WO2024032339A1 - 一种果园基肥的制备方法及其施用方法 - Google Patents

一种果园基肥的制备方法及其施用方法 Download PDF

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WO2024032339A1
WO2024032339A1 PCT/CN2023/108243 CN2023108243W WO2024032339A1 WO 2024032339 A1 WO2024032339 A1 WO 2024032339A1 CN 2023108243 W CN2023108243 W CN 2023108243W WO 2024032339 A1 WO2024032339 A1 WO 2024032339A1
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fertilizer
base fertilizer
orchard
preparation
powder
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PCT/CN2023/108243
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English (en)
French (fr)
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杨贵婷
马艳
马啸驰
罗佳
陆超
郭德杰
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江苏省农业科学院
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Publication of WO2024032339A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024032339A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
    • C05B7/00—Fertilisers based essentially on alkali or ammonium orthophosphates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
    • A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
    • A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
    • A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
    • A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/40—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting fertiliser dosage or release rate; for affecting solubility
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
    • C05G3/90—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity for affecting the nitrification of ammonium compounds or urea in the soil
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/10—Solid or semi-solid fertilisers, e.g. powders
    • C05G5/12—Granules or flakes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
    • C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
    • C05G5/30—Layered or coated, e.g. dust-preventing coatings
    • C05G5/35—Capsules, e.g. core-shell

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the technical field of fertilizer production, and in particular to a preparation method of orchard base fertilizer and its application method.
  • Fruit tree nutrition and fertilization are the basic links in fruit tree cultivation. Scientific fertilization is the most effective measure to ensure high yield, stable yield and high quality of fruit trees. Different from the growth requirements of other crops such as grains and vegetables, fruit trees have a long growth cycle, will continue to consume nutrients, and need to reserve nutrients before winter. Storing nutrients plays an important role in the high and stable yield of fruit trees, and the application of basal fertilizer is the key to storing nutrients in fruit trees.
  • the amount of fertilizer applied as basal fertilizer accounts for more than 70% of the total amount of fertilizer applied throughout the year, and is the most important stage affecting the yield and quality of fruit trees.
  • basal fertilizer can provide a variety of nutrients for a long time, which is conducive to coordinating vegetative growth and reproductive growth, increasing nutrient accumulation, promoting fullness of branch buds, improving tree resistance, and conducive to the early recovery of tree vigor after harvesting, so that the next year Early budding, uniform flowering, and abundant fruit setting in spring.
  • the fertilizer effect of basal fertilizer is stable and slow, and the effect of adjusting the "big and small years" is obvious.
  • Chinese patent CN 1609068 A discloses a multifunctional organic-inorganic compound fertilizer and its preparation method, which is prepared from soybean cake powder, humic acid, medical stone, EM effective microorganisms, urea, ammonium phosphate and potassium chloride, but Its ingredients do not achieve the slow-release effect of fertilizer and cannot meet the nutrient needs of different crops.
  • Chinese patent CN 103011975 A discloses a method of preparing slow-release granular organic fertilizer using biogas residue from a pig farm, but it does not add inoculant substances that can improve the stress resistance of crops.
  • Chinese patent CN 101870609 A discloses a multi-strain bio-organic fertilizer and its preparation method.
  • an embodiment of this application provides An orchard base fertilizer and its fertilization method.
  • the orchard base fertilizer organically combines organic fertilizer with microbial inoculants and is mixed with controlled-release fertilizer for application. It not only improves the nutrient supply intensity of the orchard soil, but also realizes the multifunctionality of the fertilizer.
  • this application provides a method for preparing orchard base fertilizer. The specific steps are as follows:
  • microbial powder as the core material, add the core material to the wall material solution, stir to obtain the emulsion, adjust the pH value of the emulsion to 3.5-5.0, and continue stirring (speed 100-200r/min) until emulsification
  • the microcapsules are precipitated from the liquid; then the curing agent glutamine transaminase is added, and then the pH value of the emulsion is adjusted to 6.0-7.0 for solidification, and then the microcapsule material is obtained after precipitation, filtration, and drying at 40-60°C;
  • the above-mentioned microbial bacteria powder can be selected from any conventional biocontrol bacteria powder, such as Trichoderma viride powder, Trichoderma harzianum powder, Bacillus subtilis powder, Bacillus licheniformis powder, Bacillus cereus powder, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens powder. At least one.
  • the above-mentioned wall material solution is obtained by mixing acacia gum, carrageenan, maltodextrin and water;
  • the weight ratio of the added core material and wall material solution is 1: (3-5);
  • the weight ratio of gum arabic, carrageenan, maltodextrin and water in the above wall material solution is 0.8:0.8:0.1:12.
  • the amount of transglutaminase added is 0.5-2% by weight of the wall material solution.
  • the above-mentioned organic matter is composed of fermented sheep manure, mushroom residue (preferably fermented mushroom residue) and bentonite, and the mass of the added microcapsule material is 0.2-2% of the organic matter mass.
  • the weight ratio of fermented sheep manure, mushroom residue, and bentonite is 10-15:10-15:0.6-1.
  • the above-mentioned binder includes one or more of polyvinyl alcohol, pregelatinized starch, and croscarmellose sodium; the added amount of the binder is 1-2% of the weight of the microbial granulated organic fertilizer.
  • the above-mentioned core fertilizer particles include at least one of urea and diammonium phosphate.
  • the weight ratio of the added cellulose-based polyol and curing agent A is 1:1-1.4;
  • the curing agent A is one or more of polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate, fluorone diisocyanate, and diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
  • step 3 Mix the microbial granular organic fertilizer obtained in step 1) and the controlled-release fertilizer obtained in step 2) evenly according to a mass ratio of 40-70:1 to obtain the orchard base fertilizer.
  • this application provides an orchard base fertilizer obtained by the above preparation method.
  • this application provides a method for applying the orchard base fertilizer obtained by the above preparation method, that is, from September to November every year, dig a fertilization ditch 40-60cm away from the side of the main trunk of the fruit tree, or dig around the trunk of the fruit tree 40-60cm away from the trunk. 4-7 fertilization holes, lightly sprinkle the orchard base fertilizer into the fertilization ditch, and then cover with soil to complete the application of base fertilizer to the fruit trees.
  • the above-mentioned fertilizing ditch is preferably 20-50cm wide and 20-50cm deep; the fertilizing hole is preferably 20-50cm deep and 20-40cm wide; the fertilizing amount is preferably 800kg-2t/acre.
  • the above-mentioned fruit trees are preferably 2 years old or above; the fruit tree varieties are preferably grape trees, apple trees, etc.
  • One embodiment of the present application provides an orchard base fertilizer based on the advantageous combination of organic fertilizer-microbial inoculant-controlled release fertilizer.
  • Applying organic fertilizer is an important measure to increase the organic matter content of orchard soil.
  • Organic fertilizers are rich in humic acid, which plays an important role in the formation and maintenance of soil aggregate structure. It can significantly improve the physical and chemical properties of orchard soil, increase soil air permeability and water retention; and is beneficial to the diversity, type and quantity of soil microbial communities. Improve and enhance the buffering properties of the soil.
  • Bacillus subtilis is a widely distributed Gram-positive rod-shaped aerobic bacterium that can produce endophytic spores, has fast growth rate, simple nutritional requirements, is non-pathogenic, does not pollute the environment, and It has strong heat resistance and stress resistance; Bacillus subtilis in the compound spore powder can produce substances similar to cytokinins and plant growth hormones. After plants absorb them, they can greatly improve immune function, thereby indirectly reducing the occurrence of diseases; it can slow down the growth of plants.
  • Membrane lipid peroxidation promotes the production of indole acetic acid in plants and inhibits the formation of abscisic acid and other plant growth hormones. It can not only directly inhibit plant pathogenic bacteria through competition, bacteriolysis, antagonism and other mechanisms, but also induce the plant's own resistance. disease potential thereby enhancing plant disease resistance.
  • Controlled-release fertilizers can slowly release nutrients into the soil according to the fertilizer requirements of fruit trees, which not only greatly improves nutrient use efficiency and increases fruit tree yields, but also saves labor and reduces fertilization costs.
  • Controlled-release urea releases nutrients slowly. Compared with traditional chemical fertilizers, controlled-release urea can slow down the salt damage to the roots caused by nutrient release in the early stage of application, which is conducive to the recovery of root damage caused by trenching and fertilization. In the later stage, the nutrients are gradually and slowly released and are not easily lost, providing the root system with Higher nutritional environment.
  • the orchard base fertilizer prepared in the embodiments of this application combines the advantages of controlled-release fertilizer and microbial organic fertilizer, avoiding the negative impact of traditional fertilizers on the activity of microbial inoculants.
  • the slow release of nitrogen in the controlled-release fertilizer can also promote the growth of organic fertilizers.
  • the decomposition of microbial inoculants provides more nutrients for microbial inoculants.
  • microbial inoculants can enhance the stress resistance of fruit trees and improve fruit quality and yield.
  • the orchard base fertilizer prepared in the embodiment of the present application adds microbial inoculants in the form of microcapsules, so that the microbial inoculants are not easily lost with the soil, and can improve the tolerance of the microbial inoculants to the external environment and promote the growth and establishment of microorganisms. colonize.
  • the orchard base fertilizer prepared in the embodiment of this application uses a mixture of microbial organic fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer, which can release nutrients according to the fertilizer requirements of fruit trees, and avoids the re-damage of roots caused by trenching and fertilization by quick-acting fertilizers, which is beneficial to the tree. Restoration of potential, and promotion of root growth and development of fruit trees and sustainable development of orchards.
  • the orchard base fertilizer prepared in the embodiment of this application can be fertilized in one time, and the fertilization method is simple and light.
  • test materials used in the examples of the present invention are all conventional test materials in this field and can be purchased through commercial channels.
  • the compound spore powder used in Example 2 was purchased from Jiangsu Boli Biological Products Co., Ltd., and its trade name is "composite spore powder-for fertilizer only".
  • the compound spore powder includes Bacillus vitiligo powder, Bacillus licheniformis powder, Bacillus cereus powder and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens powder.
  • Trichoderma harzianum was purchased from Jiangsu Boli Biological Products Co., Ltd. and is also a conventional commercially available bacterial powder.
  • “fermented mushroom residue” is obtained by composting fresh mushroom residue (purchased from Yuguan Modern Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., Jiangsu province) according to conventional methods.
  • the composting method used in this embodiment is the same as "
  • the method for composting "fermented sheep manure” is the same, as follows: Mix the fresh sheep manure or mushroom residue with the unloader, mix it evenly, and then pile it into a long stack of 2m wide, 1m high, and 4.5m long. The material volume is about 4.5m 3 , using mechanical turning method for ventilation and oxygen supply. After composting starts, measure the temperature 40cm below the surface at 9:00 every morning, and take the average of multiple points to represent the temperature inside the pile.
  • Composting is completed when the temperature of the pile drops to about 40°C. And the fermented sheep manure and mushroom residue were tested according to the organic fertilizer standard ⁇ NY/T525-2021>.
  • the above fermentation method is a conventional method, and in specific implementation, other fermentation methods can also be used.
  • the test is divided into three groups. Among them, UM is the treatment of commercially available urea combined with ordinary organic fertilizer; CRUM is the treatment of controlled-release fertilizer obtained in Example 2 of the present invention combined with ordinary organic fertilizer; and the CRUMB group is the treatment of microorganisms prepared in Example 2. Granular organic fertilizer and controlled-release fertilizer are mixed to prepare base fertilizer for orchard application.
  • the common organic fertilizer used in this example is sheep manure (not granulated) obtained by fermentation according to the method of Example 1.
  • the specific method of furrow application is as follows: 60cm away from the side of the main trunk of the grape fruit tree, manually dig a fertilizer trench with a trench width of 30cm and a depth of 30cm. Spread the three groups of fertilizers into the fertilizing ditch and then cover them with soil.
  • the UM group ordinary organic fertilizer and urea are mixed evenly and then applied in furrows.
  • the amount of ordinary organic fertilizer used is 1t/acre and the amount of urea used is 4.9kg/acre, and then 9.4kg is spread in March of the following year.
  • Ordinary urea; in the CRUM group ordinary organic fertilizer and the controlled-release fertilizer prepared in Example 2 were mixed evenly and then applied in furrows in October.
  • the amount of ordinary organic fertilizer applied was 1t/acre, and the amount of controlled-release fertilizer applied was 14.95kg/acre;
  • the microbial granular organic fertilizer prepared in Example 2 was furrowed in October.
  • the microbial organic fertilizer was applied at 1t/mu, and the controlled-release fertilizer application amount was 14.95kg/mu.
  • Table 1 The results of grape yield and quality of each group are shown in Table 1, and the changes in soil available nutrients are shown in Table 2. It can be seen from Table 1 and Table 2 that after the application of the controlled-release fertilizer-microbial inoculant-organic fertilizer mixed fertilization of the present invention, It can significantly improve grape yield and quality; increase soil nitrogen supply intensity, soluble carbon and nitrogen content during grape flowering and fruit-bearing periods.

Abstract

一种果园基肥的制备方法及其施用方法，包括：1）将微生物菌粉与壁材溶液混合制备微胶囊，然后加入有机质、粘结剂造粒，获得球形微生物颗粒有机肥；2）将纤维素基多元醇和固化剂混合均匀后喷涂在核心肥料表面，再加入石蜡，获得控释肥料；3）将微生物颗粒有机肥和控释肥料混合均匀，即获得所述果园基肥；该基肥可利用沟施或穴施的方法作为果树基肥，养分释放符合果树需肥规律，同时提高果园土壤养分供应强度。

Description

一种果园基肥的制备方法及其施用方法 技术领域
本发明涉及肥料生产技术领域，具体涉及一种果园基肥的制备方法及其施用方法。
 背景技术
果树营养与施肥是果树栽培中的基础环节。科学施肥是保证果树高产、稳产、优质的最有效的措施。与其他粮食、蔬菜等农作物生长需求不同，果树生长周期长，会持续消耗养分，且需要在冬前储备养分。通过贮藏营养对果树的丰产稳产具有重要作用，而基肥的施用是果树贮藏营养的关键。基肥的肥料施用量占全年施肥总量的70%以上，是影响果树产量及品质最重要的阶段。基肥的施用能较长时间提供多种养分，利于协调营养生长与生殖生长，增加养分积累，促使枝芽充实饱满，提高树体抗性，并利于采摘后树势的尽早恢复，使得次年春季萌芽早，开花齐，坐果多。且基肥肥效发挥平稳而缓慢，调整“大小年”效果明显。然而在果园基肥中肥料的选择、配伍及施用方法等方面存在着不合理问题，亟待解决。
目前果园基肥的施用大都为将有机肥与普通化肥进行单独或混合施用。化肥的大量投入，虽能为果园土壤提供一定的养分，但易导致土壤理化性状恶化，如土壤板结、土壤酸化等，且肥料利用率低，易造成环境污染等问题。有机肥与化肥混合施用虽可以改善土壤理化性状，但忽略了果树的需肥规律，果树抗性下降，造成果园土壤生产能力持续下降。
中国专利CN 1609068 A公开了一种多功能有机无机复混肥及制备方法，其由豆饼粉、腐殖酸、麦饭石、EM有效微生物、尿素、磷酸铵和氯化钾制备而成，但其成分未达到肥料缓释的效果，无法满足不同作物的养分需求。中国专利CN 103011975 A公开了一种利用猪场沼气池沼渣制备缓释颗粒有机肥的方法，但其没有添加可提高作物抗逆能力的菌剂物质。中国专利CN 101870609 A公开了一种多菌种生物有机肥及其制备方法，其由有机质废弃物、腐殖酸、尿素、中微量元素和微生物制成，但其未对微生物菌剂进行保活。综上来看，现有有机肥制备的方法无法为果园基肥的科学施用提供全方面的技术支撑，存在无法满足果树对养分的需求、未对果树抗逆能力改善以及功能菌剂未保活等问题。
 发明内容
针对目前有机肥为果园基肥的科学施用提供全方面的技术支撑，存在无法满足果树对养分的需求、未对果树抗逆能力改善以及功能菌剂未保活等问题，本申请的一个实施例提供一种果园基肥及其施肥方法，该果园基肥将有机肥与微生物菌剂有机结合，并与控释肥料混合施用，不仅提高了果园土壤养分供应强度，也实现了肥料的多功能性。
为实现上述目的，本申请采用如下技术方案：
首先，本申请提供了一种果园基肥的制备方法，其具体步骤如下：
1）制备微生物颗粒有机肥
1.1）以微生物菌粉作为芯材，将芯材加入到壁材溶液中，搅拌获得乳化液后，调节乳化液液的pH值至3.5-5.0，继续搅拌（转速100-200r/min）至乳化液析出微胶囊；然后加入固化剂谷氨酰胺转氨酶，再调节乳化液的pH值至6.0-7.0固化，然后经沉淀、过滤、40-60℃干燥后，获得微胶囊材料；
上述微生物菌粉可以选择任何常规生防菌粉，如绿色木霉菌粉、哈茨木霉菌粉、枯草芽孢杆菌菌粉、地衣芽孢杆菌菌粉、蜡样芽孢杆菌菌粉和解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌粉中的至少一种。
上述壁材溶液由阿拉伯胶、卡拉胶、麦芽糊精和水混合后获得；
所加入的芯材和壁材溶液的重量比为1：（3-5）；
优选的，上述壁材溶液中，阿拉伯胶、卡拉胶、麦芽糊精和水的重量比为0.8：0.8：0.1：12。
优选的，谷氨酰胺转氨酶的加入量为壁材溶液重量的0.5-2%。
1.2）将有机质与微胶囊材料混匀后，加入到圆盘造粒机中，采用常规造粒方式，调节圆盘造粒机倾斜角度为45°，确定工作转速为21.5 r/min，并在造粒过程中将粘结剂喷洒至圆盘造粒机中，造粒时间为10-30min，完成后过筛、烘干、冷却后过筛得粒径2-7mm的球形微生物颗粒有机肥，备用；
上述有机质是由发酵后的羊粪、菌菇渣（优选发酵后的菌菇渣）与膨润土组成，所加入的微胶囊材料的质量有机质质量的0.2-2%。
优选的，上述有机质中，发酵后的羊粪、菌菇渣、膨润土的重量比依次为10-15：10-15：0.6-1。
优选的，上述粘结剂包括聚乙烯醇、预胶化淀粉、交联羧甲基纤维素钠中一种或多种；粘结剂的加入量为微生物颗粒有机肥重量的1-2%。
2）制备控释肥料
将直径为3-5mm的核心肥料颗粒预热至50-70℃，将包膜液纤维素基多元醇和固化剂A混合均匀后喷涂在不断运动的肥料颗粒表面，然后，加入占核心肥料总质量0.3%-0.5%的石蜡，降温冷却至室温，即制备得到控释肥料，备用；
上述核心肥料颗粒包括尿素、磷酸二铵中的至少一种。
优选的，所加入的纤维素基多元醇和固化剂A的重量比为1：1-1.4；
优选的，所述固化剂A为多亚甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯、氟尔酮二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯中的一种或多种。
3）将步骤1）获得微生物颗粒有机肥和步骤2）获得的控释肥料按照质量比40-70：1混合均匀，即获得所述果园基肥。
其次，本申请提供了一种由上述制备方法获得的果园基肥。
第三，本申请提供了上述制备方法获得的果园基肥的施用方法，即每年9-11月份，在距离果树主干一侧40-60cm处挖施肥沟，或距离树干40-60cm处环果树树干挖4-7个施肥穴，将果园基肥微撒在施肥沟内，然后覆土，即完成果树基肥施肥。上述施肥沟优选宽20-50cm、深20-50cm；施肥穴优选深20-50cm，宽20-40cm；施肥量优选800kg-2t/亩。
上述果树优选树龄2年及以上；果树品种优选葡萄树、苹果树等。
本申请的一个实施例提供了一种基于有机肥-微生物菌剂-控释肥优势配伍的果园基肥。施用有机肥是提高果园土壤有机质含量的重要措施。有机肥料中富含腐殖酸，对土壤团粒结构的形成和维持具有重要作用，显著改善果园土壤的理化性状，提高土壤的透气性和保水性；利于土壤微生物群落的多样性、种类和数量的提高，增强土壤的缓冲性能。
同时，微生物菌剂-枯草芽孢杆菌是一类广泛分布的革兰氏阳性杆状好氧型细菌，可以产生内生芽孢，生长速度快，营养需求简单，无致病性，不污染环境，且耐热抗逆性强；复合芽孢菌粉中的枯草芽孢杆菌可以产生类似细胞分裂素、植物生长激素的物质，植物吸收后能极大地提高免疫功能，从而间接地减少病害发生；可以减缓植株的膜脂过氧化，促进植物体内吲哚乙酸的产生，并抑制脱落酸等抑制植物生长激素的形成；不仅可以通过竞争、溶菌、拮抗等作用机制直接抑制植物病原菌，还可通过诱发植物自身的抗病潜能从而增强植物的抗病性。
控释肥可以根据果树的需肥规律，将养分缓慢释放到土壤中，不仅大幅度提高了养分利用效率，增加果树产量，且节省了劳动力，降低了施肥成本。控释尿素养分释放缓慢，较传统化肥相比，施用初期可以减缓养分释放对根系的盐害，有利于挖沟施肥导致的根系损伤的恢复，后期由于养分逐步缓慢释放且不易流失，为根系提供更高的营养环境。
与现有施肥方法相比，本发明的有益效果：
（1）本申请实施例制备的果园基肥将控释肥和微生物有机肥优势结合，避免了传统肥料对微生物菌剂活性的负面影响，同时控释肥中氮素的缓慢释放还可促进有机肥的分解，为微生物菌剂提供更多的营养物质，同时微生物菌剂可以增强果树的抗逆性，提高果实品质和产量。
（2）本申请实施例制备的果园基肥将微生物菌剂以微胶囊的形式加入，使菌剂不易随土壤流失，并能提高微生物菌剂对外界环境的耐受能力，促进微生物的生长与定殖。
（3）本申请实施例制备的果园基肥将微生物有机肥与控释肥混合施用，可根据果树需肥规律释放养分，并避免了速效肥料对挖沟施肥导致的断根的再次损伤，有利于树势的恢复，并促进果树根系的生长发育和果园的可持续发展。
（4）本申请实施例制备的果园基肥一次性施肥，且施肥方式简单轻便。
 具体实施方式
应该指出，以下详细说明都是例示性的，旨在对本申请提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明，本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本申请所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。
为了使得本领域技术人员能够更加清楚地了解本申请的技术方案，以下将结合具体的实施例详细说明本申请的技术方案。
本发明实施例中所用的试验材料均为本领域常规的试验材料，均可通过商业渠道购买得到。
实施例2中使用的复合芽孢菌粉购自江苏博立生物制品有限公司，其商品名“复合芽孢菌粉-肥料专用”，该复合菌粉包含草芽孢杆菌菌粉、地衣芽孢杆菌菌粉、蜡样芽孢杆菌菌粉和解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌粉。
哈茨木霉购自江苏博立生物制品有限公司，同样为常规市售菌粉。
实施例1  
1.1）称取微生物菌粉哈茨木霉350g，溶于1050 g的阿拉伯胶、卡拉胶、麦芽糊精和水混合后获得的壁材溶液(该壁材溶液中，阿拉伯胶、卡拉胶、麦芽糊精和水的重量比依次为0.8：0.8：0.1：12)；以100rpm的速率搅拌获得乳化液；加入HAc（醋酸）调节乳化液 pH 值至3.5-5.0（以pH试纸检测获得范围值，下同）后继续搅拌，乳化液析出微胶囊，再加入三乙醇胺调节乳化液pH值至6.0-7.0，加入16 g的谷氨酰胺转氨酶，乳化液析出的微胶囊固化后，再经沉淀、过滤、40℃烘箱干燥（烘干温度不超过60℃为宜）后，获得微胶囊材料。
1.2）将发酵后的羊粪、发酵后的菌菇渣与膨润土按重量比为10：10：0.6混匀后，获得有机质；再加入占有机质质量百分比0.5%的微胶囊，获得有机肥；称取5g的聚乙烯醇溶于100mL配置成粘结剂溶液，将粘结剂均匀的喷洒在有机肥料表面，并调节圆盘造粒机的倾斜角度为45度，确定工作转速为21.5r/min，造粒10 min，过钢筛，得粒径2-7mm的球形颗粒肥料，40℃烘干（具体实施中，烘干温度不超过60℃为宜）后制得微生物颗粒有机肥。
2.1）称取磷酸二铵10kg置于市售包膜机中，将核芯预热直至温度恒定在70℃。称取包膜液纤维素基聚氨酯210 g，二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯210 g，打开压力泵设定喷头压力为0.1 Mpa，喷雾总速率为0.2 L/min，将包膜液均匀喷涂于肥料颗粒表面,，最后称取石蜡30g，再喷涂到肥料颗粒表面，最后冷却后制得控释肥料，其粒径3-5mm。
本实施例中，“发酵后的菌菇渣”是将新鲜的菌菇渣（购自江苏省裕灌现代农业科技公司），按照常规方法堆肥后获得，本实施例中采用的堆肥方法与“发酵后的羊粪”堆肥方法相同，具体如下：将鲜羊粪或菌菇渣利用接卸搅拌混合均匀后堆成2m宽、1m高、4.5m长的长条垛，物料体积约4.5m 3，采用机械翻堆方式进行通风供氧。堆肥开始后的每天上午9：00测定对题表面以下40cm处温度，取多个点的平均值代表堆体内的温度，待堆体温度下降至40℃左右时，完成堆肥。并依据有机肥料标准<NY/T525-2021>对发酵后的羊粪和菌菇渣进行检测。上述发酵方法为常规方法，在具体实施中，也可以采用其他发酵方法。
实施例2
1.1）称取微生物菌剂哈茨木霉和复合芽孢菌粉各175g，溶于1050 g的阿拉伯胶、卡拉胶、麦芽糊精和水的混合溶液(该混合溶液中，阿拉伯胶、卡拉胶、麦芽糊精和水的重量比依次为0.8：0.8：0.1：12)；200rpm搅拌获得乳化液；加入冰醋酸调节乳化液 pH 值至3.5-5.0后继续搅拌，析出微胶囊，再加入三乙醇胺调节乳化液pH值至6.0-7.0，加入16 g的谷氨酰胺转氨酶，所析出的微胶囊经固化后，，再经沉淀、过滤、40℃烘箱干燥，获得微胶囊材料。
1.2）将发酵后的羊粪（发酵方法同实施例1）、发酵后的菌菇渣（发酵方法同实施例1）与膨润土按重量比为15：15：0.8混匀后获得有机质，再加入占有机质质量百分比为0.5%的微胶囊，获得有机肥料；称取5g的聚乙烯醇溶于100mL配置成粘结剂溶液，将粘结剂均匀的喷洒在有机肥料表面，并调节圆盘造粒机的倾斜角度为45度，确定工作转速为21.5r/min，造粒20 min，过2-7mm钢筛，得球形颗粒肥料，烘干后制得微生物颗粒有机肥。
2.1）另行称取尿素10 kg置于包膜机中，将核芯预热直至温度恒定在70℃。称取包膜液纤维素基聚氨酯210 g，二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯210 g，打开压力泵设定喷头压力为0.1 Mpa，喷雾总速率为0.2 L/min，将包膜液均匀喷涂于肥料颗粒表面,，最后称取石蜡30g，再喷涂到肥料颗粒表面，最后冷却后制得控释肥料。
实施例3 葡萄园小区试验
为考察本发明的基于控释肥-微生物菌剂-有机肥优势配伍的果园基肥施肥模式对“巨峰”葡萄产量、品质及土壤养分状况的影响，进行了葡萄园小区试验，具体如下：
1.试验方法：
将试验分为三组，其中，UM为市售尿素配施普通有机肥处理；CRUM为本发明实施例2获得的控释肥料配施普通有机肥处理；CRUMB组为将实施例2制备的微生物颗粒有机肥和控释肥料混合后制备成果园基肥施用。
本实施例中使用的普通有机肥为按照实施例1方法发酵获得的羊粪（未造粒）。
沟施方式具体如下：距离葡萄果树主干一侧60cm处，人工挖施肥沟，沟宽30cm，深30cm。分别将三组肥料撒入施肥沟内后覆土。其中UM组是在10月份将施普通有机肥和尿素混合均匀后沟施，普通有机肥使用量为1t/亩，尿素使用量为4.9kg/亩，然后在次年3月份再撒施9.4kg的普通尿素；CRUM组是在10月份将普通有机肥和实施例2制备的控释肥料混合均匀后沟施，普通有机肥施肥量为1t/亩，控释肥料施用量为14.95kg/亩；CRUMB组是在10月份沟施实施例2制备的微生物颗粒有机肥微生物有机肥施用为1t/亩，控释肥料施用量为14.95kg/亩。
各小区在同等条件下进行管理，在葡萄开花期、挂果期采集土壤样品，测定各组中的土壤速效养分含量，包括硝铵态氮和可溶性碳氮含量，并在成熟期收获并统计各组的产量和品质。
2.试验结果：
各组的葡萄产量及品质的结果见表1，土壤速效养分变化见表2，由表1和表2可以看出，在施用本发明的控释肥-微生物菌剂-有机肥混合施肥后，可以显著的提高葡萄产量和品质；提高葡萄开花期和挂果期的土壤氮素供应强度、可溶性碳和氮含量。
表1葡萄园小区试验葡萄产量及品质
表2 葡萄园小区试验土壤速效养分变化
上述有机酸、糖度、Vc检测方法参见“赵世杰，史国安，董新纯．植物生理学实验指导[M]．北京：中国农业科学技术出版社，2002.”,硝态氮、铵态氮、可溶性碳、可溶性氮的检测方法参见“鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京: 中国农业科技出版社, 2000.”所公开的检测方法。
以上所述仅为本申请的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种果园基肥的制备方法，其特征在于，具体步骤如下：
    1）制备微生物颗粒有机肥
     1.1）将微生物菌粉加入到壁材溶液中，搅拌，调节pH值至3.5-5.0，继续搅拌至析出微胶囊；加入谷氨酰胺转氨酶，调节pH值至6.0-7.0，沉淀、过滤、干燥，获得微胶囊；
    所述壁材溶液由阿拉伯胶、卡拉胶、麦芽糊精和水混合后获得；
    所加入的微生物菌粉和壁材溶液的重量比为1：3-5；
       1.2）将有机质与微胶囊混匀，加入到圆盘造粒机中造粒，造粒过程中喷洒粘结剂；造粒完成后过筛、烘干、冷却后，获得球形微生物颗粒有机肥，备用；
        所述有机质由发酵后的羊粪、菌菇渣与膨润土组成，所加入的微胶囊的质量占有机肥质量的0.2-2%；
     2）制备控释肥料
    将核心肥料颗粒预热至50-70℃，将纤维素基多元醇和固化剂A混合均匀后喷涂在核心肥料表面，然后加入占核心肥料质量0.3%-0.5%的石蜡，降温冷却至室温，即获得控释肥料；
    所述核心肥料颗粒包括尿素、磷酸二铵中的至少一种；
    所述固化剂A包括多亚甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯、氟尔酮二异氰酸酯、二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯中的一种或多种；
    3）将步骤1）获得微生物颗粒有机肥和步骤2）获得的控释肥料按照质量比40-70：1混合均匀，即获得所述果园基肥。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述果园基肥的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤1.1）中，所述壁材溶液是由阿拉伯胶、卡拉胶、麦芽糊精和水按照质量比0.8：0.8：0.1：12混合后获得。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述果园基肥的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤1.1）中，谷氨酰胺转氨酶的加入量为壁材溶液质量的0.5-2%。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述果园基肥的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤1.1）中，所述微生物菌粉包括绿色木霉菌粉、哈茨木霉菌粉、枯草芽孢杆菌菌粉、地衣芽孢杆菌菌粉、蜡样芽孢杆菌菌粉和解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌粉中的至少一种。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述果园基肥的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤1.2）所述有机质中，发酵后的羊粪、菌菇渣、膨润土的重量比为10-15：10-15：0.6-1。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述果园基肥的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤1.2）所述粘结剂包括聚乙烯醇、预胶化淀粉、交联羧甲基纤维素钠中的至少一种；所述粘结剂的加入量为核心肥料质量的1-2%。
  7. 根据权利要求1所述果园基肥的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤2）中所加入的纤维素基多元醇和固化剂A的重量比为1：1-1.4。
  8. 如权利要求1-7任一所述方法获得的果园基肥。
  9. 如权利要求1-7任一所述方法获得的果园基肥的施用方法，其特征在于，具体步骤如下：每年9-11月份，在距离果树主干一侧40-60cm处挖施肥沟，或距离树干40-60cm处环果树树干挖4-7个施肥穴，将果园基肥微撒在施肥沟内，施肥量800kg-2t/亩，然后覆土，即完成果树基肥施肥。
  10. 如权利要求9所述的施用方法，其特征在于，所述果树包括葡萄树、苹果。
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