WO2020063671A1 - 一种采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法 - Google Patents

一种采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020063671A1
WO2020063671A1 PCT/CN2019/107837 CN2019107837W WO2020063671A1 WO 2020063671 A1 WO2020063671 A1 WO 2020063671A1 CN 2019107837 W CN2019107837 W CN 2019107837W WO 2020063671 A1 WO2020063671 A1 WO 2020063671A1
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Prior art keywords
electric furnace
smelting
steel
oxygen
shell
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PCT/CN2019/107837
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
徐迎铁
陈兆平
李成斌
杨宝权
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宝山钢铁股份有限公司
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Priority to US17/278,594 priority Critical patent/US12018341B2/en
Priority to EP19868120.7A priority patent/EP3845671A4/en
Priority to KR1020217009569A priority patent/KR102495858B1/ko
Priority to JP2021514317A priority patent/JP7142154B2/ja
Publication of WO2020063671A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020063671A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C5/5252—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in an electrically heated multi-chamber furnace, a combination of electric furnaces or an electric furnace arranged for associated working with a non electric furnace
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C5/5229—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in a direct current [DC] electric arc furnace
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/28—Manufacture of steel in the converter
    • C21C5/42—Constructional features of converters
    • C21C5/46—Details or accessories
    • C21C5/48—Bottoms or tuyéres of converters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C5/5211—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in an alternating current [AC] electric arc furnace
    • C21C5/5217—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in an alternating current [AC] electric arc furnace equipped with burners or devices for injecting gas, i.e. oxygen, or pulverulent materials into the furnace
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C5/527—Charging of the electric furnace
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
    • C21C7/064—Dephosphorising; Desulfurising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
    • C21C7/068—Decarburising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
    • C21C7/072—Treatment with gases
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B14/00—Crucible or pot furnaces
    • F27B14/02—Crucible or pot furnaces with tilting or rocking arrangements
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/04—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Tank furnaces of multiple-hearth type; of multiple-chamber type; Combinations of hearth-type furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/08—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Tank furnaces heated electrically, with or without any other source of heat
    • F27B3/085—Arc furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/10—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to hearth-type furnaces
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
    • F27B—FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS, OR RETORTS IN GENERAL; OPEN SINTERING OR LIKE APPARATUS
    • F27B3/00—Hearth-type furnaces, e.g. of reverberatory type; Tank furnaces
    • F27B3/10—Details, accessories, or equipment peculiar to hearth-type furnaces
    • F27B3/22—Arrangements of air or gas supply devices
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C5/5229—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in a direct current [DC] electric arc furnace
    • C21C2005/5235—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces in a direct current [DC] electric arc furnace with bottom electrodes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C2250/00—Specific additives; Means for adding material different from burners or lances
    • C21C2250/06—Hollow electrode
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a smelting method, in particular to a method for smelting low nitrogen steel.
  • Electric furnace steelmaking mainly uses scrap steel resources for smelting, and has a low dependence on molten iron. It is a steelmaking method with low carbon emissions and environmental protection.
  • electric furnace steelmaking has two major shortcomings. One is that the smelting cycle is long and it is difficult to adapt to the requirements of high-efficiency continuous casting, especially slab high-efficiency continuous casting. The second is that the steel content of electric furnace steel is high. Generally higher than 30ppm, the smelting of high-end steel grades that require nitrogen content cannot be realized.
  • the patent publication number is CN107502702A, and the publication date is December 22, 2017.
  • the Chinese patent document entitled "A method for cleaning and rapid smelting of all-steel electric arc furnaces” discloses a method for cleaning and smelting all-steel electric arc furnaces.
  • the spray guns buried inside the refractory at the bottom of the electric arc furnace are used to spray different types of media in different smelting stages.
  • the carburizing and fluxing stages use the carburization of the molten pool to accelerate the melting and increase the carbon content of the molten pool.
  • the purpose of rapid smelting is achieved.
  • the maintenance of the buried spray gun is difficult, and the production stability is difficult to maintain.
  • the patent publication number is CN101899548A, and the publication date is December 1, 2010.
  • the Chinese patent document entitled "New Technology for Preheating and Premelting of Scrap Steel and Efficient Electric Furnace Steelmaking” discloses melting scrap steel with an induction furnace first, and then mixing it into an electric furnace for smelting. It can shorten the smelting cycle of the electric furnace.
  • the induction furnace has a high energy consumption and a long smelting cycle, which does not match the production rhythm of the electric furnace.
  • the purpose of the present invention is to provide a method for efficiently smelting low-nitrogen steel by using an electric furnace.
  • the method can not only solve the problem of long smelting cycle, but also smelt low-nitrogen steel, thereby meeting the market demand for high-end steel types.
  • the present invention proposes a method for efficiently smelting low-nitrogen steel by using an electric furnace, which uses a double-shell electric furnace for smelting, wherein the double-shell electric furnace has two furnace shells and an arc power supply system; In the furnace shell, the steps of feeding, sealing the molten pool, injecting oxygen in the combustion medium, and power supply heating are performed in turn.
  • the arc power supply system is used to alternately power the two furnace shells.
  • the steps are sequentially performed in another furnace shell: the steps of feeding, sealing the molten pool, blowing the combustion medium and oxygen; when the temperature of the molten steel in the furnace shell for power heating reaches the target temperature of 1600-1660 ° C, The other furnace shell is heated by electricity.
  • “Alternating” here means that the arc power supply system can only supply power to one of the furnace shells at a time, but not two furnace shells.
  • the furnace shell has completed tasks such as feeding, sealing the molten pool, blowing combustion media, and blowing oxygen.
  • a double-shell electric furnace is used for smelting.
  • the double-shell electric furnace has two furnace shells.
  • the electric power supply system of the double-shell electric furnace is used to alternately power and heat the two furnace shells.
  • one of the two furnace shells is heated by power supply, it is sequentially performed in the other furnace shell: feeding, molten pool sealing, injection of combustion medium and oxygen to start smelting; when the temperature of molten steel in the furnace shell for power supply heating
  • power is supplied to the other furnace shell, which greatly shortens the smelting cycle and improves production efficiency.
  • the capacity of each furnace shell for smelting molten steel may be 100-250t.
  • the furnace door of the double-shell electric furnace and the electrode port of the arc power supply system can be provided with an automatic sealed furnace cover.
  • the method of sealing the molten pool may be to cover the furnace cover, the furnace door cover and the electrode mouth cover of the double-shell electric furnace, and use a partition to isolate the feeding port from the molten pool, thereby reducing smoke and dust. Release and protect the environment.
  • the step of sealing the molten pool can isolate the molten pool from the outside air, so that the carbon dioxide released in the step of subsequently injecting the combustion medium and oxygen to start the smelting process can keep the amount of nitrogen in the molten pool at a low level.
  • the entire step of injecting the combustion medium and oxygen to start smelting only removes nitrogen without increasing nitrogen, which is beneficial to smelting low nitrogen steel.
  • the combustion medium may be gas or fuel oil, or a mixture of gas and fuel oil.
  • the dust removal device connected to the double-shell electric furnace can be opened to reduce smoke and dust emissions and protect the environment.
  • feeding can be performed by adding a small amount of light and thin steel scrap, coke and a small amount of lime, followed by hot metal, and finally adding ordinary scrap steel according to the capacity of the molten pool.
  • DRI or pig iron can also be used to replace molten iron. In this case, DRI or pig iron can be placed on top of light and thin scrap, and then added in the same basket with light and thin scrap to Save the feeding time and prevent the bottom of the furnace from freezing due to direct reduction iron or pig iron entering the molten pool too much.
  • a certain amount of molten steel and slag can be left after each furnace shell is tapped (in some embodiments, it can be 30-40t).
  • the main reason is that the retention of steel and slag can prevent the slag from entering the ladle with the molten steel during the tapping process, which causes a heavy burden of deoxidation in subsequent processes.
  • it is more important that the remaining steel and slag can save the amount of steel slag required for the next furnace steel, and it is convenient to use the molten steel left to melt the scrap, thereby improving the thermal efficiency of melting the scrap.
  • the above-mentioned addition of a small amount of light and thin scrap steel is to ensure that the high-temperature and high-oxidation slag remaining in the steel does not react strongly with the molten iron during the subsequent molten iron adding process, thereby avoiding large splashes.
  • the amount of light and thin steel to be added should be just to cover the molten steel and slag.
  • coke and a small amount of lime can be added along with the basket of the light and thin steel scrap.
  • coke and a small amount of lime can also be added from the silo.
  • molten iron is added. Because the amount of light and thin scrap in the molten pool is small, the added molten iron can quickly flood the scrap steel layer, and can quickly contact the liquid unsmelted molten steel instead of contacting with the chaotic shape of the scrap steel, thereby reducing the molten iron splash and the released smoke and dust. The amount is also greatly reduced, so that the rate of molten iron can be increased. In addition, the most important thing is that because the molten iron is added faster and the splash volume is reduced, and after the molten iron is added directly into the liquid molten pool, the nitrogen absorption is greatly reduced, which is also beneficial to improve the yield of molten iron.
  • the arc power supply system is a DC arc power supply system.
  • the arc power supply system is a DC arc power supply system to ensure stable operation of the arc power supply system, meet ultra-high power supply, and reduce power consumption, impact on the power grid and melting loss of the furnace wall.
  • the arc power supply system may also be an AC arc power supply system.
  • the DC arc power supply system has a rated power of 0.7-1 MW per ton of molten steel to accelerate molten steel melting.
  • This unit of rated power is also referred to as "MW / t molten steel" in this application.
  • the DC arc power supply system has a hollow argon blowing electrode, and a bottom electrode of the hollow argon blowing electrode is a sheet electrode.
  • the DC arc power supply system has a hollow argon blowing electrode, and the bottom electrode is a sheet electrode to reduce electrode loss and facilitate maintenance.
  • a hollow argon blowing electrode is used to blow argon through the entire power supply heating process so that the furnace shell does not contain nitrogen.
  • a hollow argon blowing electrode is used to blow argon throughout the heating process to ensure that the arc area does not contain nitrogen, thereby avoiding The arc adds nitrogen to the molten steel.
  • the argon blowing flow rate of the hollow argon blowing electrode is controlled to 50-100 standard liters / minute ("standard liter / minute" is also indicated in the present application "NL / min") to ensure stable arc.
  • standard liter / minute is also indicated in the present application "NL / min" to ensure stable arc.
  • the argon blowing flow rate greater than 100NL / min will cause the arc to be unstable, and the argon blowing flow rate below 50NL / min will not have the effect of preventing nitrogen increase.
  • each furnace shell has 4-6 spray guns for blowing combustion medium and oxygen, and each spray gun blows oxygen at a flow rate of 2500.
  • ⁇ 4000 standard cubic meters / hour (in this application, "standard cubic meters / hour” is also expressed as "Nm 3 / h").
  • the oxygen blowing flow range here is determined according to the required decarburization speed and taking into account production stability. A flow rate greater than 4000Nm 3 / h will cause a violent reaction and affect production, and a flow rate less than 2500Nm 3 / h will cause a slow decarburization rate.
  • a slag-making material is added to the furnace shell to make foam slag.
  • Medium carbon content adjusts oxygen blowing flow: When the carbon content is less than 0.5%, the oxygen blowing flow is reduced to 40% -60% of the oxygen blowing flow when the carbon content is higher than 0.5%, until the end of the final smelting.
  • the furnace shell when powering and heating the furnace shell, it is necessary to complete the tasks of slagging and dephosphorization, oxygen blowing and decarbonization, and heating. Specifically, after heating and heating the furnace shell for 5-10 minutes, a slag-making material containing lime and dolomite is added to the furnace shell to make foam slag to dephosphorize, increase the MgO content of the slag, and prevent erosion of refractory materials. After the foam slag is formed, the oxygen blowing flow is adjusted according to the carbon content in the steel: when the carbon content is less than 0.5%, the oxygen blowing flow is reduced to 40% -60% of the previous oxygen blowing flow until the end of the final smelting for desulfurization carbon.
  • the total carbon content in the steel is 1.5-2.5 wt% of the final tapping water amount, and CO bubbles generated due to decarburization It can be denitrified and denitrified by decarburization to ensure that the nitrogen content of molten steel after tapping is lower than 25ppm, and low nitrogen is achieved.
  • the nitrogen content after tapping in the electric furnace in the prior art is 40-60 ppm.
  • the low nitrogen steel mentioned in this application refers to the nitrogen content after the steel is less than 30 ppm. Content, so this case is based on the nitrogen content of molten steel after tapping.
  • the arc power supply system of the double-shell electric furnace alternately powers and heats the two furnace shells.
  • the control The total carbon content in the molten steel is 1.5-2.5 wt% of the final molten steel amount.
  • the feeding step of the method for efficiently smelting low-nitrogen steel using an electric furnace at least one of light and thin scrap steel and direct reduced iron, coke and lime may be added first, followed by hot metal, and finally ordinary scrap steel.
  • the purpose of this feeding method is to thicken the slag, which can effectively avoid molten iron splashing. Because the slag from the previous furnace will have a lot of residues and strong oxidizing properties, if it is not thickened, the carbon in the molten iron is likely to react strongly with it during the molten iron addition, resulting in splashing.
  • the method for efficiently smelting low nitrogen steel by using an electric furnace according to the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
  • the method for efficiently smelting low-nitrogen steel by using the electric furnace can not only shorten the smelting cycle and increase the production capacity of the electric furnace production line, but also can smelt low-nitrogen steel to meet the market demand for high-end steel types.
  • the method for efficiently smelting low-nitrogen steel by using an electric furnace according to the present invention can reduce soot emissions and protect the environment.
  • the double-shell electric furnace is used for smelting.
  • the double-shell electric furnace has two furnace shells, and the capacity of each furnace shell for molten steel is 100-250t.
  • a capacity of more than 250 tons will affect the casting, that is, the casting time is too long, and the temperature of the molten steel will be too low in the later stage of the casting to affect the casting; a capacity of less than 100 tons will affect the production capacity, and the efficient production required by this case cannot be achieved.
  • the DC arc power supply system using a double-shell electric furnace alternately powers and heats the two furnace shells.
  • the DC arc power supply system has a hollow argon blowing electrode, the bottom electrode is a sheet electrode, and the rated power is 0.7-1MW / t molten steel.
  • one of the two furnace shells when one of the two furnace shells is heated by power supply, it is sequentially performed in the other furnace shell: feeding, sealing the molten pool, injecting combustion medium and oxygen to start smelting, When the temperature of the molten steel reaches the target temperature of 1600-1660 ° C, power supply and heating of another furnace shell will be started.
  • a hollow argon blowing electrode is used to blow argon through the entire power supply heating process, and the argon blowing flow rate of the hollow argon blowing electrode is controlled to 50-100NL / min.
  • the furnace door of the double-shell electric furnace and the electrode mouth of the DC arc power supply system are provided with an automatic sealed furnace cover.
  • Each of the furnace shells has 4-6 spray guns that spray combustion media and oxygen.
  • the combustion medium can be gas or fuel, or a mixture of gas and fuel.
  • a small amount (for example, 10-20t) of at least one of light and thin scrap steel and direct reduced iron, coke and lime are added, followed by hot metal, and ordinary scrap steel is finally added according to the molten pool capacity.
  • the total carbon content in the molten steel is 1.5-2.5 wt% of the final molten steel amount, and the nitrogen content in the molten steel after steelmaking is less than 25 ppm.
  • the furnace cover, the furnace door cover and the electrode mouth cover of the double-shell electric furnace are covered, and the charging port is separated from the molten pool by a partition, thereby reducing the release of smoke and dust and protecting the environment.
  • the dust removal device connected to the double-shell electric furnace is opened to reduce smoke and dust emissions and protect the environment. Then, the combustion medium and oxygen are simultaneously blown: all the spray guns run at the same time, the total flow of combustion media blown by all spray guns is 300-400 standard liters per hour (NL / h), and the oxygen flow rate of a single spray gun is 1000-1200 Nm 3 / h. In the first 2 minutes, the total flow rate of the combustion medium is controlled at 180-240NL / h. The timing is started by blowing the combustion medium and oxygen. After 5-10 minutes, the combustion medium is stopped and only the oxygen injection is started for decarburization smelting. The oxygen flow rate of a single spray gun is 3000 Nm 3 / h.
  • Tables 1-1 to 1-5 list specific process parameters in the method for efficiently smelting low nitrogen steel using an electric furnace in Examples 1-6.
  • the combustion medium mainly uses heavy oil or liquid gas, which can save costs, but the technical solution of this application can also use other natural gas.
  • Table 2 lists the steel output, time consumption, smelting cycle, and annual output of the method for efficiently smelting low-nitrogen steel using an electric furnace in Examples 1-6.
  • the steel output is between 100t and 250t, and the annual output can reach 1.6 to 2.7 million tons, while the existing furnace has an annual maximum output of 1.2 million tons and an average of less than 900,000 tons.
  • the smelting cycle in the technical solution of the present application is between 25 minutes and 36 minutes, while the average smelting cycle of a conventional double-shell furnace is 56 minutes.
  • the method for efficiently smelting low-nitrogen steel using the electric furnace according to the present invention can not only shorten the smelting cycle and increase the production capacity of the electric furnace production line, but also smelt low-nitrogen steel to meet the market demand for high-end steel types.
  • the method for efficiently smelting low-nitrogen steel by using an electric furnace according to the present invention can reduce soot emissions and protect the environment.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)

Abstract

本发明公开了一种采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法，其采用双壳型电炉进行冶炼，双壳型电炉具有两个炉壳，采用双壳型电炉的电弧供电系统交替地对两个炉壳进行供电加热，其中当对两个炉壳的其中之一进行供电加热时，在另一炉壳内依次进行：加料、熔池密封、喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼。当进行供电加热的炉壳内的钢水温度达到目标温度时，则开始对另一炉壳进行供电加热。本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法，不仅能够缩短冶炼周期，提高电炉生产线的产能，还能够冶炼低氮钢，满足市场对于高端钢种的需求。此外，本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法能够减少烟尘排放，保护环境。

Description

一种采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法 技术领域
本发明涉及一种冶炼方法，尤其涉及一种冶炼低氮钢的方法。
背景技术
电炉炼钢主要利用废钢资源冶炼，对铁水的依赖度低，是一种碳排放低且环保的炼钢方法。然而，相比于转炉炼钢，电炉炼钢有两大缺陷，一是冶炼周期长，很难适应高效连铸特别是板坯高效连铸的要求，二是电炉炼得的钢氮含量高，普遍高于30ppm，无法实现对氮含量有要求的高端钢种的冶炼，这两大缺陷大大制约了电炉炼钢的发展，目前一条电炉炼钢生产线年产量很难超过150万吨。
现有技术中，为了提高电炉炼钢的生产效率，开发了兑加部分铁水技术、废钢预热及连续加料技术，以及强化吹氧并助燃技术。然而，兑加铁水本身要打开电炉炉盖，导致其冶炼周期延长。废钢预热及连续加料技术存在二噁英问题且相关预热设备难以维护。强化吹氧并助燃技术是目前技术开发的一个重点方向。
专利公开号为CN107502702A，公开日为2017年12月22日，名称为“一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法”的中国专利文献公开了一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法，其利用埋在电弧炉炉底侧面耐火材料内部的喷枪在不同冶炼阶段喷吹不同种类介质，增碳助熔阶段利用熔池渗碳加速熔清、提高熔池碳含量，最终达到快速冶炼的目的，然而埋入式喷枪维护难，生产稳定性很难维护。
专利公开号为CN101899548A，公开日为2010年12月1日，名称为“废钢预热预熔、高效电炉炼钢新工艺”的中国专利文献公开了先用感应炉熔化废钢，再兑入电炉冶炼，可缩短电炉冶炼周期，然而，感应炉能耗高，且冶炼周期长，与电炉的生产节奏并不匹配。
鉴于此，期望获得一种电炉炼钢方法，该方法不仅能够解决冶炼周期长 的问题，还能够冶炼低氮钢，从而满足市场对于高端钢种的需求。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法，该方法不仅能够解决冶炼周期长的问题，还能够冶炼低氮钢，从而满足市场对于高端钢种的需求。
为了实现上述目的，本发明提出了一种采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法，其采用双壳型电炉进行冶炼，其中所述双壳型电炉具有两个炉壳以及电弧供电系统；在两个炉壳内分别依次进行加料、熔池密封、喷吹燃烧介质氧气以及供电加热的步骤，采用电弧供电系统交替地对两个炉壳进行供电加热，当对两个炉壳的其中之一进行供电加热时，在另一炉壳内依次进行：加料、熔池密封、喷吹燃烧介质和氧气的步骤；当进行供电加热的炉壳内的钢水温度达到目标温度1600-1660℃时，则开始对另一炉壳进行供电加热。这里的“交替”是指电弧供电系统每次只能对其中一个炉壳进行供电加热，而不能同时对两个炉壳进行供电加热。当电弧供电系统对其中一个炉壳进行供电加热时，该炉壳已完成了加料、熔池密封、喷吹燃烧介质和喷吹氧气等任务。
在本发明所述的技术方案中，采用双壳型电炉进行冶炼，双壳型电炉具有两个炉壳，采用双壳型电炉的电弧供电系统交替地对两个炉壳进行供电加热，其中当对两个炉壳的其中之一进行供电加热时，在另一炉壳内依次进行：加料、熔池密封、喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼；当进行供电加热的炉壳内的钢水温度达到目标温度时，则开始对另一炉壳进行供电加热，从而大大缩短冶炼周期，提高生产效率。
此外，在一些实施方式中，每个炉壳冶炼钢水的容量可以为100～250t。此外，双壳型电炉的炉门和电弧供电系统的电极口均可以设有自动密封炉盖。在熔池密封的步骤中，对熔池进行密封的方式可以是盖上双壳型电炉的炉盖、炉门盖和电极口盖，并且用隔板将加料口与熔池隔离，从而减少烟尘释放，保护环境。此外，熔池密封这一步骤，可以使熔池与外界空气隔绝，以便后续喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼的步骤中释放的碳氧化物使熔池内的氮气量保持在较低的水平，整个喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼的步骤仅脱氮而不增氮，从而有利于冶炼低氮钢。需要说明的是，燃烧介质可以是燃气或者 燃油，也可以是燃气和燃油的混合物。此外，在一些实施方式中，在喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼前，可以打开与双壳型电炉连体的除尘装置，以减少烟尘排放，保护环境。
在加料步骤中，在一些实施方式中，可以通过加入少量轻薄废钢、焦炭和少量石灰，随后加入铁水，最后根据熔池容量加入普通废钢的方式进行加料。在其他的一些实施方式中，还可以用直接还原铁或者生铁替代铁水，此种情况下，可以将直接还原铁或者生铁放置在轻薄废钢的上方，然后与轻薄废钢在同一料篮内加入，以节省加料时间，并防止直接还原铁或者生铁过多地进入熔池造成炉底冻结。此外，在一些实施方式中，在两个炉壳交替循环炼钢的过程中，每个炉壳出钢后可以留下一定量(在一些实施方式中，可以是30-40t)的钢水和钢渣在炉内，主要原因是留钢留渣可防止炉渣在出钢过程中随钢水进入钢包，导致后续工序脱氧负担重。此外，更重要的是留钢留渣可节约下一炉钢所需钢渣量，并且便于利用所留钢水熔化废钢，从而提高熔化废钢的热效率。
此外，上述加入少量轻薄废钢是为了保证随后加铁水过程中高温高氧化性的留钢留渣与铁水不发生强烈反应，从而避免产生大喷溅。轻薄废钢的加入量要满足刚好将留钢水和留渣覆盖住。在加入轻薄废钢过程中，焦炭和少量石灰可以随轻薄废钢的料篮一起加入，在其他的一些实施方式中，焦炭和少量石灰也可从料仓加入。
随后加入铁水，由于熔池内轻薄废钢量少，所加铁水可很快淹没废钢层，并且可以很快与液态未炼钢水接触而不是与形状杂乱无章的废钢接触，从而减少铁水飞溅，释放的烟尘量也大大降低，从而使加铁水的速率也可以提高。此外，最重要的是，由于铁水加入过程速度加快和喷溅量降低，以及铁水加入后直接进入液态熔池，使得吸氮量大大降低，对提高铁水金属收得率也有益处。
进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中，所述电弧供电系统为直流电弧供电系统。
在本发明所述的技术方案中，优选地，电弧供电系统为直流电弧供电系统，以保证电弧供电系统工作稳定，满足超高功率供电，并减少电耗、对电网的冲击和炉壁熔损。当然，在其他的一些实施方式中，电弧供电系统也可 以是交流电弧供电系统。
更进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中，所述直流电弧供电系统的额定功率为0.7-1兆瓦每吨钢水，以加速钢水熔化。该额定功率的单位在本申请中也表示为“MW/t钢水”。
进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中，所述直流电弧供电系统具有中空吹氩电极，中空吹氩电极的底电极为片状电极。
在此优选的技术方案中，直流电弧供电系统具有中空吹氩电极，底电极为片状电极，以减少电极损耗，且方便维护。
进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中，采用中空吹氩电极吹氩贯穿整个供电加热过程，以使得炉壳内不含氮气。
在本发明所述的技术方案中，由于电极供电后，电极口不可避免地要吸入空气进入炉膛，因此采用中空吹氩电极吹氩贯穿整个供电加热过程，以确保电弧区不含氮气，从而避免电弧向钢液增氮。
进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中，中空吹氩电极的吹氩流量控制为50-100标准升/分钟(在本申请中“标准升/分钟”也表示为“NL/min”)，以确保电弧稳定。吹氩流量大于100NL/min会导致电弧不稳定，吹氩流量低于50NL/min起不到防止增氮的效果。
进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中，每一个炉壳内均具有4-6个喷吹燃烧介质和氧气的喷枪，每一个喷枪喷吹氧气的流量为2500～4000标准立方米/小时(在本申请中，“标准立方米/小时”也表示为“Nm 3/h”)。这里的吹氧流量范围是根据需要的脱碳速度并兼顾生产稳定性来确定的，流量大于4000Nm 3/h会导致反应剧烈而影响生产，流量小于2500Nm 3/h会导致脱碳速率慢。
进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中，在喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼的步骤，燃烧介质和氧气同时喷吹5-10min后，开始仅进行氧气喷吹以进行脱碳冶炼。
在本发明所述的技术方案中，在喷吹燃烧介质和氧气的步骤，燃烧介质和氧气同时喷吹5-10min后，开始仅进行氧气喷吹以进行脱碳冶炼，主要是考虑到前期冶炼过程中，喷嘴前端堆积大量废钢，燃烧介质和氧气同时喷吹而燃烧释放的能量可以很好地被废钢吸收并将废钢熔化，5-10min后，随着 喷嘴前端的废钢层熔化完毕，如果继续喷燃气则热效率会大大降低。因此，燃烧介质和氧气同时喷吹5-10min后，开始仅进行氧气喷吹以进行脱碳冶炼。
进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中，在对炉壳进行供电加热时，向该炉壳内加入造渣料造泡沫渣，在泡沫渣形成后，根据钢中碳含量调整吹氧流量：当碳含量低于0.5％时，将吹氧流量降低为碳含高于0.5％时的吹氧流量的40％-60％，直到最终冶炼结束。
在本发明所述的技术方案中，在对炉壳进行供电加热时，需要完成造渣脱磷、吹氧脱碳以及升温任务。具体来说，在对炉壳进行供电加热5-10分钟后，向该炉壳内加入包含石灰和白云石的造渣料造泡沫渣以进行脱磷，提升炉渣MgO含量，防止侵蚀耐材。在泡沫渣形成后，根据钢中碳含量调整吹氧流量：当碳含量低于0.5％时，将吹氧流量降低为之前吹氧流量的40％-60％，直到最终冶炼结束，以进行脱碳。
进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中，在加料步骤中，钢中的总碳含量为最终出钢水量的1.5-2.5wt％，因脱碳生成的CO气泡可以脱氮，通过脱碳实现脱氮，以确保出钢后钢水氮含量低于25ppm，实现了低氮。采用现有技术中的电炉出钢后的氮含量为40～60ppm，本申请所说的低氮钢是指出钢后氮含量低于30ppm，由于电炉冶炼结束后氮含量低于出钢后钢水氮含量，因此本案以出钢后钢水氮含量为标准。
在本发明所述的技术方案中，为了使两个炉壳能够在运作时间上相互匹配，从而双壳型电炉的电弧供电系统交替地对两个炉壳进行供电加热，在加料步骤中，控制钢水中的总碳含量为最终出钢水量的1.5-2.5wt％。
进一步地，在本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法的加料步骤中，可以先加轻薄废钢和直接还原铁的至少其中之一、焦炭和石灰，随后加入铁水，最后加入普通废钢。这种加料方式目的是调稠炉渣，可以有效避免铁水飞溅。因上一炉炉渣会残余很多，氧化性强，如不调稠，加铁水过程铁水中碳容易与其强烈反应，导致喷溅。
本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法与现有技术相比，具有如下有益效果：
本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法，不仅能够缩短冶炼周期，提高电炉生产线的产能，还能够冶炼低氮钢，满足市场对于高端钢种的需求。 此外，本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法能够减少烟尘排放，保护环境。
具体实施方式
下面将结合具体的实施例对本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法做进一步的解释和说明，然而，该解释和说明并不对本发明的技术方案构成不当限定。
实施例1-6
实施例1-6的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法的冶炼过程如下：
采用双壳型电炉进行冶炼，其中双壳型电炉具有两个炉壳，每个炉壳冶炼钢水的容量为100～250t。容量超过250吨会对浇铸有影响，即浇铸时间太长，钢水温度会在浇铸后期过低影响浇铸；容量小于100吨会影响产能，实现不了本案要求的高效化生产。采用双壳型电炉的直流电弧供电系统交替地对两个炉壳进行供电加热，直流电弧供电系统具有中空吹氩电极，底电极为片状电极，额定功率为0.7-1MW/t钢水。其中当对两个炉壳的其中之一进行供电加热时，在另一炉壳内依次进行：加料、熔池密封、喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼，当进行供电加热的炉壳内的钢水温度达到目标温度1600-1660℃时，则开始对另一炉壳进行供电加热。其中，采用中空吹氩电极吹氩贯穿整个供电加热过程，中空吹氩电极的吹氩流量控制为50-100NL/min。此外，双壳型电炉的炉门和直流电弧供电系统的电极口均设有自动密封炉盖。每一个炉壳内均具有4-6个喷吹燃烧介质和氧气的喷枪。燃烧介质可以是燃气或者燃油，也可以是燃气和燃油的混合物。
此外，在加料步骤中，加入少量(例如10-20t)轻薄废钢和直接还原铁的至少其中之一、焦炭和石灰，随后加入铁水，最后根据熔池容量加入普通废钢。钢水中的总碳含量为最终出钢水量的1.5-2.5wt％，出钢后钢水氮含量低于25ppm。
在熔池密封的步骤中，盖上双壳型电炉的炉盖、炉门盖和电极口盖，并且用隔板将加料口与熔池隔离，从而减少烟尘释放，保护环境。
在喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼的步骤中，在喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼前，打开与双壳型电炉连体的除尘装置，以减少烟尘排放，保护环 境。然后，同时喷吹燃烧介质和氧气：所有喷枪同时运行，所有喷枪喷吹的燃烧介质总流量为300-400标准升/小时(NL/h)，单个喷枪喷吹的氧气流量为1000-1200Nm 3/h。其中在最初的2min内，燃烧介质总流量控制在180-240NL/h。从喷吹燃烧介质和氧气开始计时，喷吹5-10min后，停止喷吹燃烧介质，开始仅进行氧气喷吹以进行脱碳冶炼，单个喷枪喷吹的氧气流量为3000Nm 3/h。
在对炉壳进行供电加热时，需要完成造渣脱磷、吹氧脱碳以及升温任务。具体来说，向该炉壳内分批次加入包含石灰和白云石的造渣料造泡沫渣，以进行脱磷。在泡沫渣形成后，根据钢中碳含量调整吹氧流量：当碳含量低于0.5％时，将吹氧流量降低为碳含高于0.5％时的吹氧流量的40％-60％，直到最终冶炼结束，以进行脱碳。此外，待熔池内的废钢已经全部熔化时，打开炉门盖让脱磷渣自动流出，之后继续供电加热1min后，喷吹碳粉维持泡沫渣，再继续供电加热直到钢水温度达到目标温度1600-1660℃，进入出钢状态，出钢后留钢留渣30-40t。
表1-1至1-5列出了实施例1-6的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中的具体工艺参数。
表1-1.
Figure PCTCN2019107837-appb-000001
表1-2.
Figure PCTCN2019107837-appb-000002
Figure PCTCN2019107837-appb-000003
其中，燃烧介质主要采用重油或液态煤气，可节约成本，但本申请的技术方案也可以采用其他的天然气。
表1-3.
Figure PCTCN2019107837-appb-000004
表1-4.
Figure PCTCN2019107837-appb-000005
Figure PCTCN2019107837-appb-000006
这里的“加入批次数”，并不要求各批次的加料量相等，具体看冶炼炉渣状况。通常将石灰和白云石混合，再分批次加入；也可以先加石灰再加白云石。
表1-5.
Figure PCTCN2019107837-appb-000007
表2列出了实施例1-6的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法中的出钢量、耗时、冶炼周期和年产量。
表2.
Figure PCTCN2019107837-appb-000008
Figure PCTCN2019107837-appb-000009
采用本申请技术方案的冶炼方法，出钢量在100t～250t，年产量可达160～270万吨，而现有炉子年产量最高为120万吨，平均不到90万吨。本申请技术方案中的冶炼周期为25min～36min之间，而普通的双壳炉冶炼周期平均为56min。
由此可见，本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法，不仅能够缩短冶炼周期，提高电炉生产线的产能，还能够冶炼低氮钢，满足市场对于高端钢种的需求。此外，本发明所述的采用电炉高效冶炼低氮钢的方法能够减少烟尘排放，保护环境。
需要说明的是，本发明的保护范围中现有技术部分并不局限于本申请文件所给出的实施例，所有不与本发明的方案相矛盾的现有技术，包括但不局限于在先专利文献、在先公开出版物，在先公开使用等等，都可纳入本发明的保护范围。
此外，本案中各技术特征的组合方式并不限本案权利要求中所记载的组合方式或是具体实施例所记载的组合方式，本案记载的所有技术特征可以以任何方式进行自由组合或结合，除非相互之间产生矛盾。
还需要注意的是，以上所列举的实施例仅为本发明的具体实施例。显然本发明不局限于以上实施例，随之做出的类似变化或变形是本领域技术人员能从本发明公开的内容直接得出或者很容易便联想到的，均应属于本发明的保护范围。

Claims (11)

  1. 一种采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，采用双壳型电炉进行冶炼，其中所述双壳型电炉具有两个炉壳以及电弧供电系统；在两个所述炉壳内分别依次进行加料、熔池密封、喷吹燃烧介质和氧气，以及供电加热的步骤，采用所述电弧供电系统交替地对两个炉壳进行供电加热，当对两个炉壳的其中之一进行供电加热时，在另一炉壳内依次进行所述加料、熔池密封、喷吹燃烧介质和氧气的步骤；当进行供电加热的炉壳内的钢水温度达到目标温度1600-1660℃时，则开始对另一炉壳进行供电加热。
  2. 如权利要求1所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，所述电弧供电系统为直流电弧供电系统。
  3. 如权利要求2所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，所述直流电弧供电系统的额定功率为0.7-1兆瓦每吨钢水。
  4. 如权利要求2所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，所述直流电弧供电系统具有中空吹氩电极，所述中空吹氩电极的底电极为片状电极。
  5. 如权利要求4所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，采用中空吹氩电极吹氩贯穿整个供电加热过程。
  6. 如权利要求5所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，中空吹氩电极的吹氩流量控制为50-100标准升/分钟。
  7. 如权利要求1所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，每一个炉壳内均具有4-6个喷吹燃烧介质和氧气的喷枪，每一个喷枪喷吹氧气的流量为2500～4000标准立方米/小时。
  8. 如权利要求1所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，在喷吹燃烧介质和氧气以开始冶炼的步骤，燃烧介质和氧气同时喷吹5-10分钟后，开始仅进行氧气喷吹以进行脱碳冶炼。
  9. 如权利要求1所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，在对炉壳进行供电加热时，向该炉壳内加入造渣料造泡沫渣，在泡沫渣形成后，根据钢中碳含量调整吹氧流量：当碳含量低于0.5％时，将吹氧流量降低为碳含高于0.5％时的吹氧流量的40％-60％，直到最终冶炼结束。
  10. 如权利要求1所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，在所述加料步骤中，钢水中的总碳含量为最终出钢水量的1.5-2.5wt％，出钢后钢水氮含量低于25ppm。
  11. 如权利要求1所述的采用电炉冶炼低氮钢的方法，其特征在于，在所述加料步骤中，先加轻薄废钢和直接还原铁的至少其中之一、焦炭和石灰，随后加入铁水，最后加入普通废钢。
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