WO2021134917A1 - 一种多层次高效堆肥装置及其使用方法 - Google Patents

一种多层次高效堆肥装置及其使用方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2021134917A1
WO2021134917A1 PCT/CN2020/078696 CN2020078696W WO2021134917A1 WO 2021134917 A1 WO2021134917 A1 WO 2021134917A1 CN 2020078696 W CN2020078696 W CN 2020078696W WO 2021134917 A1 WO2021134917 A1 WO 2021134917A1
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Prior art keywords
box
composting
pipe
tank
decomposing
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PCT/CN2020/078696
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
袁增伟
张诗文
覃祖茂
王婷
周新荣
Original Assignee
南京大学（溧水）生态环境研究院
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Application filed by 南京大学（溧水）生态环境研究院 filed Critical 南京大学（溧水）生态环境研究院
Priority to DE112020000013.3T priority Critical patent/DE112020000013T5/de
Publication of WO2021134917A1 publication Critical patent/WO2021134917A1/zh

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/50—Treatments combining two or more different biological or biochemical treatments, e.g. anaerobic and aerobic treatment or vermicomposting and aerobic treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/05—Treatments involving invertebrates, e.g. worms, flies or maggots
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/60—Heating or cooling during the treatment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
    • C05F17/90—Apparatus therefor
    • C05F17/964—Constructional parts, e.g. floors, covers or doors
    • C05F17/971—Constructional parts, e.g. floors, covers or doors for feeding or discharging materials to be treated; for feeding or discharging other material
    • C05F17/986—Constructional parts, e.g. floors, covers or doors for feeding or discharging materials to be treated; for feeding or discharging other material the other material being liquid
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
    • Y02P20/133—Renewable energy sources, e.g. sunlight
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/141—Feedstock
    • Y02P20/145—Feedstock the feedstock being materials of biological origin
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of composting, and particularly relates to a multi-layered high-efficiency composting device and a use method thereof.
  • Composting refers to the use of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi and other microorganisms that are widely present in nature under certain humidity, temperature, carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N) and ventilation conditions to artificially control the solid waste The biochemical process of converting degradable organic waste into stable humus.
  • Composting not only produces a large amount of available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compounds that can be absorbed and utilized by plants, but also synthesizes new polymer organic humus, which is an important active substance that constitutes soil fertility, so the compost product has high utilization value.
  • Invention patent CN201410433806.X a rapid aerobic composting reaction device and its application, including material mixing part, aerobic composting part, circulating water part and air supply part, material mixing part including material mixing bin and transmission device, aerobic composting
  • the part includes the aerobic composting silo body.
  • the aerobic composting silo is divided into an upper composting silo and a lower air delivery silo by a stainless steel orifice plate.
  • the top of the composting silo is fixed with a rake-type stacking device track; the outlet of the circulating water pump and aerobic
  • the top of the compost bin body is provided with an inlet connection; the fan outlet is connected with the air inlet of the leachate storage tank and enters the internal air supply pipe.
  • the independent material mixing bin can make the materials fully mixed and uniform without large-area agglomeration of fertilizer; the porous cobblestone supporting layer provides guarantee for aerobic degradation; the reaction device can ensure that there is no agglomeration during the reaction process , Will not produce local anaerobic phenomenon, used for the rapid degradation of urban sewage treatment plant sludge, straw, landscaping garbage, livestock manure and kitchen waste.
  • the device of the present invention is not convenient to understand the changes of composting parameters to adjust the composting reaction environment, and at the same time, it cannot make full use of the material value of the compost material itself to participate in the composting to improve the composting efficiency.
  • the present invention provides a multi-level high-efficiency composting device and its use method to improve the utilization rate of composting materials and shorten the composting time. , So that the organic solid waste can be further utilized, thereby improving the composting efficiency, making the composting process more concise.
  • a multi-layer high-efficiency composting device includes a composting fermentation tank and an earthworm maturation tank; the composting fermentation tank and the earthworm maturation tank are arranged on the left and right sides, and are separated by a partition in the middle.
  • the bottom of the composting fermentation tank is provided with a water collection tank, and the top of the composting fermentation tank is provided with a filter screen, a residue collecting tank, a stirring device and a sprinkling pipe; the top of the composting fermentation tank is provided with a feed inlet and a heat collector.
  • a channel surrounding the bottom edge of the tank is formed between the water collection tank and the tank body of the compost fermentation tank.
  • a heat pipe is provided in the water collection tank, and a pumping pipe is provided at the bottom of one side of the water collection tank; the channel is located outside the tank. Ventilation louvers are provided, the ventilating louvers can be rotated, and vents are provided on the shoulder surface where the channel is connected with the box wall; the heat pipe is connected with the heat collector through a hollow tube.
  • the water pumping pipe is connected with the water pump outside the compost fermentation tank, and the water pump is connected to the sprinkler pipe through the pipe.
  • the pipe body of the sprinkler pipe is evenly distributed with water outlet holes; the pipe is also provided with a drainage pipe; the pipe and drain There are valves on the pipes.
  • the two ends of the residue collection box respectively penetrate through the partition and the wall of the compost fermentation tank, one end of the through partition is provided with an opening, and one end through the wall of the compost fermentation tank is provided with a push plate; the opening passes through the extractable baffle
  • one end of the baffle is provided with a screw hole, and a handle and a through hole are provided on the wall of the residue collection box near the push plate; the bottom of both sides of the residue collection box is also provided with drainage holes through the box; the compost fermentation tank is near the screw An opening is provided on the wall of the hole.
  • the said stirring device includes a rotating shaft on which stirring rods are staggered, and the rotating shaft is driven to rotate by a motor.
  • the earthworm decomposing box is provided with a decomposing box and an insect collecting box on the left and right sides, and a heating chamber is also provided at the lower part of the decomposing box; the decomposing box can be drawn out from the box body of the earthworm decomposing box; the insect collecting box
  • the box is arranged on the side close to the partition, and the bottom is fixed with a hydraulic cylinder; the illuminating lamp is arranged on the box wall at the upper part of the decomposed box; the upper part of the connection between the decomposed box and the insect box is also provided with a light shield;
  • the heating chamber is provided with a heat pipe, and the heat pipe is connected with the heat collector through a hollow tube; and the top of the heating chamber is provided with a ventilation hole.
  • the composting fermentation tank and the earthworm decomposing tank are also provided with a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a pH sensor, an oxygen sensor, an infrared sensor and a water level sensor, all of which are connected to the control center telecommunications.
  • the multi-level high-efficiency composting device composting fermentation tank of the present invention is provided with air through the channel at the bottom, and the ventilation volume is controlled by ventilation shutters, which is simple and convenient.
  • the oxygen entering from the bottom is not affected by the upper material turning, and can provide good oxygen for composting.
  • the stirring device will work every time when oxygen is supplemented, so that the oxygen can reach the inside of the material and improve the efficiency of composting.
  • the present invention utilizes the leachate produced by the compost material itself to adjust the humidity and temperature. When the compost humidity is too low, the leachate in the water collection tank is extracted for moisturizing. When the sprinkler pipe works, the stirring device also operates to control the material.
  • the device of the present invention greatly improves the utilization rate of composting materials, composts twice by compound bacteria and earthworms, improves composting efficiency, monitors composting parameters through sensors, effectively optimizes the composting process, and facilitates control.
  • the water collection tank is used to collect the leachate in the composting material, so that the compost material can maintain a certain humidity, which is conducive to the rapid growth of compound bacteria.
  • the leachate of the material is sent to the water collection tank through the filter screen.
  • the heat collector uses solar heat to heat the leachate in the water collection tank, so that the temperature in the compost fermentation tank rises rapidly.
  • the heat pipe has high heat transfer efficiency and can quickly heat the leachate in the sump, so that the temperature in the compost fermentation tank will rise quickly, so that the compost can reach the optimal reaction temperature as soon as possible; the channel is used to allow outside air to enter,
  • the ventilation shutters control the opening and closing of the passage.
  • the air entering the passage enters the compost fermentation tank through the vent to provide oxygen for the compost. At the same time, it can exchange heat when the compost temperature is too high to reduce the compost temperature.
  • the ventilation shutters are closed, it can prevent the leakage of compost odor.
  • the water in the sump is pumped by a water pump to spray or discharge it. On the one hand, it improves the utilization rate of the material, and on the other hand, it reduces the excessive water content and affects the composting efficiency; the drain pipe can also be connected to an external cold water pipe for processing the material. cool down.
  • the baffle of the residue collection tank prevents the fertilizer from leaking out during the compost fermentation.
  • the screw is screwed into the screw hole to extract the baffle, and then the push rod is inserted into the through hole to push the push plate, thereby pushing the semi-cooked fertilizer obtained from the compost to the earthworm
  • the drain hole is used to drain the moisture of the material into the water collection tank.
  • the drain hole should not be too large. In order to improve the drainage efficiency, it is necessary to set multiple drain holes.
  • the decomposing box and the insect collecting box are connected to receive the semi-cooked material conveyed from the composting fermentation tank for the earthworms to decompose.
  • the insect collecting box can be adjusted up and down through the hydraulic cylinder fixed at the bottom.
  • the The insect box is lowered, and the heat pipe in the heating chamber is raised to make the high-temperature gas enter the box through the vent of the decomposed box.
  • the lighting lamp is turned on. When the earthworm is exposed to light and high temperature, the temperature will be relatively low and the lighting lamp will not shine. Move to the descending insect box (blocked by the shading board), so as to achieve the effect of separating the earthworms.
  • the vents in the compost fermentation tank are arranged on shoulder surfaces parallel to each other; the side of the residue collection box located on the upper part of the vents is not provided with drainage holes.
  • vents are arranged on the shoulder surfaces parallel to each other, so that air can be passed into both ends of the box body, and the air convection can quickly cover the entire compost fermentation box. There is no vent below the drain hole, which can prevent material water from entering the channel through the vent when it is left, causing the device to leak and produce peculiar smell, and it will also cause blockage and inconvenient cleaning.
  • the two ends of the filter screen are flat plates, and the flat plates are arranged at the lower part of the side of the residue collection box where no drainage hole is provided.
  • the lower part of the side of the residue collection box without drainage holes is the shoulder surface with vents.
  • the flat plates at both ends of the filter screen can block the vents below to further prevent water droplets from splashing into the vents.
  • the sprinkler pipe is provided with double pipes.
  • the double-pipe sprinkler pipes are arranged at the two ends of the bottom of the feed inlet, which can spray the materials in the compost fermentation tank more comprehensively.
  • the stirring rods are arranged in a "one" shape in parallel.
  • the stirring rods are arranged in parallel at both ends of the rotating shaft, so that the stirring device is similar to a flat plate, so that the stirring rod will not hinder the removal of the residue collection box when it is taken out.
  • vent holes are provided on the walls of the two sides of the decomposing box, a handle is provided on the wall of one end of the decomposing box through the earthworm, and the other end is open and connected with the insect collection box;
  • the insect box is a "concave"-shaped box with open ends; the width of the open end of the decomposed box is the same as the width of the insect box, and the width of the insect box is the same as the opening width of the residue collecting box.
  • the vent hole on the decomposed box is used to put the hot air in the heating chamber into the box to drive the earthworm nets to move the insect box; the decomposed box and the insect box are connected and have the same width, which can prevent the semi-clinker pushed from the residue collection box from falling Therefore, the width of the insect collecting box also needs to be the same as the opening width of the residue collecting box.
  • the present invention also provides a method for using the multi-level high-efficiency composting device, which includes the following steps:
  • S1 Place the multi-level high-efficiency composting device in a place with good outdoor lighting, and mix one or more of organic solid wastes such as sludge, straw, landscaping waste, livestock manure and kitchen waste in any proportions. Add the compound bacterial agent into the compost fermentation tank, seal the feed port and start the motor to make the stirring device run for 5-10 minutes.
  • S3 Monitor the main parameters of the composting reaction process in real time through temperature sensors, hygrometers, pH sensors, oxygen sensors, infrared sensors and water level sensors, and upload them to the control center for data processing and display; the data center will compare the processed data with the preset The parameter values are compared, and the value deviation exceeds the preset range, and an early warning is given.
  • the stirring device is started twice a day, stirring each time for 5-10 minutes; if the detected oxygen content is lower than the preset range threshold, open the ventilation shutters to allow oxygen to enter the compost fermentation tank; if the humidity is lower than the preset range threshold, then The water in the sump is delivered to the sprinkler pipe for spraying through a water pump, and the stirring device is activated during the spraying process.
  • the composite bacterial agent is saprophytic aerobic bacteria, lignin-degrading bacteria, cellulose-degrading bacteria, and protein-degrading bacteria mixed according to 10:3:3:3 Then, the addition amount is 4 ⁇ 5mL/kg material.
  • the ratio of semi-cooked manure, fresh kitchen waste, and livestock manure in the earthworm decomposing tank is 20:1:1, and the livestock and poultry manure is fermented at a high temperature. Hygiene and harmless conditions.
  • the main parameters are organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, moisture content, salt content, pH value, temperature and oxygen concentration;
  • the infrared The sensor measures organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, water content, salt content and the number of living earthworms;
  • the humidity sensor, pH sensor, temperature sensor and oxygen sensor measure humidity, pH, temperature and oxygen concentration respectively.
  • the multi-level high-efficiency composting device of the present invention first composts the perishable garbage after separating the leachate with compound bacteria to obtain semi-cooked fertilizer, and then uses earthworms to decompose the semi-cooked fertilizer.
  • the multi-level composting can more effectively use the perishable garbage. It can improve the quality of composting products and composting efficiency.
  • the multi-level high-efficiency composting device of the present invention uses solar energy to heat up the leachate of the material itself, uses the heated leachate to adjust the humidity and temperature of the compost, and uses the material of the compost material itself to complete the entire composting process, which greatly improves Utilization rate of compost material, energy saving and environmental protection.
  • the multi-level high-efficiency composting device of the present invention has a reasonable design, the residue and leachate produced by composting are easy to take out without affecting each other, effectively avoiding the generation of compost odor, and can conveniently adjust the environment during the composting process and reduce the labor of composting. cost.
  • Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a multi-level high-efficiency composting device of the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a bottom cross-sectional view of the composting fermentation tank of the multi-level high-efficiency composting device of the present invention.
  • Figure 3 is a front cross-sectional view of the multi-level high-efficiency composting device of the present invention.
  • Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the residue collection tank of the multi-level high-efficiency composting device of the present invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the decomposing box of the multi-level high-efficiency composting device of the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of the insect box of the multi-level high-efficiency composting device of the present invention.
  • a multi-level high-efficiency composting device as shown in Figures 1 to 3 includes a composting fermentation tank 1 and an earthworm maturation tank 32; the composting fermentation tank 1 and the earthworm maturation tank 32 are arranged on the left and right, separated by a partition 31 in the middle. .
  • the bottom of the compost fermentation tank 1 is provided with a water collection tank 19, and the top of the water collection tank 19 is provided with a filter screen 7, a residue collection tank 5, a stirring device 6, and a sprinkling pipe 14; the top of the compost fermentation tank 1 is provided with a feed inlet 3 And collector 2.
  • the two ends of the filter screen 7 are flat plates 23; the sprinkler pipe 14 is a double pipe arrangement.
  • a channel 17 surrounding the bottom edge of the tank is formed between the water collection tank 19 and the body of the compost fermentation tank 1, a heat pipe 8 is provided in the water collection tank 19, and a pumping pipe 10 is provided at the bottom of one side of the water collection tank 19; 17 is located on the outer side of the box with a ventilation louver 4, said ventilating louver 4 can be rotated, the channel 17 is connected with the wall of the shoulder 16 on the shoulder surface 16 is provided with vents 18, the vents 18 are arranged on the shoulders parallel to each other On the surface 16; the heat pipe 8 is connected to the heat collector 2 through the hollow pipe 24.
  • the details are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
  • the water pumping pipe 10 is connected to a water pump 9 outside the compost fermentation tank 1.
  • the water pump 9 is connected to a sprinkler pipe 14 through a pipe 11.
  • the sprinkler pipe 14 has water outlet holes 15 evenly distributed on the pipe body; the pipe 11 is also provided with The drain pipe 13; the pipe 11 and the drain pipe 13 are provided with a valve 12; the details are shown in FIG. 3.
  • the two ends of the residue collection box 5 respectively penetrate through the partition 31 and the wall of the compost fermentation tank 1, an opening through the partition 31 is provided, and one end through the compost fermentation 1 box wall is provided with a push plate 36; It is closed by a drawable baffle 28.
  • One end of the baffle 28 is provided with a screw hole 29.
  • the residue collection box 5 is provided with a handle 21 and a through hole 30 on the wall close to the push plate 36; the bottom of the residue collection box 5 is also There is a drainage hole 20 penetrating the box body; an opening 37 is provided on the wall of the compost fermentation tank 1 close to the screw hole 29, and the baffle 28 can be drawn out after the screw is inserted from the opening 37 and screwed into the screw hole 29.
  • the drainage hole 20 is a rectangular parallelepiped hole of 10mm ⁇ 10mm ⁇ 5mm.
  • the drainage hole 20 is set every 5cm.
  • the side of the residue collection box 5 located on the upper part of the vent 18 is not provided with drainage holes 20.
  • the flat plates 23 at both ends of the filter screen 7 are set in The lower part of the side of the residue collection box 5 where the drainage hole 20 is not provided; as shown in FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG.
  • the stirring device 6 includes a rotating shaft. Stirring rods 22 are staggered on the rotating shafts.
  • the stirring rods 22 are arranged in a "one" shape in parallel, so that the entire stirring device has a shape similar to a flat plate; the stirring device is driven by a motor. The shaft rotates.
  • Said earthworm decomposing box 32 is respectively provided with a decomposing box 25 and an insect collecting box 26 on the left and right, and the lower part of the said decomposing box 25 is also provided with a heating chamber 35; the said decomposing box 25 can be removed from the body of the earthworm decomposing box 32
  • the insect box 26 is arranged on the side close to the partition 31, and the hydraulic cylinder 27 is fixed at the bottom; the lighting lamp 33 is arranged on the upper box wall of the decomposed box 25; the decomposed box 25 and The upper part of the junction of the insect box 26 is also provided with a shading plate 34, which is fixed on the top of the earthworm decomposing box 32, so that the light of the illuminating lamp 33 cannot be irradiated into the insect box 26; inside the heating chamber 35 A heat pipe 8 is provided, and the heat pipe 8 is connected to the heat collector 2 through a hollow pipe 24; a ventilation hole 18 is provided on the top of the heating chamber 35.
  • the said decomposing box 25 is shown in FIG. 5, the walls of both sides are provided with vents 38, and the handle 21 is provided on one end of the earthworm decomposing box 32, and the other end is open, and is opposite to the insect box 26.
  • the insect box 26 shown in Figure 6 is a "concave" box with open ends, one end of the insect box 26 is connected to the open end of the decomposed box 25, and the other end is connected to the open end of the residue collection box 5;
  • the width of the open end of the decomposed box 25 is the same as the width of the insect collecting box 26, and the width of the insect collecting box 26 is the same as the width of the opening of the residue collecting box 5.
  • the composting fermentation tank 1 and the earthworm decomposing tank 32 are also provided with a temperature sensor, a humidity sensor, a pH sensor, an oxygen sensor, an infrared sensor and a water level sensor, all of which are connected to the control center telecommunications.
  • S3 Monitor the main parameters of the composting reaction process in real time through temperature sensors, hygrometers, pH sensors, oxygen sensors, infrared sensors and water level sensors, and upload them to the control center for data processing and display; the data center will compare the processed data with the preset The parameter values are compared, and the value deviation exceeds the preset range, and an early warning is given.
  • the main parameters are organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content, heavy metal concentration, moisture content, salt content, pH value, temperature and oxygen concentration;
  • the infrared sensor measures organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus Content, heavy metal concentration, water content and salt content;
  • the humidity sensor, pH sensor, temperature sensor and oxygen sensor respectively measure humidity, pH value, temperature and oxygen concentration.
  • the stirring device is started twice a day, stirring each time for 5-10 minutes; if the detected oxygen content is lower than the preset range threshold, open the ventilation shutter 4 to allow oxygen to enter the composting fermentation tank 1; if the humidity is lower than the preset range threshold , The water in the water collection tank 19 is delivered to the sprinkler pipe 14 for spraying by the water pump 9, and the stirring device is activated during the spraying process.

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Abstract

本发明提供一种多层次高效堆肥装置及其使用方法，所述的装置包括堆肥发酵箱、蚯蚓腐熟箱，将易腐垃圾在堆肥发酵箱分离渗滤液到底部，再利用太阳能对渗滤液进行加热，使堆肥温度快速达到最适反应温度，底部通气为堆肥提供氧气，堆肥得到的半熟肥进入到蚯蚓腐熟箱中进行腐熟，腐熟后利用热量和光照分离蚯蚓和肥料。本发明有效利用了好氧发酵和蚯蚓腐熟加快堆肥反应，提高堆肥产品质量和堆肥效率，同时有效利用易腐垃圾自身物质，并通过传感器实时监测堆肥参数变化，进一步优化堆肥参数，从而使堆肥物料利用率和堆肥效率大大提高。

Description

一种多层次高效堆肥装置及其使用方法 技术领域
本发明属于堆肥技术领域，特别涉及一种多层次高效堆肥装置及其使用方法。
 背景技术
随着经济发展和人民物质生活水平的提高，每年我国都会产生大量的城市生活垃圾和农业垃圾，其产生的环境问题如侵占土地、污染土壤及地下水、传播疾病等也日益引起重视。堆肥（Composting）是指在一定的湿度、温度、碳/氮比(C/N) 和通风条件下，利用自然界广泛存在的细菌、放线菌和真菌等微生物，人工有控制地将固体废物中可降解有机废弃物转化为稳定的腐殖质的生物化学过程。堆肥不但生成大量可被植物吸收利用的有效态氮、磷、钾化合物，而且又合成新的高分子有机物腐殖质，它是构成土壤肥力的重要活性物质，因而堆肥产物具有很高的利用价值。
发明专利CN201410433806.X，一种快速好氧堆肥反应装置及其应用，包括物料混合部分、好氧堆肥部分、循环水部分和送风部分，物料混合部分包括物料混合仓和传动装置，好氧堆肥部分包括好氧堆肥仓体，好氧堆肥仓体内由不锈钢孔板将仓体分隔为上部的堆肥仓和下部的送气仓，堆肥仓顶部固定有耙型翻堆装置轨道；循环水泵出口与好氧堆肥仓体顶部设有进料口连接；风机出口与渗滤液存储箱的进风口连接并进入内部的送气管。该发明的优点是：独立的物料混合仓能使物料充分混合均匀且不会出现肥料大面积结块；多孔道鹅卵石承托层为好氧降解提供保证；反应装置能够保证反应过程中不结块，不会产生局部厌氧现象，用于城市污水处理厂污泥、秸秆、园林绿化垃圾、禽畜粪便和厨余垃圾的快速降解。但是该发明的装置不便于了解堆肥参数的变化以调节堆肥反应环境，同时不能充分利用堆肥物料自身的物质价值去参与堆肥而提高堆肥效率。
为了较好的堆肥效果，在处理过程中，要为微生物的生命活动创造良好的条件，争取加快堆肥腐熟和提高肥效，但是厨余垃圾与农业垃圾的特殊性质使得这一过程具有极大的复杂性，调节具有很大的难度，需要进一步开发适当的多层次处理工艺，确保解决传统反应器原料混合不均匀，堆制过程容易出现物料结块，氧气利用率低的现象，同时提高堆肥效率和质量。
 技术问题
针对现有堆肥装置原料混合不均匀、原料利用率低、堆肥时间长、堆肥质量低的缺陷，本发明提供一种多层次高效堆肥装置及其使用方法，提高堆肥物料的利用率，缩短堆肥时间，使有机固体废弃物能得到进一步利用，进而提高堆肥效率，使堆肥过程更加简洁化。
 技术解决方案
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的：
一种多层次高效堆肥装置，包括堆肥发酵箱和蚯蚓腐熟箱；所述的堆肥发酵箱和蚯蚓腐熟箱左右设置，通过中部的隔板隔开。
所述的堆肥发酵箱底部设有集水槽，往上依次设有滤网、残渣收集箱、搅拌装置和洒水管道；堆肥发酵箱顶部设有进料口和集热器。
所述的集水槽到堆肥发酵箱的箱体之间形成环绕箱体底部边沿的通道，集水槽内设有热管，集水槽一侧底部设有抽水管道；所述的通道位于箱体外一侧设有通风百叶，所述的通风百叶可以转动，通道与箱壁连接的肩部面上设有通风口；所述的热管通过中空管与集热器连接。
所述的抽水管道与堆肥发酵箱外的水泵连接，水泵通过管道连接洒水管道，洒水管的管体上均匀分布有出水孔；所述的管道上还设有排水管；所述的管道和排水管上均设有阀门。
所述的残渣收集箱两端分别贯穿隔板和堆肥发酵箱的箱壁，贯穿隔板的一端开口设置，贯穿堆肥发酵箱壁的一端设有推板；所述的开口通过可抽出的挡板进行封闭，挡板一端设有螺孔，残渣收集箱靠近推板的箱壁上的设有把手和通孔；残渣收集箱两侧底部还设有贯穿箱体的排水孔；堆肥发酵箱靠近螺孔的箱壁上设有开口。
所述的搅拌装置包括转轴，转轴上交错设有搅拌棒，通过电机带动转轴进行转动。
所述的蚯蚓腐熟箱内左右分别放置有腐熟箱和集虫箱，所述的腐熟箱下部还设有加热室；所述的腐熟箱可从蚯蚓腐熟箱的箱体抽出；所述的集虫箱设于靠近隔板一侧，底部固定有液压缸；所述的照明灯设置于腐熟箱上部的箱体壁上；所述的腐熟箱和集虫箱连接处上部还设有遮光板；所述的加热室内设有热管，热管通过中空管与集热器连接；加热室的顶部设有通风孔。
所述的堆肥发酵箱和蚯蚓腐熟箱内还设有温度传感器、湿度传感器、pH传感器、氧气传感器、红外传感器和水位传感器，均与控制中心电信连接。
本发明的多层次高效堆肥装置堆肥发酵箱通过底部的通道通入空气，利用通风百叶控制通风量，简单方便，氧气从底部进入不受上部物料翻料的影响，能为堆肥提供很好的氧气环境，搅拌装置会在每次补氧时工作，使氧气能达到物料内部进而提高堆肥效率。另一方面，本发明利用了堆肥物料自身产生的渗滤液进行湿度和温度调节，当堆肥湿度过低时，抽取集水箱内的渗滤液进行补湿，洒水管工作时搅拌装置也同时运行对物料进行翻料，使的物料能均匀补湿；当堆肥温度过高时，通过洒水管进行喷洒使堆肥物料温度降低，还可以接入外部水源进行降温；经过复合菌堆肥后得到的半熟料再送至蚯蚓腐熟箱进行腐熟，腐熟完成后的有机肥，通过热管升温和光照分离出蚯蚓，就能得到有机肥。本发明的装置大大提高了堆肥物料的利用率，通过复合菌和蚯蚓两次进行堆肥，提高堆肥效率，通过传感器监测堆肥参数，有效的优化堆肥过程，便于控制。
集水槽用于收集堆肥物料中的渗滤液，使堆肥物料保持一定的湿度，有利于复合菌快速繁殖生长，物料的渗滤液经过滤网到集水槽，当堆肥发酵箱中物料水含量过低或温度过高时，通过洒水管道喷洒进行补水或降温。集热器利用太阳能的热量对集水槽内的渗滤液进行加热，使堆肥发酵箱内的温度快速升高。
热管传热效率高，可以快速的将集水槽中的渗滤液进行加热，从而使堆肥发酵箱内的温度快速升高，使堆肥能最快达到最佳反应温度；通道用于使外部空气进入，通风百叶控制通道的开合，进入通道的空气通过通风口进入堆肥发酵箱内，为堆肥提供氧气，同时还能在堆肥温度过高时进行热交换，降低堆肥温度。通风百叶关闭时可以防止堆肥异味泄露。
通过水泵抽取集水槽内的水进行喷淋或将其排出，一方面提高了物料的利用率，另一方面降低了含水量过高影响堆肥效率；排水管还可以连接外接冷水管用于对物料进行冷却。
残渣收集槽的挡板是在堆肥发酵时阻挡肥料不漏出，发酵完成后利用螺杆旋入螺孔抽出挡板，然后用推杆插入通孔推动推板，从而把堆肥得到的半熟肥推到蚯蚓腐熟箱中；排水孔用于将物料的水分排到集水槽内，为了不使物料也跟着排走，排水孔不宜过大，为了提高排水效率，需要设置多个排水孔。
腐熟箱和集虫箱相连接共同接收从堆肥发酵箱输送过去的半熟料用于蚯蚓腐熟，集虫箱可以通过其底部固定的液压缸进行上下位置调整，当腐熟完成后需要分离蚯蚓时，将集虫箱降下，将加热室内的热管升温使高温气体通过腐熟箱的通气孔内进入到箱内，同时打开照明灯，蚯蚓在光照和高温下，就会向温度相对较低、照明灯照不到（通过遮光板挡住）的下降了的集虫箱移动，从而达到分离蚯蚓的效果。
作为本发明装置的进一步改进，所述的堆肥发酵箱内的通风口设置于相互平行的肩部面上；位于设置有通风口上部的残渣收集箱的侧面不设置排水孔。
通风口设置于相互平行的肩部面，从而可以使箱体两端都能通入空气，空气对流后能更快的布满整个堆肥发酵箱。排水孔下方不设置通风口，可以防止物料水留下时通过通风口进入通道内，导致装置漏水产生异味，同时也会造成堵塞，不便于清理。
作为本发明装置的进一步改进，所述的滤网的两端为平板，平板设置于残渣收集箱未设置排水孔的侧面下部。
残渣收集箱未设置排水孔的侧面下部是设有通风口的肩部面，滤网两端的平板可以挡住下方的通风口，进一步防止物料水滴溅到通风口中。
作为本发明装置的进一步改进，所述的洒水管为双管道设置。
双管设置的洒水管设置于进料口底部两端，可以更全面的对堆肥发酵箱内的物料进行喷洒。
作为本发明装置的进一步改进，所述的搅拌棒两两平行呈“一”字型设置。
搅拌棒两两平行设置于转轴两端，使得搅拌装置成类似一平板，方便取出残渣收集箱时搅拌棒不会阻碍到其取出。
作为本发明装置的进一步改进，所述的腐熟箱两侧的箱壁上设有通气孔，贯穿蚯蚓腐熟箱一端的箱壁上设有把手，另一端敞开，并与集虫箱相接；所述的集虫箱为两端敞开的“凹”形箱；所述的腐熟箱敞开端的宽度和集虫箱的宽度一致，集虫箱的宽度和残渣收集箱的开口宽度一致。
腐熟箱上的通气孔用于将加热室内的热气放入箱内，驱赶蚯蚓网集虫箱移动；腐熟箱和集虫箱连接且宽度一致，可以避免从残渣收集箱推送过来的半熟料掉落，因此集虫箱的宽度也需要和残渣收集箱的开口宽度一致。
同时，本发明还提供所述的多层次高效堆肥装置的使用方法，包括以下步骤：
S1：将多层次高效堆肥装置放置于室外采光好的地方，将剩余污泥、秸秆、园林绿化垃圾、禽畜粪便和厨余垃圾等有机固体废弃物中的一种或两种以上任意比例混合物连同复合菌剂加入到堆肥发酵箱中，将进料口封好并启动电机使搅拌装置运行进行搅拌5～10min。
S2：当堆肥发酵箱内的渗滤液流入到集水槽后，打开通风百叶使空气进入堆肥发酵箱中，同时调节集热器对热管进行加热使堆肥发酵箱内温度快速升高，通过湿度计和氧气传感器实时监测箱内达到最佳温度和最佳湿度后关闭搅拌装置和通风百叶。
S3：通过温度传感器、湿度计、pH传感器、氧气传感器、红外传感器和水位传感器实时监控堆肥反应过程的主要参数，并上传至控制中心进行数据处理和显示；数据中心将处理的数据与预设的参数值进行对比，数值偏差超过预设范围，进行预警。
S4：搅拌装置每天启动2次，每次搅拌5～10min；若探测的氧气含量低于预设范围阈值，则打开通风百叶使氧气进入堆肥发酵箱中；若湿度低于预设范围阈值，则通过水泵将集水槽中的水输送至洒水管进行喷洒，喷洒过程中搅拌装置启动。
S5：堆肥发酵箱内温度在55℃以上、湿度55%～65%保持发酵7天后得到半熟肥，利用螺杆套入螺孔抽出残渣收集箱的挡板，再用推杆插入通孔推动推板使残渣收集箱中的半熟肥进入到腐熟箱中，然后加入新鲜厨余垃圾和畜禽粪便进行蚯蚓腐熟。
S6：待蚯蚓腐熟5天后，通过液压缸使集虫箱位置低于腐熟箱10～15cm，然后启动腐熟箱底部加热室内的热管，使腐熟箱内温度上升至45℃~55℃，同时腐熟箱顶部照明灯打开，蚯蚓在光照和高温作用下全部移动到集虫箱中，待红外传感器检出无活体蚯蚓后，抽出腐熟箱，腐熟肥出仓。
作为本发明多层次高效堆肥装置的使用方法的进一步改进，所述的复合菌剂为腐生好氧性细菌、木质素降解菌、纤维素降解菌、蛋白质降解菌按照10:3:3:3混合而得，加入量为4～5mL/kg物料。
作为本发明多层次高效堆肥装置的使用方法的进一步改进，所述蚯蚓腐熟箱内的半熟肥、新鲜厨余垃圾、畜禽粪便比例为20:1:1，所述畜禽粪便经过高温发酵达到卫生无害化条件。
作为本发明多层次高效堆肥装置的使用方法的进一步改进，所述的主要参数为有机碳含量、总氮含量、总磷含量、含水率、盐分含量、pH值、温度和氧气浓度；所述红外传感器测定有机碳含量、总氮含量、总磷含量、含水率、盐分含量和活体蚯蚓数；所述的湿度传感器、pH传感器、温度传感器和氧气传感器分别测定湿度、pH值、温度和氧气浓度。
 有益效果
本发明的有益效果：
1、本发明的多层次高效堆肥装置首先将分离渗滤液后的易腐垃圾先进行复合菌堆肥得到半熟肥，再利用蚯蚓对半熟肥进行腐熟，多层次堆肥可以更加有效的利用易腐垃圾中的物质，提高堆肥产品质量和堆肥效率。
2、本发明的多层次高效堆肥装置利用太阳能对物料自身的渗滤液进行升温，利用升温的渗滤液对堆肥进行湿度和温度调节，多方面利用堆肥物料自身的物质完成整个堆肥过程，大大提高了堆肥物料的利用率，节能环保。
3、本发明的多层次高效堆肥装置设计合理，堆肥产生的残渣和渗滤液方便取出，互不影响，有效避免了堆肥异味的产生，可以方便的调节堆肥过程中的环境，降低了堆肥的劳动成本。
4、利用本发明的多层次高效堆肥装置对城市垃圾、农村垃圾和餐厨垃圾进行堆肥，通过传感器实时监测堆肥参数变化，使堆肥更加容易可控，需要更改堆肥环境时只需要简单的控制堆肥装置即可实现，使得堆肥更加简单方便，节省人力成本。
 附图说明
图1为本发明多层次高效堆肥装置的结构示意图。
图2为本发明多层次高效堆肥装置堆肥发酵箱的底部剖视图。
图3为本发明多层次高效堆肥装置的正视剖面图。
图4为本发明多层次高效堆肥装置的残渣收集槽结构示意图。
图5为本发明多层次高效堆肥装置的腐熟箱结构示意图。
图6为本发明多层次高效堆肥装置的集虫箱结构示意图。
附图标记：1-堆肥发酵箱，2-集热器，3-进料口，4-通风百叶，5-残渣收集箱，6-搅拌装置，7-滤网，8-热管，9-水泵，10-抽水管道，11-管道，12-阀门，13-排水管，14-洒水管，15-出水孔，16-肩部面，17-通道，18-通风口，19-集水槽，20-排水孔，21-把手，22-搅拌棒，23-平板，24-中空管，25-腐熟箱，26-集虫箱，27-液压缸，28-挡板，29-螺孔，30-通孔，31-隔板，32-蚯蚓腐熟箱，33-照明灯，34-遮光板，35-加热室，36-推板，37-开口，38-通气孔。
 本发明的实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
如图1～3所示的一种多层次高效堆肥装置，包括堆肥发酵箱1和蚯蚓腐熟箱32；所述的堆肥发酵箱1和蚯蚓腐熟箱32左右设置，通过中部的隔板31隔开。
所述的堆肥发酵箱1底部设有集水槽19，集水槽19往上依次设有滤网7、残渣收集箱5、搅拌装置6和洒水管道14；堆肥发酵箱1顶部设有进料口3和集热器2。所述的滤网7的两端为平板23；所述的洒水管14为双管道设置。
所述的集水槽19到堆肥发酵箱1箱体之间形成环绕箱体底部边沿的通道17，集水槽19内设有热管8，集水槽19一侧底部设有抽水管道10；所述的通道17位于箱体外一侧设有通风百叶4，所述的通风百叶4可以转动，通道17与箱壁连接的肩部面16上设有通风口18，通风口18设置于相互平行的肩部面16上；所述的热管8通过中空管24与集热器2连接。具体如图1和图2所示。
所述的抽水管道10与堆肥发酵箱1外的水泵9连接，水泵9通过管道11连接洒水管道14，洒水管14的管体上均匀分布有出水孔15；所述的管道11上还设有排水管13；所述的管道11和排水管13上均设有阀门12；具体如图3所示。
所述的残渣收集箱5两端分别贯穿隔板31和堆肥发酵箱1的箱壁，贯穿隔板31的一端开口设置，贯穿堆肥发酵1箱壁的一端设有推板36；所述的开口通过可抽出的挡板28进行封闭，挡板28一端设有螺孔29，残渣收集箱5靠近推板36的箱壁上的设有把手21和通孔30；残渣收集箱5两侧底部还设有贯穿箱体的排水孔20；堆肥发酵箱1靠近螺孔29的箱壁上设有开口37，从开口37内伸入螺杆旋进螺孔29后，就可以将挡板28抽出。
排水孔20为10mm×10mm×5mm的长方体孔，排水孔20每隔5cm设置一个，位于设置有通风口18上部的残渣收集箱5侧面不设置排水孔20，滤网7两端的平板23设置于残渣收集箱5未设置排水孔20的侧面下部；如图2、图3和图4所示。
所述的搅拌装置6包括转轴，转轴上交错设有搅拌棒22，所述的搅拌棒22两两平行呈“一”字型设置，使得整个搅拌装置呈一类似平板形状；搅拌装置通过电机带动转轴进行转动。
所述的蚯蚓腐熟箱32内左右分别放置有腐熟箱25和集虫箱26，所述的腐熟箱25下部还设有加热室35；所述的腐熟箱25可从蚯蚓腐熟箱32的箱体抽出；所述的集虫箱26设于靠近隔板31一侧，底部固定有液压缸27；所述的照明灯33设置于腐熟箱25上部的箱体壁上；所述的腐熟箱25和集虫箱26连接处上部还设有遮光板34，遮光板34固定在蚯蚓腐熟箱32内的顶部，可以让照明灯33的灯光无法照射到集虫箱26内；所述的加热室35内设有热管8，热管8通过中空管24与集热器2连接；加热室35的顶部设有通风孔18。
所述的腐熟箱25如图5所示，两侧的箱壁上设有通气孔38，贯穿蚯蚓腐熟箱32一端的箱壁上设有把手21，另一端敞开，并与集虫箱26相接；所述的集虫箱26如图6所示为两端敞开的“凹”形箱，集虫箱26一端连接腐熟箱25的敞口端，另一端连接残渣收集箱5的开口端；腐熟箱25敞开端的宽度和集虫箱26的宽度一致，集虫箱26的宽度和残渣收集箱5开口的宽度一致。
所述的堆肥发酵箱1和蚯蚓腐熟箱32内还设有温度传感器、湿度传感器、pH传感器、氧气传感器、红外传感器和水位传感器，均与控制中心电信连接。
利用本实施例的多层次高效堆肥装置进行堆肥的方法，包括以下步骤：
S1：将本实施例的装置放置于室外采光好的地方，将剩余污泥、秸秆、园林绿化垃圾、禽畜粪便和厨余垃圾等有机固体废弃物中的一种或两种以上任意比例混合物连同复合菌剂加入到堆肥发酵箱1中，将进料口3封好并启动电机使搅拌装置运行进行搅拌5～10min。
S2：当堆肥发酵箱5内的渗滤液流入到集水槽19后，打开通风百叶4使空气进入堆肥发酵箱1中，同时调节集热器2对热管8进行加热使堆肥发酵箱1内温度快速升高，通过湿度计和氧气传感器实时监测箱内达到最佳温度和最佳湿度后关闭搅拌装置和通风百叶4。
S3：通过温度传感器、湿度计、pH传感器、氧气传感器、红外传感器和水位传感器实时监控堆肥反应过程的主要参数，并上传至控制中心进行数据处理和显示；数据中心将处理的数据与预设的参数值进行对比，数值偏差超过预设范围，进行预警。
所述的主要参数为有机碳含量、总氮含量、总磷含量、重金属浓度、含水率、盐分含量、pH值、温度和氧气浓度；所述红外传感器测定有机碳含量、总氮含量、总磷含量、重金属浓度、含水率和盐分含量；所述的湿度传感器、pH传感器、温度传感器和氧气传感器分别测定湿度、pH值、温度和氧气浓度。
S4：搅拌装置每天启动2次，每次搅拌5～10min；若探测的氧气含量低于预设范围阈值，则打开通风百叶4使氧气进入堆肥发酵箱1中；若湿度低于预设范围阈值，则通过水泵9将集水槽19中的水输送至洒水管14进行喷洒，喷洒过程中搅拌装置启动。
S5：堆肥发酵箱1内温度在55℃以上、湿度55%～65%保持发酵7天后得到半熟肥，利用螺杆套入螺孔29抽出残渣收集箱5的挡板28，再用推杆插入通孔30推动推板36使残渣收集箱5中的半熟肥进入到腐熟箱25中，然后加入新鲜厨余垃圾和畜禽粪便进行蚯蚓腐熟。
S6：待蚯蚓腐熟5天后，通过液压缸27使集虫箱26位置低于腐熟箱25 10～15cm，然后启动腐熟箱25底部加热室35内的热管8，使腐熟箱25内温度上升至45℃~55℃，同时腐熟箱25顶部照明33灯打开，蚯蚓在光照和高温作用下全部移动到集虫箱26中，待红外传感器检出无活体蚯蚓后，抽出腐熟箱25，腐熟肥出仓。
以上实施例仅为本发明的示例性实施例，不用于限制本发明，本发明的保护范围由权利要求书限定。本领域人员可以在本发明的实质和保护范围内，对本发明做出各种修改或等同替换，这种修改或等同替换也应视为落在本发明的保护范围内。

Claims (10)

  1. 一种多层次高效堆肥装置，其特征在于：包括堆肥发酵箱（1）和蚯蚓腐熟箱（32）；所述的堆肥发酵箱（1）和蚯蚓腐熟箱（32）左右设置，通过中部的隔板（31）隔开；
    所述的堆肥发酵箱（1）底部设有集水槽（19），往上依次设有滤网（7）、残渣收集箱（5）、搅拌装置（6）和洒水管道（14）；堆肥发酵箱（1）顶部设有进料口（3）和集热器（2）；
    所述的集水槽（19）到堆肥发酵箱（1）箱体之间形成环绕箱体底部边沿的通道（17），集水槽（19）内设有热管（8），集水槽（19）一侧底部设有抽水管道（10）；所述的通道（17）位于箱体外一侧设有通风百叶（4），所述的通风百叶（4）可以转动，通道（17）与箱壁连接的肩部面（16）上设有通风口（18）；所述的热管（8）通过中空管（24）与集热器（2）连接；
    所述的抽水管道（10）与堆肥发酵箱（1）外的水泵（9）连接，水泵（9）通过管道（11）连接洒水管道（14），洒水管（14）的管体上均匀分布有出水孔（15）；所述的管道（11）上还设有排水管（13）；所述的管道（11）和排水管（13）上均设有阀门（12）；
    所述的残渣收集箱（5）两端分别贯穿隔板（31）和堆肥发酵箱（1）的箱壁，贯穿隔板（31）的一端开口设置，贯穿堆肥发酵（1）箱壁的一端设有推板（36）；所述的开口通过可抽出的挡板（28）进行封闭，挡板（28）一端设有螺孔（29），残渣收集箱（5）靠近推板（36）的箱壁上的设有把手（21）和通孔（30）；残渣收集箱（5）两侧底部还设有贯穿箱体的排水孔（20）；堆肥发酵箱（1）靠近螺孔（29）的箱壁上设有开口（37）；
    所述的搅拌装置（6）包括转轴，转轴上交错设有搅拌棒（22），通过电机带动转轴进行转动；
    所述的蚯蚓腐熟箱（32）内左右分别放置有腐熟箱（25）和集虫箱（26），所述的腐熟箱（25）下部还设有加热室（35）；所述的腐熟箱（25）可从蚯蚓腐熟箱（32）的箱体抽出；所述的集虫箱（26）设于靠近隔板（31）一侧，底部固定有液压缸（27）；所述的照明灯（33）设置于腐熟箱（25）上部的箱体壁上；所述的腐熟箱（25）和集虫箱（26）连接处上部还设有遮光板（34）；所述的加热室（35）内设有热管（8），热管（8）通过中空管（24）与集热器（2）连接；加热室（35）的顶部设有通风孔（18）；
    所述的残渣收集箱（5）、集虫箱（26）和蚯蚓腐熟箱（25）的开口相互连接；
    所述的堆肥发酵箱（1）和蚯蚓腐熟箱（32）内还设有温度传感器、湿度传感器、pH传感器、氧气传感器、红外传感器和水位传感器，均与控制中心连接。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的多层次高效堆肥装置，其特征在于：所述的堆肥发酵箱（1）内的通风口（18）设置于相互平行的肩部面（16）上；位于设置有通风口（18）上部的残渣收集箱（5）的侧面不设置排水孔（20）。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的多层次高效堆肥装置，其特征在于：所述的滤网（7）的两端为平板（23），平板（23）设置于残渣收集箱（5）未设置排水孔（20）的侧面的下部。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的多层次高效堆肥装置，其特征在于：所述的洒水管（14）为双管道设置。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的多层次高效堆肥装置，其特征在于：所述的搅拌棒（22）两两平行呈“一”字型设置。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的多层次高效堆肥装置，其特征在于：所述的腐熟箱（25）两侧的箱壁上设有通气孔（38），贯穿蚯蚓腐熟箱（32）一端的箱壁上设有把手（21），另一端敞开，并与集虫箱（26）相接；所述的集虫箱（26）为两端敞开的“凹”形箱；所述的腐熟箱（25）敞开端的宽度和集虫箱（26）的宽度一致，集虫箱的宽度和残渣收集箱（5）的开口宽度一致。
  7. 如权利要求1～6所述的多层次高效堆肥装置的使用方法，其特征在于，包括以下步骤：
    S1：将多层次高效堆肥装置放置于室外采光好的地方，将剩余污泥、秸秆、园林绿化垃圾、禽畜粪便和厨余垃圾等有机固体废弃物中的一种或两种以上任意比例混合物连同复合菌剂加入到堆肥发酵箱（1）中，将进料口（3）封好并启动电机使搅拌装置运行进行搅拌5～10min；
    S2：当堆肥发酵箱（5）内的渗滤液流入到集水槽（19）后，打开通风百叶（4）使空气进入堆肥发酵箱（1）中，同时调节集热器（2）对热管（8）进行加热使堆肥发酵箱（1）内温度快速升高，通过湿度计和氧气传感器实时监测箱内达到最佳温度和最佳湿度后关闭搅拌装置和通风百叶（4）；
    S3：通过温度传感器、湿度计、pH传感器、氧气传感器、红外传感器和水位传感器实时监控堆肥反应过程的主要参数，并上传至控制中心进行数据处理和显示；数据中心将处理的数据与预设的参数值进行对比，数值偏差超过预设范围，进行预警；
    S4：搅拌装置每天启动2次，每次搅拌5～10min；若探测的氧气含量低于预设范围阈值，则打开通风百叶（4）使氧气进入堆肥发酵箱（1）中；若湿度低于预设范围阈值，则通过水泵（9）将集水槽（19）中的水输送至洒水管（14）进行喷洒，喷洒过程中搅拌装置启动；
    S5：堆肥发酵箱（1）内温度在55℃以上、湿度55%～65%保持发酵7天后得到半熟肥，利用螺杆套入螺孔（29）抽出残渣收集箱（5）的挡板（28），再用推杆插入通孔（30）推动推板（36）使残渣收集箱（5）中的半熟肥进入到腐熟箱（25）中，然后加入新鲜厨余垃圾和畜禽粪便进行蚯蚓腐熟；
    S6：待蚯蚓腐熟5天后，通过液压缸（27）使集虫箱（26）位置低于腐熟箱（25）10～15cm，然后启动腐熟箱（25）底部加热室（35）内的热管（8），使腐熟箱（25）内温度上升至45℃~55℃，同时腐熟箱（25）顶部照明（33）灯打开，蚯蚓在光照和高温作用下全部移动到集虫箱（26）中，待红外传感器检出无活体蚯蚓后，抽出腐熟箱（25），腐熟肥出仓。
  8. 根据权利要求7所述的多层次高效堆肥装置的使用方法，其特征在于：所述的复合菌剂为腐生好氧性细菌、木质素降解菌、纤维素降解菌、蛋白质降解菌按照10:3:3:3混合而得，加入量为4～5mL/kg物料。
  9. 根据权利要求7所述的多层次高效堆肥装置的使用方法，其特征在于：所述蚯蚓腐熟箱（32）内的半熟肥、新鲜厨余垃圾、畜禽粪便比例为20:1:1，所述畜禽粪便经过高温发酵达到卫生无害化条件。
  10. 根据权利要求7所述的多层次高效堆肥装置的使用方法，其特征在于：所述的主要参数为有机碳含量、总氮含量、总磷含量、含水率、盐分含量、pH值、温度和氧气浓度；所述红外传感器测定有机碳含量、总氮含量、总磷含量、含水率、盐分含量和活体蚯蚓数；所述的湿度传感器、pH传感器、温度传感器和氧气传感器分别测定湿度、pH值、温度和氧气浓度。
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