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  • C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
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  • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
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  • C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
  • C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• the invention relates to generally to nucleic acid chemistry and to the chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides. More particularly, the invention relates to monomers and methods for synthesizing oligonucleotides comprising at least one nucleoside comprising a 3’- hydroxyl group.
• Modified oligonucleotides are of great value in molecular biological research and in therapeutic applications. While, chemical synthesis of modified oligonucleotides is routine, ease and yield of many modified oligonucleotides is low. For example, commonly used protecting groups are unstable to conditions employed for deprotecting chemically synthesized oligonucleotides. This is especially problematic when preparing oligonucleotides comprising at least one nucleoside comprising a 3’-hydroxyl group. Thus, there remains a need in the art for monomers and methods for preparing such oligonucleotides. The present disclosure addresses, at least partially, this need.
• the disclosure provides monomers and methods for preparing oligonucleotides with improved yields and lower impurities where the oligonucleotide has at least one, e.g., two, three, four or more nucleosides with a 3’-hydroxyl group.
• the method comprises coupling a free hydroxyl group on a nucleoside or oligonucleotide with a nucleoside phsphoramidite monomer having a triisopropylsilylether (TIPS) protected 3’-hydroxyl group.
• TIPS triisopropylsilylether
• Oligonucleotides having a predetermined length and sequence can be prepared by the method.
• the oligonucleotides comprising from about 6 to about 50 nucleotides can be prepared using the method and monomers described herein.
• the oligonucleotide comprises from about 10 to about 30 nucleotides.
• the disclosure provides monomers, e.g., nucleoside phosphoramidite monomers having a triisopropylsilylether protected 3’-hydroxyl group.
• the monomer is of Formula (I): [0007]
• B is a modified or unmodified nucleobase;
• R 1 is an acid labile hydroxyl protecting group;
• R 2 is –Si(R 4 ) 3 ;
• R 3 is –P(NR 5 R 6 )OR 7 ;
• each R 4 is independently optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkynyl;
• R 5 and R 6 are independently optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkynyl, or wherein R 5 and R 6 are linked to form a heterocyclyl; and
• R 7 is optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl
• B is adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil; R 1 is dimethoxytrityl; R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are isopropyl; and R 7 is ⁇ -cyanoethyl.
• Figure 1 is an HPLC trace of sequence 1 (aUfcaaAf(U-2’- OTBS)CfAfcuuuAfuUfgaguuuc, SEQ ID NO: 1) having U-2’-OTBS at N17 position after deprotection with ammonium hydroxide in ethanol showing the generation of FLP-2’-OTBS, FLP-OH and the cleaved (16mer)
• Figure 2 is an PLC trace of sequence 2 (aUfcaaAf(U-3’- OTBS)CfAfcuuuAfuUfgaguuuc, SEQ ID NO: 2) having U-3’-OTBS at N17 position after deprotection with ammonium hydroxide in ethanol showing the generation of FLP-3’-OTBS, FLP-OH and the cleaved (16mer)
• Figure 3 is an HPLC trace of sequence 3 (aUfcaaAf(G-3’- OTBS)CfAfcuuuA
• Figure 6 is an HPLC trace of sequence 6 (aUfcaaAf(U-3’- OTIPS)CfAfcuuuAfuUfgaguuuc, SEQ ID NO: 6) having U-3’-OTIPS at N17 position after deprotection with ammonium hydroxide in ethanol showing the generation of FLP-3’-OTIPS, FLP-OH and the cleaved (16mer).
• Figure 7 is an HPLC trace of sequence 6 (aUfcaaAf(U-3’- OTIPS)CfAfcuuuAfuUfgaguuuc, SEQ ID NO: 6) having U-3’-OTIPS at N17 position after deprotection with ammonium hydroxide in ethanol and HF/pyridine showing the generation of FLP-OH. 3’-OTPS protecting group in RNA can be effectively cleaved using HF/Pyridine treatment.
• Figure 8 shows deconvoluted mass spectrum of sequence 8 (asCfsguuu(U2p)caaagcAfcUfuuauusgsa, SEQ ID NO: 8) deprotected with conc.
• FIG. 9 shows deconvoluted mass spectrum of sequence 8 (asCfsguuu(U2p)caaagcAfcUfuauusgsa, SEQ ID NO: 8) deprotected with conc. aqueous methylamine for 2 hours at room temperature overnight.
• Figure 10 shows deconvoluted mass spectrum of sequence 8 (asCfsguuu(U2p)caaagcAfcUfuauusgsa, SEQ ID NO: 8) deprotected with conc. aqueous methylamine for at room temperature overnight.
• Fig. 11 shows structures of some exemplary 3’-triisopropylsilyl ether (3’-TIPS) nucleoside monomers.
• a nucleoside phosphoramidite monomer comprising a triisopropylsilylether (TIPS) protected 3’-hydroxyl group is coupled to a free hydroxyl, e.g., 5’-OH, 3’-OH or 2’-OH, preferably a 5’-OH, on a nucleoside or an oligonucleotide.
• TIPS triisopropylsilylether
• Methods and reagents for coupling nucleoside phosphoramidite monomers to hydroxyl groups are well known in the art.
• the oligonucleotide can be prepared using procedures and equipment known to those skilled in the art. For example, a glass reactor such as a flask can be suitably employed.
• the methods of the present invention can be carried out using automatic DNA synthesizers. Suitable solid phase techniques, including automated synthesis techniques, are described in F. Eckstein (ed.), Oligonucleotides and Analogues, a Practical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York (1991). [0023] In addition, the oligonucleotide can be prepared in small scale or large scale. For example, the oligonucleotide can be prepared in the ⁇ mol scale or mg scale. [0024] The coupling step and the oxidation/sulfurization step can be performed in a common solvent.
• Oxidation step can be carried out by contacting the phosphite triester intermediate with an oxidation reagent for a time sufficient to effect formation of a phosphotriester functional group.
• Suitable solvent systems for use in the oxidation of the phosphite intermediate of the present invention include mixtures of two or more solvents. Preferably a mixture of an aprotic solvent with a protic or basic solvent. Preferred solvent mixtures include mixtures of acetonitrile with a weak base.
• the oxidation step can be carried out in presence of a weak base.
• Exemplary bases include, but are not limited to, pyridine, lutidine, picoline or collidine.
• the oxidation step can be carried out in presence of I 2 /H 2 O.
• Sulfurization oxidation utilizing a sulfur transfer reagent
• Exemplary sulfur transfer reagents for use in oligonucleotide synthesis include, but are not limited to, phenylacetyl disulfide, arylacetyl disulfide, and aryl substituted phenylacetyl disulfides.
• the sulfur transfer reagent can be 3-(dimethylaminomethylidene)amino-3H-1,2,4-dithiazole-3-thione (DDTT) or 3H-1,2-benzodithiol-3-one 1,1-dioxide (Beaucage reagent).
• DDTT 3-(dimethylaminomethylidene)amino-3H-1,2,4-dithiazole-3-thione
• Beaucage reagent 3H-1,2-benzodithiol-3-one 1,1-dioxide
• the method further comprises treating the synthesized oligonucleotide with a base to remove any non-TIPS protecting groups on the oligonucleotide.
• Exemplary bases for use in removing non-TIPS protecting groups used in oligonucleotide synthesis include, but are not limited to, ammonium hydroxide, methylamine, and mixtures thereof. Treating with the base can suitably be carried out at room temperature or elevated temperature. “Room temperature” includes ambient temperatures from about 20°C to about 30°C. “Elevated temperature” includes temperatures higher than 30 o C. For example, elevated temperature can a temperature between about 32 o C to about 65 o C. In some embodiments, treatment with the base is at about 35 o C.
• the treatment times are on the order of few minutes, such as, for example 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45 or 60 minutes, to hours, such as, for example, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 10 hours, 15 hours 24 hours or longer.
• treatment with the base is for about 15 hours.
• treatment with the base is at about 35 o C for about 15 hours.
• the deprotecting reagent comprises fluoride anions.
• One exemplary deprotecting reagent for removing TIPS protecting group is HF.pyridine.
• the deprotecting step for removing the TIPS groups can suitably be carried out at room temperature or elevated temperature.
• the deprotection step can be carried out a temperate of between 35 o C to about 65 o C. IN some embodiments, the deprotection step is carried out at around 50 o C.
• the deprotection times are on the order of few minutes, such as, for example 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45 or 60 minutes, to hours, such as, for example, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours or 5 hours.
• the oligonucleotide is treated with the deprotecting reagent for about 1 hour.
• the desired product can be isolated and purified using method known in the art for isolation and purification of oligonucleotide. Such methods include, but are not limited to, filtration and/or HPLC purification.
• the disclosure provides nucleoside monomers having a triisopropylsilylether (TIPS) protected 3’-hydroxyl group, e.g., monomer having the structure of Formula (I):
• TIPS triisopropylsilylether
• B is a modified or unmodified nucleobase.
• the nucleobase can comprise one or more protecting groups.
• nucleobases include, but are not limited to, adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine, inosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, nubularine, isoguanisine, tubercidine, and substituted or modified analogs of adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil, such as 2-aminoadenine, 6-methyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 2-propyl and other alkyl derivatives of adenine and guanine, 5-halouracil and cytosine, 5-propynyl uracil and cytosine, 6-azo uracil, cytosine and thymine, 5-uracil (pseudouracil), 4-thiouracil, 5-halouracil, 5-(2-aminopropyl)uracil, 5-amino allyl uracil, 8-halo,
• nucleobase can be selected from the group consisting of adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil, thymine, inosine, xanthine, hypoxanthine, nubularine, isoguanisine, tubercidine, 2-(halo)adenine, 2-(alkyl)adenine, 2-(propyl)adenine, 2-(amino)adenine, 2-(aminoalkyll)adenine, 2-(aminopropyl)adenine, 2-(methylthio)-N 6 -(isopentenyl)adenine, 6-(alkyl)adenine, 6-(methyl)adenine, 7-(deaza)adenine, 8-(alkenyl)adenine, 8-(alkyl)adenine, 8-(alkynyl)adenine, 8-(amino)adenine, 8-(halo)adenine, 8-
• the nucleobase is selected from the group consisting of adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil.
• R 1 is a hydroxyl protecting group.
• the protecting group conventionally used for the protection of nucleoside 5′-hydroxyls is 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl (“DMT”).
• DMT 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl
• any hydroxyl protecting group known and used in the art for oligonucleotide synthesis can be used.
• Such protecting groups include, but are not limited to, monomethoxytrityl (“MMT”), 9- fluorenylmethylcarbonate (“Fmoc”), o-nitrophenylcarbonyl, p-phenylazophenylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, p-chlorophenylcarbonyl, and 5′-( ⁇ -methyl-2-nitropiperonyl)oxycarbonyl (“MeNPOC”).
• R 1 is an acid labile hydroxyl protecting group, e.g., DMT or MMT. In some embodiments, R1 is DMT.
• Each R 4 can be selected independently from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkynyl, each of which can be optionally substituted, for example with 1, 2, 3, 4 or more independently selected substituents.
• each R 4 can be independently an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl.
• Exemplary alkyls for R 4 include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2-methylpropuyl, t-butyl, and pentyl. In some embodiments, each R 4 is isopropyl.
• R 3 can be H or –P(NR 5 R 6 )OR 7 .
• R 3 is H.
• R 3 is –P(NR 5 R 6 )OR 7 .
• R 5 and R 6 can be selected independently from the group consisting of alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl and cycloalkynyl, each of which can be optionally substituted, for example with 1, 2, 3, 4 or more independently selected substituents, or R 5 and R 6 can be linked to form a heterocyclyl, which can be optionally substituted, for example with 1, 2, 3, 4 or more independently selected substituents.
• R 5 and R 6 can be independently an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl.
• exemplary alkyls for R 5 and R 6 include, but are not limited to methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2-methylpropuyl, t-butyl, and pentyl.
• R 5 and R 6 are isopropyl.
• R 7 is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkynyl, each of of which can be optionally substituted, for example with 1, 2, 3, 4 or more independently selected substituents.
• each R 7 can be independently an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl.
• exemplary alkyls for R 7 include, but are not limited to, optionally substituted methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, 2-methylpropuyl, t-butyl, and pentyl.
• R 7 is ⁇ -cyanoethyl.
• B is adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil; R 1 is monomethoxytrityl or dimethoxytrityl; R 4 are independently optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl; and R 3 is H and R 7 is an optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• B is adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil; R 1 is dimethoxytrityl; R 4 are independently isopropyl; and R 3 is H.
• B is adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil;
• R 1 is monomethoxytrityl or dimethoxytrityl;
• R 4 are independently optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl;
• R 5 and R 6 are independently optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl or R 5 and R 5 are linked to form a 4-8 membered heterocyclyl; and
• R 7 is an optionally substituted C1- C 6 alkyl.
• B is adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine
• R 1 is dimethoxytrityl
• R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are isopropyl
• R 7 is ⁇ -cyanoethyl.
• Embodiment 1 A method for synthesizing oligonucleotides having at least one nucleoside with a 3’-OH group, the method comprising: (i) coupling a free hydroxyl group on a nucleoside or oligonucleotide with a nucleoside phosphoramidite monomer having a triisopropylsilylether (TIPS) protected 3’-hydroxyl group to form a phosphite triester intermediate; and (ii) oxidizing or sulfurizing said phosphite triester intermediate to form a protected intermediate.
• TIPS triisopropylsilylether
• Embodiment 2 The method of Embodiment 1, wherein all synthetic steps are performed on an automated oligonucleotide synthesizer.
• Embodiment 3 The method of Embodiment 1 or 2, wherein oligonucleotide is synthesized at a large scale.
• Embodiment 4 The method of any one of Embodiments 1-3, wherein said oxidizing is in presence of a weak base.
• Embodiment 5 The method of Embodiment 4, wherein said weak base is pyridine, lutidine, picoline or collidine.
• Embodiment 6 The method of any one of Embodiments 1-5, wherein said oxidizing is in presence of I2/H 2 O.
• Embodiment 7 The method of any one of Embodiments 1-6, wherein said sulfurizing is in presence of a sulfur transfer reagent.
• Embodiment 8 The method of Embodiment 7, wherein said sulfur transfer reagent is 3-(dimethylaminomethylidene)amino-3H-1,2,4-dithiazole-3-thione (DDTT) or 3H-1,2- benzodithiol-3-one 1,1-dioxide.
• Embodiment 9 The method of any one of Embodiments 1-8, further comprising a step of deprotecting the protected intermediate with a base.
• Embodiment 10 The method of Embodiment 9, wherein said base is ammonium hydroxide, methylamine, or a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and methylamine.
• Embodiment 11 The method of Embodiment 9 or 10, wherein said treating with the base is at room temperature or an elevated temperature.
• Embodiment 12 The method of any one of Embodiments 9-11, wherein said treating with the base is at a temperature of 30 o C or higher.
• Embodiment 13 The method of any one of Embodiments 9-12, wherein said treating with the base is for at least 30 minutes.
• Embodiment 14 The method of any one of Embodiments 9-13, wherein said treating with the base is for at least 4 hours.
• Embodiment 15 The method of any one of Embodiments 9-14, further comprising treating the base treated intermediate with a deprotecting reagent effective to convert the TIPS- protected hydroxyl group to a free hydroxyl group
• Embodiment 16 The method of Embodiment 15, wherein the deprotecting reagent comprises fluoride anions.
• Embodiment 17 The method of Embodiment 15 or 16, wherein the deprotecting reagent is HF.pyridine.
• Embodiment 18 The method of any one of Embodiments 15-17, wherein said treating with the deprotecting reagent is at temperature of 30 o C or higher.
• Embodiment 19 The method of any one of Embodiments 1-18, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises from about 6 to about 50 nucleotides.
• Embodiment 20 The method of any one of Embodiments 1-19, wherein the oligonucleotide comprises from about 10 to about 30 nucleotides.
• Embodiment 21 A nucleoside monomer having the structure of Formula (I): wherein B is a modified or unmodified nucleobase; R 1 is a hydroxyl protecting group; R 2 is – Si(R 4 ) 3 ; R 3 is H or –P(NR 5 R 6 )OR 7 ; each R 4 is independently optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkynyl; R 5 and R 6 are independently optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl or cycloalkynyl, or wherein R 5 and R 6 are linked to form a heterocyclyl; and R 7 is optionally substituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alka
• Embodiment 22 The nucleoside monomer of Embodiment 21, wherein the hydroxyl protecting group is selected from the group consisting of 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl (DMT), monomethoxytrityl (MMT), 9-fluorenylmethylcarbonate (Fmoc), o- nitrophenylcarbonyl, p-phenylazophenylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, p-chlorophenylcarbonyl, and 5′-( ⁇ -methyl-2-nitropiperonyl)oxycarbonyl (MeNPOC).
• DMT 4,4’-dimethoxytrityl
• MMT monomethoxytrityl
• Fmoc 9-fluorenylmethylcarbonate
• MeNPOC 5′-( ⁇ -methyl-2-nitropiperonyl)oxycarbonyl
• Embodiment 23 The nucleoside monomer of Embodiment 21 or 22, wherein each R 4 is independently an optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl.
• Embodiment 24 The nucleoside monomer of any one of Embodiments 21-23, wherein each R 4 is isopropyl.
• Embodiment 25 The nucleoside monomer of any one of Embodiments 21-24, wherein R 5 and R 6 are independently optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl.
• Embodiment 26 The nucleoside monomer of any one of Embodiments 21-25, wherein R 5 and R 6 are isopropyl.
• Embodiment 27 The nucleoside monomer of any one of Embodiments 21-26, wherein R 7 is an optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• Embodiment 28 The nucleoside monomer of any one of Embodiments 21-27, wherein R 7 is methyl or ⁇ -cyanoethyl.
• Embodiment 29 The nucleoside monomer of any one of Embodiments 21-28, wherein B is adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil; R 1 is monomethoxytrityl or dimethoxytrityl; R 4 are independently optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl; R 5 and R 6 are independently optionally substituted C1-C6alkyl or R 5 and R 5 are linked to form a 4-8 membered heterocyclyl; and R 7 is an optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
• Embodiment 30 The nucleoside monomer of any one of Embodiments 1-29, wherein B is adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil; R 1 is dimethoxytrityl; R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are isopropyl; and R 7 is ⁇ -cyanoethyl.
• the practice of the present invention can employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of molecular biology (including recombinant techniques), microbiology, cell biology, biochemistry, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature, such as, “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual”, second edition (Sambrook et al., 1989); “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” (M. J. Gait, ed., 1984); “Animal Cell Culture” (R. I. Freshney, ed., 1987); “Methods in Enzymology” (Academic Press, Inc.); “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (F. M.
• the near or approximating unrecited number may be a number which, in the context in which it is presented, provides the substantial equivalent of the specifically recited number.
• the term “comprising” or “comprises” is used in reference to compositions, methods, and respective component(s) thereof, that are essential to the invention, yet open to the inclusion of unspecified elements, whether essential or not.
• the singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless context clearly indicates otherwise.
• the word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It is further noted that the claims can be drafted to exclude any optional element.
• oligonucleotide refers to a nucleic acid molecule (RNA or DNA) for example of length less than 100, 200, 300, or 400 nucleotides.
• RNA or DNA nucleic acid molecule
• an oligonucleotide also encompasses dinucleotides, trinucleotides, tetranucleotides, pentanucleotides, hexanucleotides, and heptanucleotides.
• nucleotide, nucleoside, oligonucleotide or an oligonucleoside are intended to include both naturally occurring species and non-naturally occurring or modified species as is known to those skilled in the art.
• optionally substituted means that the specified group or moiety is unsubstituted or is substituted with one or more (typically 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 substituents) independently selected from the group of substituents listed below in the definition for “substituents” or otherwise specified.
• substituted refers to a group “substituted” on a substituted group at any atom of the substituted group.
• Suitable substituents include, without limitation, halogen, hydroxy, caboxy, oxo, nitro, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkaryl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyclyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, amino, acylamino, alkylcarbanoyl, arylcarbanoyl, aminoalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, carboxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkanesulfonyl, arenesulfonyl, alkanesulfonamido, arenesulfonamido, aralkylsulfonamido, alkylcarbonyl, acyloxy, cyano or ureido.
• two substituents, together with the carbons to which they are attached to can form a ring.
• the terms “essentially” and “substantially” means a proportion of at least about 60%, or preferably at least about 70% or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 97% or at least about 99% or more, or any integer between 70% and 100%.
• the term “essentially” means a proportion of at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 98%, at least about 99% or more, or any integer between 90% and 100%.
• the term “essentially” can include 100%.
• Example 1 Synthesis of phosphoramidites having TIPS protecting group
• Compound 2 To a stirred solution of 5'-ODMTr uridine 1 (50 g, 91.48 mmol) in anhydrous pyridine (450 mL), imidazole (24.91 g, 365.92 mmol) and chloro(triisopropyl)silane (47.0 mL, 220 mmol) were added sequentially.
• the reaction was quenched with a solution of triethanolamine (2.7 M, 50 mL) in MeCN/toluene and stirred for 5 min.
• the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, transferred to a separatory funnel, layers separated, and the organic layer was washed sequentially with a 5% NaCl solution, and brine.
• the organic layer was dried over Na 2 SO 4 and evaporated to dryness.
• the residue was pre-adsorbed on triethylamine pre-treated silica gel.
• the column was equilibrated with hexanes containing 1% NEt3.
• Example 2 Synthesis of Uridine having 3’-TOM and POM protecting groups
• Compound 13 A solution containing of compound 2 (7 g, 13.1 mmol) and N- ethyl-N-isopropyl-propan-2-amine (8.01 mL, 46.01 mmol) in THF (50 mL) was treated with dibutyl(dichloro)stannane (4.58 g, 14.46 mmol, 3.36 mL) and stirred for 1 h at r.t..
• the reaction mixture was heated to 66 ⁇ C, followed by addition of chloromethoxy(triisopropyl)silane (4.13 g, 15.77 mmol, 4.31 mL), and stirred for 40 min at 66 ⁇ C.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.
• the crude residue was partitioned between DCM and a sat. solution of NaHCO 3 , the layers were separated, and the organic layer was washed with an aqueous solution of NaHCO3, brine, and dried over Na2SO4. The organic layer was dried over Na2SO4, filtered and evaporated to dryness.
• the reaction was quenched with a solution of triethanolamine (2.7 M, 11 mL) in MeCN/toluene and stirred for 5 min.
• the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, transferred to a separatory funnel, layers separated, and the organic layer was washed sequentially with a 5% NaCl solution, and brine.
• the organic layer was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness.
• the residue was pre-adsorbed on triethylamine pre-treated silica gel.
• the column was equilibrated with hexanes containing 1% NEt 3 .
• the septum was quickly exchanged for the microwave tube cap and the tube was heated in a microwave to 75 ⁇ C at 300 W for 2.5 h. Two more reactions with the same amount of reagents were done for a total of 6 g of compound 2.
• the three combined crude reaction mixture were combined and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure.
• the sample was pre-adsorbed on silica pre-treated with triethylamine.
• the residue was purified by ISCO automated column (the silica was pre-treated with NEt3) using 0-40% EtOAc in hexanes as eluant to give compound 15 (1.68 g, 23%).
• the reaction was quenched with a solution of triethanolamine (2.7 M, 6 mL) in MeCN/toluene and stirred for 5 min.
• the mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate, transferred to a separatory funnel, layers separated, and the organic layer was washed sequentially with a 5% NaCl solution, and brine.
• the organic layer was dried over Na 2 SO 4 and evaporated to dryness.
• the residue was pre-adsorbed on triethylamine pre-treated silica gel.
• the column was equilibrated with hexanes containing 1% NEt3.
• nucleoside 18 the uracyl nucleobase was transformed into a cytosine in a two-step triazolation/ammonolysis sequence to give nucleoside 20. Protection of the primary hydroxyl group with DMTCl and selective installation of a benzoate group at the nucleobase afforded nucleoside 21. Formation of the phosphoramidite 22 was achieved under standard conditions using 2-cyanoethyl-N,N-diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite. [0097] Transformation of sugar 17 into nucleoside 23 was achieved using N-benzoyl adenine under Vorbrüggen conditions followed by cleavage of the acetate groups under basic conditions.
• nucleoside 23 The primary hydroxyl in nucleoside 23 was protected as a DMT ether to give nucleoside 5 that was later transformer into the corresponding phosphoramidite 6 under standard conditions.
• nucleoside 24 was obtained using a two-step sequence to install the guanine moiety. The protection of the nucleobase with isobutyric anhydride gave compound 25. The acetate groups were cleaved under basic conditions and the primary hydroxyl group was protected as a DMT ether to give nucleoside 8. Formation of the phosphoramidite 9 was achieved under standard conditions using 2-cyanoethyl-N,N- diisopropylchlorophosphoramidite. Example 4.
• Oligonucleotide synthesis The synthesis of the representative oligonucleotides was performed using the parameters show in the tables below. The goal of this study was to determine the most optimal RNA protecting group that will be compatible with our current cleavage and deprotection methods (which involves prolonged exposure to aqueous base) and will minimize side reactions such as premature falling off protecting groups which may lead to RNA hydrolysis/cleavage. Conditions of synthesis are given in Tables 1 and 2, and the sequences of the synthesized oligonucleotides for these studies are summarized in Table 3. Table 1. Table 2. Table 3.
• Cleavage and Deprotection This deprotection is used to assess the quality of the synthesis, more specifically to identify impurities that are derived from premature deprotection of the RNA protecting group.
• Two different procedures were used depending on the scale of the synthesis (Procedure 1 for small scales and Procedure 2 for large scales). For both procedures NH 4 OH, NH 4 OH/EtOH, MeNH 2 or a mixture of ammonia/methylamine (AMA) can be used.
• Procedure 1 1. After synthesis, the plate containing the columns was placed into a cleavage chuck over a 96-deepwell plate 2. Conc. aqueous methylamine solution or conc.

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