provided in the building 2, it is not necessary to provide a sensor for detecting the vibration in each of the devices. Therefore, an increase in the number of sensors such as the vibration sensor 21 used for diagnosing the influence of shaking can be suppressed.

Further, the building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the components of each vibration mode of the building 2 based on the detection results of the respective vibration sensors 21. The building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the shaking of the building 2 using the estimated vibration mode component.

With this configuration, the building shaking estimation unit 23 can accurately estimate the amount of shaking based on the waveform of the vibration mode even at a position where the vibration sensor 21 is not provided.

Further, the building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the shaking of the building 2 based on the vibration detection values of each of the plurality of vibration sensors 21 at the time when the maximum value of the vibration is detected by at least one of the vibration sensors 21.

In the configuration, the detected value of each abdominal vibration at the same time is acquired. Therefore, the building shaking estimation unit 23 can uniquely and accurately estimate the components of the vibration mode. In addition, the estimated vibration is a vibration that well reflects the vibration mode corresponding to the abdomen where the vibration is maximized. Therefore, the shaking estimation system 1 can accurately diagnose the influence of shaking due to each vibration mode.

Further, the plurality of vibration sensors 21 include the third vibration sensor 21c. The third vibration sensor 21c is provided on the third abdomen. The third abdomen is the abdomen having the greatest distance from the closer side of the first abdomen and the second abdomen among the plurality of abdomens having a higher vibration mode than the higher vibration mode corresponding to the second abdomen.

With this configuration, the building shake estimation unit 23 can estimate the shake of the building 2 with higher accuracy. Further, the vibration sensors 21 are arranged apart from each other over the entire building 2. Therefore, the building shake estimation unit 23 can estimate the shake of the entire building 2 with higher accuracy.

Further, the shaking estimation system 1 includes an elevator shaking estimation unit 24. The elevator shake estimation unit 24 estimates the shake of the equipment of the elevator 3 provided in the building 2 based on the shake of the building 2 estimated by the building shake estimation unit 23.

With this configuration, the effect of shaking on the equipment of the elevator 3 can be accurately diagnosed. Further, it is not necessary to provide the vibration sensor 21 in the equipment of the elevator 3 that moves in the building 2 such as the counterweight 10. Therefore, it is not necessary to perform wiring such as power supply or signal communication to the balance weight 10 or the like. Therefore, it is not necessary to take measures against the wiring being caught in the counterweight 10 or the like. Further, even when a plurality of elevators 3 are provided in the building 2, it is not necessary to provide a vibration sensor 21 for each elevator 3. Therefore, an increase in the number of sensors such as the vibration sensor 21 used for diagnosing the influence of shaking can be suppressed. Further, the elevator shake estimation unit 24 accurately determines whether or not the elevator 3 can be diagnostically operated. When the diagnostic operation is possible, the diagnostic operation can be performed more reliably, so that the number of elevators 3 that can be restored to the normal operation in the event of an earthquake can be increased. Further, since the diagnostic operation is suppressed when the diagnostic operation is impossible, the occurrence of secondary damage such as damage to the equipment of the elevator 3 in the diagnostic operation can be suppressed.

Subsequently, an example of the hardware configuration of the shaking estimation system 1 will be described with reference to FIG.
FIG. 8 is a hardware configuration diagram of a main part of the shaking estimation system 1 according to the first embodiment.

Each function of the shaking estimation system 1 can be realized by a processing circuit. The processing circuit includes at least one processor 100a and at least one memory 100b. The processing circuit may include at least one dedicated hardware 200 with or as a substitute for the processor 100a and the memory 100b.

When the processing circuit includes the processor 100a and the memory 100b, each function of the shaking estimation system 1 is realized by software, firmware, or a combination of software and firmware. At least one of the software and firmware is written as a program. The program is stored in the memory 100b. The processor 100a realizes each function of the shaking estimation system 1 by reading and executing the program stored in the memory 100b.

The processor 100a is also referred to as a CPU (Central Processing Unit), a processing device, an arithmetic unit, a microprocessor, a microcomputer, and a DSP. The memory 100b is composed of, for example, a non-volatile or volatile semiconductor memory such as a RAM, a ROM, a flash memory, an EPROM, or an EEPROM.

When the processing circuit includes the dedicated hardware 200, the processing circuit is realized by, for example, a single circuit, a composite circuit, a programmed processor, a parallel programmed processor, an ASIC, an FPGA, or a combination thereof.

Each function of the shaking estimation system 1 can be realized by a processing circuit. Alternatively, each function of the shaking estimation system 1 can be collectively realized by a processing circuit. For each function of the shaking estimation system 1, a part may be realized by the dedicated hardware 200, and the other part may be realized by software or firmware. As described above, the processing circuit realizes each function of the shaking estimation system 1 by the dedicated hardware 200, software, firmware, or a combination thereof.

Embodiment 2.
The differences between the second embodiment and the examples disclosed in the first embodiment will be described in particular detail. As for the features not described in the second embodiment, any of the features disclosed in the first embodiment may be adopted.

FIG. 9 is a diagram showing an example of vibration detected in the vibration estimation system 1 according to the second embodiment.

In FIG. 9, the horizontal axis represents time. In FIG. 9, the vertical axis represents the vibration at the position where the vibration sensor 21 is provided in the building 2. The graph of FIG. 9 represents the vibration in the first abdomen.

The building shaking estimation unit 23 divides the period during which the building 2 is shaking into a plurality of time widths. The period during which the building 2 is shaken is, for example, the period from the occurrence of an earthquake that forcibly vibrates the building 2 to the end of the earthquake. The length of each time width is, for example, a constant time T. The building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the shaking of the building 2 for each time width. In FIG. 9, each time width is shown by a dotted frame.

The building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the shaking of the building 2 for each time width. The building shaking estimation unit 23 stores the maximum value of each of the vibration sensors 21 arranged in the abdomen of the vibration mode in each time width. The building shaking estimation unit 23 stores the detected values of all the other vibration sensors 21 at the time when the maximum value is detected by any of the vibration sensors 21. The building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the amount of shaking for each of the times when the detected values are stored, for example, by calculating the mode amplitude of each vibration mode. When the shaking estimation system 1 includes three vibration sensors 21 arranged in the abdomen, the building shaking estimation unit 23 calculates the mode amplitude at three times for each time width.

As described above, the building shaking estimation unit 23 of the shaking estimation system 1 according to the second embodiment of the building 2 has a plurality of time widths obtained by dividing the period in which the shaking of the building 2 is occurring. Estimate the shaking.

In this configuration, the shaking of the building 2 is estimated at more times. Therefore, oversight when the amount of shaking is large at a position where the vibration sensor 21 of the building 2 is not provided is suppressed.

The building shaking estimation unit 23 sets the maximum value of the time width data in which the detected value is already stored so that the data capacity of the detected value of the vibration sensor 21 can be suppressed when the duration of the earthquake is long. The data may be overwritten and stored in order from the data having the smallest time width.

Embodiment 3.
The differences between the third embodiment and the examples disclosed in the first embodiment or the second embodiment will be described in particular detail. As for the features not described in the third embodiment, any of the features disclosed in the first embodiment or the second embodiment may be adopted.

FIG. 10 is a configuration diagram of the shaking estimation system 1 according to the third embodiment.

The shaking estimation device 22 includes a weighting coefficient storage unit 25. The weighting coefficient storage unit 25 is a portion that stores a weighting coefficient calculated in advance. The weighting coefficient is a coefficient used for estimating the shaking of the equipment of the elevator 3. The weighting factor is preset according to each vibration mode of the building 2. The weighting factor corresponds to the vibration mode of the building 2 through the relationship between the natural frequency of the equipment of the elevator 3 and the natural frequency of each vibration mode of the building 2. For example, when the equipment of the elevator 3 is a car 9, the natural frequency of the car 9 is calculated by modeling the mechanical interlocking between the car 9 and the car guide rail 15 as a coupling by a spring or the like. .. Similarly, when the equipment of the elevator 3 is the counterweight 10, the natural frequency of the counterweight 10 is calculated by modeling the mechanical interlocking between the counterweight 10 and the counterweight guide rail 16. Ru.

FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an example of a weighting coefficient according to the third embodiment.

In FIG. 11, the horizontal axis represents the frequency. In FIG. 11, the vertical axis represents the weighting factor. The graph of FIG. 11 shows the relationship between the weighting factor and the natural frequency of the vibration mode of the building 2.

In this example, it is assumed that the natural frequencies of the primary, secondary, and tertiary vibration modes of the building 2 are ω ₁ , ω ₂ , and ω _3. Further, it is assumed that the natural frequency of the equipment of the elevator 3 is ω _0. The weighting coefficient is set by, for example, a function in which the natural frequency of the vibration mode of the building 2 _{becomes larger as it approaches ω 0.}

For example, the weighting coefficient storage unit 25 stores the weighting coefficient α ₁ = 1 for the first-order vibration mode having the natural frequency ω ₁ _{sufficiently separated from the natural frequency ω 0} of the equipment of the elevator 3. Further, the weighting coefficient storage unit 25 stores the weighting coefficient α ₂ = 2 for the _{secondary vibration mode having the natural frequency ω 2} close to the natural frequency _{ω 0} of the equipment of the elevator 3. Further, the weighting coefficient storage unit 25 stores the weighting coefficient α ₃ for the _{third-order vibration mode having the natural frequency ω 3} which is close to the natural frequency _{ω 0} of the equipment of the elevator 3. In this example, 1 <α ₃ <2.

The elevator sway estimation unit 24 calculates a value obtained by multiplying the mode amplitude of each vibration mode of the building 2 estimated by the building sway estimation unit 23 by a weighting coefficient. The elevator shake estimation unit 24 estimates _{the shake y (t 1} , x) of the equipment of the elevator 3 at the position x at _{the time t 1} by the following equation (6) using the calculated value.

As described above, the shaking estimation system 1 according to the third embodiment includes a weighting coefficient storage unit 25 and an elevator shaking estimation unit 24. The weighting coefficient storage unit 25 stores the weighting coefficient preset for each vibration mode of the building 2. The elevator sway estimation unit 24 is provided in the building 2 using the result of multiplying the component of each vibration mode of the building 2 estimated by the building sway estimation unit 23 by the weight coefficient stored in the weight coefficient storage unit 25. Estimate the shaking of the equipment of the elevator 3.

With this configuration, the shaking of the equipment of the elevator 3 is estimated with higher accuracy. As a result, the elevator 3 can be more reliably restored by the diagnostic operation. In addition, the occurrence of secondary damage due to diagnostic operation can be suppressed more reliably.

Embodiment 4.
In the fourth embodiment, the differences from the examples disclosed in the first to third embodiments will be described in particular detail. As for the features not described in the fourth embodiment, any of the features disclosed in the first to third embodiments may be adopted.

FIG. 12 is a configuration diagram of the shaking estimation system 1 according to the fourth embodiment.

The shaking estimation device 22 includes a floor response storage unit 26. The floor response storage unit 26 is a portion that stores the floor response of the building 2 calculated in advance. Here, the floor response of the building 2 is data in which the maximum value for the amount of shaking of each floor is stored by giving a plurality of seismic waves normalized by the maximum value to the vibration model of the building 2. In this example, the floor response of the building 2 is stored corresponding to the position of the building 2 including the abdomen of the vibration mode in which the vibration sensor 21 is arranged.

FIG. 13 is a diagram showing an example of estimation of the shaking of the building 2 by the building shaking estimation unit 23 according to the fourth embodiment.

In FIG. 13, the vertical axis represents the height x of the building 2. In FIG. 13, the horizontal axis represents the amount of shaking of the building 2. In FIG. 13, the solid line graph represents the floor response of the building 2 stored in the floor response storage unit 26. In FIG. 13, the square symbol represents the detected value of vibration by each vibration sensor 21. Here, the vibration detection value is, for example, a relative value obtained by subtracting the vibration detection value of the reference vibration sensor 21 provided on the lowest floor of the ground surface. Alternatively, the vibration detection value may be the detection value itself by each vibration sensor 21. In FIG. 13, the broken line graph represents the shaking of the building 2 estimated by the building shaking estimation unit 23.

The building shaking estimation unit 23 acquires the maximum value of the detected value for each vibration sensor 21 over the time when the earthquake is occurring. In FIG. 13, the maximum values acquired for the first vibration sensor 21a, the second vibration sensor 21b, and the third vibration sensor 21c are indicated by square symbols. The building shaking estimation unit 23 calculates the difference between the acquired maximum value and the floor response of the building 2 stored by the floor response storage unit 26 regarding the position of the vibration sensor 21 corresponding to the maximum value. The difference calculated here may be, for example, a difference or a ratio.

The building shake estimation unit 23 calculates a correction coefficient for the floor response of the building 2 based on the calculated difference. The correction coefficient in the abdomen where the vibration sensor 21 is arranged is, for example, the ratio of the maximum value acquired for the vibration sensor 21 to the floor response of the building 2. Here, the correction coefficient β ₁ is a correction coefficient at the _{position x 1.} The correction coefficient β ₂ is a correction coefficient at the _{position x 2.} The correction coefficient β ₃ is a correction coefficient at the _{position x 3.} The building shaking estimation unit 23 calculates the correction coefficient for the entire height of the building 2 by interpolating the correction coefficient in the abdomen where the vibration sensor 21 is arranged. The building shake estimation unit 23 uses, for example, linear interpolation to calculate the correction coefficient. For example, for a section of height x (0, x ₂ ), the building shake estimation unit 23 performs linear interpolation using _{the correction coefficient values 1 and β 2 at both ends of the section.} Further, for the section of height x (x ₂ , x ₃ ), the building shake estimation unit 23 performs linear interpolation using _{the correction coefficient values β 2} and β _{3 at both ends of the section.} Further, for the section of height x (x ₃ , x ₁ ), the building shake estimation unit 23 performs linear interpolation using _{the correction coefficient values β 3} and β _{1 at both ends of the section.}

The building shake estimation unit 23 calculates a value obtained by superimposing the correction coefficient calculated over the entire height of the building 2 on the floor response of the building 2 stored in the floor response storage unit 26 and multiplying it. In FIG. 13, the calculated value is shown by a broken line. The building shake estimation unit 23 estimates the shake of the building 2 based on the calculated value.

As described above, the shaking estimation system 1 according to the fourth embodiment includes a floor response storage unit 26. The floor response storage unit 26 stores a preset floor response of the building 2. The building shaking estimation unit 23 is based on the floor response of the building 2 stored in the floor response storage unit 26 and the maximum value of each of the detection values of the first vibration sensor 21a and the second vibration sensor 21b. Estimate the shaking of.

In the configuration, the shaking of the building 2 is estimated using the information of the maximum value of the detected values of each vibration sensor 21. Therefore, even when the time is not synchronized in each vibration sensor 21, the shaking of the building 2 can be estimated accurately. Further, since the detection value of each vibration sensor 21 at the same time is not required, the data capacity of the detection result of the vibration sensor 21 can be saved. Therefore, even when the storage capacity of the shaking estimation system 1 is limited, the shaking of the building 2 can be estimated accurately.

Further, the building shaking estimation unit 23 is among the floor response of the building 2 stored by the floor response storage unit 26 for the position where each vibration sensor 21 is provided and the detection value of the vibration sensor 21 provided at the position. Calculate the difference in maximum value. The building shaking estimation unit 23 calculates a correction coefficient obtained by interpolating the difference calculated for the position where each vibration sensor 21 is provided for the position of the building 2. The building shaking estimation unit 23 estimates the shaking of the building 2 using the result of multiplying the calculated correction coefficient by the floor response of the building 2 stored in the floor response storage unit 26.

In the configuration, the building shake estimation unit 23 can estimate the amount of shake at the position where the vibration sensor 21 is not provided by the interpolated correction coefficient based on the known floor response. Further, the building shake estimation unit 23 can estimate the shake of the building 2 by using a simple and robust method such as linear interpolation.

The shaking estimation system according to the present disclosure can be applied to a building having multiple floors.

1 shaking estimation system, 2 building, 3 elevator, 4 hoistway, 5 machine room, 6 hoisting machine, 7 suspension body, 8 distorting car, 9 basket, 10 balancing weight, 11 control device, 12 drive sheave, 13 hoisting Machine motor, 14 hoist brake, 15 car guide rail, 16 balanced weight guide rail, 17 basket shock absorber, 18 balanced weight shock absorber, 19 P wave detector, 20 S wave detector, 21 vibration sensor, 21a 1st Vibration sensor, 21b 2nd vibration sensor, 21c 3rd vibration sensor, 22 vibration estimation device, 23 building vibration estimation unit, 24 elevator vibration estimation unit, 25 weight coefficient storage unit, 26 floor response storage unit, 100a processor, 100b memory, 200 dedicated hardware

Claims

Multiple vibration sensors installed in the building, each of which detects vibration,
A building shaking estimation unit that estimates the shaking of the building based on the detection results of each of the plurality of vibration sensors, and a building shaking estimation unit.
Equipped with
The plurality of vibration sensors are
The first vibration sensor provided in the first abdomen, which is the abdomen of the basic vibration mode of the building, and
A second vibration sensor provided in the second abdomen, which is the abdomen farthest from the first abdomen, among a plurality of abdomens in the higher vibration mode of the building, which is a vibration mode higher than the basic vibration mode.
Shake estimation system including.
The building shaking estimation unit estimates each component of the plurality of vibration modes of the building based on the detection result of each of the plurality of vibration sensors, and estimates the shaking of the building using the estimated component. The vibration estimation system according to 1.
The building vibration estimation unit estimates the vibration of the building based on the detection value of vibration by each of the plurality of vibration sensors at the time when the maximum value of vibration is detected by at least one of the plurality of vibration sensors. The vibration estimation system according to item 2.
The shaking estimation system according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the building shaking estimation unit estimates the shaking of the building for each of a plurality of time widths in which the period in which the building shaking is occurring is divided.
It is equipped with a floor response storage unit that stores the floor response of the building calculated in advance.
The building shaking estimation unit is based on the floor response of the building stored in the floor response storage unit and the maximum value of each of the detection values of the first vibration sensor and the second vibration sensor. The shaking estimation system according to claim 1.
The building shaking estimation unit is a vibration sensor provided at the position among the floor response of the building and the plurality of vibration sensors stored in the floor response storage unit for the position where each of the plurality of vibration sensors is provided. The difference in the maximum value among the detected values is calculated, the difference calculated for the position where each of the plurality of vibration sensors is provided is interpolated for the position of the building, and the calculated correction coefficient is used as the floor response. The vibration estimation system according to claim 5, wherein the vibration of the building is estimated using the result of multiplying the floor response of the building stored by the storage unit.
The invention according to any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising an elevator shake estimation unit that estimates the shake of the elevator equipment provided in the building based on the shake of the building estimated by the building shake estimation unit. Shake estimation system.
A weight coefficient storage unit that stores preset weight coefficients corresponding to each of the plurality of vibration modes of the building, and a weight coefficient storage unit.
The shaking of the elevator equipment provided in the building is calculated using the result of multiplying each component of the plurality of vibration modes of the building estimated by the building shaking estimation unit by the weighting coefficient stored in the weighting coefficient storage unit. Elevator shake estimation unit to estimate and
The shake estimation system according to any one of claims 2 to 4.
The plurality of vibration sensors are
A third vibration sensor provided in the third abdomen, which is the abdomen having the largest distance from the closer side of the first abdomen and the second abdomen among a plurality of abdomens in a higher vibration mode than the higher vibration mode. The vibration estimation system according to any one of claims 1 to 8, comprising the above.