WO2020233799A1 - Lithium-ionen-batterien - Google Patents
Lithium-ionen-batterien Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020233799A1 WO2020233799A1 PCT/EP2019/063120 EP2019063120W WO2020233799A1 WO 2020233799 A1 WO2020233799 A1 WO 2020233799A1 EP 2019063120 W EP2019063120 W EP 2019063120W WO 2020233799 A1 WO2020233799 A1 WO 2020233799A1
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- lithium
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- anode
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
- H01M10/446—Initial charging measures
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
- H01M4/0438—Processes of manufacture in general by electrochemical processing
- H01M4/0459—Electrochemical doping, intercalation, occlusion or alloying
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1395—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the invention relates to lithium-ion batteries with a silicon-containing anode.
- Rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are today the most practical electrochemical energy storage devices with the highest gravimetric energy densities of, for example, up to 250 Wh / kg.
- Graphitic carbon is widely used as an active material for the negative electrode (anode).
- the electrochemical capacity of graphite is limited to a maximum of 372 mAh / g.
- Graphite-based anodes of high-energy lithium-ion batteries nowadays have volumetric electrode capacities of at most 650 mAh / cm 3 .
- Silicon is recommended as an alternative anode active material with a higher electrochemical capacity. With lithium, silicon forms binary, electrochemically active alloys of the formula Li4.4Si, which corresponds to a specific capacity of 4200 mAh per gram of silicon.
- silicon experiences a volume change of up to 300% when lithium is stored and removed. Over the course of several charging and discharging cycles, this leads to a continuous, usually irreversible loss of capacity in the battery, which is also known as fading.
- Another problem is the reactivity of silicon. Passivating layers form on the silicon surface on contact with the electrolyte (solid
- Electrolyte interface immobilizing lithium, which reduces the capacity of the battery.
- An SEI is formed when lithium-ion batteries containing silicon are charged for the first time, which causes initial capacity losses.
- volume changes of the silicon particles occur with each charging or discharging cycle, which exposes fresh silicon surfaces, which in turn react with constituents of the electrolyte and thereby form further SEI. This leads to the mobilization of more lithium and thus to a continuous, irreversible loss of capacity.
- Anodes containing silicon particles are known, for example, from EP1730800 or WO 2014/202529. Such anodes usually contain binders and often graphite or conductive additives as further components.
- WO 2017/025346 recommends operating lithium-ion batteries in such a way that when the battery is fully charged, the silicon of the anode is only partially lithiated, that is to say that the capacity of the silicon for lithium is not fully utilized.
- US 2005/0214646 charges batteries in such a way that molar lithium / silicon ratios of at most 4.0 are present in the anode material. Li / Si ratios of 3.5 and greater are specifically described.
- JP 4911835 describes Li / Si ratios for the anode material of charged lithium-ion batteries in the range of 2.3 and 4.0.
- Prelithiation generally refers to the measure of introducing lithium into the anode active material before the operation of the lithium-ion battery, which lithium is not or at least not completely extracted from the anode in the course of discharging the battery.
- Prelithiation of silicon active material can take place, for example, by grinding elemental lithium with silicon in the ball mill or in the melt, it being possible for silicide phases to be formed, as described by Tang et al., J. Electrochem. Soc. 2013, 160, 1232-1240 or Zeilinger et al., Chem. Mater., 2013, 25, 4113-4121.
- DE 102013014627 describes prelithiation processes in which Si particles are reacted with organic lithium compounds such as lithium oxides or with organic lithium compounds such as lithium salts of carboxylic acids.
- organic lithium compounds such as lithium oxides or with organic lithium compounds such as lithium salts of carboxylic acids.
- inorganic lithium compounds such as oxides, halides or sulfides are introduced into the cathode.
- the prelithiation of the anode active material then takes place in the course of forming the battery.
- An analogous approach is also described in US 10115998.
- DE102015217809 describes anode active materials using chemical mixed vapor deposition (CVD process) using lithiated precursors, for example lithiated alkynes or lithiated aromatic hydrocarbons, and then to coat them with carbon.
- CVD process chemical mixed vapor deposition
- WO 2017/214885 also describes lithium-ion batteries with a prelithiated anode.
- lithium peroxide is introduced into the cathode or the electrolyte as a chemically reactive sacrificial salt, which is decomposed when the battery is formed and the anode is prelithiated.
- US 20150364795 also uses electrolyte which contains lithium salts, such as lithium azides, acetates, amines or acetylenes. Prelithiation of the anode active material also takes place here during the formation of the battery.
- WO 2016/089811 recommends various metals, in particular silicon alloys, as anode active materials. The anode active materials were prelithiated in the half-cell against lithium.
- US 2016141596 prelithiates anode active material by applying elemental lithium in the form of a thin lithium film to the current collector. The
- WO2017 / 123443 A1 uses phlegmatized lithium powder (stabilized lithium metal powder; SLMP®; FMC Lithium Energy) for prelithiation of anodes.
- SLMP stabilized lithium metal powder
- Examples of SLMP are lithium metal particles that are coated with lithium salt for passivation.
- the passivation layer of the SLMP is broken up by compressing the corresponding anodes so that the lithium particles in the cell can participate in the redox process and prelithiate the anode active material.
- SLMP is very expensive and sensitive to air humidity and therefore not compatible with water-based processing of the anode active material to form the electrode.
- the lithium-ion batteries of US 2018/0358616 also contain anodes with prelithiated silicon.
- the batteries are cycled with full utilization of the specific anode capacity of the silicon-containing anodes.
- Silicon particles with average diameters of 30 to 500 nm are mentioned as anode active materials.
- the amount of mobile lithium (sum of lithium from the cathode and lithium introduced by prelithiating) that is available for storage and retrieval processes was 1.1 to 2.0 times the amount of lithium in the Cathode set.
- the anode coatings of US2018 / 0358616 contain 20% by weight silicon. Loss of capacity when cycling the batteries occurs, however, to a greater extent in the case of anodes with larger silicon contents.
- the object was to provide lithium-ion batteries with a silicon-containing anode which achieves a high reversible capacity and, in particular, high cycle stability.
- the lithium-ion batteries should preferably also have the highest possible volumetric capacities.
- the object was achieved with lithium-ion batteries, the anode of which contained silicon which was prelithiated and, moreover, was only partially lithiated when the lithium-ion battery was fully charged. It turned out to be essential to lithiate the silicon only to a well-defined extent.
- the invention relates to lithium-ion batteries comprising cathode, anode, separator and electrolyte, characterized in that
- the anode contains prelithiated silicon and
- the material of the anode (anode material) of the fully charged lithium-ion battery is only partially lithiated, the total degree of lithiation a of the silicon being 10 to 75%, based on the maximum lithiation capacity of silicon.
- Another object of the invention are methods for loading lithium-ion batteries comprising cathode, anode, separator and electrolyte, characterized in that
- the anode contains prelithiated silicon and
- the material of the anode is only partially lithiated when the lithium-ion battery is fully charged, the total degree of lithiation a of the silicon being 10 to 75%, based on the maximum lithiation capacity of silicon.
- Lithiation of silicon generally refers to the introduction of lithium into silicon.
- silicon-lithium alloys are generally formed, also known as lithium silicides.
- Prelithiation of silicon generally stands for a lithiation of silicon before or during the formation of the lithium-ion battery, the amount of lithium thus introduced into the silicon remaining completely or at least partially in the silicon during the cycling of the lithium-ion battery.
- prelithiation generally refers to the lithiation of silicon before the lithium-ion battery is cycled.
- Lithium introduced into the silicon by prelithiation is generally not reversible, or at least not completely reversible, when the battery is cycled.
- Cycling generally refers to a full cycle of charging and discharging the lithium-ion battery. Within a full cycle, the battery generally reaches the state of its maximum charge when charging and the state of its maximum discharge when discharging. In a charge / discharge cycle of the battery, its maximum storage capacity for electrical current is known to be used once. The maximum charge and discharge of the battery can, for example, be set via its upper or lower cut-off voltage. When cycling, the battery is used as usual as a storage medium for electrical power.
- Forming stands, as is generally known, for measures with which the lithium-ion battery is converted into its ready-to-use form as a storage medium for electrical power.
- the forming can include, for example, one or more charging and discharging of the battery, with which a chemical modification of battery components takes place, in particular prelithiating the anode active material or the formation of an initial solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the anode active material, or also maturing storage at possibly increased temperature, so that the battery in its ready-to-use state as a storage medium for electrical Electricity is transferred.
- SEI solid electrolyte interface
- a formed lithium-ion battery is therefore generally structurally different from a non-formed one.
- forming takes place before cycling.
- forming does not include cycling.
- Forming and cycling also generally differ in that forming results in a greater loss of mobile silicon or greater capacity losses in the lithium-ion battery than in cycling.
- capacity losses of, for example, h 1% or h 5% occur.
- capacity losses of preferably% 1%, particularly preferably 0.5% and even more preferably 0.1% occur.
- the volumetric capacity of the anode coatings can be determined by dividing the area-related delithiation capacity ⁇ described in the examples by the thickness of the anode coating.
- the thickness of the anode coating can be determined with the Mitutoyo digital dial gauge (1 pm to 12.7 mm) with a precision measuring table.
- Lithiation capacity generally refers to the maximum amount of lithium that can be absorbed by the anode active material. This amount can generally be expressed for silicon by the formula Li4.4Si.
- the maximum specific capacity of silicon for lithium i.e. the maximum lithium capacity of silicon, generally corresponds to 4200 mAh per gram of silicon.
- the total degree of lithiation a generally denotes the part of the lithiation capacity of silicon that is maximally occupied when the lithium-ion battery is cycled.
- the total degree of lithiation a thus generally includes the portion of the lithiation capacity of silicon that is occupied by prelithiation of silicon (degree of prelithiation a1), as well as the portion of the lithiation capacity of silicon that is covered by the partial lithiation of the anode material during charging, in particular during full charging, the lithium-ion battery is occupied (degree of lithiation a2).
- the overall degree of lithiation a results generally from the sum of the degree of prelithiation a1 and the degree of lithiation a2.
- the overall degree of lithiation a preferably relates to the fully charged lithium-ion battery.
- the overall degree of lithiation a of silicon is 10 to 75%, preferably 20 to 65%, particularly preferably 25 to 55% and most preferably 30 to 50% of the maximum lithiation capacity of silicon.
- the ratio of the lithium atoms to the silicon atoms preferably corresponds to the formula Lio, 4sSi to Li3.3oSi, more preferably Lio.9oSi to Li2.9oSi, particularly preferably LipioSi to Li2, 4oSi and most preferably Lii, 3oSi to Li2.2oSi.
- This information can be determined using the degree of lithiation a and the formula Li4.4Si.
- the capacity of silicon is preferably 400 to 3200 mAh per gram of silicon, more preferably 850 to 2700 mAh per gram of silicon, particularly preferred
- the degree of prelithiation al of silicon is preferably 5 to 50%, more preferably 7 to 46%, particularly preferably 8 to 30% or 10 to 44% and most preferably 10 to 20% or alternatively 20 to 40% of the lithiation capacity of silicon.
- the degree of prelithiation al generally denotes the proportion of the lithiation capacity of silicon that is occupied by prelithiation. A method for determining the degree of prelithiation is described below in the examples.
- the amount of lithium introduced into the silicon by prelithiation preferably corresponds to the formula Lio, 2 oSi to Li 2 , 2 oSi, more preferably Lio, 2 sSi to LigsoSi, particularly preferably Lio, 35 Si to Lii, 3 oSi and most preferably Lio , 45 Si to Lio, 9 oSi.
- This information can be determined using the degree of prelithiation al and the formula Li4.4Si.
- the amount of lithium introduced into the silicon by prelithiation corresponds to a lithiation capacity of preferably 200 to 2100 mAh per gram of silicon, more preferably 250 to 1700 mAh per gram of silicon, particularly preferably 340 to 1300 mAh per gram of silicon and most preferably 400 to 850 mAh per gram of silicon. These details result from the degree of prelite and the maximum lithiation capacity of silicon (4200 mAh per gram of silicon).
- Prelithiating can be done, for example, by treating silicon with one or more prelithiating agents.
- Preferred prelithiation agents are lithium compounds.
- the lithium compounds can generally be organic or inorganic compounds. Examples of inorganic lithium compounds are lithium hydroxide, lithium oxides, lithium peroxide, lithium nitrides, lithium azides, lithium sulfides, lithium halides or lithium carbonate.
- organic lithium compounds are lithium salts of carboxylic acids, especially lithium acetate, lithium benzoate, lithium citrate, lithium tartrate, lithium amides, such as lithium dimethylamide, lithium alkoxides, especially lithium methoxide, lithium acetylacetonate, lithium acetylides, alkyl or aryl -Lithium, like Butylli- thium or biphenyllithium, or lithium silyl compounds such as lithium bis (trimethylsilyl).
- carboxylic acids especially lithium acetate, lithium benzoate, lithium citrate, lithium tartrate
- lithium amides such as lithium dimethylamide
- lithium alkoxides especially lithium methoxide, lithium acetylacetonate, lithium acetylides, alkyl or aryl -Lithium, like Butylli- thium or biphenyllithium
- lithium silyl compounds such as lithium bis (trimethylsilyl).
- stabilized lithium powders (stabilized lithium etal powder
- SLMP® FMC Lithium Energy
- examples of SLMP are lithium metal particles which are coated with a lithium salt, in particular lithium oxide, carbonate, hydroxide or phosphate.
- Such SLMP can be prepared in a conventional manner. Compaction of the electrode, for example by conventional calendering, leads to prelithiation of silicon in the anode. Compression usually breaks up the passivation layer of the SLMP, so that the lithium particles can prelithiate the silicon as the battery is formed.
- the prelithiating agents can be applied directly or indirectly to silicon.
- the prelithiation agents are generally applied directly to silicon; in indirect processes, the prelithiation agents are generally applied in cathodes or cathode coatings or in anodes containing silicon or anode coatings containing silicon or added to the electrolyte.
- Prelithiating can be done by ex situ or in situ prelithiating.
- prelithiation generally takes place after the cell has been assembled or while the cell or battery is being formed.
- prelithiation agents are introduced into cathodes, sacrificial electrodes or into the electrolyte, for example.
- the silicon in the anode is then generally prelithiated in the course of forming the battery. Any gases that may develop can be removed using an evacuation step.
- ex situ prelithiation is generally performed prior to assembling the cell or prior to forming the cell or battery.
- ex situ prelithiating the ano- The active material silicon or the silicon-containing anode is prelithiated and then assembled into a cell.
- a cell generally includes an anode and a cathode.
- a cell can be a full cell or a half cell.
- the prelithiation of the anode active material silicon can be carried out by physical, chemical or electrochemical processes.
- prelithiation is generally carried out by adding, contacting or mixing the starting materials, in particular silicon, with prelithiation agents, in particular lithium compounds such as lithium salts.
- the prelithiating agents are generally not chemically converted in physical processes before prelitizing. Examples of physical processes are spray processes, immersion processes, Mi rule, coating, thermally induced diffusion, precipitation, vapor-phase deposition (PVD), sputtering or other deposition processes. The usual devices or procedures can be used for this.
- the prelieting agents can be used, for example, as a solid, liquid or melt or in the form of solutions or suspensions. Examples of solvents are water, alcohols, ethers or esters. Phlegmatized lithium powders (stabilized lithium metal powder; SLMP®; FMC Lithium Energy) are particularly suitable as lithium compounds for physical processes.
- lithium ions are generally released through the chemical reaction of prelithiation agents.
- the lithium compounds are also referred to as sacrificial salts.
- a preferred chemical process is chemical vapor deposition (CVD), in particular for ex-situ processes.
- CVD processes lithiated precursors are preferably used, such as lithium alkynes or lithiated aromatic hydrocarbons, in particular lithiated acetylene or lithiated Toluene.
- Conventional CVD methods and CVD devices can be used.
- CVD processes are carried out, for example, at temperatures from 500 to 800 ° C., preferably under an inert gas atmosphere, such as nitrogen or argon.
- lithium compounds are introduced into the cathode or electrolyte, which release lithium ions when the lithium-ion battery is formed and prelithiate the silicon in the anode.
- Preferred lithium compounds for this purpose are lithium peroxides, lithium nitrides, lithium azides, lithium acetates, lithium amines or lithium acetylenes. Forming can take place, for example, at voltages of 3.8 to 5 volts, in particular 4.2 to 5 volts.
- Electrochemical prelithiation is preferably used for in-situ processes.
- a silicon-containing electrode and a lithium metal electrode for example a lithium metal plate
- a silicon-containing electrode and a lithium metal electrode can be connected to one another so that lithium is stored in the silicon after an electrochemical potential has been applied.
- an electrode containing silicon particles is combined with a lithium metal counter-electrode, for example in the form of a lithium metal foil, to form a cell, which is then electrically charged with prelithiation of silicon; subsequent dismantling of the cell and use of the prelithiated electrode thus obtained as a silicon-containing anode for the production of a lithium-ion battery.
- Such a procedure is particularly preferred for prelithiation on a laboratory scale.
- the anode is charged with preferably 800 to 1500 mAh / g, particularly preferably 900 to 1200 mAh / g and, after complete discharge, preferably with 1500 mAh / g, particularly preferably 150 to 1000 mAh / g, depending on the mass of the anode coating.
- the forming preferably does not include predoping.
- Prelithiating generally does not include predoping.
- silicon in particular silicon oxide or silicon suboxide containing silicon
- lithium silicates are usually formed.
- lithium silicides are generally formed during prelithiation.
- the lithium-ion batteries are generally constructed or configured and / or are generally operated such that the material of the anode (anode material), in particular the silicon, is only partially lithiated in the fully charged battery.
- Fully charged refers to the state of the battery in which the anode material of the battery, in particular silicon, has its highest lithiation. Partial lithiation of the anode material means that the lithiation capacity or the maximum lithium absorption capacity of the anode active material, in particular silicon, is not exhausted.
- the ratio of lithium atoms to silicon atoms in the anode material changes by preferably ⁇ 2.2, particularly preferred ⁇ 1.3 and most preferred ⁇ 0.9.
- the aforementioned Li / Si ratio changes preferably by> 0.2, particularly preferably> 0.4 and most preferably> 0.6.
- the degree of lithiation a2 generally designates the portion of the lithium thiation capacity of silicon that is maximally used for cycling the lithium-ion battery.
- the degree of lithiation a2 is a measure of the extent to which the lithiation capacity of silicon is used to the maximum for cycling the battery.
- the degree of lithiation a2 of silicon is preferably 5 to 50%, particularly preferably 10 to 45% and most preferably 25 to 40% of the lithiation capacity of silicon. A method of determining the Degree of lithiation a2 is described below in the examples.
- the capacity of the anode material silicon is preferably used to ⁇ 50%, particularly preferably to 45% and most preferably to 40%, based on a capacity of 4200 mAh per gram of silicon.
- the ratio of lithium atoms to silicon atoms in the anode of a lithium-ion battery can be adjusted, for example, via the electrical charge flow when the lithium-ion battery is charged and discharged.
- the degree of lithiumization a2 of the anode active material, in particular of silicon generally changes proportionally to the electrical charge that has flowed.
- the lithiation capacity of the anode active material is generally not fully exhausted and not all of the lithium is extracted from the anode active material when the lithium-ion battery is discharged.
- This can be set, for example, by appropriate switch-off voltages or, in other words, by limiting the charge flow when charging or discharging the lithium-ion battery. In this way, the overall degree of lithiation a and thus also the degree of prelithiation al can be set.
- the Li / Si ratio of a lithium-ion battery is set by the anode to cathode ratio (cell balancing).
- the lithium-ion batteries are designed so that the lithium absorption capacity of the anode is preferably greater than the lithium output capacity of the cathode.
- the lithium absorption capacity of the anode is not fully exhausted in the fully charged battery.
- the degree of lithiation a2 the overall degree of lithiation a and thus also the degree of prelithiation a1 can be set.
- the anode active material is preferably silicon-containing particles, particularly preferably silicon particles.
- the volume-weighted particle size distribution of Siliciumpar Tikel is preferably between the diameter-percentiles dio ⁇ 0.2 pm and d 9 o ⁇ 20.0 pm, more preferably between dio> 0.2 pm and d9o ⁇ 10.0 pm and most preferred between dio> 0.2 pm to d9o ⁇ 3.0 pm.
- the silicon particles have a volume-weighted particle size distribution with diameter percentiles dio of preferably ⁇ 10 pm, particularly preferably ⁇ 5 pm, even more preferably ⁇ 3 pm and most preferably ⁇ 1 pm.
- the silicon particles have a volume-weighted particle size distribution with diameter percentiles d9o of preferably> 0.5 ⁇ m. In one embodiment of the present invention, the aforementioned d90 value is preferably> 5 pm.
- the volume-weighted particle size distribution of the silicon particles has diameter percentiles d 50 of preferably 0.5 to 10.0 ⁇ m, particularly preferably 0.6 to 7.0 ⁇ m, even more preferably 2.0 to 6.0 ⁇ m and most preferably 0 , 7 to 3.0 pm.
- silicon particles are also preferred whose volume-weighted particle size distribution has diameter percentiles dso of 10 to 500 nm, particularly preferably 20 to 300 nm, even more preferably 30 to 200 nm and most preferably 40 to 100 nm.
- the volume-weighted particle size distribution of the silicon particles can be determined by static laser scattering using the Mie model with the Horiba LA 950 measuring device with ethanol as the dispersing medium for the silicon particles.
- the silicon particles are preferably not aggregated, preferably not agglomerated and / or preferably not nanostructured.
- Aggregated means that several spherical or largely spherical primary particles, as they are, for example, in the production of silicon particles by means of gas phase pro- processes are initially formed, grow together to form aggregates, melt together or sinter together.
- Aggregates are therefore particles that comprise several primary particles.
- Aggregates can form agglomerates.
- Agglomerates are loosely clusters of aggregates. Agglomerates can typically easily be broken down again into aggregates using kneading or dispersing processes. With such methods, aggregates cannot be completely broken down into primary particles.
- particle diameters of silicon particles cannot distinguish between aggregates or agglomerates.
- Non-nanostructured silicon particles generally have characteristic BET surfaces.
- the BET surface areas of the silicon particles are preferably 0.01 to 30.0 m 2 / g, more preferably 0.1 to 25.0 m 2 / g, particularly preferably 0.2 to 20.0 m 2 / g and am most preferably 0.2 to 18.0 m 2 / g.
- the BET surface area is determined in accordance with DIN 66131 (with nitrogen).
- the silicon particles have a sphericity of preferably 0.3 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.9, particularly preferably 0.5 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.85 and most preferably 0.65 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.85. Silicon particles with such sphericalities become accessible in particular through production by means of grinding processes.
- the sphericity y is the ratio of the surface of a sphere of equal volume to the actual surface of a body (definition by Wadell). Sphericities can for example be determined from conventional SEM images.
- the silicon particles are preferred.
- the silicon particles are preferably based on elemental silicon. Elemental silicon can be high-purity silicon or to silicon from metallurgical processing, which may have elemental impurities such as Fe, Al, Ca, Cu, Zr, C, for example.
- the silicon particles can optionally be doped with foreign atoms (such as B, P, As). Such foreign atoms are generally only contained in small amounts.
- the silicon particles can contain silicon oxide, in particular on the surface of the silicon particles. If the silicon particles contain a silicon oxide, then the stoichiometry of the oxide SiO x is preferably in the range 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.3.
- Layer thickness of silicon oxide on the surface of the silicon particles is preferably less than 10 n.
- the surface of the silicon particles can optionally be covered by an oxide layer or by other inorganic and organic groups.
- Particularly preferred silicon particles have Si — OH or Si — H groups or cova lent organic groups, such as alcohols or alkenes, on the surface.
- the silicon particles have a silicon content of - 90
- % By weight, preferably 95% by weight, particularly preferably 97% by weight and most preferably 99% by weight, based on the total weight of the silicon particles.
- the silicon particles can be produced, for example, by grinding processes.
- grinding processes For example, wet grinding or preferably dry grinding processes, as described, for example, in DE-A 102015215415, come into consideration as grinding processes.
- the silicon particles can optionally also be coated with carbon (C-coated Si particles) or be present in the form of silicon / carbon composite particles (Si / C composite particles).
- the C-coated Si particles preferably contain 1 to 10% by weight of carbon and preferably 90 to 99% by weight of silicon particles, each based on the total weight of the C-coated Si particles.
- Si / C composite particles are the silicon particles are preferably incorporated into a porous carbon matrix.
- pores of the porous carbon matrix can be coated with silicon, for example in the form of a silicon film or in the form of silicon particles.
- the silicon-containing porous carbon matrix is preferably coated with non-porous carbon.
- the carbon coating of the C-coated Si particles or the Si / C composite particles has an average layer thickness in the range from preferably 1 to 50 nm (method of determination: scanning electron microscopy (SEM)).
- the C-coated Si particles or the Si / C composite particles have an average particle diameter d 50 of preferably 1 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the BET surface area of the aforementioned particles is preferably 0.5 to 5 m 2 / g (determination according to DIN ISO 9277: 2003-05 with nitrogen). Further information on the C-coated Si particles or on the Si / C composite particles and methods for their production can be found in WO 2018/082880, WO 2017/140642 or WO 2018/145732.
- the anode material preferably comprises silicon particles, one or more binders, optionally graphite, optionally one or more further electrically conductive components and optionally one or more additives.
- the silicon content in the anode material is preferably 40 to 95% by weight, particularly preferably 50 to 90% by weight and most preferably 60 to 80% by weight, based on the total weight of the anode material.
- Preferred binders are polyacrylic acid or its alkali salts, in particular lithium or sodium salts, polyvinyl alcohols, cellulose or cellulose derivatives, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyolefins, polyimides, in particular polyamide imides, or thermoplastic elastomers, in particular ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers .
- Polyacrylic acid, polymethacrylic acid or cellulose derivatives, in particular carboxymethyl cellulose are particularly preferred.
- the alkali salts, in particular lithium or sodium salts are also particularly preferred aforementioned binders.
- the binders have a molar mass of preferably 100,000 to 1,000,000 g / mol.
- the graphite particles preferably have a volume-weighted particle size distribution between the diameter percentiles dio> 0.2 pm and d90 ⁇ 200 pm.
- Preferred further electrically conductive components are Leit soot, carbon nanotubes or metallic particles, for example copper.
- Amorphous carbon is also preferred, in particular hard carbon or soft carbon.
- Amorphous carbon is known to be non-graphitic.
- the anode material preferably contains 0 to 40% by weight, particularly preferably 0 to 30% by weight and most preferably 0 to 20% by weight, of further electrically conductive components, based on the total weight of the anode material.
- anode material additives examples include pore formers, dispersants, leveling agents or dopants, for example elemental lithium.
- Preferred formulations for the anode material of the lithium-ion batteries contain preferably 5 to 95% by weight, in particular 60 to 85% by weight, silicon particles; 0 to 40% by weight, in particular 0 to 20% by weight, of further electrically conductive components; 0 to 80 wt .-%, in particular 5 to 30 wt .-% graphite; 0 to 25% by weight, in particular 1 to 15% by weight, of binder; and optionally 0 to 80 wt .-%, in particular 0.1 to 5 wt .-% additives; where the data in% by weight relate to the total weight of the anode material and the proportions of all components of the anode material add up to 100% by weight.
- the proportion of graphite particles and other electrically conductive components in total is at least 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the anode material.
- the processing of the components of the anode material into an anode ink or paste can be carried out in a solvent such as water, hexane, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-ethylpyrrolidone, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide or ethanol, or mixing solvents, preferably using rotor-stator machines, high-energy mills, planetary kneaders, agitator ball mills, vibrating plates or ultrasonic devices.
- the anode ink or paste has a pH of preferably 2 to 7.5, preferably ⁇ 7.0 (determined at 20 ° C., for example with the WTW pH 340i pH meter with SenTix RJD probe).
- the anode ink or paste can be applied, for example, to a copper foil or another current collector, as described, for example, in WO 2015/117838.
- the layer thickness that is to say the dry layer thickness of the anode coating, is preferably from 2 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, particularly preferably from 10 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m.
- the anodes of lithium-ion batteries generally include anode coatings and current collectors.
- Anode coatings are generally based on anode material.
- the procedure according to the invention advantageously also enables anode coatings with high volumetric capacities.
- the anode coatings preferably have a volumetric capacity of ⁇
- the volumetric capacity of the anode coating can be determined by dividing the area-related delithiation capacity ⁇ described below by the thickness of the anode coating.
- the thickness of the anode coating can be determined with the Mitutoyo digital dial gauge (1 pm to 12.7 mm) with a precision measuring table.
- the cathode preferably includes lithium cobalt oxide, lithium nickel oxide, lithium nickel cobalt oxide (doped or undoped), lithium manganese oxide (spinel), lithium Nickel cobalt manganese oxides, lithium nickel manganese oxides, lithium iron phosphate, lithium cobalt phosphate, lithium manganese phosphate, lithium vanadium phosphate, or lithium vanadium oxides.
- the separator is generally an electrically insulating membrane that is permeable to ions, as is customary in battery manufacture. As is known, the separator separates the anode from the cathode and thus prevents electronically conductive connections between the electrodes (short circuit).
- electrolyte salts are lithium hexafluorophosphate, lithium hexafluoroarsenate, lithium perchlorate, lithium tetrafluoroborate, LiCFsSCb, LiN (CF3SC> 2) or lithium borates.
- the concentration of the conductive salt, based on the solvent is preferably between 0.5 mol / 1 and the solubility limit of the corresponding salt. It is particularly preferably 0.8 mol / 1 to 1.2 mol / 1.
- Cyclic carbonates propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethoxyethane, diethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, gamma-butyrolactone, dioxolane, acetonitrile, organic carbonic acid esters or nitrile can be used as solvents Mixtures thereof, are used.
- the electrolyte preferably contains a film former such as vinyl carbonate or fluoroethylene carbonate.
- the proportion of film former in the electrolyte is preferably between 0.1% by weight and 20.0% by weight, particularly preferably between 0.5% by weight and 10% by weight. -%.
- the degree of lithiation a of the active material can be determined using the following formula I:
- ⁇ area-related delithiation capacity of the anode containing active material at the respective end-of-charge voltage of the lithium-ion battery, which was delithiated against lithium in a half-cell measurement;
- FG weight per unit area of the anode coating in g / cm 2 ;
- CO AM percentage of active material by weight in the anode coating.
- the lithium-ion battery is converted to the electrically charged state by using the cc (constant cur- rent) is charged with a constant current of 5 mA / g (corresponds to C / 25) until the respective end-of-charge voltage, in particular the voltage limit of 4.2 V, is reached.
- the anode is lithiated here.
- the electrolyte used is a 1.0 molar solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate in a 3: 7 (v / v) mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, to which 2.0% by weight of vinyl carbonate is added.
- the cell is generally built in a glove box ( ⁇ 1 ppm of H2O and O2).
- the water content of the dry matter of all starting materials is preferably below 20 ppm.
- the Si anode is delithiated here.
- the electrochemical measurements on full and half cells are carried out at 20 ° C.
- the above constant current refers to the weight of the positive electrode coating.
- the lithium-ion battery is transferred to the electrically uncharged state by using the cc (constant current) method with a constant current of 5 mA / g (corresponds to C / 25) until the respective end-of-discharge voltage is reached, in particular the voltage limit of 3.0 V, is discharged.
- the anode is delithiated here.
- a 1.0 molar solution of Li is used as the electrolyte thium hexafluorophosphate in a 3: 7 (v / v) mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, which is mixed with 2.0 wt .-% vinylene carbonate.
- the cell is generally built in a glove box ( ⁇ 1 ppm of H2O and O2).
- the water content of the dry matter of all starting materials is preferably below 20 ppm.
- the electrochemical measurements on full and half cells are carried out at 20 ° C.
- the above constant current refers to the weight of the positive electrode coating.
- FG weight per unit area of the anode coating in g / cm 2 ;
- wAM percentage of active material by weight in the anode coating.
- the degree of lithiation a2 results arithmetically from the difference between the total degree of lithiation a and the degree of prelithiation a1, as illustrated by the following formula:
- the silicon powder was produced according to the state of the art by grinding a coarse Si chip from the production of solar silicon in a fluidized bed jet mill (Netzsch-Condux CGS16 with 90 m 3 / h nitrogen at 7 bar as grinding gas).
- the dispersion was applied to a copper foil with a thickness of 0.030 mm (Schlenk metal foils, SE-Cu58) using a film frame with a gap height of 0.10 mm (Erichsen, model 360).
- the anode coating produced in this way was then dried for 60 minutes at 80 ° C. and 1 bar air pressure.
- the anode coating dried in this way had an average surface weight of 2.85 mg / cm 2 and a layer thickness of 32 gm.
- the electrochemical prelithiation was carried out in a button cell (type CR2032, Hohsen Corp.) in a 2-electrode arrangement.
- a glass fiber filter paper (What an, GD Type D) impregnated with 120 m ⁇ electrolyte served as a separator (diameter 16 mm).
- the electrolyte used consisted of a 1.0 molar solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate in a 3: 7 (v / v) mixture of fluorethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate to which 2.0% by weight of vinylene carbonate was added.
- the cell was built in a glove box ( ⁇ 1 ppm H2O, O2), the water content in the dry matter of all components used was below 20 ppm.
- the prelithiation was carried out by lithiating the anode from Example 2 at 20 ° C. with a constant current of 33.6 mA / g or 0.10 mA / cm 2 (corresponds to C / 25) for 31.25 h and with constant tem current of 33.6 mA / g or 0.10 mA / cm 2 until reaching the voltage limit of 1.0 V and then with a constant current of 33.6 mA / g or 0.10 mA / cm 2 for 12.5 h prelithiated (corresponds to 420 mAh / g).
- the specific current chosen was based on the weight of the anode coating.
- the electrochemical investigations were carried out on a button cell (type CR2032, Hohsen Corp.) in a 2-electrode arrangement.
- the electrolyte used consisted of a 1.0 molar solution of lithium hexafluorophosphate in a 3: 7 (v / v) mixture of fluoroethylene carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, which was mixed with 2.0% by weight of vinylene carbonate.
- the cell was again built in a glove box ( ⁇ 1 ppm H2O, O2), the water content in the dry matter of all components used was below 20 ppm.
- the electrochemical testing was carried out at 20 ° C.
- the cell was charged using the cc / cv (constant current / constant voltage) method with a constant current of 75 mA / g (corresponds to C / 2) and after reaching the voltage limit of 4.2 V with a constant voltage until the current fell below a certain level of 19 mA / g (corresponds to C / 8).
- the cell was discharged using the cc (constant current) method with a constant current of 75 mA / g (corresponds to C / 2) in the subsequent cycles until the voltage limit of 3.0 V was reached.
- the selected specific current was related based on the weight of the positive electrode coating.
- the lithium-ion battery was operated in combination with the cathode from Example 4 through the cell balancing set with partial lithiation of the anode.
- the cell After 250 charge / discharge cycles, the cell still had 89% of its initial capacity from the first cycle.
- Example 4 The procedure was analogous to Example 4, with the difference that the anode was not prelithiated. Due to the cell balancing resulting from the anode formulation from Example 2 and the cell balancing from Example 4, the Si anode was operated with partial lithiation.
- the cell After 250 charge / discharge cycles, the cell had only 75% of its capacity from the first cycle.
- the cell After 250 charge / discharge cycles, the cell still had 83% of its initial capacity from the first cycle.
- Table 1 Information on the formation and on the degrees of lithiation a, a1 and a2 of the (comparative) examples 4 ⁇ 6:
- the initial capacity was 3.37 mAh / cm 2 . However, after just 4 cycles, the capacity had dropped to 80% of the initial capacity.
- the overall degree of lithiation a was 0.85.
- the initial capacity was 2.80 mAh / cm 2 .
- the batteries of the examples according to the invention surprisingly show a more stable electrochemical cycling behavior and also a high initial capacity.
- the comparative examples show that if the procedure is not in accordance with the invention, there is increased stress on the Si-containing anode active material, for example as a result of electrochemical grinding or increased volume breathing of silicon. This results in electrical decontacting and deteriorated cycling behavior of the anode active material.
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US17/613,074 US20220263145A1 (en) | 2019-05-21 | 2019-05-21 | Lithium ion batteries |
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WO2022262981A1 (de) | 2021-06-17 | 2022-12-22 | Wacker Chemie Ag | Verfahren zur prälithiierung einer siliciumhaltigen anode in einer lithium-ionen-batterie |
WO2023168485A1 (en) * | 2022-03-07 | 2023-09-14 | Anteo Energy Technology Pty Limited | Anode composition |
WO2023168486A1 (en) * | 2022-03-07 | 2023-09-14 | Anteo Energy Technology Pty Limited | Coated anode composition |
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