Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J9/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane
  • C07J9/005—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of more than two carbon atoms, e.g. cholane, cholestane, coprostane containing a carboxylic function directly attached or attached by a chain containing only carbon atoms to the cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene skeleton
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J11/00—Normal steroids containing carbon, hydrogen, halogen or oxygen, not substituted in position 3
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J31/00—Normal steroids containing one or more sulfur atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
  • C07J31/006—Normal steroids containing one or more sulfur atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J31/003
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J33/00—Normal steroids having a sulfur-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
  • C07J33/002—Normal steroids having a sulfur-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton not condensed
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J41/00—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
  • C07J41/0033—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005
  • C07J41/0055—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005 the 17-beta position being substituted by an uninterrupted chain of at least three carbon atoms which may or may not be branched, e.g. cholane or cholestane derivatives, optionally cyclised, e.g. 17-beta-phenyl or 17-beta-furyl derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J41/00—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring
  • C07J41/0033—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005
  • C07J41/0055—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005 the 17-beta position being substituted by an uninterrupted chain of at least three carbon atoms which may or may not be branched, e.g. cholane or cholestane derivatives, optionally cyclised, e.g. 17-beta-phenyl or 17-beta-furyl derivatives
  • C07J41/0061—Normal steroids containing one or more nitrogen atoms not belonging to a hetero ring not covered by C07J41/0005 the 17-beta position being substituted by an uninterrupted chain of at least three carbon atoms which may or may not be branched, e.g. cholane or cholestane derivatives, optionally cyclised, e.g. 17-beta-phenyl or 17-beta-furyl derivatives one of the carbon atoms being part of an amide group
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J43/00—Normal steroids having a nitrogen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton
  • C07J43/003—Normal steroids having a nitrogen-containing hetero ring spiro-condensed or not condensed with the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton not condensed
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J51/00—Normal steroids with unmodified cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton not provided for in groups C07J1/00 - C07J43/00
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07J—STEROIDS
  • C07J71/00—Steroids in which the cyclopenta(a)hydrophenanthrene skeleton is condensed with a heterocyclic ring
  • C07J71/0005—Oxygen-containing hetero ring
  • C07J71/001—Oxiranes

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel compounds which are of use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
• the invention relates to bile acid derivatives, to pharmaceutical compositions containing them, process for preparing them and to the use of the compounds in the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative disorders.
• Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders of the central nervous system and include Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies), Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease).
• Parkinson’s disease mild cognitive impairment
• dementia including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies
• Huntington’s disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease).
• amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motor neurone disease.
• the incidence of neurodegenerative disease increases with age and therefore such conditions are a growing problem in societies where the average age of the population is increasing. There is currently no cure for any of these diseases although there are some medications available which alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease and some types of cognitive impairment and dementia.
• Parkinson’s disease The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are resting tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity and these symptoms are caused by neurodegeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons. There is a large body of evidence which suggests that there is a strong association between mitochondrial dysfunction and Parkinson’s disease.
• a mild deficiency of mitochondrial electron transport chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I) activity has been found in the tissues of Parkinson’s disease patients and a number of the proteins that are linked to the familial form of Parkinson’s disease are either mitochondrial proteins or are associated with mitochondria.
• Alzheimer’s disease leads to progressive cognitive impairment and is characterised by the presence of extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. It is thought that mitochondrial dysfunction leads to the deposition of the b-amyloid proteins which are the major component of the neuritic plaques and to the formation of the neurofibrillary tangles.
• Huntington’s disease is an inherited progressive neurodegenerative disease and is characterised by motor impairment, personality changes and cognitive decline.
• the pathology of Huntington’s disease provides evidence for a link with mitochondrial dysfunction.
• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also thought to be linked to mitochondrial dysfunction. This disease targets motor neurons in the central nervous system resulting in muscle weakness, atrophy and, death within 2-3 years of diagnosis.
• bile acids such as UDCA (ursodeoxycholic acid) exert a beneficial effect on mitochondrial dysfunction in tissue from certain patients suffering from Parkinson’s disease, in particular in tissue from parkin mutant Parkinson’s disease patients (Mortiboys et al, “Ursocholanic acid rescues mitochondrial function in common forms of familial Parkinson’s disease”, Brain, 136(10), 3038-3050 (2013)) and LRRK2 G2019S mutant Parkinson’s disease patients (Mortiboys et al, Neurology, 85, 846- 852 (2015)).
• UDCA ursodeoxycholic acid
• bile acids such as UDCA exert a beneficial effect on fibroblasts from patients suffering from both sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease and familial Alzheimer’s Disease due to PSEN1 mutations (Bell et al,“Ursodeoxycholic Acid Improves Mitochondrial Function and Redistributes Drp1 in Fibroblasts from Patients with either Sporadic or Familial Alzheimer's Disease.” Journal of Molecular Biology, pii: S0022- 2836(18)30987-2. 2018).
• WO 2014/036379, WO 2015/061421 and WO 2016/145216 teach that bile acids may be of use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
• WO 2015/061421 relates to deuterated bile acids and WO 2016/145216 to fluorinated bile acids particularly bile acids fluorinated at the 3- and/or 7-positions.
• R 1 and R 2 is F and the other of R 1 and R 2 is H or F;
• Y is a bond, or a C1-20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene or C2-20 alkynylene linker group
• R 3 is C(0)OR 12 , C(0)NR 12 R 13 , S(0) 2 R 12 , 0S(0) 2 R 12 , S(0) 2 0R 12 , 0S(0) 2 0R 12 , S(0) 2 NR 12 R 13 , C(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 , NHC(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 , 0P(0)(0R 12 ) 2 ,
• each R 12 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, OR 10 , NR 10 R 11 , R 16 and aryl;
• each R 10 and R 11 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl
• n 1 , 2 or 3;
• each R 15 is independently H or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, phenyl and 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl; a 3- to 8-membered cycloalkyl group; ora group R 14 , where R 14 is a side chain of an amino acid; or
• p 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6;
• R 16 is selected from C(0)0H, S(0) 2 0H, S(0) 2 (Ci-e alkyl), 0S(0) 2 0H and P(0)(0H) 2 ; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or isotopic variant thereof.
• Compounds of general formula (I) are of use for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, including Parkinson’s disease, dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
• C 1-20 alkyl refers to a straight or branched fully saturated hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
• the term encompasses methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, s-butyl and f-butyl.
• Other alkyl groups for example C1-12 alkyl, CMO alkyl, C1-8 alkyl, C1-6 alkyl, C1-5 alkyl, C1-4 alkyl, C1-3 alkyl, or C 1-2 alkyl are as defined above but contain different numbers of carbon atoms.
• C 2-20 alkenyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• alkenyl groups for example C 2-12 alkenyl, C 2-10 alkenyl, C 2-8 alkenyl, C 2-6 alkenyl, C 2-5 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkenyl or C 2-3 alkenyl are as defined above but contain different numbers of carbon atoms.
• C 2-20 alkynyl refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon group having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• alkynyl groups include -CoCH, -CH 2 CoCH, -CoC-CH 3 , -CH 2 CH 2 CoCH, -CH 2 CoCCH 3 and -CH 2 CoC-CH 2 CH 3 .
• Other alkynyl groups for example C 2-12 alkynyl, C 2-10 alkynyl, C 2-8 alkynyl, C 2-6 alkynyl, C 2-5 alkynyl, C 2-4 alkynyl or C 2-3 alkynyl are as defined above but contain different numbers of carbon atoms.
• alkylene refers to a straight or branched fully saturated hydrocarbon chain.
• alkylene is C1-20 alkylene, C1-12 alkylene, CMO alkylene, C1-8 alkylene, C1-6 alkylene, C1.5 alkylene, C1.4 alkylene, C1.3 alkylene, or C1-2 alkylene.
• alkylene groups include -CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH 2 -, -CH(CH 3 )-CH 2 -, -CH 2 CH(CH 3 )-, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 -,
• alkenylene refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond.
• alkenylene is C2-20 alkenylene, C2-12 alkenylene, C2-10 alkenylene, C2-8 alkenylene, C2-6 alkenylene, C2-5 alkenylene, C2-4 alkenylene, or C2-3 alkenylene.
• alkenylene groups include
• alkynylene refers to a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond.
• alkynylene is C2-20 alkynylene, C2-12 alkynylene, C2-10 alkynylene, C2-8 alkynylene, C2-6 alkynylene, C2-5 alkynylene, C2-4 alkynylene, or C2-3 alkynylene.
• alkynylene groups include
• aryl and“aromatic” refer to a cyclic group with aromatic character having from 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified, for example 6 to 10 ring carbon atoms) and containing up to three rings. Where an aryl group contains more than one ring, not all rings must be aromatic in character. Examples include phenyl, naphthyl and anthracenyl as well as partially saturated systems such as tetrahydronaphthyl (e.g. 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl), indanyl and indenyl.
• heteroaryl and“heteroaromatic” refer to a cyclic group with aromatic character having from 5 to 14 ring atoms (unless otherwise specified, for example 5 to 10 ring atoms), containing at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S and comprising up to three rings. Where a heteoroaryl group contains more than one ring, not all rings must be aromatic in character. Examples include pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrrole, thiophene, furan, thiazole, oxazole, fused systems such as indole, benzimidazole and benzothiophene; and partially saturated systems such as indoline and dihydrobenzofuran.
• carbocyclic and“carbocyclyl” refer to a non-aromatic hydrocarbon ring system having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified), which may be a fused or bridged ring system and which optionally comprises one or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
• examples include cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl and cyclooctyl; and cycloalkenyl groups such as cyclohexenyl, and cycloheptenyl; and bridged groups such as adamantyl. More suitably, the carbocyclyl group is a monocylic fully saturated (cycloalkyl) ring.
• heterocyclic and“heterocyclyl” refer to a non-aromatic ring system having from 3 to 10 ring carbon atoms (unless otherwise specified), and at least one heteroatom selected from N, O and S and which may be a fused or bridged ring system and which may be fully saturated or may comprise one or more carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen double bonds.
• heterocyclyl group is a monocylic fully saturated ring.
• halogen refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine and the term“halo” to fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo groups.
• Ci-e haloalkyl refers to a straight or branched alkyl group as defined above having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and substituted with one or more halo atoms, up to perhalo substitution. Examples include trifluoromethyl, chloroethyl and 1 , 1-difluoroethyl.
• Other haloalkyl groups for example C1-5 haloalkyl, C1-4 haloalkyl, C1-3 haloalkyl or C1-2 haloalkyl are as defined above but contain different numbers of carbon atoms.
• side chain of an amino acid refers to the side chain of a naturally occurring amino acid, which may be a D-amino acid or an L-amino acid but is more suitably a D- amino acid.
• naturally occurring amino acids include glycine, proline, cysteine, arginine, histidine, lysine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan.
• side chain refers to the -Y-R 3 moiety.
• -YR 3 is -CH 2 CH 2 -C(0)0H and references to a variant side chain refer to -YR 3 moieties other than this.
• Appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of general formula (I) include basic addition salts such as sodium, potassium, calcium, aluminium, zinc, magnesium and other metal salts as well as choline, diethanolamine, ethanolamine, ethyl diamine, meglumine and other well-known basic addition salts as summarised in Paulekuhn et ai, J. Med. Chem. 2007, 50, 6665-6672 (incorporated herein by reference) and/or known to those skilled in the art.
• isotopic variant refers to isotopically-labelled compounds which are identical to those recited in formula (I) but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number most commonly found in nature, or in which the proportion of an atom having an atomic mass or mass number found less commonly in nature has been increased (the latter concept being referred to as“isotopic enrichment”).
• isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, iodine and chlorine such as 2 H (deuterium), 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 18 F, 123 l or 125 l (e.g. 3 H, 11 C, 14 C, 18 F, 123 l or 125 l), which may be naturally occurring or non- naturally occurring isotopes.
• the compound of general formula (I) may be a compound of formula (I’):
• R 1 and R 2 is F and the other of R 1 and R 2 is H or F;
• Y is a bond, or a C1 -20 alkylene, C2-20 alkenylene or C2-20 alkynylene linker group;
• R 3 is C(0)0R 12 , C(0)NR 12 R 13 , S(0) 2 R 12 , 0S(0) 2 R 12 , S(0) 2 0R 12 , 0S(0) 2 0R 12 , S(0) 2 NR 12 R 13 , C(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 , NHC(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 , 0P(0)(0R 12 ) 2 ,
• each R 12 is independently H or Ci-e alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo or aryl groups;
• each R 15 is independently H or Ci-e alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo or aryl groups or a group R 14 , where R 14 is a side chain of an amino acid;
• n 1 , 2 or 3;
• R 16 is selected from C(0)0H, S(0) 2 0H, 0S(0) 2 0H and P(0)(0H) 2 ;
• the compound of general formula (I) may be a compound of general formula (IA), (IB),
• R 1 , R 2 , Y and R 3 are as defined above for general formula (I).
• Some particularly suitable compounds of the invention are compounds of general formula (IA).
• both R 1 and R 2 are F.
• R 1 is F and R 2 is H.
• R 1 is H and R 2 is F.
• Y is suitably a bond or a Ci- 15 alkylene linker, or C 2-15 alkenylene linker. More suitably, Y is a bond or a C 1-12 , CM O , CI- 8, C1-6, C1-4, C1-3 or C1-2 alkylene linker or a C2-12, C2-10, C2-8, C2-6, C2-4, C2-3 or C2 alkenylene linker and is unsubstituted or substituted with an OH group.
• Y is bond, or a C 1-3 alkylene or C 2-3 alkenylene linker group.
• Y is C 1-3 alkylene or C 2-3 alkenylene.
• Y is bond, or a C 1-3 alkylene linker group. Still more suitably, Y is a C 1-3 alkylene linker group.
• R 3 is C(0)OR 12 , C(0)NR 12 R 13 , S(0) 2 R 12 , 0S(0) 2 R 12 , S(0) 2 0R 12 , 0S(0) 2 0R 12 , S(0) 2 NR 12 R 13 , C(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 , NHC(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 , 0P(0)(0R 12 ) 2 , C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 or
• R 3 is more suitably C(0)OR 12 , 0S(0) 2 R 12 , 0S(0) 2 0R 12 , S(0) 2 NR 12 R 13 , C(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 , NR 12 C(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 or C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 ; wherein R 12 , R 13 , R 15 , n and R 16 are as defined above.
• R 3 is C(0)OR 12 , C(0)NR 12 CH(R 14 )C(0)0H or C(0)NR 12 CH(R 15 )CH(R 15 )S(0) 2 0H, wherein R 12 and R 14 are as defined above and R 15 is H or Ci-e alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo or aryl groups.
• R 3 is C(0)OR 12 , (C(0)N(R 12 )(R 13 ) or
• R 12 is suitably H, Ci-e alkyl which may be unsubstituted or substituted as described above, more suitably H, benzyl or C1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with R 16 or N(R 10 )(R 11 ), especially H or methyl or ethyl optionally substituted with R 16 or N(R 10 )(R 11 ).
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 , NHC(0)NR 12 S(0) 2 R 13 , C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 or C(0)NR 12 C(0)CH 2 NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 , R 12 is more suitably H, methyl or ethyl, especially H or methyl.
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 R 13 or S(0) 2 NR 12 R 13
• R 16 when present, is more suitably is C(0)0H, S(0) 2 0H, S(0) 2 (Ci- 6 alkyl) or 0S(0) 2 0H, especially C(0)0H or S(0) 2 0H.
• the compound of general formula (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) or (ID) may be in salt form.
• Suitable salts are as discussed above but metal salts are particularly suitable, for example sodium and potassium salts, especially sodium salts.
• R 3 is C(0)0R 12 , C(0)NR 12 R 13 or C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 , wherein:
• each R 12 is independently H or Ci-e alkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, OR 10 , NR 10 R 11 , R 16 and aryl;
• each R 10 and R 11 is independently H or Ci-e alkyl; or when R 3 is C(0)NR 12 R 13 :
• each R 12 is H or Ci-e alkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, OR 10 and NR 10 R 11 ;
• each R 10 and R 11 is independently H or Ci-e alkyl
• R 13 is a 1 , 1-tetrahydrothiopyran dioxide or a 1 , 1-tetrahydrothiophene dioxide; or
• R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- or 6- membered ring containing an SO2 moiety or substituted with C(0)0H; or when R 3 is C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 , R 12 is H or methyl, R 15 is H and either
• R 16 is C(0)0H and n is 1 ;
• R 16 is S(0) 2 0H, S(0) 2 (CI- 6 alkyl) or 0S(0) 2 0H; and n is 2 or 3.
• R 3 is C(0)0R 12 .
• R 12 is H or methyl or ethyl optionally substituted with R 16 , and more suitably R 12 is H, CH2R 16 or -CH2CH2R 16 where R 16 is as defined above but is especially S(0) 2 0H. Still more suitably, R 12 is H.
• Particularly suitable compounds of this type are those in which R 3 is C(0)OH and salts thereof as discussed above, for example metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, especially sodium salts.
• R 3 is C(0)OR 12 and R 12 is H or Ci- 6 alkyl (e.g. methyl or ethyl) substituted by R 16 wherein R 16 is C(0)OH, S(0) 2 0H, 0S(0) 2 0H or P(0)(OH) 2
• the compound may be in salt form.
• Suitable salts are as discussed above but metal salts are particularly suitable, for example sodium and potassium salts, especially sodium salts.
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 and salts thereof as discussed above, for example metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, especially sodium salts.
• R 12 is more suitably H, methyl or methyl substituted with R 16 , for example -CH 2 C(0)OH.
• R 12 is H; in other compounds of this type, R 12 is methyl; in still other compounds of this type, R 12 is -CH2R 16 .
• R 15 is suitably H and n is suitably 1 such that R 3 is C(0)N(CH 2 R 16 ) 2 and the two R 16 groups may be the same or different but are more suitably the same and are, for example C(0)OH.
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 , it may be a group C(0)NR 12 CH(R 14 )C(0)0H or a group C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 , where R 12 is H or C1-6 alkyl, more suitably H or C1-3 alkyl, especially H or methyl; n is 2 or 3; each R 15 is H or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo or aryl groups, more suitably H or C1-6 alkyl and still more suitably H; and R 16 is S(0) 2 0H, S(0) 2 (CI- 6 alkyl) or OS(0) 2 OH, especially S(0) 2 OH, S(0) 2 (methyl) or 0S(0) 2 0H, especially S(0) 2 OH.
• R 14 is especially the side chain of an amino acid selected from glycine, alanine, valine, leucine or isoleucine, i.e. R 14 is H, CH3, CH(CH3)2 or CH(CH 3 )(C 2 H 5 ). More suitably, R 14 is H. Particularly suitable R 12 moieties are as defined above.
• R 12 is H and R 14 is H, R 3 is a glycine conjugate; and when R 12 is methyl and R 14 is H, R 3 is an /V-methyl glycine conjugate. More suitably, R 12 is H and R 3 is a glycine conjugate.
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 , it may be a group C(0)NR 12 CH(R 15 )CH(R 15 )S(0) 2 0H, wherein R 14 is a side chain of an amino acid and R 15 is H or C1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo or aryl groups.
• the compound may be in the form of a salt as discussed above, for example metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, especially sodium salts.
• each R 15 is suitably H or Ci- 6 alkyl. More suitably, both R 15 moieties are H. Particularly suitable R 12 moieties are as defined above but in particularly suitable compounds, R 12 is H or methyl. When R 12 is H and both R 15 moieties are H, R 3 is a taurine conjugate. When R 12 is methyl and both R 15 moieties are H, R 3 is an /V-methyl taurine conjugate.
• each R 15 is independently H or C 1-4 alkyl optionally substituted as set out above. More suitably, R 15 is H or unsubstituted C 1-4 alkyl, still more suitably H, methyl or ethyl and especially H.
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 and n is 2 or 3
• two R 15 groups may combine with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, and optionally with an intervening carbon atom where present, to form a carbocyclic ring as set out above. More suitably, the two R 15 groups are on adjacent carbon atoms.
• the carbocyclic ring thus formed is suitably a 5- to 7 membered ring, for example a 6-membered ring.
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 R 13 .
• R 12 is H or C 1-4 alkyl optionally substituted with one or more substituents, for example a single substituent, selected from R 16 and NR 10 R 11 , wherein R 16 , R 10 and R 11 are as defined above.
• R 10 and R 11 may be the same or different and are more suitably selected from H and C 1-4 alkyl, especially C 1-3 alkyl. More suitable R 16 groups are as defined above.
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 R 13
• R 12 is H or C 1-3 alkyl substituted with a single R 16 substituent.
• R 16 groups are as defined above and the compound may be present in the form of a salt as discussed above, for example a metal salt such as a sodium or potassium salt, especially a sodium salt.
• the heterocyclyl group is a 5- or 6-membered sulfur containing group such as tetrahydrothiophene and tetrahydrothiopyran, or oxides thereof, such as 1 , 1- dioxotetrahydrothiophine and 1 , 1-dioxotetrahydropyran.
• each R 12 is H or Ci-e alkyl optionally substituted by one or more substituents selected from halo, OR 10 and NR 10 R 11 ; each R 10 and R 11 is independently H or Ci-e alkyl; and
• R 13 is a 1 , 1 -tetrahydrothiopyran dioxide or a 1 , 1 -tetrahydrothiophene dioxide; or
• R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5- or 6- membered ring containing an SO2 moiety or substituted with C(0)0H.
• R 12 is more suitably H and and R 13 is a 1 , 1 -tetrahydrothiopyran dioxide ring.
• R 12 and R 13 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 6-membered ring containing an SO2 moiety, especially a thiomorpholine dioxide ring, or piperidine substituted with C(0)0H.
• R 3 groups include C(0)0H, C(0)NHCH 2 C(0)0H,
• the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: 2b-fluorochenodeoxycholic acid (Compound 1);
• salts thereof are pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (where appropriate), especially metal salts, such as sodium or potassium salts, particularly sodium salts or (for Compound 18) the disodium salt.
• Y and R 3 are as defined for general formula (I);
• R 12a is Ci-e alkyl optionally substituted by one or more halo or aryl groups; and
• R 21 is an OH protecting group which is acid labile;
• Suitable acid labile protecting groups R 21 include alkyl ethers, for example methoxymethyl.
• Compounds of general formula (II) may be formed as a mixture of isomers of general formulae (MB) and (IIC): wherein Y and R 3 are as defined for general formula (I) and R 12a and R 21 are as defined for general formula (II);
• Suitable reducing agents forthe reduction of the compounds of general formula (III) include hydrides, for example sodium borohydride.
• the reduction may be carried out in an organic solvent such as tetrahydrofuran at a temperature of about 15 to 25 °C, suitably at room temperature.
• Suitable protecting groups R 22 include silyl protecting groups Si(R 23 )3, wherein each R 23 is independently Ci-e alkyl or phenyl.
• R 22 groups include trimethylsilyl (TMS), triethylsilyl (TES), triphenylsilyl (TPS), tri-isopropylsilyl (TIPS), thexyldimethylsilyl (TDS), te/f-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS), tert- butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS or TBS), di-te/f-butylmethylsilyl (DTBMS), diethylisopropylsilyl (DEIPS) and dimethylisopropylsilyl (DMIPS), in particular TMS, TES, TIPS, TBDMS and TBDPS.
• TMS trimethylsilyl
• TES triethylsilyl
• TPS triphenylsilyl
• TIPS tri-isopropylsilyl
• TDS thexyldimethylsilyl
• TDPS te/f-butyldiphenylsily
• each R 23 is independently as defined above and R 24 is a leaving group such as trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate), toluene sulfonyl (tosyl) or methane sulfonyl (mesyl).
• triflate trifluoromethanesulfonate
• tosyl toluene sulfonyl
• methane sulfonyl methane sulfonyl
• the reaction is suitably carried out under basic conditions, for example in the presence of a weak base such as triethylamine at a temperature of about 15 to 25 °C, suitably at room temperature.
• a weak base such as triethylamine
• Compounds of general formula (V) may be prepared from chenodeoxycholic acid by esterification of the carboxylic acid by reaction with an alcohol R 12a OH, for example as described in General Procedure A below, followed by protection of the 7-OH group, by reaction with a compound of general formula (VII):
• R 21 is as defined for general formula (II) and X is a leaving group, typically halo, for example chloro; for example as described in General Procedure K below. This may be followed by oxidation of the 3-OH group as described in General Procedure M below.
• the reduction is carried out using a hydride, for example sodium borohydride, in the presence of cerium (III) chloride.
• a hydride for example sodium borohydride
• cerium (III) chloride is suitably carried out at a temperature of about 15 to 25 °C, suitably at room temperature.
• the product obtained is a mixture of compounds of general formula (IA) and general formula (IC), which can be separated by conventional methods, for example by chromatography.
• the compound of general formula (XI la) may also be used to prepare compounds of general formulae (IB) and (ID) in which R 2 is F and R 3 is C(0)0R 12a .
• the compound of general formula (Xlla) may be reacted with a carboxylic acid of general formula (XIII):
• the compound of general formula (XIV) may be hydrolysed using a mild base such as potassium carbonate to give a compound of general formula (Xllb):
• the reaction is conducted in a dry organic solvent such as dichloromethane (DCM).
• a dry organic solvent such as dichloromethane (DCM).
• a compound of general formula (XIV) may be prepared by epoxidation of a compound of general formula (XV):
• a suitable oxidising agent is mefa-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) and the reaction maybe carried out in an organic solvent such as DCM and at a temperature of about 15 to 25 °C, suitably at room temperature.
• mCPBA mefa-chloroperbenzoic acid
• a compound of general formula (XV) may be prepared from a compound of general formula (XVI):
• Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride is an example of a suitably activated leaving group, which may be used in combination with a base such as dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP).
• DMAP dimethylaminopyridine
• the reaction may be carried out at a temperature of about 5 to 20 °C, suitably 10 to 15 °C.
• Compounds of general formula (XVI) may be prepared from 7-ketolithocholic acid by esterification as described in General Procedure A below. 7-ketolithocholic acid is commercially available.
• the compound of general formula (IA) may be oxidised to give a compound of general formula (XXII):
• Suitable oxidising agents for this process include Dess-Martin periodinane and the reaction conditions for this are as described below in General Procedure M.
• the diketone of general formula (XXII) may then be reduced to give a mixture of Compounds of general formulae (IB) and (ID).
• Suitable reducing agents for this process include a hydride, for example sodium borohydride, in the presence of cerium (III) chloride as described in General Procedure B below.
• the compounds of general formulae (IB) and (ID) may be separated by conventional methods, for example chromatographic methods.
• Suitable fluorinating agents for this reaction include A/,/ ⁇ /-diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST). Reaction with DAST may take place in an organic solvent, for example dichloromethane at a temperature of about 15 to 25 °C, typically at room temperature.
• DAST A/,/ ⁇ /-diethylaminosulfur trifluoride
• Suitable oxidising agents include Dess-Martin periodinane as described in General Procedure M below.
• Y is as defined for general formula (I); R 12a and R 21 are as defined for general formula (II); and R 26 is a base labile protecting group;
• protecting groups R 26 include acyl groups R 25 C(0)-, wherein R 25 is as defined above for general formula (XIII).
• the reaction of the compound of general formula (XXV) with the compound of general formula (VII) may be carried out using the method of General Procedure K below.
• the protecting group R 26 may be removed by a base such as an alkoxide, for example a sodium or potassium alkoxide, typically a sodium alkoxide for example sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide.
• a base such as an alkoxide, for example a sodium or potassium alkoxide, typically a sodium alkoxide for example sodium methoxide or sodium ethoxide.
• the deprotection is carried out in an alcoholic solvent such as methanol or ethanol at a temperature of about 15 to 25°C, typically at room temperature.
• the compound of general formula (XXV) may be prepared from a compound of general formula (XXVI):
• R 26 is as defined above for general formula (XXV).
• a suitable oxidising agent is mefa-chloroperbenzoic acid (m-CPBA) and the reaction maybe carried out in an organic solvent such as DCM and at a temperature of about 15 to 25 °C, suitably at room temperature.
• the reaction results in the production of an inseparable mixture of a D2b,3b-broc ⁇ b (XXVIa) and a D3b,4b-broc ⁇ b.
• XXVII compound of general formula
• XXVIa reacts to give the required product.
• the compound of formula (XXVII) is a compound of general formula (XIII) as defined above. Reaction of the compound of general formula (XXVIa) with a compound of general formula (XIII) may take place at elevated temperature, for example about 40 to 60°C, typically at about 50°C.
• a compound of general formula (XXVI) may be prepared from a compound of general formula (XXVIII):
• Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride is an example of a suitably activated leaving group, which may be used in combination with a base such as lutidine.
• the reaction may be carried out at a temperature of about 5 to 20 °C, suitably 10 to 15°C.
• a compound of general formula (XXVIII) may be prepared from a compound of general formula (XXIX):
• Y is as defined for general formula (I); R 12a and R 21 are as defined for general formula (II); and R 26 is as defined for general formula (XXV);
• the compound of general formula (XXVII) is a carboxylic acid of general formula (XIII) such that R 26 is an acyl group of formula R 25 C(0)-.
• the reaction may take place in an alcoholic solvent such as methanol or ethanol at a temperature of about 15 to 25°C, typically at room temperature.
• an alcoholic solvent such as methanol or ethanol at a temperature of about 15 to 25°C, typically at room temperature.
• a compound of general formula (XXIX) may be prepared from a compound of general formula (XXX):
• a compound of general formula (XXX) may be prepared from a compound of general formula (XXXI):
• R 12a is as defined for general formula (II);
• the reagent of general formula (XXXIII) is a carboxylic anhydride.
• the compound of general formula (XXXI) is an ester of UDCA, which may be prepared from UDCA by reaction with an alcohol R 12a OH, for example as described in General Procedure A.
• R 3 is C(0)OH
• the hydrolysis may be acid or base hydrolysis.
• Base hydrolysis is often more suitable and may be conducted, for example, using an alkali metal hydroxide such as lithium, sodium or potassium hydroxide, more usually lithium hydroxide. Base hydrolysis is described in General Procedure C below.
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 R 13
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 R 13
• R 12 and R 13 are as defined above for general formula (I); in a suitable solvent with heating.
• the reaction is carried out in the presence of a coupling reagent and under basic conditions, for example in the presence of an amine such as diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or triethylamine (TEA) and in an organic solvent such as DMF as described in General Procedure Q below.
• DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
• TEA triethylamine
• Suitable coupling reagents include known peptide coupling agents such as O- (Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU), O- (Benzotriazol-1-yl)- N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TBTU), 0-(7- Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU), 0-(7- Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)- N,N,N’,N’-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (TATU), (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP), (Benzotriazol-l-yloxy)tripyrrol
• Amines of formula H-NR 12 R 13 are known and are readily available or may be prepared by methods known to those of skill in the art.
• R 3 is C(0)NR 12 [CH(R 15 )] n R 16 may be prepared from compounds of general formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) and (ID) in which R 3 is C(0)OH by reaction with a compound of general formula (XL):
• R 12 , R 15 , n and R 16 are as defined above;
• a coupling reagent in the presence of a coupling reagent and under basic conditions, for example in the presence of an amine such as diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or triethylamine (TEA) and in an organic solvent such as DMF as described in General Procedure Q below.
• DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
• TEA triethylamine
• Suitable coupling agents are as described above.
• compounds of general formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) and (ID) in which R 3 is C(0)NR 12 CH(R 14 )C(0)0H may be prepared from compounds of general formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) and (ID) in which R 3 is C(0)OH by reaction with an amino acid of general formula (XLI):
• R 12 and R 14 are as defined above;
• a coupling reagent in the presence of a coupling reagent and under basic conditions, for example in the presence of an amine such as diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or triethylamine (TEA) and in an organic solvent such as DMF as described in General Procedure Q below.
• DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
• TEA triethylamine
• Suitable coupling agents are as described above, with HATU being particularly suitable.
• R 12 is H or methyl and R 14 is H.
• compounds of general formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) and (ID) in which R 3 is C(0)NR 12 CH(R 15 )CH(R 15 )S(0) 2 0H may be prepared from compounds of general formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) and (ID) in which R 3 is C(0)OH by reaction with a compound of general formula (XLII):
• R 12 and R 15 are as defined above;
• a coupling reagent in the presence of a coupling reagent and under basic conditions, for example in the presence of an amine such as diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or triethylamine (TEA) and in an organic solvent such as DMF as described in General Procedure Q below.
• DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
• TEA triethylamine
• organic solvent such as DMF as described in General Procedure Q below.
• Suitable coupling agents are as described above, with HATU and isobutyl chloroformate being particularly suitable.
• R 12 is H or methyl and each R 15 is H.
• Amino acids of general formula (XLI) and taurine and its derivatives of general formula (XLII) are well known and are readily available or may be synthesised by methods known in the art.
• R 12 and R 13 are as defined above, in the presence of a coupling reagent and under basic conditions, for example in the presence of an amine such as diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or triethylamine (TEA) and in an organic solvent such as DMF as described in General Procedure Q below.
• a coupling reagent for example in the presence of an amine such as diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or triethylamine (TEA) and in an organic solvent such as DMF as described in General Procedure Q below.
• DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
• TSA triethylamine
• organic solvent such as described in General Procedure Q below.
• Suitable coupling agents are as described above, with 1- ethyl-3(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDCI) being particularly suitable.
• R 3 is S(0) 2 0R 12
• compounds of general formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) and (ID) in which R 3 is S(0) 2 0R 12 may be synthesised from compounds of general formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) and (ID) in which R 3 is C(0)0H.
• the compound in which R 3 is C(0)0H may first be reacted with a Ci-e alkanoyl or benzoyl chloride or with a Ci-e alkanoic anhydride to protect any OH groups.
• the protected compound may then be reacted with a reducing agent such as a hydride, suitably lithium aluminium hydride or sodium borohydride in order to reduce the carboxylic acid group to OH.
• a reducing agent such as a hydride, suitably lithium aluminium hydride or sodium borohydride
• the alcohol group may be replaced by a halogen, for example bromine or iodine, for example using the triphenyl phosphine/imidazole/halogen method described by Classon et ai, J. Org. Chem., 1988, 53, 6126-6130 (incorporated herein by reference).
• the halogenated compound may then be reacted with sodium sulphite in an alcoholic solvent to give a compound with a SO 3 Na + substituent.
• Compounds of general formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) and (ID) in which R 3 is 0S(0) 2 0R 12 can be obtained by protecting the OH groups of a compound of general formulae (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) or (ID) in which R 3 is C(0)0R 12 using any suitable protecting group; reducing the carboxylic acid or ester to obtain an alcohol and reacting this with chlorosulfonic acid in the presence of a base such as triethylamine to yield the protected triethylamine salt of the compound in which R 3 is is 0S(0) 2 0R 12 .
• the protecting groups can be removed using base hydrolysis.
• Reaction of the alcohol with a sulfonyl chloride yields a compound of general formula (I), (IA), (IB), (IC) or (ID) in which R 3 is 0S(0) 2 R 12 .
• the compounds of the invention are able to restore mitochondrial function and can cross the blood brain barrier. They are therefore of use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies), Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease).
• Parkinson’s disease mild cognitive impairment
• dementia including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies
• Huntington’s disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease).
• the compounds of the invention are surprisingly active when compared with bile acids with slightly different substitutions on the A and B rings.
• the invention also provides the use of a compound of general formula (I) in the preparation of an agent for the treatment or prevention of a neurodegenerative disorder.
• the invention further provides a method for the treatment or prevention of a neurodegenerative disorder, the method comprising administering to a patient in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of general formula (I).
• neurodegenerative disorders include Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies), Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (motor neurone disease), progressive supranuclear palsy and Wilson’s disease.
• Disorders which are particularly suitable for treatment with the compounds of the present invention include Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment, dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies), Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and especially Parkinson’s disease, mild cognitive impairment and dementia (including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies).
• Compounds of general formula (I A) and (ID) are particularly effective in the treatment or prevention of Parkinson’s disease, especially compounds of general formula (IA) and (ID) in which both R 1 and R 2 are F.
• Examples of particularly suitable compounds for use in treating Parkinson’s disease include the compound of general formula (IA) which is 2,2-difluoro ⁇ -dihydroxy ⁇ - cholanic acid (Compound 7) and the compound of general formula (ID) which is 2,2- difluoro-3a ⁇ -dihydroxy ⁇ -cholanic acid (Compound 9). 2,2-Difluoro ⁇ -dihydroxy- db-o ⁇ io ⁇ qh ⁇ o acid (Compound 7) is particularly suitable.
• Compounds of general formula (IB) are particularly effective in the treatment or prevention of dementia, for example Alzheimer’s disease. This is especially the case for compounds of general formula (IB) in which both R 1 and R 2 are F.
• the compound of general formula (IB) is 2,2-difluoro-3a,7a-dihydroxy ⁇ -cholanic acid (Compound 8).
• the compounds of general formula (I) will generally be administered as part of a pharmaceutical composition.
• a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of general formula (I) and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
• composition may be formulated for administration by any route, for example parenteral, including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intradermal; or oral, rectal, nasal, topical (including eye drops, topical administration to the lung, buccal and sublingual) or vaginal administration. More suitably, the composition is formulated for parenteral administration or for topical administration to the lung (by inhalation).
• parenteral including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous or intradermal
• oral rectal, nasal, topical (including eye drops, topical administration to the lung, buccal and sublingual) or vaginal administration. More suitably, the composition is formulated for parenteral administration or for topical administration to the lung (by inhalation).
• the composition may be prepared by bringing into association the above defined active agent with the carrier.
• the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association the active agent with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both, and then if necessary shaping the product.
• the invention extends to methods for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising bringing a compound of general formula (I) in conjunction or association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or vehicle.
• Formulations for oral administration in the present invention may be presented as: discrete units such as capsules, sachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active agent; as a powder or granules; as a solution or a suspension of the active agent in an aqueous liquid or a non-aqueous liquid; or as an oil-in-water liquid emulsion or a water in oil liquid emulsion; or as a bolus etc.
• compositions may be formulated for delayed, slow or controlled release of the compound of general formula (I).
• the term“acceptable carrier” includes vehicles such as common excipients e.g. binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, polyvinylpyrrolidone (Povidone), methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, sucrose and starch; fillers and carriers, for example corn starch, gelatin, lactose, sucrose, microcrystalline cellulose, kaolin, mannitol, dicalcium phosphate, sodium chloride and alginic acid; and lubricants such as magnesium stearate, sodium stearate and other metallic stearates, glycerol stearate, stearic acid, silicone fluid, talc waxes, oils and colloidal silica.
• Flavouring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, cherry flavouring and the like can also be used. It may be desirable
• a tablet may be made by compression or moulding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
• Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing in a suitable machine the active agent in a free flowing form such as a powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, surface-active or dispersing agent.
• Moulded tablets may be made by moulding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
• the tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active agent.
• compositions suitable for oral administration include lozenges comprising the active agent in a flavoured base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the active agent in an inert base such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the active agent in a suitable liquid carrier.
• compounds of general formula (I) may be made up into a cream, ointment, jelly, solution or suspension etc.
• Cream or ointment formulations that may be used for the drug are conventional formulations well known in the art, for example, as described in standard text books of pharmaceutics such as the British Pharmacopoeia.
• Aerosol formulations typically comprise the active ingredient suspended or dissolved in a suitable aerosol propellant, such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC).
• a suitable aerosol propellant such as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC).
• CFC propellants include trichloromonofluoromethane (propellant 1 1), dichlorotetrafluoromethane (propellant 1 14), and dichlorodifluoromethane (propellant 12).
• Suitable HFC propellants include tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134a) and heptafluoropropane (HFC-227).
• the propellant typically comprises 40%-99.5% e.g.
• the formulation may comprise excipients including cosolvents (e.g. ethanol) and surfactants (e.g. lecithin, sorbitan trioleate and the like).
• cosolvents e.g. ethanol
• surfactants e.g. lecithin, sorbitan trioleate and the like.
• Other possible excipients include polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, glycerine and the like.
• Aerosol formulations are packaged in canisters and a suitable dose is delivered by means of a metering valve (e.g. as supplied by Bespak, Valois or 3M or alternatively by Aptar, Coster or Vari).
• Topical administration to the lung may also be achieved by use of a non-pressurised formulation such as an aqueous solution or suspension.
• a non-pressurised formulation such as an aqueous solution or suspension.
• the formulation may comprise excipients such as water, buffers, tonicity adjusting agents, pH adjusting agents, surfactants and co-solvents.
• Suspension liquid and aerosol formulations (whether pressurised or unpressurised) will typically contain the compound of the invention in finely divided form, for example with a D50 of 0.5- 10 pm e.g. around 1-5 pm. Particle size distributions may be represented using D10, D50 and Dgo values.
• the D50 median value of particle size distributions is defined as the particle size in microns that divides the distribution in half.
• the measurement derived from laser diffraction is more accurately described as a volume distribution, and consequently the D50 value obtained using this procedure is more meaningfully referred to as a Dvso value (median for a volume distribution).
• Dv values refer to particle size distributions measured using laser diffraction.
• D10 and Dgo values used in the context of laser diffraction, are taken to mean Dvio and Dvgo values and refer to the particle size whereby 10% of the distribution lies below the D10 value, and 90% of the distribution lies below the Dgo value, respectively.
• Topical administration to the lung may also be achieved by use of a dry-powder formulation.
• a dry powder formulation will contain the compound of the disclosure in finely divided form, typically with a mass mean diameter (MMAD) of 1-10 pm or a D50 of 0.5-10 pm e.g. around 1-5 pm.
• Powders of the compound of the invention in finely divided form may be prepared by a micronization process or similar size reduction process. Micronization may be performed using a jet mill such as those manufactured by Hosokawa Alpine. The resultant particle size distribution may be measured using laser diffraction (e.g. with a Malvern Mastersizer 2000S instrument).
• the formulation will typically contain a topically acceptable diluent such as lactose, glucose or mannitol (preferably lactose), usually of comparatively large particle size e.g. a mass mean diameter (MMAD) of 50 pm or more, e.g. 100 pm or more or a D50 of 40-150 pm.
• a topically acceptable diluent such as lactose, glucose or mannitol (preferably lactose)
• MMAD mass mean diameter
• lactose refers to a lactose-containing component, including a-lactose monohydrate, b-lactose monohydrate, a-lactose anhydrous, b-lactose anhydrous and amorphous lactose.
• Lactose components may be processed by micronization, sieving, milling, compression, agglomeration or spray drying.
• lactose in various forms are also encompassed, for example Lactohale ® (inhalation grade lactose; DFE Pharma), lnhaLac ® 70 (sieved lactose for dry powder inhaler; Meggle), Pharmatose ® (DFE Pharma) and Respitose ® (sieved inhalation grade lactose; DFE Pharma) products.
• the lactose component is selected from the group consisting of a-lactose monohydrate, a-lactose anhydrous and amorphous lactose.
• the lactose is a- lactose monohydrate.
• Dry powder formulations may also contain other excipients.
• a dry powder formulation according the present disclosure comprises magnesium or calcium stearate.
• Such formulations may have superior chemical and/or physical stability especially when such formulations also contain lactose.
• a dry powder formulation is typically delivered using a dry powder inhaler (DPI) device.
• DPI dry powder inhaler
• Example dry powder delivery systems include SPINHALER®, DISKHALER®, TURBOHALER®, DISKUS®, SKYEHALER®, ACCUHALER® and CLICKHALER®.
• dry powder delivery systems include ECLIPSE, NEXT, ROTAHALER, HANDIHALER, AEROLISER, CYCLOHALER, BREEZHALER/NEOHALER, MONODOSE, FLOWCAPS, TWINCAPS, X-CAPS, TURBOSPIN, ELPENHALER, MIATHALER, TWISTHALER, NOVOLIZER, PRESSAIR, ELLIPTA, ORIEL dry powder inhaler, MICRODOSE, PULVINAL, EASYHALER, ULTRAHALER, TAIFUN, PULMOJET, OMNIHALER, GYROHALER, TAPER, CONIX, XCELOVAIR and PROHALER.
• a compound of general formula (I) is provided as a micronized dry powder formulation, for example comprising lactose of a suitable grade.
• composition comprising a compound of general formula (I) in particulate form in combination with particulate lactose, said composition optionally comprising magnesium stearate.
• a compound of general formula (I) is provided as a micronized dry powder formulation, comprising lactose of a suitable grade and magnesium stearate, filled into a device such as DISKUS.
• a device such as DISKUS.
• a device is a multidose device, for example the formulation is filled into blisters for use in a multi-unit dose device such as DISKUS.
• a compound of general formula (I) is provided as a micronized dry powder formulation, for example comprising lactose of a suitable grade, filled into hard shell capsules for use in a single dose device such as AEROLISER.
• a compound of general formula (I) is provided as a micronized dry powder formulation, comprising lactose of a suitable grade and magnesium stearate, filled into hard shell capsules for use in a single dose device such as AEROLISER.
• a compound of general formula (I) is provided as a fine powder for use in an inhalation dosage form wherein the powder is in fine particles with a D50 of 0.5- 10 pm e.g. around 1-5 pm, that have been produced by a size reduction process other than jet mill micronisation e.g. spray drying, spray freezing, microfluidisation, high pressure homogenisation, super critical fluid crystallisation, ultrasonic crystallisation or combinations of these methods thereof, or other suitable particle formation methods known in the art that are used to produce fine particles with an aerodynamic particle size of 0.5-10 pm.
• the resultant particle size distribution may be measured using laser diffraction (e.g. with a Malvern Mastersizer 2000S instrument).
• the particles may either comprise the compound alone or in combination with suitable other excipients that may aid the processing.
• the resultant fine particles may form the final formulation for delivery to humans or may optionally be further formulated with other suitable excipients to facilitate delivery in an acceptable dosage form.
• the compound of the invention may also be administered rectally, for example in the form of suppositories or enemas, which include aqueous or oily solutions as well as suspensions and emulsions and foams.
• suppositories can be prepared by mixing the active ingredient with a conventional suppository base such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
• the drug is mixed with a suitable non irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• suitable non irritating excipient is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug.
• Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.
• Parenteral formulations will generally be sterile.
• Compounds of general formula (I) may be used in combination with one or more other active agents which are useful in the treatment or prophylaxis of neurodegenerative disorders.
• a product comprising a compound of general formula (I) and an additional agent useful in the treatment or prevention of a neurodegenerative disorder as a combined preparation for simultaneous, sequential or separate use in the treatment or prevention of a neurodegenerative disorder as described above.
• Figure 1 shows data from fibroblast cell lines from controls and from 6 sporadic Parkinson’s disease (sPD) patients. Controls are compared with untreated sPD, fibroblasts, sPD fibroblasts incubated with UDCA and sPD fibroblasts incubated with Compound 7; Figure 1A: basal oxygen consumption; Figure 1 B: maximal respiratory rate; Figure 1C: ATP linked respiration.
• Figure 2 shows the extracellular acidification rate in fibroblast cell lines from controls and from 6 sporadic Parkinson’s disease (sPD) patients. Control fibroblasts are compared with untreated sPD, fibroblasts, sPD fibroblasts incubated with UDCA and sPD fibroblasts incubated with Compound 7.
• Figure 3 shows mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity in homogenate from a MTPT mouse which was either untreated or treated with Compound 7 at a dose of 4 mg/kg or 12 mg/kg
• Figure 4 shows a comparison of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity in left striatum mouse brain homogenate from a mouse which is treated with vehicle, with vehicle + 12mg Compound 7, with MPTP or with MTPT plus 1mg, 4mg or 12mg Compound 7.
• the methyl ester (1.0 equiv.) was dissolved in THF ( ⁇ 20 volumes) and added LiOH (2M in H 2 O.10 equiv.). After stirring at room temperature until complete, the reaction mixture was reduced in vacuo , the resulting residue was acidified with 2M HCI and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (x2). The combined organic phases were then washed with water and brine before drying over Na2S04 and reducing in vacuo to afford the free acid.
• the acetate/benzoate protected bile acid (3.1 g, 6.12 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in dry MeOH ( ⁇ 10 volumes) before the addition of 25% NaOMe in MeOH ( ⁇ 6 volumes) and the RM stirred at RT. On completion the reaction was acidified to pH 4-5 with 2M HCI and diluted with H2O. The aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (x2), combined organics washed with NaHCOs, dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated to afford the deprotected material. Used without further purification.
• the MOM protected material (1.5 g, 1.76 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in MeOH ( ⁇ 30 volumes) and 2M HCI ( ⁇ 5.7 mL/mmol), then the mixture was warmed to 70 °C for 5 hr. Reaction mixture was cooled, and concentrated in vacuo , azeotroping to complete dryness (MeOH*3, CHCl3 x 1) to yield the desired material.
• reaction mixture was warmed to -20 °C, quenched with saturated NaHCC>3 solution and warmed to room temperature in 2 h.
• the organic layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (x3).
• the combined organic layer was washed with saturated NaHCC>3 solution, water, brine, dried over Na 2 SC>4, filtered and concentrated to afford the desired sily enol ether intermediate which was used for further reaction without any purification.
• the reaction was quenched with slow addition of sodium thiosulfate solution (300 ml_, 1.2 M, 350 mmol).
• the aqueous was extracted with EtOAc (2x300 ml_), which were combined and washed with brine (300 ml_) and water (300 ml_) before drying (Na 2 S0 4 ) and removing the solvent in vacuo.
• the resulting bright red thick oily crude (15 g) was purified using flash chromatography (PE/EtOAc : 80:20 65:35) to yield a white solid (6.5 g, 16.0 mmol, 66%).
• reaction mixture was quenched with water (25 ml_) and methanol (25 ml_) before separating the layers and extracting the aqueous with EtOAc (4x75 ml_) and washing the combined organics with brine (2x 150 ml_).
• the organic phase was then dried (Na 2 S0 4 ) and concentrated in vacuo to yield 3.8 g of crude material which was purified by flash chromatography (PE/EtOAc : 75:25) yielding a white solid (3.10 g, 6.9 mmol, 93%).
• Methyl 3a-hydroxyl-7-oxo-5p-cholanoate 60 g, 148 mmol, 1.0 equiv; synthesised from 7- ketolithocholic acid using procedure A
• DMAP 30 g, 122 mmol, 2.0 equiv
• Triflic anhydride 26.1 ml_, 156 mmol, 1.05 equiv
• the reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 2 hours, although there was no reaction progress. Reaction was then slowly warmed to 10-12 °C and progress monitored via TLC.
• the mixed fractions were re-purified (Petrol ether/EtOAc: 93:7 92:8 91 :9 80:10 88: 12 85:15 80:20) to yield the pure A3p,4p-epoxide (0.8 g) along with 80% pure A3p,4p-epoxide (2.15 g) and 60% pure D2,3- epoxide (1.30 g).
• methyl 2p,3p-epoxy-7-oxo-5p-cholanoate was isolated as a white crystalline solid ( ⁇ 2.3 g, 5.8 mmol, 1 1 %), along with methyl 3p,4p-epoxy-7-oxo-5p- cholanoate as a white solid ( ⁇ 4.5 g, 11.3 mmol, 22%)
• the mixture was re-purified via flash chromatography (PE/EtOAc : 60:40 50:50) to yield further pure methyl 2a-fluoro-3a,7a-dihydroxy-5p-cholanoate (total - 74 g, 0.17 mmol, 27%) and pure methyl 2a-fluoro-3a,7p-dihydroxy-5p-cholanoate (45 mg, 0.1 1 mmol, 17%), both as gummy solids.
• Methyl 3a,7p-dihydroxy-5p-cholanoate (30.0 g, 73.8 mmol, 1 equiv), acetic anhydride (35 ml_, 369 mmol, 1 equiv) and NaHCC>3 (37.2 g, 443 mmol, 6 equiv) were taken up in THF (600 ml_) and the reaction mixture was warmed to 85 °C overnight. Reaction mixture was cooled, filtered and the supernatant concentrated in vacuo to yield a crude residue. This was taken up in EtOAc and brine (300 ml_ each), the layers were then separated and the aqueous extracted with further EtOAc (2x200 ml_).
• Methyl 3a-hydroxy-7p-methoxymethoxyl-5p-cholanoate (75 g, 166 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in DCM (650 ml_) and cooled to 5 °C on ic, before the addition of lutidine (58 ml_ ⁇ 500 mmol, 3 equiv) and Tf ⁇ D (31 ml_, 183 mmol, 1.1 equiv). Reaction mixture warmed to 8-10 °C for 1 h however reaction incomplete, further lutidine (25 ml_) and Tf ⁇ D (15 ml_), and RM further warmed to 12-14 °C for a further 1.5 h. Reaction deemed complete by TLC analysis.
• Reaction mixture dry loaded onto silica, and purified via flash chromatography (pet ether/EtOAc : 98:2 97:3 95:5) to yield an inseparable mixture of methyl 7b- methoxymethoxyl-5p-chol-2-enoate and methyl 7p-methoxymethoxyl-5p-chol-3-enoate as a pale yellow gum (64.1 g, 148 mmol, 89%).
• reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo , then azeotroped (EtOAc*3, DCM* 1), before the crude was purified via flash chromatography (pet ether/EA : 85: 15 80:20 70:30 60:40 50:50) to yield methyl 2a-acetoxy-3p-hydroxy-7p-methoxymethoxyl-5p-cholanoate as a gummy solid (1 1.1 g, 21.9 mmol, 15% - 2 steps) and methyl 3p,4p-epoxy-7p-methoxymethoxyl- 5p-cholanoate as a gummy solid (40.5 g, 90 mmol, 62% - 2 steps).
• Methyl 2-oxo-3p,7p-dimethoxymethoxyl-5p-cholanoate (8.0 g, 15.7 mmol, 1 equiv) was dissolved in DCM (40 mL) before the addition of DAST (1004 mL, 78.6 mmol, 5 equiv) and the reaction mixture stirred at RT for 5 hr. Mixture was then diluted with DCM (100 mL) before adding dropwise to an ice-cold sat. aq. solution of NaHC0 3 (150 mL), then stirred for 20 mins.
• Fibroblasts were cultured in DM EM (Invitrogen) and routinely subcultured every 3-5 days using trypsin to dissociate them. Induced neural progenitor cells (iNPC’s) were generated as previously described (Meyer et al, “Direct conversion of patient fibroblasts demonstrates non-cell autonomous toxicity of astrocytes to motor neurons in familial and sporadic ALS” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2014).
• iNPC Induced neural progenitor cells
• iNPC iNPC
• iNPCs are plated in a 6-well plate and cultured for 2 days in DMEM/F-12 medium with GlutamaxTM supplemented with 1% NEAA, 2%B27 (Gibco) and 2.5mM of DAPT.
• DAPT is removed and the medium is supplemented with 1 mM smoothened agonist (SAG) and FGF8 (75ng/ml) for additional 10 days.
• SAG and FGF8 are withdrawn and replaced with BDNF (30 ng/ml), GDNF (30 ng/ml), TGF-b3 (2 mM) and dcAMP (2 mM, Sigma) for 15 days.
• C Immunofluorescence staining and ELISA
• Cells are plated into 96 well plates and fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 minutes. After PBS washes cells are permeabilised using 0.1 % TritonTM X-100 for 10 minutes and blocked using 5% goat serum for 1 hour. Cells are incubated with primary antibodies tyrosine hydroxylase (St John’s Laboratory); DAT (Abeam); Tuj (Millipore); Tom20 (BD Biosciences); activated caspase 3 (Cell Signaling); alpha synuclein (Cell Signaling); phosphorylated alpha synuclein (Millipore) at 4 °C for 16 hours.
• Cells are washed using PBS-Tween® and incubated with Alexa FluorTM-conjugated secondary antibodies 488 and 568 (Invitrogen) and Hoescht (Sigma) 1 mM prior to imaging. Imaging was performed using the Opera PhenixTM high content imaging system (Perkin Elmer).
• Dopamine ELISA is performed using Dopamine research ELISA kit (Labor Diagnostika Nord GmbH&Co. KG) as per manufacturers instructions. Dopamine release is obtained incubating the cells at 37°C using three different conditions at the same time per line. Medium is removed in all wells then the first well is incubated with HBSS with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ (Gibco by Life Technologies) for 30 minutes, the second well is incubated in HBSS with Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ for 15 minutes and then 56mM KCI (Fisher chemical) is added for another 15 minutes and the third well is incubated with HBSS without Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ (Gibco by Life Technologies) but with 2mM EDTA for 15min and then 56mM KCI is added for another 15 minutes.
• Dopamine research ELISA kit Labor Diagnostika Nord GmbH&Co. KG
• Dopamine release is obtained incubating the cells at 37°C using three different conditions at the same time per line. Medium is
• Fibroblasts were cultured and plated into a Griener black 384 pCIear® plate at 10000 cells per well in 50mI of media volume. The plates are left overnight in an incubator to allow the fibroblasts to adhere to the plate surface. The following morning the Glucose based medium is replaced with 25mI of Galactose based media. The plates were then dosed with the compounds using an ECHO® 550 liquid handling system. The wells were dosed to provide an 8-point concentration range of 0.06nM-300nM of compound. After dosing the wells are topped up with a further 25mI of Galactose based medium and then left in an incubator for 24 hours.
• the medium is removed from the wells and replaced with 25ul phenol free Minimal essential maximim with 100nM TMRM (Sigma) and 10mM Hoechst Stain (Sigma).
• the plate is returned to the incubator for another hour after which the stain medium is removed and replaced with 25ul Phenol free MEM.
• the plate is then imaged using an IN Cell high content microscope (GE Healthcare) with 10 fields of view per well in 2 channels, Cy3 excitation 542nm, emission 604-64nm; and the DAPI excitation 350nm, emission 450-55nm at 37 °C with CO2. After imaging the plate is disposed of and the images are Data mined using the INCell developer Toolkit (GE Healthcare).
• the ATP protocol is generally as described in Mortiboys et al,“Mitochondrial function and morphology are impaired in parkin-mutant fibroblasts”, Ann Neurol. 2008 Nov; 64(5):555- 65. Briefly, fibroblasts were cultured as and plated into white 384 well plates with 5000 cells per well in 50 pi of media volume. The plates are left overnight in an incubator to allow the fibroblasts to adhere to the plate surface. The following morning the Glucose based maximim is replaced with 25mI of Galactose based maximim. The compounds are added to the plates using a ECHO 550 liquid handling system. The wells were dosed to provide an 8-point concentration range of 0.06nM-300nM of compound.
• the wells are topped up with a further 25mI of Galactose based medium and then left in an incubator for 24 hours. Following this incubation the medium is removed from the plate and the wells are washed twice with sterile PBS.
• the wells are filled with 25mI of Sterile PBS followed by 12.5mI of Lysis solution from the ATPliteTM Luminescence ATP detection assay system (Perkin Elmer), including 16 cell free wells to use as blank controls.
• the plate is then placed on a rotary shaker for 5 mins at 700 rpm. Following the shaking 12.5mI of ATP substrate solution (Perkin Elmer) is added to each well and a further 5 min of shaking. The plate is then placed in darkness for 10 minutes prior to reading. Using a PHERAStar® plate reader, luminescence intensity is recorded. Following the ATP assay the plates are immediately assayed for DNA content in a CyQUANT® assay.
• CyQUANT® buffer is prepared immediately before the assay and is comprised of 1 ul CyQUANT® dye per ml x1 HBSS solution. 12.5 ul of CyQUANT® buffer is added to each well. Plate left in incubator for 1 hour then read on a PHERAStar® Plate reader with excitation at 497nm and emission at 520nm.
• Fibroblasts are plated into Seahorse 24 well plates with 50,000 ceils per well. Cells are left to attach for 2 days. Media is changed to Seahorse DM EM media with glucose and sodium pyruvate and left to equilibrate at 37 degrees normal air CO2 for 1 hour. The plate is entered into the Seahorse machine and run on a program of mix (2 minutes), wait (3 minutes) and measure (3 minutes). After three measurements of basal respiration and ECAR; 0.5mM oiigomycin is injected after which another three measurements are taken; then 0.5mM of FCCP is injected and three measurements taken and finally 1 mM rotenone is injected and three measurements taken.
• mice brain was homogenated in a buffer of 250 mM sucrose, 20 mM HEPES, 3 mM EDTA, pH 7.5 at 4°C. Homogenisation was carried out using a Dounce homogenizer, for cortex samples, and by repetitive passage through a 0.5mm syringe for isolated striatum. Samples were then incubated with 30mI of detergent from the AbCam colorimetric Complex I assay kit on ice for 20 minutes. Samples are then centrifuged at 13,000 rpm for 30 mins. Triplicate samples per condition were blocked using the kit blocking buffer on the AbCam colorimetric Complex I assay kit plate for 3 hours.
• TMRM tetramethlyrhodamine
• LysoTracker® Green Invitrogen
• Hoechst Stain solution Sigma
• Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation was assessed using mitochondrial NpFR2 (probe; a kind gift from Dr Liz New, University of Sydney, Australia) at 20mM and Hoechst stain solution at 1 mM for 30mins at 37 °C, then the dyes are removed and cells images using Opera PhenixTM. Images generated from the live imaging experiments were analysed using Harmony® (Perkin Elmer software). We developed protocols in order to segment nucleus, cell boundary and processes, mitochondria, lysosomes, autophagosomes. We only analysed the z projection images collected from the z stacks. Results
• the sPD patients have a mean reduction in MMP compared to controls of 18%; therefore increase of MMP from the vehicle treated sPD patient level of 118% would restore MMP to control levels.
• sPD fibroblasts have an average reduction of 24% of cellular ATP levels as compared to controls. Therefore a % of vehicle treated sPD fibroblasts of 124% is an increase to control ATP levels.
• the MMP and ATP assays described above along with a toxicity measure comprise the primary screen of the Compounds in primary patient fibroblasts.
• all information is taken into account including EC50 values indicating potency and % maximal responses for both assays; based upon the combined activity expert biologists take decisions for each compound.
• Oxygen Consumption data obtained from the seahorse assay for 6 sporadic PD patient fibroblast lines and 6 controls are shown in Figures 1A, 1 B and 1C, from which it can be seen that sPD fibroblasts show a significant reduction of basal mitochondrial respiration of 42% (*** p ⁇ 0.005), maximal respiration of 48% (* p ⁇ 0.05) and ATP linked respiration of 18% (* p ⁇ 0.05).
• This is not improved by treatment with UDCA however treatment with Compound 7 significantly improves all three mitochondrial parameters. Note both compounds are dosed at EC90 concentrations which is 100nM for UDCA, 50nM for Compound 7. Therefore it is clear Compound 7 provides a greater increase in mitochondrial function as measured by oxygen consumption and it provides this affect at a lower concentration.
• sPD fibroblasts have a significant reduction in ECAR (a proxy measure of glycolysis) by 44% as compared to controls (*** p ⁇ 0.005). As shown in Figure 2, this is not altered by treatment with UDCA but is significantly improved by treatment with Compound 7.
• the above data shows the mitochondrial protective effects of the compounds in primary fibroblasts from sPD patients however the cell type which is primarily affected in PD is the dopaminergic neuron.
• Table 5 shows the results for mitochondrial function and neuronal morphology measurements in iNeurons from sPD patients vs controls when untreated or when treated with either UDCA or Compound 7.
• Figure 3 shows that mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity is significantly increased in wild type mouse whole brain homogenate after dosing with Compound 7 4mg/kg and 12mg/kg in a dose dependent fashion. With a 4mg/kg dose, the increase is approximately 380% and with 12mg/kg dose, there is an increase in Complex I activity of approximately 800% compared to untreated controls (* p ⁇ 0.05).
• Figure 4 shows results for Complex 1 activity in left striatum mouse brain homogenate of mice dosed with:
• Treatment with Compound 7 alone causes an increase in complex I activity of approximately 30% over untreated controls (* p ⁇ 0.05).
• Treatment with MPTP causes a reduction in complex I activity of 50% compared with untreated controls (** p ⁇ 0.01) but treatment concurrently with 1 mg Compound 7 and MPTP prevents the MPTP induced loss of complex I activity and retains complex I at normal levels (** p ⁇ 0.01 as compared to MPTP treatment alone), with increased doses of Compound 7 concurrently with MPTP appears to prevent any loss of complex I activity by MPTP.
• Fibroblasts from both sAD and familial AD were tested using the same primary screening assay for total cellular ATP levels.
• sAD and PSEN1 patient fibroblasts have a reduction of 21 % as compared to controls.
• Data shown in the Table 6 below below is the mean increase in ATP levels after 24 hour treatment with compounds at 100nM concentration. As cells have an average decrease in ATP levels of 21 %, an increase by 21% restores to control levels, anything over 21% is increasing beyond control levels.

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