WO2019029136A1 - 一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法 - Google Patents

一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019029136A1
WO2019029136A1 PCT/CN2018/074228 CN2018074228W WO2019029136A1 WO 2019029136 A1 WO2019029136 A1 WO 2019029136A1 CN 2018074228 W CN2018074228 W CN 2018074228W WO 2019029136 A1 WO2019029136 A1 WO 2019029136A1
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powder
dephosphorization
flow rate
spray
carrier gas
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PCT/CN2018/074228
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English (en)
French (fr)
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朱荣
魏光升
董凯
赵婧鑫
吴学涛
唐天平
王雪亮
武文合
胡绍岩
王云
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北京科技大学
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Priority to US16/052,629 priority Critical patent/US10808290B2/en
Publication of WO2019029136A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019029136A1/zh

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
    • C21C7/064—Dephosphorising; Desulfurising
    • C21C7/0645—Agents used for dephosphorising or desulfurising
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C5/5264—Manufacture of alloyed steels including ferro-alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/0025—Adding carbon material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C7/00—Treating molten ferrous alloys, e.g. steel, not covered by groups C21C1/00 - C21C5/00
    • C21C7/04—Removing impurities by adding a treating agent
    • C21C7/072—Treatment with gases
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
    • C21C5/00—Manufacture of carbon-steel, e.g. plain mild steel, medium carbon steel or cast steel or stainless steel
    • C21C5/52—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces
    • C21C2005/5258—Manufacture of steel in electric furnaces with crater formed by down-melting of scrap or charge through electrode or lance
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/10—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions
    • Y02P10/143—Reduction of greenhouse gas [GHG] emissions of methane [CH4]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
    • Y02P10/20—Recycling

Definitions

  • the invention belongs to the technical field of electric arc furnace steelmaking, and particularly relates to a method for clean and rapid smelting of a full scrap electric arc furnace.
  • the electric energy input is mainly used in the early stage of smelting, supplemented by chemical energy input, but the energy utilization efficiency is limited by relying solely on high-power input electric energy and chemical energy; in addition, the process of melting steel is formed during the melting stage.
  • the pool is thick and has poor fluidity, which is not conducive to accelerating the melting of scrap steel. Therefore, the actual arc furnace smelting all-steel process has a longer melting time, which greatly reduces the smelting rhythm of the electric arc furnace.
  • the quality control of molten steel has always been a technical problem for the long-term smelting of all-steel electric arc furnaces, mainly focusing on the control of phosphorus content and nitrogen content in the end steel.
  • Dephosphorization When the electric arc furnace steelmaking adopts the whole scrap steel charging structure, the source of the scrap steel is complicated, and the melting phosphorus content fluctuates greatly; after the melting, the molten pool temperature is high, the carbon content is low, the molten steel viscosity is high, and the molten pool The flow rate is slow, the dephosphorization kinetic conditions are poor, and dephosphorization is difficult during the smelting process.
  • Conventional electric arc furnace smelting usually uses multiple slagging and slag operations, resulting in prolonged smelting cycle, large slag volume and severe steel peroxidation.
  • Denitrification While the whole scrap steel arc furnace uses high-power power to strengthen the scrap steel melting, the high-temperature arc generated by the electrode discharge will ionize the N 2 in the nearby air, resulting in a significant increase in the nitrogen absorption capacity of the molten steel.
  • the oxygen supply intensity is insufficient, and the amount of CO bubbles generated in the molten pool during decarburization is small, which cannot effectively remove the molten steel [N];
  • Ar stirring can be used for denitrification, but the bottom blowing flow rate is low (30-100 NL/min), and the denitrification effect is limited.
  • the existing smelting process is basically unable to achieve deep denitrification in the whole scrap steel arc furnace smelting.
  • the present invention provides a method for clean and rapid smelting of a full-screw electric arc furnace.
  • the dynamic blowing of different kinds of media in the molten pool is carried out in a time-sharing manner, and the molten pool is used to accelerate the melting in the early stage of smelting.
  • the overall implementation of the present invention is: a clean and rapid smelting method for a full-scrap electric arc furnace, which uses a pure gas, a carrier gas A-carbonized powder, and a spray gun installed inside the refractory material on the side of the electric arc furnace bottom.
  • On-line dynamic switching of different types of medium injection modes, such as gas B-dephosphorization powder complete the round-blowing process of different types of media below the molten steel surface in different smelting stages to meet the requirements of clean and rapid smelting of all-steel electric arc furnace .
  • the carrier gas A-carbonizing powder is sprayed into the molten pool to increase the carbon content of the molten pool, and at the same time accelerate the flow rate of the molten steel that has formed the molten pool, accelerate the melting of the scrap steel by carburizing, and the melting process of the scrap steel After the end, the molten steel carbon content in the molten pool reaches 0.40%-2.0%; in the high-efficiency dephosphorization stage, the carrier gas B-dephosphorization powder is sprayed into the molten pool to improve the dephosphorization kinetic conditions, and the molten slag particle dephosphorization system is realized.
  • the phosphorus content of molten steel is ⁇ 0.010%; in the deep denitrification stage, a large flow of O 2 or O 2 -CO 2 is injected into the molten pool to strengthen the decarburization of the molten pool and utilize the metallurgical reaction of the molten pool.
  • the equipment used in the invention comprises a control system, a gas supply control valve group, a carrier gas A-carbonized powder injection system, a carrier gas B-dephosphorization powder injection system, a conveying pipeline, a carbonation automatic shut-off valve, and a dephosphorization
  • the road automatically cuts off the valve and the spray gun.
  • the spray gun is integrally installed inside the refractory material on the side of the bottom of the electric arc furnace, and the outlet of the spray gun is 0.3 to 1.0 m below the molten steel surface (distance L 1 in Fig. 2), and the angle with the horizontal plane is 0 to 60 ° (the angle A in Fig. 2) ).
  • the spray gun adopts a ring-slotted sleeve design, and the central pipe adopts a straight pipe nozzle with an inner diameter of 8-20 mm, a wall thickness of 2-6 mm, and a ring gap of 1-5 mm.
  • Step 1 After the arc furnace is tapped, before the furnace charge is added, the control system closes the automatic cut-off valve of the carbon-increasing road (13 in Fig. 1), and opens the dephosphorization road automatic shut-off valve (14 in Fig. 1), using the dephosphorization conveying pipeline (Fig. 1 in 12) blowing. Lance tubes and central tube girth blowing N 2, the flow of the central tube 50 ⁇ 500Nm 3 / h, the flow rate of girth tube 50 ⁇ 200Nm 3 / h, in order to prevent clogging of the lance, burning.
  • Step 2 During the feeding stage of the electric arc furnace, continue to use the dephosphorization conveying pipeline (12 in Figure 1) to spray, the central pipe of the spray gun is sprayed with O 2 , the flow rate is 50-300 Nm 3 /h, and the circulating pipe is sprayed with propane or natural gas. It is 50-200Nm 3 /h to ensure the normal operation of the spray gun during the feeding process.
  • Step 3 In the carbonization and melting stage, the carbon powder is sprayed into the molten pool formed by the melting of the scrap steel to increase the carbon content of the molten pool, and the carbon steel is used to accelerate the melting of the scrap steel.
  • the steps are as follows: 1) In the early stage of melting, the control system opens the automatic cut-off valve of the carbon-increasing road (13 in Figure 1), closes the de-phosphorization road automatic shut-off valve (14 in Figure 1), and uses the carbon-increasing conveying pipeline (11 in Figure 1). Injecting, the spray gun central tube performs a carrier gas A-carbonized powder mode to accelerate the carburizing and melting of scrap steel.
  • the molten pool is formed shallowly, and the powder spraying rate must be controlled to improve the carburizing efficiency.
  • the spraying rate is 1 ⁇ 5kg/min
  • the carrier gas A flow rate is 100-300Nm 3 /h
  • the spray gun ring pipe is sprayed with propane or natural gas.
  • the flow rate is 50 to 200 Nm 3 /h. 2
  • the carbon-increasing conveying pipeline 11 in Figure 1
  • the central pipe of the spray gun performs the carrier gas A-carbonizing powder mode.
  • the molten pool has a certain depth and controls the spraying rate to improve the seepage.
  • Carbon efficiency, powder spraying rate is 5 ⁇ 10kg / min, carrier gas A flow rate is 200 ⁇ 500Nm 3 / h; spray gun ring pipe spray propane or natural gas, flow rate is 50 ⁇ 200Nm 3 / h. 3)
  • carrier gas A flow rate is 200 ⁇ 500Nm 3 / h
  • spray gun ring pipe spray propane or natural gas flow rate is 50 ⁇ 200Nm 3 / h. 3
  • the central pipe of the spray gun performs the carrier gas A-carbonizing powder mode.
  • the molten pool is deeper, and the molten pool is forcing and stirring.
  • the powder rate is 10-20 kg/min, and the carrier gas A flow rate is 200-600 Nm 3 /h; the spray gun annular pipe is sprayed with propane or natural gas, and the flow rate is 50-200 Nm 3 /h.
  • Step 4 In the pipeline cleaning stage, use a large flow of N 2 or CO 2 to clean the pipeline.
  • the steps are as follows: The control system closes the automatic cut-off valve of the carbon-increasing road (13 in Figure 1), and opens the de-phosphorization road automatic shut-off valve (14 in Figure 1). ), using the dephosphorization transport pipeline (12 in Figure 1) to blow, control the spray gun central pipe to spray N 2 or CO 2 for pipeline cleaning, flow rate 400 ⁇ 600Nm 3 / h, time 20 ⁇ 30s.
  • Step 5 In the high-efficiency dephosphorization stage, spray the high-speed dephosphorization powder gas directly into the molten pool below the molten steel surface to remove the phosphorus in the molten steel efficiently.
  • the steps are as follows: continue to use the dephosphorization conveying pipeline (12 in Figure 1) Blowing, the central pipe of the spray gun performs the carrier gas B-dephosphorization powder mode, and directly inputs the carrier gas B and the dephosphorization powder into the molten steel and enhances the stirring ability of the molten pool, and efficiently dephosphorizes, and the spraying rate is 10-50 kg/min, carrier gas. flow 100-1000Nm 3 / h; blowing lance tube girth propane or natural gas, a flow rate of 50 ⁇ 200Nm 3 / h.
  • Step 6 Denitrification in the deep denitrification stage, using the violent carbon-oxygen reaction inside the molten pool to remove nitrogen.
  • the steps are as follows: continue to use the dephosphorization transport pipeline (12 in Fig. 1) to spray, and spray the central tube of the spray gun to spray O 2 -CO 2 Gas, strengthen the decarburization reaction of the molten pool, and effectively remove the [N] in the molten steel by using a large amount of CO bubbles generated by the reaction, the flow rate of the central pipe is 100-1000 Nm 3 /h, and the volume ratio of CO 2 in the mixed gas is 0-100.
  • the % is adjustable, and the spray ring is sprayed with propane or natural gas, and the flow rate is 50-200 Nm 3 /h.
  • Step 7 In the end point of smelting, prevent the molten steel from “returning phosphorus” and further denitrify and purify the molten steel.
  • the steps are as follows: 1) continue to use the dephosphorization conveying pipeline (12 in Figure 1) to spray, and the spray gun central tube to execute the carrier gas.
  • B-dephosphorization powder mode to prevent “rephosphorization” of molten steel, powder spraying rate of 5-20kg/min, carrier gas flow rate of 100-500Nm 3 /h; spray gun ring pipe blowing propane or natural gas, flow rate is 50 ⁇ 200Nm 3 /h, time 1 to 5 min.
  • Step 8 Return to step 1 and wait for the next addition.
  • the spray gun central tube blowing medium has three modes: pure gas, carrier gas A-carbonized powder powder flow, and carrier gas B-dephosphorized powder powder flow.
  • the pure gas mode the pure gas is a mixture of N 2 , Ar, O 2 , CO 2 or O 2 -CO 2 , the volume ratio of CO 2 volume flow is 0 to 100%;
  • the carrier gas A-carbonized powder mode The carrier gas A is air, N 2 or CO 2 , the carbonizing powder is carbon powder, graphite recarburizing agent, coke powder or coal powder, and the diameter of the carbonizing powder is ⁇ 2.0 mm.
  • the carrier gas B-dephosphorization powder mode the carrier gas B is O 2 or O 2 -CO 2 mixed gas, the CO 2 volume flow ratio is 0-100%, the dephosphorization powder is lime powder or limestone powder, and the dephosphorus powder particles Diameter ⁇ 2.0mm.
  • the spray medium of the lance ring is propane, natural gas, N 2 or Ar.
  • the flow rate of the pure gas injected into the central pipe of the spray gun, the carrier gas flow rate and the powder spraying rate of the carrier gas A-carbonizing powder and the carrier gas B-dephosphorizing powder, and the flow rate of the blowing medium of the spray ring of the spray gun are dynamically adjustable.
  • the invention is applicable to the smelting process of a 30-300t full scrap electric arc furnace.
  • the decarburizing powder and the dephosphorization powder are directly input into the molten pool by using a spray gun in the steelmaking process of the whole scrap steel electric arc furnace, and the carbonization and melting phase is greatly increased, the carbon content of the molten pool is greatly increased, and the melting is accelerated by carburizing;
  • the dephosphorization stage the dephosphorization effect is significantly improved; in the deep denitrification stage, a large amount of CO bubbles generated by the reaction are used for deep denitrification.
  • the phosphorus content of the molten steel at the end of the full scrap electric arc furnace is stably controlled below 40 ⁇ 10 -6
  • the nitrogen content is stably controlled below 50 ⁇ 10 -6
  • the smelting cycle of the full scrap electric arc furnace is shortened by 3-10 min, which significantly improves the cleanliness of the molten steel. Improve product quality, speed up smelting and reduce production costs.
  • FIG. 1 is a connection diagram of a blowing system used in a steelmaking process of a full scrap steel arc furnace according to the present invention.
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view showing the installation of a full-scrap electric arc furnace spray gun of the present invention (A-A section in Figure 1).
  • Fig. 3 is a schematic view showing the process of blowing and blowing a spray gun of a full-screw electric arc furnace according to the present invention.
  • Figure 1 Figure 2, control system, 2, gas supply control valve group, 3, carrier gas A-carbon powder injection system, 4, carrier gas B-dephosphorization powder injection system, 5, gas flow Control system one, 6, carbon powder storage tank, 7, powder flow control system, 8, gas flow control system 2, 9, dephosphorization powder storage tank, 10, powder flow control system, 11, carbon-increasing pipeline, 12, dephosphorization conveying pipeline, 13, automatic cut-off valve for carbon-increasing road, 14, de-phosphorization road automatic shut-off valve, 15, spray gun, 16, electric arc furnace, 17, furnace door, 18, tapping, 19, furnace wall fire Material, 20, slag layer, 21, molten steel surface, 22, molten steel.
  • Embodiment 1 The invention is applied to steelmaking in a 90t electric arc furnace, and two spray guns are installed, which are distributed on both sides of the furnace door of the electric arc furnace.
  • the inner diameter of the spray gun is 12 mm
  • the gap of the annular joint is 1 mm
  • the stainless steel material is used.
  • the outlet of the spray gun is 800mm below the surface of the steel and is at an angle of 15° to the horizontal.
  • the decarburization powder is a graphite recarburizer
  • the dephosphorization powder is lime powder
  • the particle diameter is 50 ⁇ m
  • the single shot dusting rate is 0 to 100 kg/min.
  • the carrier gas A is air
  • the carrier gas B is oxygen
  • the single gun oxygen flow rate is 50-800 Nm 3 /h.
  • the ring gap gas is N 2 , Ar or natural gas
  • the single gun flow rate is 10 to 200 Nm 3 /h.
  • the spray gun blowing process is shown in Figure 3.
  • the dephosphorization conveying pipeline is used for blowing.
  • the central pipe and the annular pipe of the spray gun are sprayed with N 2 , the flow rate of the central pipe is 150Nm 3 /h, and the flow rate of the annular pipe is 100Nm 3 /h. To prevent the gun from clogging and burning.
  • the power supply starts from 0 to 7 minutes, and is sprayed by the carbon-increasing conveying pipeline.
  • the air tube of the spray gun is sprayed with air-graphite recarburizer, the spraying rate is 5kg/min, the air flow rate is 150Nm 3 /h; the spray gun ring pipe is blown. Natural gas, flow rate is 60Nm 3 /h.
  • 16 ⁇ 25min continue to use the carbon-increasing conveying pipeline to spray, spray the air-graphite recarburizer in the central pipe of the spray gun, the spraying rate is 12kg/min, the air flow rate is 250Nm 3 /h; the spray ring is sprayed with natural gas The flow rate is 60Nm 3 /h.
  • the central pipe of the spray gun is sprayed with N 2 for cleaning, the flow rate is 400Nm 3 /h, and the time is 20s.
  • the phosphorus content in the molten steel of the electric arc furnace is less than 0.003% (mass percentage)
  • the nitrogen content is controlled below 0.005% (mass percent)
  • the smelting cycle is shortened by 5 min, and the electric energy consumption is reduced by 5 kWh/t, which is improved.
  • the cleanliness of molten steel improves product quality and speeds up the smelting rhythm.
  • Example 2 The invention is applied to a 150t electric arc furnace steelmaking, and four spray guns are installed, which are evenly distributed on both sides of the electric arc furnace door.
  • the inner diameter of the spray gun is 10 mm
  • the gap of the annular joint is 1 mm
  • the stainless steel material is used.
  • the outlet of the spray gun is 900mm below the surface of the molten steel and is 10° from the horizontal plane.
  • the decarburizing powder is carbon powder
  • the dephosphorizing powder is lime powder
  • the particle diameter is 30 ⁇ m
  • the single shot dusting rate is 0-50 kg/min.
  • the carrier gas A is N 2
  • the carrier gas B is an O 2 -CO 2 mixed gas
  • the single-gun oxygen flow rate is 50-600 Nm 3 /h.
  • the ring gap gas is N 2 , Ar or propane, and the single gun flow rate is 10 to 200 Nm 3 /h.
  • the dephosphorization conveying pipeline is used for blowing.
  • the central pipe and the annular pipe of the spray gun are sprayed with N 2 , the flow rate of the central pipe is 100 Nm 3 /h, and the flow rate of the annular pipe is 50 Nm 3 /h. To prevent the gun from clogging and burning.
  • the central pipe of the spray gun is sprayed with N 2 for cleaning, the flow rate is 400Nm 3 /h, and the time is 30s.
  • the phosphorus content in the molten steel of the electric arc furnace is less than 0.004% (mass percentage)
  • the nitrogen content is controlled below 0.005% (mass percent)
  • the smelting cycle is shortened by 4 min, and the electric energy consumption is reduced by 10 kWh/t, which is improved.
  • the cleanliness of molten steel improves product quality and speeds up the smelting rhythm.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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Abstract

一种全废钢电弧炉（16）洁净化快速冶炼方法，根据全废钢电弧炉（16）冶炼进程，利用埋在电弧炉（16）炉底侧面耐火材料（19）内部的喷枪（15）在不同冶炼阶段喷吹不同种类介质，增碳助熔阶段利用熔池渗碳加速熔清、提高熔池碳含量；高效脱磷和深度去氮阶段，强化熔池反应高效脱磷、深度脱氮，从而改善脱磷、脱氮效果，提高钢水洁净度，实现洁净化快速冶炼。

Description

一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法 技术领域
本发明属于电弧炉炼钢技术领域，特别涉及一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法。
背景技术
电弧炉采用全废钢炉料结构冶炼时，冶炼前期以电能输入为主、化学能输入为辅，但单纯依赖大功率输入电能和化学能，其能量利用效率有限；此外，废钢熔化阶段形成的过程熔池粘稠，流动性差，不利于加速废钢熔化。因此，实际电弧炉冶炼全废钢过程中熔清时间较长，大大降低了电弧炉冶炼节奏。
另一方面，钢液质量控制一直是全废钢电弧炉冶炼长期面临的技术难题，主要集中在终点钢液磷含量和氮含量控制方面。
脱磷方面：电弧炉炼钢采用全废钢炉料结构时，废钢料来源复杂，熔清磷含量波动大；熔清后熔池温度偏高、碳含量低、钢液粘稠度高，且熔池流动速度慢，脱磷动力学条件差，冶炼过程脱磷困难。传统电弧炉冶炼通常采用多次造渣、流渣操作，造成冶炼周期延长、渣量大、钢液过氧化严重。
脱氮方面：在全废钢电弧炉采用大功率供电强化废钢熔化的同时，电极放电产生的高温电弧会电离附近空气中N 2，致使钢液吸氮能力大幅增加。但由于全废钢电弧炉熔清后熔池碳含量低，供氧强度不足，冶炼后期脱碳期间熔池内产生的CO气泡数量少，不能有效脱除钢液内[N]；电弧炉采用底吹Ar搅拌可进行脱氮，但底吹流量较低(30-100NL/min)，脱氮作用有限。现有冶炼工艺基本无法实现全废钢电弧炉冶炼深度脱氮。
因此，如何实现全废钢电弧炉冶炼快速、有效脱磷和脱氮，生产低磷、低氮高品质钢种，满足低成本洁净化快速冶炼的要求，一直是全废钢电弧炉冶炼亟需解决的技术瓶颈。
发明内容
针对上述问题，本发明提出一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法，根据全废钢电弧炉冶炼进程，通过熔池内部不同种类介质分时段动态轮吹，冶炼前期利用熔池渗碳加速熔清、提高熔池碳含量，冶炼中后期强化熔池反应高效脱磷、深度脱氮，从而加快全废钢电弧炉冶炼节奏，改善脱磷、脱氮效果，提高钢水洁净度，实现全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼。
本发明的整体实现方式是：一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法，该方法通过安装在电弧炉炉底侧面耐火材料内部的喷枪，利用纯气体、载气A-增碳粉剂、载气B-脱磷粉剂等不同种类介质喷吹模式的在线动态切换，在不同冶炼阶段完成不同种类介质在熔池钢液面以下的轮吹过程，以满足全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼的要求。在增碳助熔阶段，向熔池内部喷吹载气A-增碳粉剂，提高熔池碳含量，同时加快已形成熔池的钢液流动速度，利用渗碳加速废钢熔化，废钢熔化过程结束后熔池钢液碳含量达到0.40％～2.0％；高效脱磷阶段，向熔池内部喷吹载气B-脱磷粉剂，改善脱磷动力学条件，利用熔态渣粒脱磷体系实现炉内高效脱磷，钢液磷含量≤0.010％；深度去氮阶段，向熔池内部大流量喷吹O 2或O 2-CO 2混合气，强化熔池脱碳，同时利用熔池冶金反应产生的大量CO气泡有效去除钢液内[N]；冶炼终点阶段，喷吹载气B-脱磷粉剂防止钢液“回磷”，然后向熔池内部大流量喷吹Ar，均匀熔池成分和温度，最终实现冶炼终点钢液碳含量≥0.10％、磷含量≤40×10 -6、氮含量≤50×10 -6。
本发明所使用设备包括控制系统、供气控制阀组、载气A-增碳粉剂喷吹系统、载气B-脱磷粉剂喷吹系统、输送管道、增碳路自动切断阀、脱磷路自动切断阀、喷枪。所述喷枪整体安装在电弧炉炉底侧面耐火材料内部，喷枪出口在钢液面以下0.3～1.0m(图2中距离L 1)，与水平面夹角为0～60°(图2中角A)。根据电弧炉炉型及容量不同，安装1～6支喷枪，安装喷枪数目根据冶炼工艺要求确定。所述喷枪采用环缝套管设计，中心管采用直管喷嘴，内径尺寸为8～20mm，壁厚2～6mm，环缝间隙1～5mm。
本发明的技术方案具体包括以下步骤：
步骤1：电弧炉出钢后至加入炉料前，控制系统关闭增碳路自动切断阀(图 1中13)，开启脱磷路自动切断阀(图1中14)，利用脱磷输送管道(图1中12)喷吹。喷枪中心管和环缝管喷吹N 2，中心管流量为50～500Nm 3/h，环缝管流量为50～200Nm 3/h，以防止喷枪堵塞、烧损。
步骤2：电弧炉加料阶段，继续利用脱磷输送管道(图1中12)喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2，流量为50～300Nm 3/h，环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h，保证加料过程喷枪正常工作。
步骤3：增碳助熔阶段，向废钢熔化已形成的熔池中喷吹碳粉，提高熔池碳含量，利用渗碳加速废钢熔化。执行步骤如下：1)熔化前期，控制系统开启增碳路自动切断阀(图1中13)，关闭脱磷路自动切断阀(图1中14)，利用增碳输送管道(图1中11)喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气A-增碳粉剂模式，加速废钢渗碳熔化。此阶段熔池形成较浅，须控制喷粉速率以提高渗碳效率，喷粉速率为1～5kg/min，载气A流量为100～300Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h。2)熔化中期，继续利用增碳输送管道(图1中11)喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气A-增碳粉剂模式，加此阶段熔池具有一定深度，控制喷粉速率以提高渗碳效率，喷粉速率为5～10kg/min，载气A流量为200～500Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h。3)熔化后期，继续利用增碳输送管道(图1中11)喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气A-增碳粉剂模式，此阶段熔池较深，强化熔池渗碳和搅拌，喷粉速率为10～20kg/min，载气A流量为200～600Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h。
步骤4：管道清扫阶段，利用大流量N 2或CO 2清扫管道，执行步骤如下：控制系统关闭增碳路自动切断阀(图1中13)，开启脱磷路自动切断阀(图1中14)，利用脱磷输送管道(图1中12)喷吹，控制喷枪中心管喷吹N 2或CO 2进行管道清扫，流量400～600Nm 3/h，时间20～30s。
步骤5：高效脱磷阶段，直接在钢液面以下向熔池内部喷射高速脱磷粉气流，高效脱除钢液中磷，执行步骤如下：继续利用脱磷输送管道(图1中12)喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气B-脱磷粉剂模式，将载气B和脱磷粉剂直接输入钢液内部并增强熔池搅拌能力，高效脱磷，喷粉速率10-50kg/min，载气流量100-1000Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h。
步骤6：深度去氮阶段，利用熔池内部剧烈碳氧反应脱氮，执行步骤如下：利用继续利用脱磷输送管道(图1中12)喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2-CO 2混合气，强化熔池脱碳反应，并利用反应产生的大量CO气泡有效去除钢液内[N]，中心管喷吹流量为100～1000Nm 3/h，混合气中CO 2体积流量比例0～100％可调，喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h。
步骤7：冶炼终点阶段，防止钢液“回磷”，并进一步脱氮净化钢液，执行步骤如下：1)继续利用脱磷输送管道(图1中12)喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气B-脱磷粉剂模式，防止钢液“回磷”，喷粉速率5-20kg/min，载气流量100-500Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h，时间1～5min。2)接近冶炼终点和电弧炉出钢过程，继续利用脱磷输送管道(图1中12)喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹Ar，进一步降低钢液氮含量，提高钢液纯净度，流量为50～600Nm 3/h，喷枪环缝管喷吹Ar，流量为50～200Nm 3/h。
步骤8：返回步骤1，等待下一炉加料。
所述喷枪中心管喷吹介质有纯气体，载气A-增碳粉剂粉气流，载气B-脱磷粉剂粉气流3种模式。所述纯气体模式，纯气体为N 2、Ar、O 2、CO 2或O 2-CO 2混合气，CO 2体积流量比例0～100％；所述载气A-增碳粉剂模式，载气A为空气、N 2或CO 2，增碳粉剂为碳粉、石墨增碳剂、焦炭粉或煤粉，增碳粉剂颗粒直径<2.0mm。所述载气B-脱磷粉剂模式，载气B为O 2或O 2-CO 2混合气，CO 2体积流量比例0～100％，脱磷粉剂为石灰粉或石灰石粉，脱磷粉剂颗粒直径<2.0mm。所述喷枪环缝管喷吹介质为丙烷、天然气、N 2或Ar。所述喷枪中心管喷吹纯气体的流量、载气A-增碳粉剂和载气B-脱磷粉剂的载气流量和喷粉速率以及喷枪环缝管喷吹介质的流量动态可调。
本发明适用于30～300t全废钢电弧炉冶炼过程。通过本发明在全废钢电弧炉炼钢过程中利用喷枪将脱碳粉剂和脱磷粉剂直接输入熔池，增碳助熔阶段，大幅度提高熔池碳含量，利用渗碳加速熔清；高效脱磷阶段，显著改善脱磷效果；深度去氮阶段，利用反应产生的大量CO气泡深度脱氮。使全废钢电弧炉终点钢液磷含量稳定控制在40×10 -6以下，氮含量稳定控制在50×10 -6以下，全废钢电弧炉冶炼周期缩短3～10min，显著提高了钢液洁净度，提升产品质量，加快冶炼节 奏，降低了生产成本。
附图说明
图1为本发明全废钢电弧炉炼钢过程采用的喷吹系统连接图。
图2为本发明全废钢电弧炉喷枪安装剖面图(图1中A-A剖面)。
图3为本发明全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼喷枪喷吹工艺模式图。
图1、图2中1、控制系统，2、供气控制阀组，3、载气A-增碳粉剂喷吹系统，4、载气B-脱磷粉剂喷吹系统，5、气体流量控制系统一，6、增碳粉剂贮存罐，7、粉剂流量控制系统，8、气体流量控制系统二，9、脱磷粉剂贮存罐，10、粉剂流量控制系统，11、增碳输送管道，12、脱磷输送管道，13、增碳路自动切断阀，14、脱磷路自动切断阀，15、喷枪，16、电弧炉，17、炉门口，18、出钢口，19、炉壁耐火材料，20、渣层，21、钢液面，22、钢液。
具体实施方式：
为了使本发明的目的、技术方案及优点更加清楚明白，以下结合附图及实施例，对本发明进行进一步详细描述。应当理解，此处所描述的具体实施例仅仅用于解释本发明，并不用于限定本发明。
相反，本发明涵盖任何由权利要求定义的在本发明的精髓和范围上做的替代、修改、等效方法以及方案。进一步，为了使公众对本发明有更好的了解，在下文对本发明的细节描述中，详尽描述了一些特定的细节部分。对本领域技术人员来说没有这些细节部分的描述也可以完全理解本发明。
实施例1：本发明应用在90t电弧炉炼钢，安装有两支喷枪，分布在电弧炉炉门两侧，喷枪内径12mm，环缝间隙1mm，采用不锈钢材质。喷枪出口在钢液面下800mm，与水平面夹角15°。脱碳粉剂为石墨增碳剂，脱磷粉剂为石灰粉，颗粒直径50μm，单枪喷粉速率为0～100kg/min。载气A为空气，载气B为氧气，单枪氧气流量50～800Nm 3/h。环缝气体为N 2、Ar或者天然气，单枪流量 为10～200Nm 3/h。喷枪喷吹工艺见图3。
1)电弧炉出钢后至加入炉料前，利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管和环缝管喷吹N 2，中心管流量为150Nm 3/h，环缝管流量为100Nm 3/h，以防止喷枪堵塞、烧损。
2)电弧炉加料过程中，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2，流量为100Nm 3/h，环缝管喷吹天然气，流量为60Nm 3/h，保证加料过程喷枪正常工作。
3)供电开始0～7min，利用增碳输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹空气-石墨增碳剂，喷粉速率为5kg/min，空气流量为150Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹天然气，流量为60Nm 3/h。
4)8～15min，继续利用增碳输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹空气-石墨增碳剂，喷粉速率为8kg/min，空气流量为200Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹天然气，流量为60Nm 3/h。
5)16～25min，继续利用增碳输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹空气-石墨增碳剂，喷粉速率为12kg/min，空气流量为250Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹天然气，流量为60Nm 3/h。
6)利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹N 2进行清扫，流量400Nm 3/h，时间20s。
7)26～33min，利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹氧气-石灰粉，高效脱磷，喷粉速率20kg/min，载气流量300Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹天然气，流量为100Nm 3/h。
8)34～45min，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2-CO 2混合气，强化熔池脱碳反应，并利用反应产生的大量CO气泡有效去除钢液内[N]，中心管喷吹流量为300Nm 3/h，混合气中CO 2比例30％，喷枪环缝管喷吹天然气，流量为100Nm 3/h。
9)46～48min，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹氧气-石灰粉， 高效脱磷，喷粉速率5kg/min，载气流量200Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹天然气，流量为100Nm 3/h，时间3min。
10)49～55min，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹Ar，进一步降低钢液氮含量，提高钢液纯净度，流量为300Nm 3/h，喷枪环缝管喷吹Ar，流量为100Nm 3/h。
11)电弧炉出钢结束，返回步骤1，等待下一炉加料。
采用本发明所述方法后，电弧炉冶炼钢液中磷含量小于0.003％(质量百分比)，氮含量控制在0.005％(质量百分比)以下，冶炼周期缩短5min，电能消耗降低5kWh/t，改善了钢液洁净度，提升产品质量，加快了冶炼节奏。
实施例2：本发明应用在150t电弧炉炼钢，安装有四支喷枪，平均分布在电弧炉炉门两侧，喷枪内径10mm，环缝间隙1mm，采用不锈钢材质。喷枪出口在钢液面下900mm，与水平面夹角10°。脱碳粉剂为碳粉，脱磷粉剂为石灰粉，颗粒直径30μm，单枪喷粉速率为0～50kg/min。载气A为N 2，载气B为O 2-CO 2混合气，单枪氧气流量50～600Nm 3/h。环缝气体为N 2、Ar或者丙烷，单枪流量为10～200Nm 3/h。
1)电弧炉出钢后至加入炉料前，利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管和环缝管喷吹N 2，中心管流量为100Nm 3/h，环缝管流量为50Nm 3/h，以防止喷枪堵塞、烧损。
2)电弧炉加料过程中，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2，流量为100Nm 3/h，环缝管喷吹丙烷，流量为50Nm 3/h，保证加料过程喷枪正常工作。
3)供电开始0～10min，利用增碳输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹N 2-碳粉，喷粉速率为5kg/min，N 2流量为100Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷，流量为50Nm 3/h。
4)11～15min，继续利用增碳输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹N 2-碳粉，喷粉速率为8kg/min，N 2流量为150Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷，流量为50Nm 3/h。
5)16～25min，继续利用增碳输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹N 2-碳粉，喷粉速率为12kg/min，空气流量为200Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷，流量为50Nm 3/h。
6)利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹N 2进行清扫，流量400Nm 3/h，时间30s。
7)26～35min，利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2-CO 2-石灰粉，高效脱磷，喷粉速率15kg/min，载气流量300Nm 3/h，CO 2比例20％；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷，流量为80Nm 3/h。
8)36～45min，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2-CO 2混合气，强化熔池脱碳反应，并利用反应产生的大量CO气泡有效去除钢液内[N]，中心管喷吹流量为300Nm 3/h，混合气中CO 2比例40％，喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷，流量为80Nm 3/h。
9)46～47min，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2-CO 2-石灰粉，高效脱磷，喷粉速率5kg/min，载气流量200Nm 3/h，CO 2比例20％；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷，流量为80Nm 3/h，时间2min。
10)48～56min，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹Ar，进一步降低钢液氮含量，提高钢液纯净度，流量为200Nm 3/h，喷枪环缝管喷吹Ar，流量为80Nm 3/h。
11)电弧炉出钢结束，返回步骤1，等待下一炉加料。
采用本发明所述方法后，电弧炉冶炼钢液中磷含量小于0.004％(质量百分比)，氮含量控制在0.005％(质量百分比)以下，冶炼周期缩短4min，电能消耗降低10kWh/t，改善了钢液洁净度，提升产品质量，加快了冶炼节奏。

Claims (4)

  1. 一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法，其特征在于：利用纯气体、载气A-增碳粉剂、载气B-脱磷粉剂不同种类介质喷吹模式的在线动态切换，在不同冶炼阶段完成不同种类介质在熔池钢液面以下的轮吹过程：在增碳助熔阶段，向熔池内部喷吹载气A-增碳粉剂，提高熔池碳含量，同时加快已形成熔池的钢液流动速度，利用渗碳加速废钢熔化，废钢熔化过程结束后熔池钢液碳含量达到0.40％～2.0％；高效脱磷阶段，向熔池内部喷吹载气B-脱磷粉剂，改善脱磷动力学条件，利用熔态渣粒脱磷体系实现炉内高效脱磷，钢液磷含量≤0.010％；深度去氮阶段，向熔池内部大流量喷吹O 2或O 2-CO 2混合气，强化熔池脱碳，同时利用熔池冶金反应产生的大量CO气泡有效去除钢液内[N]；冶炼终点阶段，喷吹载气B-脱磷粉剂防止钢液“回磷”，然后向熔池内部大流量喷吹Ar，均匀熔池成分和温度，最终实现冶炼终点钢液碳含量≥0.10％、磷含量≤40×10 -6、氮含量≤50×10 -6。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法，其特征步骤如下：
    步骤1：电弧炉出钢后至加入炉料前，控制系统关闭增碳路自动切断阀，开启脱磷路自动切断阀，利用脱磷输送管道喷吹；喷枪中心管和环缝管喷吹N 2，中心管流量为50～500Nm 3/h，环缝管流量为50～200Nm 3/h，以防止喷枪堵塞、烧损；
    步骤2：电弧炉加料阶段，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2，流量为50～300Nm 3/h，环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h，保证加料过程喷枪正常工作；
    步骤3：增碳助熔阶段，向废钢熔化已形成的熔池中喷吹碳粉，提高熔池碳含量，利用渗碳加速废钢熔化；执行步骤如下：1)熔化前期，控制系统开启增碳路自动切断阀，关闭脱磷路自动切断阀，利用增碳输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气A-增碳粉剂模式，加速废钢渗碳熔化；此阶段熔池形成较浅，须控制喷粉速率以提高渗碳效率，喷粉速率为1～5kg/min，载气A流量为100～300Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h；2)熔化中期，继续利用增碳输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气A-增碳粉剂模式，加此阶段熔池具有 一定深度，控制喷粉速率以提高渗碳效率，喷粉速率为5～10kg/min，载气A流量为200～500Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h；3)熔化后期，继续利用增碳输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气A-增碳粉剂模式，此阶段熔池较深，强化熔池渗碳和搅拌，喷粉速率为10～20kg/min，载气A流量为200～600Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h；
    步骤4：管道清扫阶段，利用大流量N 2或CO 2清扫管道，执行步骤如下：控制系统关闭增碳路自动切断阀，开启脱磷路自动切断阀，利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，控制喷枪中心管喷吹N 2或CO 2进行管道清扫，流量400～600Nm 3/h，时间20～30s；
    步骤5：高效脱磷阶段，直接在钢液面以下向熔池内部喷射高速脱磷粉气流，高效脱除钢液中磷，执行步骤如下：继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气B-脱磷粉剂模式，将载气B和脱磷粉剂直接输入钢液内部并增强熔池搅拌能力，高效脱磷，喷粉速率10-50kg/min，载气流量100-1000Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h；
    步骤6：深度去氮阶段，利用熔池内部剧烈碳氧反应脱氮，执行步骤如下：利用继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹O 2-CO 2混合气，强化熔池脱碳反应，并利用反应产生的大量CO气泡有效去除钢液内[N]，中心管喷吹流量为100～1000Nm 3/h，混合气中CO 2体积流量比例0～100％可调，喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h；
    步骤7：冶炼终点阶段，防止钢液“回磷”，并进一步脱氮净化钢液，执行步骤如下：1)继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管执行载气B-脱磷粉剂模式，防止钢液“回磷”，喷粉速率5-20kg/min，载气流量100-500Nm 3/h；喷枪环缝管喷吹丙烷或天然气，流量为50～200Nm 3/h，时间1～5min；2)接近冶炼终点和电弧炉出钢过程，继续利用脱磷输送管道喷吹，喷枪中心管喷吹Ar，进一步降低钢液氮含量，提高钢液纯净度，流量为50～600Nm 3/h，喷枪环缝管喷吹Ar，流量为50～200Nm 3/h；
    步骤8：返回步骤1，等待下一炉加料。
  3. 根据权利要求1或2所述的一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法，其特征在于：所述喷枪中心管喷吹介质有纯气体，载气A-增碳粉剂粉气流，载气B-脱磷粉剂粉气流三种模式；所述纯气体模式，纯气体为N 2、Ar、O 2、CO 2或O 2-CO 2混合气，CO 2体积流量比例0～100％；所述载气A-增碳粉剂模式，载气A为空气、N 2或CO 2，增碳粉剂为碳粉、石墨增碳剂、焦炭粉或煤粉，增碳粉剂颗粒直径<2.0mm；所述载气B-脱磷粉剂模式，载气B为O 2或O 2-CO 2混合气，CO 2体积流量比例0～100％，脱磷粉剂为石灰粉或石灰石粉，脱磷粉剂颗粒直径<2.0mm。
  4. 根据权利要求1或2所述的一种全废钢电弧炉洁净化快速冶炼方法，其特征在于：所述方法适用于30～300t全废钢电弧炉冶炼。
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