WO2020067301A1 - 不活化全粒子インフルエンザワクチン及びその調製法 - Google Patents
不活化全粒子インフルエンザワクチン及びその調製法 Download PDFInfo
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- C12N2760/16211—Influenzavirus B, i.e. influenza B virus
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine having high antibody-inducing ability and reduced pyrogenicity, and a method for preparing the same.
- Influenza virus belongs to the family Orthomyxoviridae, and is a virus classified into A, B, C and D types due to the difference in antigenicity of nucleoprotein and matrix protein present inside the virus. Type A and type B epidemics occur each year, and may become severe due to viral infection, particularly in children and the elderly. Influenza vaccination is known as a prophylactic method against influenza virus infection, and the influenza vaccine is a multivalent vaccine containing antigens of type A 2 strain and type B 1 or 2 strains.
- influenza vaccines were inactivated whole particle vaccines in which the vaccine strain was inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs, cultured, and the collected and purified virus was inactivated with formaldehyde to infectivity. Due to the problems of local reactions and side reactions such as fever (Non-patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 2), since 1972, split vaccines in which virus particles are cleaved by ether treatment to remove lipids in the envelope have been introduced to the market. It is in circulation. The split vaccine is a highly safe vaccine with reduced local and fever reactions, but has the problem of low antibody induction in children with a small history of influenza virus or vaccination and in elderly people with weakened immune function. Was.
- Patent Literature 1 discloses that virus-like particles obtained by immobilizing virus particles with aldehydes and the like and then defatting the same show higher immunogenicity (antibody induction) than the split vaccine and suppress the pyrogenic reaction. I have.
- McElhaney J.E. Meneilly G.S., Lechelt K.E., Beattie B.L., Bleackley R.C., Antibody response to whole-virus and split-virus influenza vaccines in successful ageing. 10-60.
- the present invention relates to providing an inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine in which the ability to induce antibodies is maintained or enhanced and side reactions are reduced.
- an inactivated whole particle vaccine prepared by concentrating and purifying an influenza virus suspension grown in embryonated chicken eggs contains components of extracellular vesicles derived from embryonated chicken eggs. I discovered that. Surprisingly, in the process of preparing the whole particle vaccine, the virus solution is exposed to a hypotonic solution to obtain an inactivated whole particle vaccine with a reduced content of extracellular vesicles. It was found that the antibody-inducing ability was high and the heat-generating activity was attenuated.
- the present invention relates to the following 1) to 6).
- 1) A method for preparing an inactivated whole-particle influenza vaccine using a developing chicken egg method comprising a step of subjecting a virus liquid containing all influenza virus particles collected from a developing chicken egg to hypotonic treatment.
- the hypotonic solution is an aqueous solution of 160 mOsm / kg or less, preferably 110 mOsm / kg or less.
- an inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine having high antibody-inducing ability and reduced pyrogenicity.
- An electron microscopic observation image of extracellular vesicle components obtained by collecting, purifying and concentrating the serum from uninfected growing chicken eggs.
- influenza vaccine means a vaccine containing at least an antigen of either influenza A virus or influenza B virus. That is, the influenza vaccine of the present invention may be a unit price vaccine containing only one of influenza A virus or influenza B virus, or a multivalent vaccine containing both of them.
- influenza virus refers to influenza A virus or influenza B virus, or both. Influenza viruses also include all currently known subtypes and those that will be isolated and identified in the future.
- the influenza virus strain used for preparing the vaccine of the present invention may be a strain isolated from an infected animal or a patient, or a recombinant virus established in cultured cells by genetic engineering.
- whole influenza virus particles means virus particles that retain the form of the virus obtained by culturing influenza virus, and “inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine” is inactivated. Refers to a vaccine comprising the virus particles.
- the method for preparing the inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine of the present invention is a preparation method using the embryonated chicken egg method, which includes a step of hypotonic treatment.
- the “developing chicken egg method” is a method of inoculating a hatched chicken egg with a virus strain and culturing the same, and then clarifying, concentrating, purifying and inactivating the virus suspension to obtain a virus liquid containing virus particles.
- the culture is performed by inoculating the embryonated hen eggs with the influenza virus strain, at 30 to 37 ° C. for about 1 to 7 days, and preferably at 33 to 35 ° C. for about 2 days.
- the virus suspension infected allantoic fluid
- the virus suspension is collected and centrifuged or filtered for clarification.
- ultrafiltration is performed for concentration.
- Virus purification can be performed using ultracentrifugation such as sucrose density gradient centrifugation or liquid chromatography.
- the purified virus solution is inactivated. Examples of the virus inactivation method include formalin treatment, ultraviolet irradiation, treatment with beta-propiolactone, binary ethyleneimine, and the like.
- the hypotonic treatment is performed at any time until the vaccine is obtained by clarifying, concentrating, purifying, and inactivating the influenza virus suspension cultured and collected in the embryonated chicken eggs.
- the “hypotonic treatment” includes exposing a virus solution containing all the influenza virus particles recovered from embryonated chicken eggs to the hypotonic solution after culturing. This allows the influenza virus having the envelope lining protein (M1 protein) to retain the particle shape, but extracellular vesicles (such as exosomes, microvesicles or apoptotic vesicles) derived from embryonated hen eggs without the lining protein expand their particles. It is thought to burst.
- M1 protein envelope lining protein
- hypotonic solution used here examples include an aqueous solution of 160 mOsm / kg or less, preferably 110 mOsm / kg or less, more preferably 32 mOsm / kg or less.
- the aqueous solution may contain additives such as a buffer, a dispersant, and a pH adjuster.
- Preferred hypotonic solutions include, for example, 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer, 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.5 w / w% sucrose, and 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.2 w / w% sucrose / 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. And the like.
- the means for exposing the virus solution to the hypotonic solution is not particularly limited.For example, replacing the buffer with the hypotonic solution in dialysis or ultrafiltration, or suspending the virus solution precipitated by centrifugation in the hypotonic solution. And the like.
- the hypotonic treatment can be performed before or after the clarification step, before or after the concentration step, before or after the purification step, or before or after the inactivation step. Preferably, before and after the inactivation step, more preferably after the inactivation step.
- the inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine of the present invention thus prepared has a reduced extracellular vesicle component derived from embryonated chicken eggs (Examples 1 and 2).
- the extracellular vesicle component is reduced means that when the vaccine prepared by the method of the present invention is compared with a vaccine similarly prepared without performing the hypotonic treatment, the extracellular vesicle component contained therein is reduced. It means that the content of the vesicle component is reduced, preferably 30% or more, more preferably 50% or more, more preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more.
- the proportion of extracellular vesicles to the number of virus particles is preferably 55% or less, more preferably 35% or less, and more preferably Means 25% or less, more preferably 20% or less.
- the antibody-inducing ability of the inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine of the present invention is higher than that of the split vaccine, and is equal to or higher than that of the inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine not exposed to hypotonic solution.
- the pyrogenicity is attenuated as compared to the inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine not exposed to hypotonic solution (Example 3-6).
- the concentration of all particles of influenza virus is preferably 2000 ⁇ g ⁇ HA / mL or less, more preferably 1200 ⁇ g HA / mL or less.
- the concentration can be measured by a one-way radiation immunodiffusion test described in Reference Example 2 below.
- the amount of antigen contained in the vaccine may be appropriately changed depending on the type of virus or the administration subject.
- the inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine of the present invention may further contain a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in addition to the influenza virus whole particles.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier include carriers commonly used for the production of vaccines, and specifically, buffers, emulsifiers, preservatives (eg, thimerosal), isotonic agents, pH adjusters, inactivating agents (eg, Formalin or beta-propiolactone), adjuvant (for example, aluminum hydroxide gel) and the like are exemplified.
- the dosage form of the inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine of the present invention may be, for example, a liquid, a lyophilized powder, a capsule, or a tablet.
- the administration route of the inactivated whole particle influenza vaccine of the present invention may be, for example, subcutaneous administration, intramuscular administration, intradermal administration, nasal administration, sublingual administration or oral administration.
- the method of administration may be a syringe, a microneedle, a syringe fitted with a microneedle, a transdermal patch, or a spray.
- REFERENCE EXAMPLE 1 Isolation of extracellular vesicles contained in the serum of uninfected eggs 72 chicks 11 days old were cooled at 4 ° C. for 1 hour or more, using a disposable injection needle and a syringe (manufactured by Terumo). The serum was collected from each embryonated chicken egg. The collected serum was pooled, and centrifuged at 4 ° C. and 300 ⁇ g for 10 minutes, and the obtained supernatant was further subjected to ultracentrifugation (manufactured by Hitachi Koki Co., Ltd.) at 4 ° C.
- Example 1 Preparation of inactivated whole particle vaccine of B / Victoria strain and hypotonic treatment
- B / Texas / 2/2013 strain was inoculated into the allantoic cavity of 12-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, and cultured for 2 days after culture for 2 days
- the liquid was collected.
- the collected serum was clarified by filter filtration, adsorbed on barium sulfate, and eluted with a 12% sodium citrate solution to recover influenza virus.
- the collected virus was further purified by substituting 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) by ultrafiltration, collecting the fraction containing influenza virus by sucrose density gradient centrifugation after buffer replacement.
- Beta propiolactone as an inactivating agent was added to the purified influenza virus to a final concentration of 0.05%, and the influenza virus infectivity was inactivated by a reaction at 4 ° C. for 24 hours. After this inactivation reaction, the buffer was replaced by 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) containing 1 w / w% sucrose by ultrafiltration (MWCO: 100,000), and this was inactivated. B15VT-19-S151028).
- the inactivated whole particle vaccine (B15VT-19-S151028) prepared as described above was replaced with 10 mM @ Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2, 17 mOsm / kg) by ultrafiltration (MWCO: 100,000). It was left still at 4 ° C. overnight (hypotonic treatment). After the hypotonic treatment, the buffer was replaced with 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) containing 1 w / w% sucrose by ultrafiltration (MWCO: 100,000), and the resulting solution was hypotonic-treated and inactivated. It was a whole particle vaccine (BV170729-10T).
- the inactivated whole particle vaccine and the hypotonically treated inactivated whole particle vaccine were observed and photographed by a transmission electron microscope (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) according to the method described above.
- a transmission electron microscope manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- the ratio of extracellular vesicles as gray particles to the number of virus particles as white particles is reduced (82% extracellular vesicles to virus). It can be seen that the percentage of extracellular vesicles in the whole particle virus in which the vesicles were present was reduced to 51% by the hypotonic treatment (FIG. 2B).
- Example 2 Preparation of inactivated whole particle vaccine of B / Yamagata strain and hypotonic treatment
- B / Phucket / 3073/2013 strain was inoculated into the allantoic cavity of a 12-day-old embryonated chicken egg and cultured for 2 days after culture.
- the liquid was collected.
- the collected serum was clarified by filter filtration, adsorbed on barium sulfate, and eluted with a 12% sodium citrate solution to recover influenza virus.
- the collected virus was further purified by substituting 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) by ultrafiltration, collecting the fraction containing influenza virus by sucrose density gradient centrifugation after buffer replacement.
- Beta propiolactone as an inactivating agent was added to the purified influenza virus to a final concentration of 0.05%, and the influenza virus infectivity was inactivated by a reaction at 4 ° C. for 24 hours. After this inactivation reaction, the buffer was replaced by 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) containing 1 w / w% sucrose by ultrafiltration (MWCO: 100,000), and this was inactivated. BYBPL170905).
- the inactivated whole particle vaccine (BYBPL170905) prepared as described above was replaced by a 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.2, 32 mOsm / kg) containing 0.5 w / w% sucrose by ultrafiltration (MWCO: 100,000). After the replacement, the mixture was allowed to stand at 4 ° C. overnight (hypotonic treatment). After the hypotonic treatment, the buffer was replaced with 1 w / w% sucrose-containing 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2) by ultrafiltration (MWCO: 300,000). The treated inactivated whole particle vaccine (HYPBY170913) was used.
- an inactivated whole particle vaccine of the B / silk / 3073/2013 strain was prepared by the above-mentioned method, and an equal volume of 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.2 w / w% sucrose / 1 mM ⁇ ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was added. And centrifuged at 11,910 ⁇ g for 4 hours at 4 ° C. to obtain a virus precipitate.
- the suspension was further subjected to ultrafiltration (MWCO: 300,000) to replace the buffer with 1 w / w% sucrose-containing 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2), which was then centrifuged to be hypotonic.
- the treated inactivated whole particle vaccine (17BY-OST171129) was obtained.
- the inactivated whole particle vaccine (BYBPL170905) and the two types of hypotonically inactivated inactivated whole particle vaccines (HYPBY170913 and 17BY-OST171129) were observed and photographed by a transmission electron microscope (manufactured by JEOL Ltd.) by the method described above.
- a transmission electron microscope manufactured by JEOL Ltd.
- FIG. 3A shows that many extracellular vesicles were observed.
- FIG. 3B is a high-magnification observation image, in which extracellular vesicles are indicated by arrows.
- FIG. 4 shows an electron microscopic observation image of the inactivated whole particle vaccine (HYPBY170913) subjected to hypotonic treatment by ultrafiltration.
- the extracellular vesicles show the inactivated whole particle vaccine (HYPBY170913).
- BYBPL 170905 (whole particle virus in which 108% of extracellular vesicles were present with respect to the virus, but extracellular vesicles were reduced to 23% by hypotonic treatment)
- FIG. 4B shows fragmented particles as indicated by the arrows.
- Example 3 Fever test Inactivated whole particle vaccine (BYBPL170905), hypotonic-treated inactivated whole particle vaccine (HYPBY170913), and high-concentration formalin-treated inactivated whole particle vaccine as a control were each 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline.
- the solution (pH 7.2) was diluted to a protein concentration of 134 ⁇ g / mL, and administered to rabbits (Japanese white species, male) weighing 1.50 to 1.99 kg at 1 mL / kg.
- the administration was carried out to three rabbits per sample, and the body temperature was observed up to 180 minutes after the administration, with the body temperature being 15 minutes before administration as 0.
- the preparation of the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with high concentration formalin as a control was the same as the preparation of the inactivated whole particle vaccine (BYBPL170905) described above from inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs to purification by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Formalin was added to the purified influenza virus to a final concentration of 0.08%, and the infectivity of the virus was inactivated by a reaction at 25 ° C. for one week. After the inactivation reaction, the buffer was replaced by ultrafiltration (MWCO: 100,000) with 1 w / w% sucrose-containing 6.7 mM phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.2), which was treated with high-concentration formalin. Activated whole particle vaccine (BYFMA170908).
- FIG. 6 shows the transition of the average value of the differential body temperature of the rabbits to which each sample was administered, and there was no fever in the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with high concentration of formalin, and the fever reaction exceeded 1.5 ° C. in the inactivated whole particle vaccine.
- the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with hypotonic treatment there is a fever reaction, but the fever reaction is lower than that of the inactivated whole particle vaccine, and the difference in body temperature after 180 minutes when the fever shows the maximum value is compared. It can be seen that the hypotonic inactivated whole particle vaccine is about 0.5 ° C. lower.
- Example 4 Immunogenicity test (B / Yamagata strain) The mice were evaluated for their ability to induce antibodies of the inactivated whole particle vaccine (BYBPL170905), the hypotonic-treated inactivated whole particle vaccine (HYPBY170913), and the high-concentration formalin-treated inactivated whole particle vaccine (BYFMA170908). Each vaccine was subcutaneously administered to BALB / c mice (female, 5 weeks old) at a dose of 7.5 ⁇ g as a protein amount (5 mice per group). Three weeks after administration, mice were euthanized and whole blood was collected. Serum was obtained by centrifugation after blood collection and the serum was used to measure specific IgG titers against the B / Phuquet / 3073/2013 strain by ELISA.
- FIG. 7 shows the results of the IgG titer measurement. Comparing the geometric mean antibody titers (hereinafter referred to as GMT) shown in the figure, the group in which the hypotonic treatment of the inactivated whole particle vaccine was administered was the highest, followed by the group in which the inactivated whole particle vaccine was administered and the lowest value. These were the inactivated whole particle vaccine administration groups treated with high concentration of formalin. Therefore, it was shown that the antibody inducing ability of the inactivated whole particle vaccine was reduced by high concentration formalin treatment, but the antibody inducing ability of the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with hypotonic treatment was improved.
- GMT geometric mean antibody titers
- Example 5 Immunogenicity test (A / H3N2 subtype) Inactivated whole particle vaccine (H3BPL170630) of A / Hong Kong / 4801/2014 strain (A / H3N2 subtype), inactivated whole particle vaccine hypotonically treated by ultrafiltration (HYPH3709913), and inactivated by high concentration formalin treatment
- a whole particle vaccine (H3FMA170713) was prepared by a method according to Examples 2 and 3. These vaccines were evaluated for antibody-producing ability in mice according to the method described in Example 4.
- a stock solution of the A / Hong Kong / 4801/2014 strain of the influenza HA vaccine "Seiken" was used as a control, and this was used as Split virion.
- FIG. 8 shows the results of the IgG titer measurement. Comparing the GMTs shown in the figure, the GMT was higher in the order of the hypotonic-treated inactivated whole particle vaccine, the inactivated whole particle vaccine, the Spirit @ virion, and the high-concentration formalin-treated inactivated whole particle vaccine. Only the group administered with the activated whole particle vaccine showed significantly higher antibody induction than the group administered with Split @ virion (Mann-Whitney U test, p ⁇ 0.05). Therefore, similarly to the result of the immunogenicity test of the B / Yamagata strain, it was shown that the antibody production ability of the inactivated whole particle vaccine was improved by the hypotonic treatment.
- the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with high-concentration formalin resulted in lower antibody induction than Split @ virion.
- the high-concentration formalin treatment does not show an exothermic reaction in the exothermic test of Example 3 and is excellent in safety.
- the antibody production ability is lower than that of the commercially available Split @ virion, it is considered that improvement in the efficacy cannot be expected.
- Example 6 Evaluation of Cytokine Production A spleen was excised from a BALB / c mouse (female, 11 weeks old) and collected in a Petri dish filled with HBSS (Thermo Scientific). The spleen was minced in HBSS and transferred to a conical tube after the mince. After allowing to stand for about 3 minutes, the intermediate layer was recovered while avoiding precipitates and suspended matter, and the recovered intermediate layer was centrifuged at room temperature and 200 ⁇ g for 10 minutes.
- erythrocytes were disrupted by adding a hemolysis buffer (17 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 140 mM ammonium chloride) to the precipitate, followed by centrifugation at 200 ⁇ g for 10 minutes. After washing the precipitate after centrifugation with HBSS, the spleen cells precipitated with RPMI-1640 containing 10% FBS were suspended and used as mouse spleen cells.
- a hemolysis buffer 17 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 140 mM ammonium chloride
- the protein amount of 1 ⁇ g of the inactivated whole particle vaccine of the B / Yamagata strain (BYBPL170905), the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with hypotonic treatment (HYPBY170913), and the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with high concentration of formalin (BYFMA170908) is 1.0 ⁇
- the cells were added to mouse spleen cells of 10 6 cells and cultured at 37 ° C. under 5% CO 2 for 24 hours.
- the cells were centrifuged at 600 ⁇ g for 5 minutes at room temperature, and the concentration of cytokines produced in the culture supernatant from the spleen cells was measured using the Mouse Th1 / Th2 essential 6 plex kit (eBioscience) and Bio-Plex (Bio-Rad). ).
- Table 1 shows the cytokine concentration in the culture supernatant.
- IL-4 is not produced in any vaccine stimulus, while all other cytokines are most produced in hypotonic treated inactivated whole particle vaccine stimulation, followed by inactivated whole particle vaccine, The low yield was the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with high concentration of formalin.
- This result correlates with the result of the immunogenicity test of Example 4, and it is thought that the cytokine production from immune cells promoted by the inactivated whole particle vaccine is increased by the hypotonic treatment, and as a result, the antibody inducing ability is also improved.
- cytokine treatment from immune cells was reduced by high-concentration formalin treatment, and as a result, antibody-producing ability was also reduced.
- each sample and the standard antigen to which Zwittergent was added were diluted with phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) containing 0.05 w / w% sodium azide to prepare a dilution series.
- This dilution series was added to each well of a 1 w / v% agarose gel (hereinafter referred to as an SRD plate) to which a reference antiserum was added, and allowed to stand for 18 hours or more. After standing, the water in the SRD plate was absorbed with filter paper and stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. After staining, the ring diameter of each sample and the standard antigen was measured, and the hemagglutinin concentration of each sample relative to the standard antigen was calculated by a parallel line quantification method.
- the inactivated whole particle vaccine hypotonically treated is about 5% lower than that of the inactivated whole particle vaccine, whereas the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with high concentration of formalin is further reduced by 5%. %descend.
- the inactivated whole particle vaccine and the inactivated whole particle vaccine subjected to hypotonic treatment have the same hemagglutinin content ratio, but about 16 to 17% of the inactivated whole particle vaccine treated with high concentration of formalin. It will be low.
- the hemagglutinin concentration of the inactivated whole-particle vaccine did not change significantly in the hypotonic treatment, but was reduced by 10% or more in the high-concentration formalin treatment. This is thought to be due to cross-linking between proteins due to excessive formalin treatment.A low value of the hemagglutinin content leads to a decrease in productivity, and an increase in the total protein of the formulation, which causes side reactions. Concerns increase.
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Abstract
Description
1)発育鶏卵法を用いた不活化全粒子インフルエンザワクチンの調製方法であって、発育鶏卵から回収されたインフルエンザウイルス全粒子を含むウイルス液を低張処理する工程を含む、方法。
2)低張処理が、前記ウイルス液を低張液中に曝すものである、1)の方法。
3)低張液が、160mOsm/kg以下、好ましくは110mOsm/kg以下の水溶液である、2)の方法。
4)不活化された前記ウイルス液に対して低張処理を行う、1)~3)のいずれかの方法。
5)1)~4のいずれかの方法を用いて調製された、不活化全粒子インフルエンザワクチン。
6)発育鶏卵法を用いて調製させる不活化全粒子インフルエンザワクチンであって、発育鶏卵由来の細胞外小胞成分が低減された、ワクチン。
本発明において、「インフルエンザウイルス」と言った場合、A型インフルエンザウイルス若しくはB型インフルエンザウイルス、又はその両者を示す。また、インフルエンザウイルスは、現在知られているすべての亜型、及び将来単離、同定される亜型をも含む。
本発明のワクチン調製に用いるインフルエンザウイルス株は、感染動物または患者から単離された株であっても、遺伝子工学的に培養細胞で樹立された組換えウイルスであってもよい。
ここで、培養は、インフルエンザウイルス株を孵化鶏卵に接種して、30~37℃で1~7日程度、好ましくは33~35℃で2日間程度行われる。培養終了後、ウイルス浮遊液(感染尿膜腔液)が回収され、清澄化のため、遠心分離または濾過が行われる。次いで、濃縮のために、限外濾過が行われる。ウイルス精製は、ショ糖密度勾配遠心分離等の超遠心分離や液体クロマトグラフィー等の手段を用いて行うことができる。
精製ウイルス液は不活化処理される。ウイルスの不活化方法は、ホルマリン処理、紫外線照射、ベータプロピオラクトン、バイナリーエチレンイミン等による処理が挙げられる。
「低張処理」としては、培養後、発育鶏卵から回収されたインフルエンザウイルス全粒子を含むウイルス液を低張液中に曝すことが挙げられる。これによってエンベロープの裏打ちタンパク質(M1タンパク質)を有するインフルエンザウイルスは粒子形状を保持できるが、裏打ちタンパク質がない発育鶏卵由来の細胞外小胞(エキソソーム、マイクロベシクル若しくはアポトーシス小胞等)は粒子が膨張して破裂すると考えられる。
好ましい低張液としては、例えば、10mM Tris-HCl緩衝液、0.5w/w%しょ糖含有10mM Tris-HCl緩衝液、0.2w/w%しょ糖・1mM エチレンジアミン四酢酸含有10mM Tris-HCl緩衝液等が挙げられる。
ここで、細胞外小胞成分が低減しているとは、本発明の方法で調製されたワクチンを、低張処理を行わずに同様に調製したワクチンと比較した場合に、それに含まれる細胞外小胞成分の含有量が減少していること、好ましくは30%以上、より好ましくは50%以上、より好ましくは80%以上、より好ましくは90%以上減少していることを意味する。或いは、本発明の方法で調製されたワクチンを透過型電子顕微鏡で観察した場合に、ウイルス粒子の数に対する細胞外小胞の存在割合が好ましくは55%以下、より好ましくは35%以下、より好ましくは25%以下、より好ましくは20%以下であることを意味する。
参考例1 非感染卵のしょう尿液が含む細胞外小胞の単離
11日齢の発育鶏卵72個を4℃で1時間以上冷却し、ディスポーサブル注射針及びシリンジ(テルモ社製)を用いて各発育鶏卵よりしょう尿液を回収した。回収したしょう尿液はプールして、4℃、300×gで10分間遠心し、得られた上清を更に超遠心機(日立工機社製)で4℃、141,000×gで4時間遠心した。超遠心後の沈殿を6.7mM リン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.2)で懸濁し、再び4℃、141,000×gで4時間遠心した。得られた沈殿を6.7mM リン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.2)で懸濁して、細胞外小胞懸濁液を得た。
B/Texas/2/2013株を12日齢の発育鶏卵のしょう尿膜腔内に接種して、2日間培養後にしょう尿液を採取した。採取したしょう尿液をフィルターろ過で清澄化した後、硫酸バリウム塩に吸着させ、12%クエン酸ナトリウム溶液で溶出してインフルエンザウイルスを回収した。回収したウイルスは、更に限外ろ過で6.7mM リン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.2)に置換し、バッファー置換後にしょ糖密度勾配遠心でインフルエンザウイルスを含む画分を回収することによって精製した。この精製インフルエンザウイルスに終濃度0.05%となるように不活化剤であるベータプロピオラクトンを添加して、4℃、24時間の反応でインフルエンザウイルスの感染性を不活化させた。この不活化反応後に限外ろ過(MWCO:100,000)でバッファーを1w/w% しょ糖含有6.7mM リン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.2)に置換し、これを不活化全粒子ワクチン(B15VT-19-S151028)とした。
B/Phuket/3073/2013株を12日齢の発育鶏卵のしょう尿膜腔内に接種して、2日間培養後にしょう尿液を採取した。採取したしょう尿液をフィルターろ過で清澄化した後、硫酸バリウム塩に吸着させ、12%クエン酸ナトリウム溶液で溶出してインフルエンザウイルスを回収した。回収したウイルスは、更に限外ろ過で6.7mM リン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.2)に置換し、バッファー置換後にしょ糖密度勾配遠心でインフルエンザウイルスを含む画分を回収することによって精製した。この精製インフルエンザウイルスに終濃度0.05%となるように不活化剤であるベータプロピオラクトンを添加して、4℃、24時間の反応でインフルエンザウイルスの感染性を不活化させた。この不活化反応後に限外ろ過(MWCO:100,000)でバッファーを1w/w% しょ糖含有6.7mM リン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.2)に置換し、これを不活化全粒子ワクチン(BYBPL170905)とした。
不活化全粒子ワクチン(BYBPL170905)、低張処理した不活化全粒子ワクチン(HYPBY170913)及び対照として高濃度ホルマリン処理した不活化全粒子ワクチンを、それぞれ6.7mM リン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.2)でタンパク質濃度が134μg/mLとなるように希釈して、体重1.50~1.99kgのウサギ(日本白色種、雄性)に1mL/kgで投与した。投与は検体あたり3羽のウサギに投与し、投与前15分の体温を0として、投与後180分までの体温の変動を観察した。
不活化全粒子ワクチン(BYBPL170905)、低張処理した不活化全粒子ワクチン(HYPBY170913)及び高濃度ホルマリン処理した不活化全粒子ワクチン(BYFMA170908)の抗体誘導能についてマウスを用いて評価した。BALB/cマウス(雌性、5週齢)に各ワクチンをタンパク質量として7.5μgの投与量で皮下投与した(1群あたり5匹)。投与3週間後、マウスを安楽死させ、全採血した。採血後に遠心分離によって血清を得て、この血清を用いてB/Phuket/3073/2013株に対する特異的なIgG力価をELISAによって測定した。
A/Hong Kong/4801/2014株(A/H3N2亜型)の不活化全粒子ワクチン(H3BPL170630)、限外ろ過により低張処理した不活化全粒子ワクチン(HYPH3170913)及び高濃度ホルマリン処理した不活化全粒子ワクチン(H3FMA170713)を実施例2及び3に準じた方法で調製した。これらのワクチンを、実施例4に記載する方法に準じてマウスにおける抗体産生能を評価した。また、本実施例においては、対照としてインフルエンザHAワクチン「生研」のA/Hong Kong/4801/2014株の原液を用い、これをSplit virionとした。
BALB/cマウス(雌性、11週齢)より脾臓を摘出し、HBSS(Thermo Scientific)を満たしたシャーレに回収した。HBSS中で脾臓をミンスし、ミンス後にコニカルチューブに移し替えた。3分程度静置した後に、沈殿物及び浮遊物を避けて中間層を回収し、回収した中間層を室温、200×gで10分間遠心分離した。遠心後に上清を廃棄し、沈殿に溶血バッファー(140mM 塩化アンモニウム含有17mM Tris-HCl緩衝液)を加えて赤血球を破砕し、200×gで10分間遠心分離した。遠心後の沈殿をHBSSで洗浄した後、10% FBS含有RPMI-1640で沈殿した脾細胞を懸濁し、これをマウス脾細胞とした。B/Yamagata系統の不活化全粒子ワクチン(BYBPL170905)、低張処理した不活化全粒子ワクチン(HYPBY170913)及び高濃度ホルマリン処理した不活化全粒子ワクチン(BYFMA170908)のタンパク質量として1μgを1.0×106 cellsのマウス脾細胞へ加え、37℃、5% CO2条件下で24時間培養した。培養後、室温、600×gで5分間遠心分離し、脾細胞より培養上清に産生されたサイトカイン濃度をMouse Th1/Th2 essential 6 plexキット(eBioscience社)及びBio-Plex(Bio-Rad社製)で測定した。
B/Yamagata系統及びA/H3N2亜型の不活化全粒子ワクチン、低張処理した不活化全粒子ワクチン及び高濃度ホルマリン処理した不活化全粒子ワクチンの各ヘムアグルチニン濃度を一元放射免疫拡散試験で測定した。各検体及び標準抗原に終濃度が1.0%となるようにZwittergent(商品名、Merck Millipore社製)を添加して30分間反応させた。反応後、Zwittergentを添加した各検体及び標準抗原を0.05w/w% アジ化ナトリウム含有リン酸緩衝生理食塩液(pH7.4)で希釈し、希釈系列を作製した。この希釈系列を、参照抗血清を加えた1w/v% アガロースゲル(以下、SRDプレート)の各ウェルに添加して18時間以上静置した。静置後、SRDプレートの水分を濾紙で吸収し、クマーシブリリアントブルーで染色した。染色後、各検体及び標準抗原のリング径を測定し、標準抗原に対する各検体のヘムアグルチニン濃度を平行線定量法により算出した。
Claims (6)
- 発育鶏卵法を用いた不活化全粒子インフルエンザワクチンの調製方法であって、発育鶏卵から回収されたインフルエンザウイルス全粒子を含むウイルス液を低張処理する工程を含む、方法。
- 低張処理が、前記ウイルス液を低張液中に曝すものである、請求項1記載の方法。
- 低張液が、160mOsm/kg以下、好ましくは110mOsm/kg以下の水溶液である、請求項2記載の方法。
- 不活化された前記ウイルス液に対して低張処理を行う、請求項1~3のいずれか1項記載の方法。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか1項記載の方法を用いて調製された、不活化全粒子インフルエンザワクチン。
- 発育鶏卵法を用いて調製させる不活化全粒子インフルエンザワクチンであって、発育鶏卵由来の細胞外小胞成分が低減された、ワクチン。
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