WO2021232575A1 - 一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥及其制备方法 Download PDF

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WO2021232575A1
WO2021232575A1 PCT/CN2020/102904 CN2020102904W WO2021232575A1 WO 2021232575 A1 WO2021232575 A1 WO 2021232575A1 CN 2020102904 W CN2020102904 W CN 2020102904W WO 2021232575 A1 WO2021232575 A1 WO 2021232575A1
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parts
layer
inner layer
continuous cropping
peanuts
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PCT/CN2020/102904
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English (en)
French (fr)
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张佳蕾
郭峰
万书波
李新国
陈高
张正
王建国
唐朝辉
杨莎
彭振英
孟静静
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山东省农业科学院生物技术研究中心
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Priority to US17/257,332 priority Critical patent/US20220127203A1/en
Publication of WO2021232575A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021232575A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C3/00—Fertilisers containing other salts of ammonia or ammonia itself, e.g. gas liquor
    • C05C3/005—Post-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C3/00—Fertilisers containing other salts of ammonia or ammonia itself, e.g. gas liquor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C5/00—Fertilisers containing other nitrates
    • C05C5/005—Post-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C5/00—Fertilisers containing other nitrates
    • C05C5/04—Fertilisers containing other nitrates containing calcium nitrate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
    • C05C9/005—Post-treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
    • C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
    • C05C9/02—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds containing urea-formaldehyde condensates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D5/00—Fertilisers containing magnesium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05D—INORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C; FERTILISERS PRODUCING CARBON DIOXIDE
    • C05D9/00—Other inorganic fertilisers
    • C05D9/02—Other inorganic fertilisers containing trace elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/02—Other organic fertilisers from peat, brown coal, and similar vegetable deposits
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers
    • C05F11/08—Organic fertilisers containing added bacterial cultures, mycelia or the like
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G1/00—Mixtures of fertilisers belonging individually to different subclasses of C05
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
    • C05G5/35—Capsules, e.g. core-shell

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of agricultural planting, in particular to a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts and a preparation method thereof.
  • Peanut root exudates are allelochemicals with autotoxic effects, such as: cinnamic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol, 2,6-di-tert Butylphenol, phthalic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 2,4-dimethylbenzaldehyde, etc.
  • the present invention provides a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts.
  • the invention also provides a preparation method of special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts.
  • a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts comprising an outer layer, a middle layer and an inner layer;
  • the inner layer is composed of active bacteria, inorganic substances and auxiliary agents.
  • the types and contents of active bacteria are Bacillus subtilis 200-300 million/g, Bacillus thuringiensis 100-200 million/g, and Aspergillus niger 0.5- 100 million pieces/g, 50-100 million pieces of Streptomyces niger/g; the types and contents of inorganic substances are 5-8 parts of calcium nitrate, 1-3 parts of magnesium sulfate, 35 1-3 parts of zinc sulfate, 1-3 parts of borax Parts, 0.5-1 parts of ammonium molybdate, 1-3 parts of ferrous sulfate; 10-15 parts of sodium carboxymethyl starch, 10-20 parts of modified starch;
  • the auxiliary agent and content in the inner layer are respectively 60-80 parts of fulvic acid, 15-20 parts of alginic acid, and 10-12 parts of amino acids;
  • the middle layer is composed of 30-50 parts of urea-formaldehyde powder, 15-20 parts of polyethylene glycol, and 30-40 parts of natto powder;
  • composition and content of the outer layer are the same as those of the inner layer.
  • the outer layer also contains 10-12 parts of rice husk charcoal and 8-10 parts of cellulose.
  • the relative molecular weight of the cellulose is 80000-100000.
  • the preparation method of the special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts includes the following steps:
  • step (3) Add 2 times the weight of water to the outer layer of sodium carboxymethyl starch and modified starch, then heat to 70-80°C, stir evenly, add inorganic matter, rice husk charcoal and cellulose, and stir. After uniformity, the temperature is lowered to room temperature, active bacteria and additives are added, and they are sprayed on the surface of the double-layer particles prepared in step (2) at room temperature, and then the prepared particles are dried at a low temperature.
  • the controlled-release fertilizer prepared by the invention can achieve a fertilizer effect period of 50-60 days through a three-layer structure, and achieve the purpose of two releases.
  • the lipopeptide antibiotics produced by Bacillus subtilis are its most important antibacterial substances, which can effectively inhibit root rot and wilt disease; Bacillus thuringiensis can kill pests including root knot nematodes, and is against lepidoptera and other arthropods. Larvae (Pieris rapae, Helicoverpa armigera, cutworm) have specific poisonous activity;
  • Aspergillus niger and Streptomyces niger can increase the activities of soil urease, soil invertase and soil alkaline phosphatase, increase the content of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium and organic matter in the soil, and improve the soil Conditions, ease the obstacles to continuous cropping, and improve the yield and quality of peanuts in continuous cropping fields.
  • Fulvic acid, alginic acid, and chitooligosaccharides can improve the soil microenvironment, promote the growth of beneficial flora, and provide physiologically active substances such as amino acids and polysaccharides for the growth of microbial flora and peanuts.
  • Calcium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, borax, ammonium molybdate, and ferrous sulfate fully supplement the trace elements needed for peanut growth.
  • the microbial fertilizer prepared by the present invention is combined with the application of conventional organic fertilizers to increase the total amount of microorganisms in the soil, increase the number and types of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes, improve peanut continuous cropping obstacles, and can effectively prevent soil-borne fungi It has the dual effects of protection and treatment, reduces the manpower and material consumption of intensive soil cultivation, reduces soil transpiration, improves soil utilization and productivity, and improves peanut yield and quality.
  • the rice husk charcoal and cellulose are added to the outer layer of the present invention. After fertilization, it can provide oxygen transport for some biological bacteria. On the other hand, it can provide a carbon source during the fermentation of the biological bacteria. During the decomposition of the outer layer, It can form a barrier for the inner layer within a certain period of time to achieve the function of retaining water and fertilizer;
  • the intermediate layer provided by the present invention can form a cross-linked network structure, has good porosity, can effectively cover the inner layer structure, has water absorption and moisture retention, has good slow and controlled release properties, and realizes the gradual release of the inner layer. Release, high fertilizer utilization rate, maximize the effectiveness of microbial inoculants, which is conducive to large-scale promotion.
  • the natto powder and active bacteria used in the present invention are commercially available.
  • a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts is a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts:
  • Inner layer Bacillus subtilis 200 million/g, Bacillus thuringiensis 150 million/g, Aspergillus niger 80 million/g, Streptomyces niger 80 million/g; calcium nitrate 8kg, magnesium sulfate 2kg, zinc sulfate 3kg, borax 1kg, molybdenum 1 part of ammonium acid, 2kg of ferrous sulfate; 12kg of sodium carboxymethyl starch, 15kg of modified starch;
  • the auxiliary agent and the content in the inner layer are respectively 60 kg of fulvic acid, 20 kg of alginic acid, and 10 kg of amino acid;
  • Outer layer the inner layer contains ingredients, 10kg rice husk charcoal and 8kg cellulose (relative molecular weight is 80000-100000).
  • the preparation method is as follows:
  • step (3) Add 2 times the weight of water to the outer layer of sodium carboxymethyl starch and modified starch, then heat to 70-80°C, stir evenly, add inorganic matter, rice husk charcoal and cellulose, and stir. After uniformity, the temperature is lowered to room temperature, active bacteria and additives are added, and they are sprayed on the surface of the double-layer particles prepared in step (2) at room temperature, and then the prepared particles are dried at a low temperature.
  • a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts is a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts:
  • Inner layer Bacillus subtilis 300 million/g, Bacillus thuringiensis 100 million/g, Aspergillus niger 100 million/g, Streptomyces niger 50 million/g; calcium nitrate 5kg, magnesium sulfate 1kg, zinc sulfate 2kg, borax 3kg, molybdenum 0.5kg of ammonium acid, 1kg of ferrous sulfate; 15kg of sodium carboxymethyl starch, 10kg of modified starch;
  • the auxiliary agent and content in the inner layer are respectively 80 kg of fulvic acid, 18 kg of alginic acid, and 10 kg of amino acids;
  • Intermediate layer 35kg of urea-formaldehyde powder, 20kg of polyethylene glycol, and 40kg of natto powder;
  • Outer layer The inner layer contains 12kg rice husk charcoal and 9kg cellulose (relative molecular weight is 80000-100000).
  • the preparation method is the same as in Example 1.
  • a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts is a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts:
  • Inner layer Bacillus subtilis 250 million/g, Bacillus thuringiensis 100 million/g, Aspergillus niger 50 million/g, Streptomyces niger 80 million/g; calcium nitrate 6kg, magnesium sulfate 3kg, zinc sulfate 1kg, borax 2kg, molybdenum Ammonium acid 0.5-1kg, ferrous sulfate 1-3kg; sodium carboxymethyl starch 12kg, modified starch 18kg;
  • the auxiliary agent and content in the inner layer are respectively 70kg of fulvic acid, 15kg of alginic acid and 12kg of amino acid;
  • Middle layer composed of 50kg urea-formaldehyde powder, 15kg polyethylene glycol and 40kg natto powder;
  • Outer layer The inner layer contains ingredients, 10kg rice husk charcoal and 9kg cellulose (relative molecular weight is 80000-100000).
  • the preparation method is the same as in Example 1.
  • a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts has the same composition as in Example 1.
  • the preparation method is as follows:
  • step (3) Add 2 times the weight of water to the outer layer of sodium carboxymethyl starch and modified starch, then heat to 70-80°C, stir evenly, add inorganic matter, rice husk charcoal and cellulose, and stir. After uniformity, the temperature is lowered to room temperature, active bacteria and additives are added, and they are sprayed on the surface of the double-layer particles prepared in step (2) at room temperature, and then the prepared particles are dried at a low temperature.
  • a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts the inner layer and the outer layer are the same as in Example 1, except that the middle layer only uses urea-formaldehyde powder.
  • a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts the inner layer and the middle layer are the same as in Example 1, except that it only contains rice husk charcoal.
  • a special controlled-release microbial fertilizer for continuous cropping peanuts the inner layer and the middle layer are the same as in Example 1, except that it only contains cellulose.
  • the soil planting test site was in the same area.
  • the soil samples were randomly selected to determine the pH value, and the average value was taken. Therefore, the pH value before planting was regarded as the same.
  • the soil pH value before planting was 5.41; the soil urease activity was 0.44mg/ kg/h; soil air permeability is 26.12%.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Fertilizers (AREA)

Abstract

本发明涉及农业种植技术领域，特别涉及一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥及其制备方法。包括外层、中间层和内层；通过三层结构能够实现50-60天的肥效期，实现两次释放的目的。

Description

一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥及其制备方法
技术领域
本发明涉及农业种植技术领域，特别涉及一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥及其制备方法。
背景技术
随着我国花生面积的扩大，连作面积迅速增加，仅山东每年就达400万亩以上。研究表明，花生连作1年可减产10％以上，连作2年可减产15～20％。花生根系分泌物具有自毒作用的化感物质，如：肉桂酸、月桂酸、豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、油酸、硬脂酸、2,4—二叔丁基苯酚、2,6—二叔丁基苯酚、邻苯二甲酸、对羟基苯甲酸、2,4-二甲基苯甲醛等，这些物质主要是通过对细胞膜造成损害、破坏细胞结构、抑制根系生长、根系活力及转化酶活性，导致养分合成与吸收能力的降低。土壤及根际微生物种群失衡(真菌数量显著增加，细菌和放线菌数量显著减少)、土壤酶活性降低(土壤脲酶、土壤蔗糖酶和土壤碱性磷酸酶活性等)、土壤部分营养元素缺乏(磷、钾、钙和其他微量元素)和病虫害加重(根结线虫、茎腐病、立枯病等土传病虫害加重)是连作障碍产生的主要原因。
市面上针对花生连作田改良的微生物菌肥产品琳琅满目，很多菌肥也能有效缓解连作田对花生产量和品质的不利影响。但没有针对改良花生连作田的控释微生物菌肥。
发明内容
针对现有技术中存在的连作导致花生减产降质等问题，本发明提供了一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥。
本发明还提供了一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥的制备方法。
本发明为了实现上述目的所采用的技术方案为：
一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥，包括外层、中间层和内层；
所述内层是由活性菌、无机物及助剂组成，其中活性菌种类及含量分别为枯草芽孢杆菌2-3亿个/克、苏云金芽孢杆菌1-2亿个/克、黑曲霉0.5-1亿个/克、黑链霉菌0.5-1亿个/克；无机物种类及含量分别为硝酸钙5-8份、硫酸镁1-3份、硫酸锌35 1-3份、硼砂1-3份、钼酸铵0.5-1份、硫酸亚铁1-3份；羧甲基淀粉钠10-15份、改性淀粉10-20份；
所述内层中助剂及含量分别为黄腐酸60-80份、海藻酸15-20份、氨基酸10-12份；
所述中间层是由脲醛粉30-50份、聚乙二醇15-20份、纳豆粉30-40份组成；
所述外层组成及含量同内层组合物。
所述外层中还含有10-12份稻壳炭和8-10份纤维素。
所述纤维素的相对分子量为80000-100000。
所述的连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)将内层中羧甲基淀粉钠及改性淀粉中加入占两者重量3倍的水，然后升温至70-80℃，搅拌均匀后，加入无机物，搅拌均匀后，降至室温，加入活性菌及助剂，进行制粒、干燥，得到核心内层；
(2)将中间层中脲醛粉、聚乙二醇及1/3重量的纳豆粉混合均匀后，升温至95℃搅拌1h，然后加入剩余的纳豆粉，搅拌均匀后超声处理20min，降温至38℃，将处理后的中间层混合液喷涂在核心内层表面，喷涂过程中，核心内层快速转动，得到双层颗粒；
(3)将外层羧甲基淀粉钠及改性淀粉中加入占两者重量2倍的水，然后升温至70-80℃，搅拌均匀后，加入无机物，稻壳炭和纤维素，搅拌均匀后，降至室温，加入活性菌及助剂，室温下将其喷涂在步骤(2)制备的双层颗粒表面，然后将制备的颗粒进行低温干燥即可。
本发明制备的控释肥通过三层结构能够实现50-60天的肥效期，实现两次释放的目的。
枯草芽孢杆菌产生脂肽类抗生素是其最重要的抗菌物质，能有效抑制根腐病、立枯病等；苏云金芽孢杆菌能杀灭包括根结线虫在内的害虫，对鳞翅目等节肢动物幼虫(菜青虫、棉铃虫、地老虎)有特异性的毒杀活性；
黑曲霉和黑链霉菌能够提高土壤脲酶、土壤蔗糖酶和土壤碱性磷酸酶活性，提高土壤中全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮，有效磷、速效钾以及有机质的含量，改良土壤条件，缓解连作障碍，提高连作田花生产量和品质。
黄腐酸、海藻酸、壳寡糖能改善土壤微环境，促进有益菌群生长，提供微生物菌群和花生生长所需的氨基酸、多糖等生理活性物质。
硝酸钙、硫酸镁、硫酸锌、硼砂、钼酸铵、硫酸亚铁充分补充花生生长所需的微量元素。
本发明的有益效果为：
(1)本发明制备的微生物菌肥配合常规有机肥的施用，提高土壤中微生物的总量，增加细菌、真菌和放线菌数量和种类，改善花生连作障碍，且能够有效防治土传性真菌，具有保护和治疗双重功效，降低对土壤精耕细作人力物力消耗，降低土壤的蒸腾作用，提高土壤利用率和生产率，提高花生产量和品质。
(2)本发明外层中加入稻壳炭和纤维素，施肥后，可以为部分生物菌提供输送氧气的作用，另一方面，可以在生物菌发酵时提供碳源，在外层分解过程中，可以在一定时间内，为内层形成一种屏障，达到保水保肥的作用；
(3)本发明提供的中间层，能够形成交联网络结构，其疏松性好，能够有效的包覆内层结构，且具有吸水性及保湿性，缓释控释性好，实现内层逐步释放，肥料利用率高，最大程度发挥微生物菌剂效能，利于大面积的推广。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体的实施例对本发明的技术方案作进一步的解释和说明。
本发明所使用的纳豆粉及活性菌为市售所得。
实施例1
一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥：
内层：枯草芽孢杆菌2亿/克、苏云金芽孢杆菌1.5亿/克、黑曲霉0.8亿/克、黑链霉菌0.8亿/克；硝酸钙8kg、硫酸镁2kg、硫酸锌3kg、硼砂1kg、钼酸铵1份、硫酸亚铁2kg；羧甲基淀粉钠12kg、改性淀粉15kg；
所述内层中助剂及含量分别为黄腐酸60kg、海藻酸20kg、氨基酸10kg；
中间层：脲醛粉30kg、聚乙二醇18kg、纳豆粉32kg组成；
外层：内层含有的成分及10kg稻壳炭和8kg纤维素(相对分子量为80000-100000)。
制备方法如下：
(1)将内层中羧甲基淀粉钠及改性淀粉中加入占两者重量3倍的水，然后升温至70-80℃，搅拌均匀后，加入无机物，搅拌均匀后，降至室温，加入活性菌及助剂，进行制粒、干燥，得到核心内层；
(2)将中间层中脲醛粉、聚乙二醇及1/3重量的纳豆粉混合均匀后，升温至95℃搅拌1h，然后加入剩余的纳豆粉，搅拌均匀后超声处理20min，降温至38℃，将处理后的中间层混合液喷涂在核心内层表面，喷涂过程中，核心内层快速转动，得到双层颗粒；
(3)将外层羧甲基淀粉钠及改性淀粉中加入占两者重量2倍的水，然后升温至70-80℃，搅拌均匀后，加入无机物，稻壳炭和纤维素，搅拌均匀后，降至室温，加入活性菌及助剂，室温下将其喷涂在步骤(2)制备的双层颗粒表面，然后将制备的颗粒进行低温干燥即可。
实施例2
一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥：
内层：枯草芽孢杆菌3亿/克、苏云金芽孢杆菌1亿/克、黑曲霉1亿/克、黑链霉菌0.5亿/克；硝酸钙5kg、硫酸镁1kg、硫酸锌2kg、硼砂3kg、钼酸铵0.5kg、硫酸亚铁1kg；羧甲基淀粉钠15kg、改性淀粉10kg；
所述内层中助剂及含量分别为黄腐酸80kg、海藻酸18kg、氨基酸10kg；
中间层：脲醛粉35kg、聚乙二醇20kg、纳豆粉40kg组成；
外层：内层含有的成分，12kg稻壳炭和9kg纤维素(相对分子量为80000-100000)。
制备方法同实施例1。
实施例3
一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥：
内层：枯草芽孢杆菌2.5亿/克、苏云金芽孢杆菌1亿/克、黑曲霉0.5亿/克、黑链霉菌0.8亿/克；硝酸钙6kg、硫酸镁3kg、硫酸锌1kg、硼砂2kg、钼酸铵0.5-1kg、硫酸亚铁1-3kg；羧甲基淀粉钠12kg、改性淀粉18kg；
所述内层中助剂及含量分别为黄腐酸70kg、海藻酸15kg、氨基酸12kg；
中间层：脲醛粉50kg、聚乙二醇15kg、纳豆粉40kg组成；
外层：内层含有的成分，10kg稻壳炭和9kg纤维素(相对分子量为80000-100000)。
制备方法同实施例1。
实施例4
一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥，组成同实施例1。
制备方法如下：
(1)将内层中羧甲基淀粉钠及改性淀粉中加入占两者重量3倍的水，然后升温至70-80℃，搅拌均匀后，加入无机物，搅拌均匀后，降至室温，加入活性菌及助剂，进行制粒、干燥，得到核心内层；
(2)将中间层中脲醛粉、聚乙二醇及纳豆粉混合均匀后，升温至95℃搅拌1h，然后超声处理20min，降温至38℃，将处理后的中间层混合液喷涂在核心内层表面，喷涂过程中，核心内层快速转动，得到双层颗粒；
(3)将外层羧甲基淀粉钠及改性淀粉中加入占两者重量2倍的水，然后升温至70-80℃，搅拌均匀后，加入无机物，稻壳炭和纤维素，搅拌均匀后，降至室温，加入活性菌及助剂，室温下将其喷涂在步骤(2)制备的双层颗粒表面，然后将制备的颗粒进行低温干燥即可。
对比例1
一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥：内层和外层同实施例1，不同之处在于中间层仅采用脲醛粉。
对比例2
一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥：内层和中间层同实施例1，不同之处在于仅含有稻壳炭。
对比例3
一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥：内层和中间层同实施例1，不同之处在于仅含有纤维 素。
效果实施例
(一)将实施例及对比例制备的控释菌肥，精确称取10g，然后放入纱布袋(100目)，置于烧杯中，加入200mL的去离子水，加盖封闭，25摄氏度恒温浸泡，取样时间为1d、10d、30d、50d，取样时，将瓶中溶液摇匀，检测其中的养分溶出率(以其中的微量元素钙、镁检测为指标)，最终统计养分完全释放的理论时间，具体检测结果见表1。
表1
  养分完全释放的理论时间(d)
实施例1 58
实施例2 56
实施例3 53
实施例4 50
对比例1 39
对比例2 43
对比例3 47
(二)以同一批花育22号花生种子为实验材料，将实施例及对比例制备的菌肥撒施于试验地块，每个实施例及对比例进行3组平行试验，每亩施用25kg，设置空白实验组，进行播种，该总体地块为连作2年花生后的地块。5月1号播种，9月20日收获。每组在播种土壤、田间防控、肥水等保持一致。
首先统计整个生长周期病虫害发生率，具体结果见表2
表2
  病害株率(％) 虫害果率(％)
实施例1 4.7 7.3
实施例2 5.1 8.2
实施例3 3.9 6.1
实施例4 5.8 8.4
对比例1 9.3 10.3
对比例2 6.1 8.9
对比例3 5.7 8.6
(三)试验进行时，为第三年进行种植，种植前后检测土壤pH值、土壤脲酶活性及土壤通气度，具体结果见表3(种植后的各检测结果)。
表3
  土壤pH 土壤脲酶活性 土壤通气度
实施例1 7.01 0.90 34.89
实施例2 6.89 0.86 34.98
实施例3 6.90 0.78 33.17
实施例4 6.77 0.72 33.05
对比例1 6.31 0.64 32.36
对比例2 6.54 0.67 31.89
对比例3 6.78 0.66 32.93
空白对照组 5.24 0.43 26.01
土壤种植试验地为同一片区域，随机挑选土壤样品进行pH值的测定，取平均值，因此种植前pH值等视为相同，其中，播种前土壤pH值为5.41；土壤脲酶活性为0.44mg/kg/h；土壤通气度为26.12％。
(四)统计当年的单株产量及单位面积产量，具体结果见表4。
表4
Figure PCTCN2020102904-appb-000001

Claims (4)

  1. 一种连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥，其特征在于，包括外层、中间层和内层；
    所述内层是由活性菌、无机物及助剂组成，其中活性菌种类及含量分别为枯草芽孢杆菌2-3亿/克、苏云金芽孢杆菌1-2亿/克、黑曲霉0.5-1亿/克、黑链霉菌0.5-1亿/克；无机物种类及含量分别为硝酸钙5-8份、硫酸镁1-3份、硫酸锌35 1-3份、硼砂1-3份、钼酸铵0.5-1份、硫酸亚铁1-3份；羧甲基淀粉钠10-15份、改性淀粉10-20份；
    所述内层中助剂及含量分别为黄腐酸60-80份、海藻酸15-20份、氨基酸10-12份；
    所述中间层是由脲醛粉30-50份、聚乙二醇15-20份、纳豆粉30-40份组成；
    所述外层组成及含量同内层组合物。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥，其特征在于，所述外层中还含有10-12份稻壳炭和8-10份纤维素。
  3. 根据权利要求2所述的连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥，其特征在于，所述纤维素的相对分子量为80000-100000。
  4. 一种如权利要求1-3任一项所述的连作田花生专用控释微生物菌肥的制备方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    (1)将内层中羧甲基淀粉钠及改性淀粉中加入占两者重量3倍的水，然后升温至70-80℃，搅拌均匀后，加入无机物，搅拌均匀后，降至室温，加入活性菌及助剂，进行制粒、干燥，得到核心内层；
    (2)将中间层中脲醛粉、聚乙二醇及1/3重量的纳豆粉混合均匀后，升温至95℃搅拌1h，然后加入剩余的纳豆粉，搅拌均匀后超声处理20min，降温至38℃，将处理后的中间层混合液喷涂在核心内层表面，喷涂过程中，核心内层快速转动，得到双层颗粒；
    (3)将外层羧甲基淀粉钠及改性淀粉中加入占两者重量2倍的水，然后升温至70-80℃，搅拌均匀后，加入无机物，稻壳炭和纤维素，搅拌均匀后，降至室温，加入活性菌及助剂，室温下将其喷涂在步骤(2)制备的双层颗粒表面，然后将制备的颗粒进行低温干燥即可。
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