WO2020063094A1 - 一种空间结构纤维的制备方法及得到的纤维与其应用 - Google Patents

一种空间结构纤维的制备方法及得到的纤维与其应用 Download PDF

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WO2020063094A1
WO2020063094A1 PCT/CN2019/098432 CN2019098432W WO2020063094A1 WO 2020063094 A1 WO2020063094 A1 WO 2020063094A1 CN 2019098432 W CN2019098432 W CN 2019098432W WO 2020063094 A1 WO2020063094 A1 WO 2020063094A1
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fiber
molecular weight
polyelectrolyte
polysaccharide polyelectrolyte
weight polysaccharide
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PCT/CN2019/098432
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English (en)
French (fr)
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隋坤艳
潘娜
崔慧琳
林敏�
谭业强
范汶鑫
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青岛大学
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Priority claimed from CN201811157406.5A external-priority patent/CN109338490B/zh
Priority claimed from CN201811158575.0A external-priority patent/CN109243840B/zh
Application filed by 青岛大学 filed Critical 青岛大学
Priority to JP2021542242A priority Critical patent/JP7181652B2/ja
Priority to US17/280,877 priority patent/US20210404092A1/en
Publication of WO2020063094A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020063094A1/zh

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/24—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a hollow structure; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/247—Discontinuous hollow structure or microporous structure
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/06—Wet spinning methods
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/24—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like with a hollow structure; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/28—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like while mixing different spinning solutions or melts during the spinning operation; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/30—Conjugate filaments; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F8/00—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof
    • D01F8/18—Conjugated, i.e. bi- or multicomponent, artificial filaments or the like; Manufacture thereof from other substances
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01F—CHEMICAL FEATURES IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF CARBON FILAMENTS
    • D01F9/00—Artificial filaments or the like of other substances; Manufacture thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture of carbon filaments
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/24—Electrodes characterised by structural features of the materials making up or comprised in the electrodes, e.g. form, surface area or porosity; characterised by the structural features of powders or particles used therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H01G11/32—Carbon-based
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/22—Electrodes
    • H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
    • H01G11/32—Carbon-based
    • H01G11/36—Nanostructures, e.g. nanofibres, nanotubes or fullerenes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
    • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
    • H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
    • H01G11/86—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof specially adapted for electrodes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01D—MECHANICAL METHODS OR APPARATUS IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ARTIFICIAL FILAMENTS, THREADS, FIBRES, BRISTLES OR RIBBONS
    • D01D5/00—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like
    • D01D5/28—Formation of filaments, threads, or the like while mixing different spinning solutions or melts during the spinning operation; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/30—Conjugate filaments; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D01D5/34—Core-skin structure; Spinnerette packs therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D10—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBLASSES OF SECTION D, RELATING TO TEXTILES
    • D10B2401/00—Physical properties
    • D10B2401/16—Physical properties antistatic; conductive
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of spatial structure fibers, and in particular to the preparation of multilayer structures such as hollow multilayer structure fibers and core-shell multilayer structure fibers, and the obtained fibers and applications thereof.
  • LBL was originally a method of constructing multilayer thin film materials based on the electrostatic complexation between polyelectrolyte anions and cations, and was layer-by-layer deposition. Later, it was extended to hydrogen bonding and charge. Weak forces such as transfer and molecular recognition.
  • the preparation of multilayer structural materials can also be achieved by microfluidic technology. Due to fast heat transfer, reaction conditions such as reaction temperature and effective reaction time can be accurately controlled, and microfluidics can realize the construction of multi-layer (multi-cavity) and complex structural fibers.
  • the multilayer structure fiber constructed by microfluidics can only be called partitioned fiber, and its size is limited to the micro-nano scale, so the preparation of multilayer structure fiber in the macro-scale sense still cannot be broken.
  • Linear supercapacitors are receiving more and more attention due to their small size, flexibility and wearability.
  • the electrodes of most flexible capacitors are bare, and when the two electrodes are in contact with each other, it is easy to short circuit, which is dangerous.
  • the coating process is relatively complicated and time-consuming, and it is difficult to uniformly coat the outside of the electrode, which leads to a decline in the performance of the capacitor.
  • the present invention provides the preparation of spatial structure fibers, especially multilayer structure fibers and core-shell structure fibers.
  • the preparation costs are low and are suitable for large-scale production.
  • the process is simple and environmentally friendly. Number of layers, number of cavities, diameter controllability, good tensile strength, ultra-high specific surface area, has a wide range of applications in the fields of catalysis, adsorption, filtration and tissue engineering; the core of the core-shell structural fiber produced is inert
  • Conductive materials can be used as electrodes, and the outer layer is a complex of natural polysaccharides.
  • the outer layer is a complex of natural polysaccharides.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a method for preparing a spatial structure fiber.
  • the method includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Adding a low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte to water, and optionally dispersing an inert conductive material therein to obtain a spinning dope;
  • Step 2 adding high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte to water to obtain a coagulation bath;
  • Step 3 Inject the spinning dope obtained in Step 1 into the coagulation bath obtained in Step 2 to obtain the spatial structure fiber.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a spatial structure fiber obtained by the above preparation method, the spatial structure fiber includes a hollow multilayer structure fiber and a core-shell multilayer structure fiber,
  • the hollow multilayer structure fiber is a single-chamber or multi-chamber structure, preferably each cavity includes one or more capsule wall structures, and more preferably each capsule wall is porous, and, when it is a multilayer structure, From inside to outside, the pore diameter of each capsule wall gradually increases;
  • the core-shell structure fiber uses an inert conductive material as a core and a polysaccharide polyelectrolyte as a shell.
  • the hollow multilayer structure fiber is used for tissue engineering applications, and cells are cultured in the fiber cavity or on the surface of each layer,
  • the core-shell structural fibers are used in the manufacture of supercapacitors.
  • FIG. 1 shows an electron micrograph of a sodium alginate / chitooligosaccharide multilayer fiber prepared in Example 1 (mainly showing the entire cross section of the fiber);
  • Example 2 is one of the electron micrographs of the sodium alginate / chitooligosaccharide multilayer fiber prepared in Example 1 (mainly showing the outer surface of the first layer near the hollow core);
  • Figure 3 is the third photomicrograph of the sodium alginate / chitooligosaccharide multilayer fiber prepared in Example 1 (mainly showing the outer surface near the outermost layer of the hollow core);
  • Example 4 is the tensile strength of the sodium alginate / chitooligosaccharide multilayer fiber obtained in Example 1;
  • Example 5 is a micrograph of a sodium alginate / chitooligosaccharide multilayer fiber prepared in Example 2 (mainly showing the overall cross section of the fiber);
  • Example 6 is a microscope photo of a sodium alginate / chitooligosaccharide multilayer fiber prepared in Example 3 (mainly showing the overall cross section of the fiber);
  • Example 7 is a microscope photo of a sodium alginate / chitooligosaccharide multilayer fiber prepared in Example 4 (mainly showing the overall cross section of the fiber);
  • Example 8 is an infrared spectrum of a sodium alginate / chitooligosaccharide multilayer fiber prepared in Example 1;
  • Example 9 is a DAPI fluorescence image of a sodium alginate / chitooligosaccharide multilayer fiber culture cell prepared in Example 2;
  • FIG. 10 shows one of the electron micrographs of the sodium alginate / (chitooligosaccharide / carbon nanotube) fiber prepared in Example 1 (mainly showing the entire cross section of the fiber);
  • Example 11 is a second photo of sodium alginate / (chitooligosaccharide / carbon nanotube) prepared in Example 1 (the core-shell structure of the fiber is mainly shown);
  • FIG. 12 is the third photomicrograph of sodium alginate / (chitooligosaccharide / carbon nanotube) prepared in Example 1 (the core morphology of the fiber is mainly shown);
  • FIG. 13 is a macro view of a linear capacitor assembled with sodium alginate / (chitooligosaccharide / carbon nanotube) fiber prepared in Example 1.
  • FIG. 13 is a macro view of a linear capacitor assembled with sodium alginate / (chitooligosaccharide / carbon nanotube) fiber prepared in Example 1.
  • the invention provides a method for preparing a spatial structure fiber.
  • the method includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Adding a low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte to water, and optionally dispersing an inert conductive material therein to obtain a spinning dope;
  • Step 2 adding high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte to water to obtain a coagulation bath;
  • Step 3 Inject the spinning dope obtained in Step 1 into the coagulation bath obtained in Step 2 to obtain the spatial structure fiber.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a multilayer structure fiber, which method includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Add low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte to water to obtain spinning dope;
  • Step 2 adding high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte to water to obtain a coagulation bath;
  • Step 3 The spinning dope obtained in step 1 is injected into the coagulation bath obtained in step 2 via a syringe or a spinneret, and then wound, washed, and dried to obtain the hollow multilayer structure fiber.
  • the electrostatic interaction between the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is used to complex the two to form a polyelectrolyte complex film;
  • the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte can spontaneously pass through the complexing membrane and continue to diffuse in the direction of the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte, and complex with the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte again to form a new Complex film.
  • the solution spontaneously and continuously repeats the above-mentioned complexing-diffusion-recomplexing process, and the fibers with different numbers of capsule wall layers can be controlled.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing a core-shell structure fiber, which method includes the following steps:
  • Step 1 Add a low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte to water to obtain a first solution, and disperse the inert conductive material into the first solution obtained in step 1 to obtain a spinning solution;
  • Step 2 adding high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte to water to obtain a coagulation bath;
  • Step 3 Extrude the spinning solution obtained in Step 2 into the coagulation bath obtained in Step 1 to obtain the core-shell structure fiber.
  • the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte have opposite charges. In this way, an electrostatic effect can form between the two.
  • the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is selected from the group consisting of chitooligosaccharide, sodium alginate oligosaccharide, and carrageenan oligosaccharide.
  • the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is selected from chitosan, sodium alginate or carrageenan.
  • the high molecular weight polyelectrolyte is selected from the oppositely charged, such as sodium alginate, carrageenan, or a mixture of the two. If sodium alginate oligosaccharide has a negative charge, the high molecular weight polyelectrolyte The electrolyte is selected from the oppositely charged, such as chitosan; the carrageenan oligosaccharide is negatively charged, and the high molecular weight polyelectrolyte is selected from the oppositely charged, such as chitosan.
  • the obtained multilayer structure fiber has a wide range of applications in the fields of adsorption, filtration, and tissue engineering.
  • polysaccharide polyelectrolytes have positive and negative charges, and even if the two undergo a complex reaction, there are still charged functional groups on the molecular chain that have not participated in the reaction, becoming potential and capable of reacting with organic dyes Therefore, these binding sites can electrostatically interact with positively or negatively charged ionic dyes to achieve adsorption.
  • the filtration performance of the prepared fiber is due to the multilayer structure of the fiber itself. Each layer has a different pore size and a gradient structure from the inside to the outside. Therefore, the fiber passes from the surface layer to the inner layer according to different particle sizes. The size and size of the layered filter meet the requirements for use. The mixed dust in the fluid enters the filter material from the surface layer.
  • the larger particle size is blocked by the surface layer, the medium particle size is adsorbed in the middle, and the small particle size is blocked by the inner layer.
  • the application of fibers in tissue engineering is due to the good biocompatibility of fiber raw materials, the large specific surface area of hollow fibers, and the unique vascular-like structure.
  • the obtained core-shell structure fiber can be used for preparing a linear flexible supercapacitor.
  • the obtained fiber has an inert conductive material as the core and a natural polysaccharide complex with a porous structure as the shell structure.
  • the inner inert conductive material has excellent conductivity
  • the outer porous natural polysaccharide complex has both It can protect the electrodes and provide channels for ion transmission.
  • a low-molecular-weight polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte disperses an inert conductive material to obtain a spinning solution, and the spinning solution is extruded into a high-molecular-weight polysaccharide-based polyelectrolyte coagulation bath.
  • Sugar polyelectrolytes have opposite positive and negative charges, respectively. When they are contacted, the positive and negative charges are closely combined to form a dense film, which can be used as a semipermeable membrane.
  • the polyelectrolyte Under the driving force of osmotic pressure, low molecular weight polysaccharides
  • the polyelectrolyte can spontaneously pass through the complex membrane to continue to diffuse toward the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte, and complex with the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte again to form a new complex film, and the inert conductive material as an inert substance,
  • the low-molecular-weight polyelectrolyte is unwound during the diffusion process and stays inside the fiber, so that a fiber is obtained in which an electrode part with an inert conductive material as its core is formed inside, and a natural polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is used as an outer electrode protective shell.
  • the molecular weight of the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 2000 to 10,000 Da.
  • the molecular weight of the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 2000 to 6000 Da.
  • the number average molecular weight of the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is less than 2000 Da, when it undergoes a complexation reaction with the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte, the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte have a complex reaction. There are few binding sites and entanglement is not enough to support film formation to form fibers, but composite sediment particles will eventually be formed.
  • the number average molecular weight of the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is greater than 10,000 Da
  • the complex structure of the complex layer formed by the electrostatic complexation reaction between the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is tight, and the low molecular weight is low.
  • the polysaccharide cannot pass through, the diffusion process is blocked, and finally it cannot form a hollow structure or a self-supporting film.
  • the molecular weight of the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 100,000-800,000 Da.
  • the molecular weight of the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 300,000 to 700,000 Da.
  • the molecular weight of the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 400,000 to 600,000 Da.
  • the fiber capsule wall / polyelectrolyte fiber shell formed by the complexation reaction with the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte will be too dense, which may be possible.
  • low-molecular-weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte molecules cannot pass through the capsule wall / over-dense fiber layer, thereby preventing further diffusion of the low-molecular-weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte, and the complexation-diffusion-recomplexation process cannot be performed.
  • the Only a layer of densely structured fibers can be obtained.
  • the mass percentage concentration of the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte in the spinning dope is 5 to 60%, preferably 5 to 40%.
  • the mass percentage concentration of the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 5 to 25%, preferably 5 to 20%, such as 5 to 10%. .
  • the concentration of low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolytes in the spinning dope has an important effect on the number of hollow fiber layers obtained.
  • increasing the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte in the spinning dope The concentration of the multi-layer fiber can be changed from a single layer to a multi-layer, and the number of layers of the multi-layer fiber obtained with the increase of the concentration increases. In this way, a multi-layer hollow with controllable number of layers can be obtained by using the method of the present invention.
  • the mass percentage concentration of the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the inert conductive material will affect the thickness of the complex layer of the shell polysaccharide polyelectrolyte.
  • the main reason is that the higher the concentration of the low-molecular-weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte, the more it complexes with the high-molecular-weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte, and the larger the thickness of the outer shell fiber; especially, if the mass percentage of the low-molecular-weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is At 5%, the inert conductive material cannot be dispersed well. If the mass percentage of the low molecular weight polyelectrolyte is too high, the obtained core-shell fiber shell may contain carbon nanotubes or the conductivity of the inert conductive material contained in the core may decrease.
  • the weight ratio of the inert conductive material to the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 1: (0.2 to 100).
  • the weight ratio of the inert conductive material to the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 1: (0.5 to 1).
  • the mass percentage concentration of the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 0.5 to 5%.
  • the mass percentage concentration of the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is 0.5 to 3%, and more preferably 0.5 to 2%.
  • the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is controlled at a relatively high concentration (5 to 60%, or 5 to 40%), and the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte is controlled to a relatively low concentration (0.5 to 5%). Due to the difference in ion concentration, the two form osmotic pressure. Under the osmotic pressure, the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte diffuses to the high molecular weight polyelectrolyte, and then they are combined by electrostatic action to obtain fibers.
  • step 2 when the inert conductive material is not dispersed, in step 2, NaCl is optionally added.
  • step 2 0.1 to 1 M NaCl is optionally added.
  • step 2 0.2-0.5M NaCl is optionally added.
  • sodium chloride as a small molecule electrolyte, can shield the charge of low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and weaken the electrostatic effect between them, so that the fiber capsule wall structure is more loose, that is, The structure of the capsule wall with a larger pore size is obtained, and the hollow fiber with a loose structure of the multilayer structure is more conducive to the application of oil absorption.
  • some polysaccharide polyelectrolytes were temporarily shielded from the charges, and some binding sites available for reaction with organic dyes were "reserved / retained". The adsorption performance is also better.
  • step 1 the pH of the spinning dope is optionally adjusted to 2-6.
  • the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte both have a certain acidity coefficient pKa
  • the charge density can be changed, thereby affecting the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the high molecular weight.
  • the degree of electrostatic complexation between polysaccharide polyelectrolytes since the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte both have a certain acidity coefficient pKa, by adjusting the pH of the reaction system, the charge density can be changed, thereby affecting the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the high molecular weight.
  • the degree of electrostatic complexation between polysaccharide polyelectrolytes since the low molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte and the high molecular weight
  • step 1 the pH of the spinning dope is optionally adjusted to 3.5-5.
  • multilayer fibers with relatively loose capsule walls can be obtained, thereby giving the fibers more excellent adsorption performance.
  • step 3 when a syringe is used, one or more syringes are used simultaneously to obtain a single-lumen or multi-lumen fiber, respectively.
  • step 3 1 to 8 syringes are used simultaneously.
  • step 3 one to six are performed simultaneously, for example, one to three.
  • step 3 when a spinneret is used, a single-hole or multi-hole spinneret is used to obtain single- or multi-cavity fibers, respectively.
  • a spinneret with 1 to 8 holes is used, and a spinneret with 1 to 6 holes, such as a spinneret with 1 to 3 holes, is more preferred.
  • the distance between adjacent spinneret holes on the spinneret is small so that the ejected fibers can adhere to each other. If spontaneous adhesion cannot be achieved, manual intervention can also be used to Multiple fibers ejected at the same time pull together to form multi-cavity fibers.
  • step 3 after the fiber is obtained, it is optionally immersed in a polyvalent cation salt solution, such as calcium chloride and the like.
  • a polyvalent cation salt solution such as calcium chloride and the like.
  • the concentration of the polyvalent cation salt solution is 1 to 10%, preferably 3 to 8%, such as 5%.
  • step 2 when dispersing the inert conductive material, in step 2, acetic acid is added when the coagulation bath solution is prepared.
  • the volume ratio of acetic acid in the water bath in step 2 is (20-80): 1.
  • the extrusion rate of the spinning solution is 300-600 mL / min.
  • the extrusion rate of the spinning solution is 400-500 mL / min.
  • the inventors have found through a large number of experiments that the spinning solution extrusion rate will greatly affect the fiber formability.
  • the coagulation bath is optionally rotated.
  • step 3 when the coagulation bath is rotated, the extrusion direction of the spinning solution is preferably perpendicular to the rotation direction of the coagulation bath.
  • step 3 when the coagulation bath is rotated, the rotation rate of the coagulation bath is 80 to 200 rpm / min, preferably 100 to 180 rpm / min, and more preferably 120 to 160 rpm / min.
  • the inventors have found through a large number of experiments that when the coagulation bath is rotated, it is beneficial to the formation of fibers.
  • the spinning solution is vertically extruded into a rotating high molecular weight polysaccharide polyelectrolyte coagulation bath, and the rotating coagulation bath provides a shearing force for the extruded spinning solution in the tangential direction of the rotation direction, which is beneficial to the fiber formation. .
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides a spatial structure fiber obtained by using the method described in the first aspect, such as a hollow multilayer fiber or a core-shell structure fiber.
  • the hollow multilayer fiber has a single-chamber or multi-chamber structure.
  • each cavity of the fiber includes one or more capsule wall structures.
  • each layer of the capsule wall is porous, and when it is a multilayer structure, the pore diameter of each layer of the capsule wall gradually increases from the inside to the outside.
  • the multilayer capsule wall structure is obtained by using the method of the present invention.
  • the pore diameter of the inner capsule wall is smaller than the pore diameter of the outer capsule wall adjacent to it, in order from the inside to the outside.
  • the pore diameter in the capsule wall is monotonically increasing.
  • the core-shell structure fiber uses an inert conductive material as a core and a polysaccharide polyelectrolyte as a shell.
  • the third aspect of the present invention provides the application of the spatial structure fiber according to the second aspect, such as the application of the hollow multilayer structure fiber and the core-shell structure fiber.
  • the hollow multilayer structure fiber is used for tissue engineering.
  • it is used for cell culture, for example, culturing cells in a fiber cavity or on the surface of each layer.
  • the cells are cultured in a fiber cavity, and, in a multi-chamber structure, a plurality of cells are cultured simultaneously.
  • the core-shell structure fiber is used for manufacturing super capacitors.
  • the super capacitor is manufactured as follows:
  • Step 1 Mix water and phosphoric acid to obtain solution A;
  • Step 2 Dissolve PVA in water to obtain solution B;
  • Step 3 Mix solution B and solution A and stir to obtain solution C;
  • Step 4 Apply the solution C on the core-shell structure fiber according to the second aspect of the present invention to obtain the super capacitor.
  • the preparation method according to the present invention is simple, the fiber preparation can be completed at normal temperature and pressure, and the preparation process is performed at normal temperature and pressure, the process parameters are easy to control, and the production efficiency is high;
  • a fiber having a single-layer structure or a plurality of layers can be obtained by using the preparation method of the present invention, and more importantly, the pore diameter gradient, the number of layers, the composition, and the number of cavities of the fiber can be arbitrarily adjusted and control.
  • the hollow multilayer structure fiber obtained by the preparation method of the present invention has good tensile strength, ultra-high specific surface area, and has a wide range of applications in the fields of catalysis, adsorption, filtration, and tissue engineering.
  • the core-shell structure fiber prepared by the present invention has an inert conductive material as the core and a natural polyelectrolyte complex shell on the outer layer, and the thickness of the shell fiber can be increased by increasing the concentration of the low molecular weight natural polyelectrolyte;
  • the core-shell structure fiber prepared by the present invention can be used as a flexible capacitor, and the polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex layer wrapped by the outer layer is utilized to prevent the two electrodes from contacting each other, which greatly improves the safety of the material;
  • the outer polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex has rich pores, which provides a channel for electrolyte ion transmission.
  • the outer raw material is pure natural and degradable polysaccharides. Polyelectrolytes are non-toxic and harmless, so they are good materials for wearable devices.
  • the spinning dope is injected into a coagulation bath through a syringe to perform a diffusion reaction, and then wound, washed, and dried to obtain the polysaccharide polyelectrolyte hollow fiber.
  • the overall cross-section of the hollow multilayer fiber is shown in FIG. 1. Specifically, it can be seen that the obtained fiber has a hollow multilayer structure, the fiber diameter is about 900 ⁇ m, and the number of layers is about 9;
  • Figure 2 mainly shows the outer surface of the first layer near the hollow core. Specifically, it can be seen that the size of the pores on the outer surface of the prepared chitosan / alginate fiber near the first layer of the hollow core is about 100 nm. ;
  • FIG. 3 mainly shows the outer surface near the outermost layer. Specifically, it can be seen that the size of the hole on the outer surface of the fiber near the outermost layer is about 50 ⁇ m;
  • Example 1 The process of Example 1 was repeated with the difference that the number of syringes was changed to 2 and the concentration of the spinning dope was 10%. After the two fibers were ejected, the two fibers were pulled together in a coagulation bath to obtain fibers.
  • the obtained fiber was examined by an electron microscope. As shown in FIG. 5, it was found that the chitosan / sodium alginate fiber had a hollow multi-layered multi-cavity structure, and the number of cavities was two.
  • Example 2 The process of Example 2 was repeated with the difference that the number of syringes was changed to three.
  • the obtained fiber was examined by an electron microscope. As shown in FIG. 6, it was found that the chitosan / sodium alginate fiber had a hollow multi-layered multi-cavity structure, and the number of cavities was three.
  • Example 3 The process of Example 3 was repeated with the difference that the number of syringes was changed to four.
  • Electron microscopy was performed on the obtained hollow multi-layered multi-cavity fibers. As shown in FIG. 7, it was found that the chitosan / sodium alginate fiber had a hollow multi-layered multi-cavity structure with a cavity number of four.
  • the spinning dope A is injected into the coagulation bath B through a syringe to perform a diffusion reaction, and then wound, washed, and dried to obtain the polysaccharide polyelectrolyte hollow multilayer fiber.
  • the obtained fiber was examined by an electron microscope, and it was found that the obtained carrageenan oligosaccharide / chitosan fiber had a hollow multilayer structure, a diameter of about 400 ⁇ m, and a number of layers of four.
  • the spinning dope A is injected into the coagulation bath B through a syringe to perform a diffusion reaction, and then wound, washed, and dried to obtain the hollow fiber.
  • the obtained fiber was examined by an electron microscope, and it was found that the obtained fiber had a hollow multilayer structure, the fiber diameter was about 1 mm, and the number of layers was about 8 layers.
  • sodium alginate with a molecular weight of 300,000 Da, carrageenan with a molecular weight of 200,000 Da, and chitooligosaccharide with a molecular weight of 3000 Da were separately prepared for future use;
  • the spinning dope A is injected into the coagulation bath B through a syringe to perform a diffusion reaction, and then wound, washed, and dried to obtain the polysaccharide polyelectrolyte hollow fiber.
  • the obtained fiber was examined by an electron microscope, and it was found that the chitooligosaccharide / (sodium alginate / carrageenan) fiber has a hollow multilayer structure with a diameter of about 1 mm and a number of layers of 10.
  • Example 1 The process of Example 1 was repeated with the following differences: (1) 2000 Da chitosan was replaced with 6000 Da chitosan, and a 5% spinning dope was prepared; (2) 300,000 Da sodium alginate was used to replace 300,000 Da alginate and formulated into a 2% coagulation bath.
  • a mass ratio of 5: 5: 1 weigh chitosan oligosaccharides with a molecular weight of 2000 Da, carbon nanotubes with a length of 50 ⁇ m, and sodium alginate with a molecular weight of 300,000 Da for use;
  • Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were added, and a chitosan / carbon nanotube spinning solution was obtained by stirring and ultrasonic dispersion.
  • Carbon nanotubes) / sodium alginate fiber has a core-shell structure, the core is carbon nanotubes, and the outer layer is a polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex layer.
  • Example 1 The process of Example 1 was repeated, with the difference that, according to a mass ratio of 12: 24: 1, chito-oligosaccharides with a molecular weight of 2000 Da, carbon nanotubes with a length of 50 ⁇ m, and sodium alginate with a molecular weight of 300,000 Da were used separately;
  • the obtained fiber was examined by an electron microscope: it can be seen that the prepared (chitooligosaccharide / carbon nanotube) / sodium alginate fiber has a core-shell structure, and the thickness of the outer capsule wall is 4 ⁇ m.
  • Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were added, and a sodium alginate oligosaccharide / carbon nanotube spinning solution was obtained by stirring and ultrasonic dispersion.
  • the prepared (sodium alginate oligosaccharide / carbon nanotube) / chitosan fiber has a core-shell structure, the core is carbon nanotubes, and the outer layer is polysaccharide polyelectrolyte Floor.
  • a mass ratio of 18: 18: 1 a carrageenan oligosaccharide with a molecular weight of 2000 Da, a carbon nanotube with a length of 50 ⁇ m, and a chitosan with a molecular weight of 750,000 Da were weighed for use;
  • Multi-walled carbon nanotubes were added, and the carrageenan oligosaccharide / carbon nanotube spinning solution was obtained by stirring and ultrasonic dispersion.
  • the syringe containing spinning solution is squeezed into a chitosan solution coagulation bath;
  • the fiber has a core-shell structure, the core is carbon nanotubes, and the outer layer is a polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex layer.
  • Example 9 The process of Example 9 was repeated, and the difference was that the carbon nanotubes were replaced with graphene and the electron microscope was used to detect that the fiber had a core-shell structure, the core was graphene, and the outer layer was a polysaccharide polyelectrolyte complex layer.
  • Example 1 The process of Example 1 was repeated, with the difference that the mass percentage concentration of sodium alginate in the coagulation bath was very low, only 0.1%.
  • Example 1 The process of Example 1 was repeated with the difference that the mass percentage concentration of sodium alginate in the coagulation bath was lower than that in Example 1, but higher than that of Comparative Example 1, which was 0.4%.
  • Example 9 The process of Example 9 was repeated, with the difference that the mass percentage concentration of sodium alginate in the spinning solution was very low, only 0.1%.
  • the hollow multilayer fiber obtained in Example 1 was subjected to infrared detection, and the result is shown in FIG. 8.
  • the fiber has an amide II band of 1540 cm -1
  • a new peak is shown everywhere (circled in the figure), and this result indicates that the electrostatic complexation reaction between the amine group of the chitooligosaccharide and the carboxyl group of the alginate was successful.
  • Example 2 Cell culture was performed using the multi-cavity hollow multi-layer fibers obtained in Example 2 as a template, and the results are shown in FIG. 9. It can be seen in the figure that the cells increase in value with time.

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Abstract

一种空间结构纤维的制备方法及得到的纤维与其应用，其中通过利用湿法纺丝的方法将低分子量多糖类聚电解质配制成纺丝原液，任选地在其中分布惰性导电材料，在凝固槽内加入高分子量多糖类聚电解质作为凝固浴，将纺丝原液经注射器注入凝固浴内，从而制得。所述制备方法设备简单、成本低、可纺性好、适于规模化生产，所制得的空间结构纤维尤其是中空多层纤维具有层数、腔数、直径可控性、良好的拉伸强度、超高的比表面积，在催化、吸附、过滤及组织工程等领域有着广泛的应用，所制得的空间结构纤维尤其是核壳结构纤维可用于线性超级电容器的制作，其中，外层生成的天然多糖聚电解质的外壳能够很好地防止两电极短路，提高了电容器的安全性。

Description

一种空间结构纤维的制备方法及得到的纤维与其应用 技术领域
本发明涉及空间结构纤维领域，具体涉及多层结构如中空多层结构纤维和核壳多层结构纤维的制备，以及得到的纤维及其应用。
背景技术
层状结构在大自然中比比皆是，各色各样生物体通过分子片断间的各种弱相互作用自发地组装、堆积形成多层次的空间结构，并最终实现其生物功能，例如贝壳、树的年轮等都呈高度重复性的多层图案化排列。受自然界启发，科学家们深入开展了多层结构材料的仿生设计与制备及其理论研究。
多层结构材料的制备目前主要以LBL方法为主，LBL最初是基于聚电解质阴阳离子之间的静电络合作用交替逐层沉积构筑多层薄膜材料的一种方法，后来拓展到氢键、电荷转移及分子识别等一些弱作用力。
多层结构材料的制备也可通过微流控技术来实现。由于传热快，反应温度和有效反应时间等反应条件可精确控制，微流控可实现多层(多腔)及复杂结构纤维的构筑。
然而，通过微流控构筑的多层结构纤维确切地讲只能称之为分区纤维，且其尺寸局限在微纳尺度，因此宏观尺度意义上多层结构纤维的制备仍然无法突破。
线性超级电容器由于体积小、灵活性强以及可穿戴的优势，受到人们越来越多的关注。
但是，大多数柔性电容器的电极都是裸露的，当两电极相互接触时很容易短路，从而发生危险。
目前，人们通常采用涂层技术，在裸露的电极外涂上一层PVA固体电解质的方法来解决这个问题，这在一定程度上可以降低发生短路的概率。
但是，涂层工艺相对复杂、耗时，而且难以在电极外涂覆均匀，导致电容器性能的下降。
发明内容
基于上述问题，本发明提供空间结构纤维，特别是多层结构纤维和核壳结构纤维的制备，其制备成本低且适于规模化生产，工艺简单、环保；所制得的多层结构纤维具有层数、腔数、直径可控性、良好的拉伸强度、超高的比表面积、在催化、吸附、过滤及组织工程等领域有着广泛的应用；所制得核壳结构纤维的内核为惰性导电材料，可作为电极，外层为天然多糖的络合物，在解决线性电极安全的前提下，也保证了作为可穿戴设备的无毒性。
本发明的目的在于提供一种空间结构纤维的制备方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
步骤1、将低分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，任选地将惰性导电材料分散到其中，得到纺丝原液；
步骤2、将高分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，得到凝固浴；
步骤3、将步骤1得到的纺丝原液注入步骤2得到的凝固浴内，得到所述空间结构纤维。
本发明的另一目的在于提供通过上述制备方法得到的空间结构纤维，所述空间结构纤维包括中空多层结构纤维和核壳多层结构纤维，
所述中空多层结构纤维为单腔或多腔结构，优选每个腔体包括一层或多层囊壁结构，更优选每层囊壁都呈多孔状，并且，当为多层结构时，由内到外，每层囊壁的孔 径逐渐增大；
所述核壳结构纤维以惰性导电材料为核、多糖类聚电解质为壳。
本发明的再一目的在于提供所述空间结构纤维用于组织工程或用于制造超级电容器，
优选地，中空多层结构纤维用于组织工程应用，在纤维腔内或者每层表面培养细胞，
优选地，核壳结构纤维用于制造超级电容器的应用。
附图说明
图1示出实施例1所制得的海藻酸钠/壳寡糖多层纤维电子显微镜照片(主要示出纤维的整体横截面)；
图2为实施例1所制得的海藻酸钠/壳寡糖多层纤维电子显微镜照片之一(主要示出靠近中空核心第一层的外表面)；
图3为实施例1所制得的海藻酸钠/壳寡糖多层纤维电子显微镜照片之三(主要示出靠近中空核心最外层的外表面)；
图4为实施例1所制得的海藻酸钠/壳寡糖多层纤维的拉伸强度；
图5为实施例2所制得的海藻酸钠/壳寡糖多层纤维显微镜照片(主要示出纤维的整体横截面)；
图6为实施例3所制得的海藻酸钠/壳寡糖多层纤维显微镜照片(主要示出纤维的整体横截面)；
图7为实施例4所制得的海藻酸钠/壳寡糖多层纤维显微镜照片(主要示出纤维的整体横截面)；
图8为实施例1所制得的海藻酸钠/壳寡糖多层纤维的红外光谱图；
图9为实施例2所制得的海藻酸钠/壳寡糖多层纤维培养细胞的DAPI荧光图；
图10示出实施例1所制得的海藻酸钠/(壳寡糖/碳纳米管)纤维电子显微镜照片之一(主要示出纤维的整体横截面)；
图11为实施例1所制得的海藻酸钠/(壳寡糖/碳纳米管)照片之二(主要示出纤维的核壳结构)；
图12为实施例1所制得的海藻酸钠/(壳寡糖/碳纳米管)电子显微镜照片之三(主要示出纤维的内核形貌)；
图13为实施例1所制得的海藻酸钠/(壳寡糖/碳纳米管)纤维组装成线型电容器宏观图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例和实验例对本发明进一步详细说明。通过这些说明，本发明的特点和优点将变得更为清楚明确。
本发明提供一种空间结构纤维的制备方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
步骤1、将低分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，任选地将惰性导电材料分散到其中，得到纺丝原液；
步骤2、将高分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，得到凝固浴；
步骤3、将步骤1得到的纺丝原液注入步骤2得到的凝固浴内，得到所述空间结构纤维。
在一个优选的实施方式中，本发明提供一种多层结构纤维的制备方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
步骤1、将低分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，得到纺丝原液；
步骤2、将高分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，得到凝固浴；
步骤3、将步骤1得到的纺丝原液经注射器或喷丝板注入步骤2得到的凝固浴内，然后进行卷绕、洗涤和干燥处理，即得所述中空多层结构纤维。
其中，利用低分子量多糖类聚电解质和高分子量多糖类聚电解质(分别带有相反的正、负电荷)之间的静电作用，以使二者络合，形成聚电解质络合膜；然后，在渗透压的驱动作用下，低分子量多糖类聚电解质可自发地穿过络合膜继续向高分子量多糖类聚电解质方向扩散、再次与高分子量多糖类聚电解质络合形成新的络合膜。溶液自发地不断重复上述的络合-扩散-再络合的过程，即可控制得到不同囊壁层数的纤维。
在另一个优选的实施方式中，本发明提供一种核壳结构纤维的制备方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
步骤1、将低分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，得到第一溶液，将惰性导电材料分散到步骤1得到的第一溶液中，得到纺丝液；
步骤2、将高分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，得到凝固浴；
步骤3、将步骤2得到的纺丝液挤出到步骤1得到的凝固浴中，得到所述核壳结构纤维。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，所述低分子量多糖类聚电解质与所述高分子量多糖类聚电解质带有相反电荷。这样，两者之间才能形成静电作用。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，所述低分子量多糖类聚电解质选自壳寡糖、海藻酸钠寡糖或卡拉胶寡糖。
在更进一步优选的实施方式中，所述高分子量多糖类聚电解质选自壳聚糖、海藻酸钠或卡拉胶。
其中，壳寡糖带有正电荷，则高分子量聚电解质选自与其带相反电荷的，如海藻酸钠、卡拉胶或者二者的混合液；海藻酸钠寡糖带负电荷，则高分子量聚电解质选自与其带相反电荷的，如壳聚糖；卡拉胶寡糖带负电荷，则高分子量聚电解质选自与其带相反电荷的，如壳聚糖。
在本发明中，得到的多层结构纤维具有在吸附、过滤和组织工程领域有着广泛的应用。
原因在于：(1)多糖类聚电解质带有正、负电荷，即使二者发生络合反应，分子链上仍有未参与反应的带有电荷的官能团，成为潜在的、可与有机染料反应的结合位点，因此，这些结合位点可与带正或负电荷的离子染料发生静电作用实现吸附。(2)制备的纤维之所以有过滤性能，是因为纤维自身存在多层结构，每一层的孔径大小不同，由里到外呈梯度结构，因此纤维通过从表层至内层按不同颗粒物粒径大小逐步分层过滤达到使用要求，流体中的混合尘从表层进入滤料，较大粒径颗粒物被表层拦截住，中等粒径颗粒物被吸附在中间，微小粒径颗粒物被内层阻滞。(3)纤维具有组织工程方面的应用是由于纤维原材料生物相容性好，中空纤维比表面积大，且具有独特的仿血管结构。
在本发明中，得到的核壳结构纤维可以用于制备线性柔性超级电容器。
原因在于：得到的纤维是以惰性导电材料为核心，具有多孔结构的天然多糖络合物为外壳的结构，其中内核的惰性导电材料具备优良的导电性，外层多孔的天然多糖络合物既能保护电极又能提供离子传输的通道。
在本发明得到的核壳结构纤维中，低分子量多糖类聚电解质分散惰性导电材料得到纺丝液，将含有此纺丝液的挤入高分子量多糖类聚电解质凝固浴中(高低分子量多糖类聚电解质分别带有相反的正、负电荷)，刚接触时，正负电荷紧密结合，形成一层致密的薄膜，可以作为半透膜，在渗透压的驱动作用下，低分子量多糖类聚电解质可自发地穿过络合膜继续向高分子量多糖类聚电解质方向扩散、再次与高分子量多糖 类聚电解质络合形成新的络合膜，而惰性导电材料作为惰性物质，在低分子量聚电解质扩散的过程中发生解缠绕，滞留于纤维内部，从而得到一种纤维，其内部是以惰性导电材料为核心的电极部分，外部形成天然多糖聚电解质作为电极保护层的外壳。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤1中，所述低分子量多糖类聚电解质的分子量为2000～10000Da。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤1中，所述低分子量多糖类聚电解质的分子量为2000～6000Da。
其中，若低分子量多糖类聚电解质的数均分子量小于2000Da时，其与高分子量多糖类聚电解质发生络合反应时，由于低分子量多糖类聚电解质与高分子量多糖类聚电解质之间的结合位点少，缠结不够，不足以支撑成膜进而形成纤维，而是最后将形成复合物沉淀颗粒。同时，如果所述低分子量多糖类聚电解质的数均分子量大于10000Da时，低分子量多糖类聚电解质与高分子量多糖类聚电解质发生静电络合反应形成的络合层结构紧密，低分子量的多糖不能穿过，扩散过程受到阻止，最后不能形成中空结构或自支撑薄膜。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤2中，所述高分子量多糖类聚电解质的分子量为100000～800000Da。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤2中，所述高分子量多糖类聚电解质的分子量为300000～700000Da。
在更进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤2中，所述高分子量多糖类聚电解质的分子量为400000～600000Da。
其中，若所述高分子量多糖类聚电解质的分子量超过上述范围后，其与低分子量多糖类聚电解质发生络合反应所形成的纤维囊壁/聚电解质纤维外壳将过于致密，这将可能导致低分子量多糖类聚电解质分子不能穿过囊壁/过致密的纤维层，从而阻碍低分子量多糖类聚电解质的进一步扩散，不能进行络合-扩散-再络合的过程，最后，将只能得到一层致密结构的纤维。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤1中，在所述纺丝原液中，低分子量多糖类聚电解质的质量百分比浓度为5～60％，优选5～40％。
在更进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤1中，在所述纺丝原液中，低分子量多糖类聚电解质的质量百分比浓度为5～25％，优选5～20％，例如5～10％。
其中，发明人经过大量实验发现，纺丝原液中低分子量多糖类聚电解质的浓度对得到的中空纤维的层数有重要影响，具体地，增大纺丝原液中低分子量多糖类聚电解质的浓度，可以使得多层纤维从单层变为多层，并随着浓度增大得到的多层纤维的层数增多，这样，利用本发明所述方法可以得到层数可控的多层中空纤维；和
低分子量多糖类聚电解质与惰性导电材料的质量百分比浓度会影响外壳多糖类聚电解质络合层的厚度。低分子量多糖类聚电解质的浓度比越高，反应得到的多糖类聚电解质外壳纤维的厚度越大。主要原因是，低分子量多糖类聚电解质的浓度越高，其与高分子量多糖聚电解质络合越多，外壳纤维厚度越大；特别地，若低分子量多糖类聚电解质的质量百分数低于5％时，无法很好地分散惰性导电材料，若低分子量聚电解质的质量百分数太高时，得到的核壳纤维壳可能含有碳纳米管或者核中含有的惰性导电材料导电性下降。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤1中，在所述纺丝液中，惰性导电材料与低分子量多糖类聚电解质的重量比为1：(0.2～100)。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤1中，在所述纺丝液中，惰性导电材料与低分子量多糖类聚电解质的重量比为1：(0.5～1)。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤2中，在所述凝固浴中，高分子量多糖 类聚电解质的质量百分比浓度为0.5～5％。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤2中，在所述凝固浴中，高分子量多糖类聚电解质的质量百分比浓度为0.5～3％，更优选为0.5～2％。
其中，控制低分子量多糖类聚电解质在较高浓度下(5～60％，或者5～40％)，而高分子量多糖类聚电解质控制在相对低浓度下(0.5～5％)，这样，两者由于离子浓度差形成渗透压，在渗透压下低分子量多糖类聚电解质向高分子量聚电解质扩散，然后利用静电作用进行结合，得到纤维。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在不分散惰性导电材料时，在步骤2中，任选地加入NaCl。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤2中，任选地加入0.1～1MNaCl。
在更进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤2中，任选地加入0.2～0.5MNaCl。
其中，氯化钠作为小分子电解质，可以屏蔽低分子量多糖类聚电解质与高分子量多糖类聚电解质的电荷，减弱二者之间的静电作用，从而使得纤维的囊壁结构更疏松，即得到孔径更大的囊壁结构，而结构较为疏松的多层结构中空纤维更利于吸油的应用。并且，加入氯化钠后，有部分多糖类聚电解质被暂时屏蔽电荷，也“储备/保留”了一些可供与有机染料反应的结合位点，因此，得到的多层结构中空纤维对有机染料的吸附性能也更优异。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤1中，任选地将纺丝原液的pH调至2～6。
其中，由于低分子量多糖类聚电解质和高分子量多糖类聚电解质均具有一定的酸度系数pKa，通过调节反应体系的pH，可以改变电荷密度，进而影响低分子量多糖类聚电解质与高分子量多糖类聚电解质之间的静电络合程度。具体地，越远离酸度系数pKa，电荷密度越大，低分子量多糖类聚电解质与高分子量多糖类聚电解质之间的结合力越强，所得到的络合膜的结构越紧密；反之，越靠近酸度系数pKa，电荷密度越小，低分子量多糖类聚电解质与高分子量的多糖类聚电解质之间的结合力越弱，所得到的络合膜的结构越疏松。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤1中，任选地将纺丝原液的pH调至3.5～5。
因此，在酸性pH环境下，可以得到囊壁较为疏松的多层纤维，从而赋予纤维更优异的吸附性能。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤3中，当采用注射器时，采用一个或多个注射器同时进行，分别得到单腔或多腔纤维。
其中，当采用一个注射器进行时，得到单腔纤维，当采用多个注射器进行时，可以得到多腔纤维。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤3中，采用1～8个注射器同时进行。
在更进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤3中，采用1～6个同时进行，例如1～3个。
其中，当采用多个注射器时，优选将其靠近进行注射，这样，同时喷出的多条纤维在凝固浴中会自发发生黏连，进而得到多腔纤维；若同时喷出的多条纤维在凝固浴中未自发发生黏连，那么可以人工参与，将同时喷出的多条纤维牵在一起，形成多腔纤维。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤3中，当采用喷丝板时，采用单孔或多孔喷丝板进行，分别得到单腔或多腔纤维。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，采用1～8孔喷丝板进行，更优选采用1～6孔喷丝板，例如1～3孔喷丝板。
其中，采用喷丝板进行时，优选喷丝板上的相邻喷丝孔间距较小，以使喷出的纤维相互之间可以黏连，如果不能自发黏连，同样可以采用人工干预，将同时喷出的多条纤维牵在一起，形成多腔纤维。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤3中，在得到纤维后，任选地将其浸入多价阳离子盐溶液中，例如氯化钙等。
其中，浸入多价阳离子盐中后，阳离子盐与分子链之间发生交联，可以改变纤维的表面粗糙度并增加强度。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，所述多价阳离子盐溶液的浓度为1～10％，优选3～8％，例如5％。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在分散惰性导电材料时，在步骤2中，在凝固浴溶液配制时加入乙酸。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，当加入乙酸时，步骤2中水浴乙酸的体积用量比为(20～80)：1。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在步骤3中，纺丝液的挤出速率为300～600mL/min。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤4中，纺丝液的挤出速率为400～500mL/min。
其中，发明人经过大量实验发现，纺丝液挤出速率会极大影响纤维的成型性。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，在分散惰性导电材料时，在步骤3中，任选地对凝固浴进行旋转。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤3中，当对凝固浴进行旋转时，优选纺丝液的挤出方向与凝固浴的旋转方向垂直。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，在步骤3中，当对凝固浴进行旋转时，凝固浴的旋转速率为80～200rpm/min，优选为100～180rpm/min，更优选为120～160rpm/min。
其中，发明人经过大量实验发现，当对凝固浴进行旋转时，利于纤维的成型。具体地，将纺丝液垂直挤入旋转的高分子量多糖类聚电解质凝固浴中，旋转的凝固浴为挤出的纺丝液提供了沿旋转方向切向的剪切力，利于纤维的成型。
本发明另一方面提供了一种利用第一方面所述方法得到的空间结构纤维，例如中空多层纤维或核壳结构纤维。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，所述中空多层纤维为单腔或多腔结构。在进一步优选的实施方式中，所述纤维的每个腔体包括一层或多层囊壁结构。在更进一步优选的实施方式中，每层囊壁均呈多孔状，并且，当为多层结构时，由内到外，每层囊壁的孔径逐渐增大。
其中，利用本发明所述方法得到多层囊壁结构，在所述多层囊壁结构中，内层囊壁的孔径小于与之邻接的外层囊壁的孔径，按由内向外的顺序，囊壁上的孔径单调递增。
所述核壳结构纤维以惰性导电材料为核、多糖类聚电解质为壳。
本发明第三方面提供了第二方面所述空间结构纤维的应用，例如中空多层结构纤维和核壳结构纤维的应用。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，所述中空多层结构纤维用于组织工程。
在进一步优选的实施方式中，用于细胞培养，例如在纤维腔内或者每层表面培养细胞。
在更进一步优选的实施方式中，在纤维腔内培养，并且，当为多腔结构时，同时培养多种细胞。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，所述核壳结构纤维用于制作超级电容器的应用。
根据本发明一种优选的实施方式，所述超级电容器的制作如下：
步骤1、将水与磷酸混合均匀，得到溶液A；
步骤2、将PVA溶解到水中，得到溶液B；
步骤3、将溶液B与溶液A混合，搅拌得到溶液C；
步骤4、将溶液C涂于本发明第二方面所述核壳结构纤维上，制得所述超级电容器。
本发明所具有的有益效果包括：
(1)本发明所述制备方法简单，在常温、常压下即可完成纤维的制备，且制备过程中在常温、常压下进行，工艺参数易于控制，具有较高的生产效率；
(2)利用本发明所述制备方法可以制得单层结构或若干层结构的纤维，并且，更为重要的是，纤维的孔径梯度、层数、组分和腔数可根据需要任意调节与控制。
(3)通过本发明所述制备方法得到的中空多层结构纤维具有良好的拉伸强度、超高的比表面积、在催化、吸附、过滤及组织工程等领域有着广泛的应用。
(4)本发明制备的核壳结构纤维，其内部以惰性导电材料为核心，外层以天然聚电解质络合物外壳，增加低分子量天然聚电解质的浓度就可以提高外壳纤维的厚度；
(5)本发明制备的核壳结构纤维可用做柔性电容器，其外层包裹的多糖聚电解质络合层有利用防止两电极相互接触，大大提高了材料的安全性；
(6)本发明制备的核壳结构纤维中，外层的多糖聚电解质络合物存在丰富的孔洞，提供了电解质离子传输的通道，同时，外层原料为纯天然、可降解的多糖类聚电解质，均无毒无害，因此，成为可穿戴设备良好材料。
实施例
以下通过具体实施例进一步描述本发明。不过这些实施例仅仅是范例性的，并不对本发明的保护范围构成任何限制。
实施例1
按质量比20：1，分别称取分子量为2000Da的壳寡糖、分子量为30万Da的海藻酸钠，备用；
将所取壳寡糖加去离子水溶解，得到质量百分比浓度为20％的纺丝原液；
将所取海藻酸钠加到1.17％的氯化钠(0.2MNaCl)溶液中，配制成质量百分比浓度为1％的凝固浴；
将纺丝原液经一个注射器注入凝固浴内，进行扩散反应，然后卷绕、洗涤、干燥，即得所述多糖类聚电解质中空纤维。
对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测和强度测试，结果如图1～4所示：
(1)在图1中示出中空多层纤维的整体横截面，具体地可以看出，所制得的纤维为中空多层结构，纤维直径约为900μm，层数约为9；
(2)图2主要示出靠近中空核心第一层的外表面，具体地可以看出，所制得的壳寡糖/海藻酸钠纤维靠近中空核心第一层的外表面孔的大小约为100nm；
(3)图3主要示出靠近最外层的外表面，具体地可以看出，所制得的纤维靠近最外层的外表面孔的大小约为50μm；
(4)对得到的中空多层纤维通过拉伸强度测试，结果如图4所示，由图可知，纤维的拉伸强度为203MPa，延伸率达到7.7％。
实施例2
重复实施例1的过程，区别在于，注射器的数量改为2，纺丝原液的浓度为10％，其中，在两条纤维喷出后，在凝固浴内将两者牵引在一起，得到纤维。
对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测，如图5所示，得知壳寡糖/海藻酸钠纤维为中 空多层多腔结构，腔数为2。
实施例3
重复实施例2的过程，区别在于，注射器的数量改为3。
对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测，如图6所示，得知壳寡糖/海藻酸钠纤维为中空多层多腔结构，腔数为3。
实施例4
重复实施例3的过程，区别在于，注射器的数量改为4。
对得到的中空多层多腔纤维进行电子显微镜检测，如图7所示，得知壳寡糖/海藻酸钠纤维为中空多层多腔结构，腔数为4。
实施例5
按质量比10:1，分别称取分子量为2000Da的卡拉胶寡糖、分子量为75万Da的壳聚糖，备用；
将所取卡拉胶寡糖加去离子水溶解，调pH值为4.8，得到质量百分比浓度为10％的纺丝原液；
将所取壳聚糖加入去离子水和乙酸(50:1)，配制成质量百分比浓度为1％的凝固浴；
将纺丝原液A经注射器注入凝固浴B内，进行扩散反应，然后卷绕，洗涤，干燥，即得所述多糖类聚电解质中空多层纤维。
对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测，得知所制得的卡拉胶寡糖/壳聚糖纤维为中空多层结构，直径约为400μm，层数为4层。
实施例6
按质量比40:1，分别称取分子量为3000Da的壳寡糖、分子量为20万Da的卡拉胶，备用；
将所取壳寡糖加去离子水溶解，得到质量百分比浓度为20％的纺丝原液；
将所取卡拉胶加入去离子水和乙酸(50:1)，配制成质量百分比浓度为1％的凝固浴；
将纺丝原液A经注射器注入凝固浴B内，进行扩散反应，然后卷绕，洗涤，干燥，即得所述中空纤维。
对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测，可知所制得的纤维为中空多层结构，纤维直径约为1mm，层数约为8层。
实施例7
按质量比1:3分别称取分子量分别为30万Da的海藻酸钠和分子量为20万Da的卡拉胶，以及分子量为3000Da的壳寡糖，备用；
将所取壳寡糖加去离子水溶解，得到质量百分比浓度为20％的纺丝原液；
将所取海藻酸钠和卡拉胶加入去离子水，配制成质量百分比浓度为1％的凝固浴；
将纺丝原液A经注射器注入凝固浴B内，进行扩散反应，然后卷绕，洗涤，干燥，即得所述多糖类聚电解质中空纤维。
对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测，得知壳寡糖/(海藻酸钠/卡拉胶)纤维为中空多层结构，直径约为1mm，层数为10层。
实施例8
重复实施例1的过程，区别在于：(1)采用6000Da的壳寡糖替换2000Da的壳寡糖，并配制成5％的纺丝原液；(2)采用70万Da的海藻酸钠替换30万Da的海藻酸钠，并配制成2％的凝固浴。
实施例9
按质量比5：5：1，分别称取分子量为2000Da的壳寡糖、长度50μm的碳纳米管、分子量为30万Da的海藻酸钠备用；
将所取壳寡糖加去离子水溶解，得到质量百分比浓度为5％的第一溶液；
加入多壁碳纳米管，经搅拌、超声分散获得壳寡糖/碳纳米管的纺丝液。
将所取海藻酸钠加到去离子水中溶解，配制成质量百分比浓度为1％的凝固浴；
将含有纺丝液的注射器挤入海藻酸钠凝固浴溶液中；
调整注射器的挤出速度为500mL/min，凝固浴的旋转速度为120rpm/min；对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测，结果如图10～12所示，可知，所制得的(壳寡糖/碳纳米管)/海藻酸钠纤维为核壳结构，内核为碳纳米管，外层为多糖聚电解质络合层。
实施例10
重复实施例1的过程，区别在于：按质量比12：24：1，分别称取分子量为2000Da的壳寡糖、长度50μm的碳纳米管、分子量为30万Da的海藻酸钠备用；
对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测：可知，所制得的(壳寡糖/碳纳米管)/海藻酸钠纤维为核壳结构，纤维外层囊壁的厚度为4μm。
实施例11
按质量比5：10：1，分别称取分子量为2000Da的海藻酸钠寡糖、长度50μm的碳纳米管、分子量为75万Da的壳聚糖备用；
将所取海藻酸钠寡糖加去离子水溶解，得到质量百分比浓度为5％的第一溶液；
加入多壁碳纳米管，经搅拌、超声分散获得海藻酸钠寡糖/碳纳米管的纺丝液。
将所取壳聚糖加入到去离子水和乙酸(50:1)，配制成质量百分比浓度为1％的凝固浴；
将含有纺丝液的注射器挤入壳聚糖凝固浴溶液中反应，同时，调整注射器的挤出速度为500mL/min，凝固浴的旋转速度为120rpm/min；
对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测，可知，所制得的(海藻酸钠寡糖/碳纳米管)/壳聚糖纤维为核壳结构，内核为碳纳米管，外层为多糖聚电解质络合层。
实施例12
按质量比18：18：1，分别称取分子量为2000Da的卡拉胶寡糖、长度50μm的碳纳米管、分子量为75万Da的壳聚糖备用；
将所取海藻酸钠寡糖加去离子水溶解，得到质量百分比浓度为18％的第一溶液；
加入多壁碳纳米管，经搅拌、超声分散获得卡拉胶寡糖/碳纳米管的纺丝液。
将所取壳聚糖加入到去离子水和乙酸(50:1)，配制成质量百分比浓度为1％的凝固浴；
此含有纺丝液的注射器挤入壳聚糖溶液凝固浴中；
调整注射器的挤出速度为500mL/min，凝固浴的旋转速度为120rpm/min；对得到的纤维进行电子显微镜检测，可知，所制得的(卡拉胶寡糖/碳纳米管)/壳聚糖纤维为核壳结构，内核为碳纳米管，外层为多糖聚电解质络合层。
实施例13
重复实施例9的过程，区别在于：采用石墨烯替换碳纳米管，进行电子显微镜检测，可知，纤维为核壳结构，内核为石墨烯，外层为多糖聚电解质络合层。
对比例
对比例1
重复实施例1的过程，区别在于：凝固浴中海藻酸钠的质量百分比浓度非常低，仅为0.1％。
结果发现，当海藻酸钠(高分子量聚电解质)浓度非常低时，会形成沉淀。由于海藻酸钠链间缠结以及海藻酸钠与壳寡糖之间的缠结不充分，海藻酸钠和壳寡糖的结合位点不足，仅形成沉淀，不足以支撑膜。
对比例2
重复实施例1的过程，区别在于：凝固浴中海藻酸钠的质量百分比浓度比实施例1中低，但高于对比例1，为0.4％。
发现，相较于对比例1，由于充分的缠结和交联，纤维可以形成。然而，相较于实施例1，得到的纤维非常脆弱。
对比例3
重复实施例9的过程，区别在于：纺丝液中海藻酸钠的质量百分比浓度非常低，仅为0.1％。
结果发现，当海藻酸钠(高分子量聚电解质)浓度非常低时，会形成沉淀。由于海藻酸钠链间缠结以及海藻酸钠与壳寡糖之间的缠结不充分，海藻酸钠和壳寡糖的结合位点不足，仅形成沉淀，不足以支撑的纤维。
实验例
实验例1 红外检测
对实施例1得到的中空多层纤维进行红外检测，结果如图8所示，在图中可以看出，与纯壳寡糖和海藻酸钠相比，所述纤维在酰胺II带1540cm -1处(图中圆圈处)显示出新的峰，这一结果表明，壳寡糖的胺基团和海藻酸盐的羧基之间的静电络合反应是成功的。
实验例2 细胞培养
利用实施例2得到的多腔中空多层纤维作为模板进行细胞培养，结果如图9所示，在图中可以看出，随着时间的延长，细胞发生增值。
实验例3 线性超级电容器的组装
将10mL水与10mL磷酸混合均匀，得到溶液A；将PVA溶解到90℃的90mL水中，得到溶液B；将溶液B与溶液A混合，搅拌均匀，得到溶液C；将溶液C仅涂到实施例9的核壳结构纤维上，制得超级电容器，如图13所示。
以上结合优选实施方式和范例性实例对本发明进行了详细说明。不过需要声明的 是，这些具体实施方式仅是对本发明的阐述性解释，并不对本发明的保护范围构成任何限制。在不超出本发明精神和保护范围的情况下，可以对本发明技术内容及其实施方式进行各种改进、等价替换或修饰，这些均落入本发明的保护范围内。本发明的保护范围以所附权利要求为准。

Claims (11)

  1. 一种空间结构纤维的制备方法，其特征在于，所述方法包括以下步骤：
    步骤1、将低分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，任选地将惰性导电材料分散到其中，得到纺丝原液；
    步骤2、将高分子量多糖类聚电解质加入水中，得到凝固浴；
    步骤3、将步骤1得到的纺丝原液注入步骤2得到的凝固浴内，得到所述空间结构纤维。
  2. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述空间结构纤维包括中空多层结构纤维和核壳多层结构纤维，
    当步骤1中不分散惰性导电材料时，步骤3中得到中空多层结构纤维，优选地，将步骤1得到的纺丝原液经注射器或喷丝板注入步骤2得到的凝固浴内，然后进行卷绕、洗涤和干燥处理，得到所述中空多层结构纤维；
    当步骤1中分散惰性导电材料时，步骤3中得到核壳多层结构纤维，此时：
    在所述纺丝液中，惰性导电材料与低分子量多糖类聚电解质的重量比为1:(0.2～100)，优选1:(0.5～1)；
    所述惰性导电材料选自石墨烯、碳纳米管和金属超微粉。
  3. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，所述低分子量多糖类聚电解质与所述高分子量多糖类聚电解质带有相反电荷。
  4. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，在步骤1中，
    所述低分子量多糖类聚电解质的分子量为2000～10000Da，优选为2000～6000Da；和/或
    所述低分子量多糖类聚电解质选自壳寡糖、海藻酸钠寡糖或卡拉胶寡糖。
  5. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，在步骤2中，
    所述高分子量多糖类聚电解质的分子量为100000～800000Da，优选为300000～700000Da，更优选为400000～600000Da；和/或
    所述高分子量多糖类聚电解质选自壳聚糖、海藻酸钠或卡拉胶。
  6. 根据权利要求1所述的制备方法，其特征在于，
    在步骤1中，在所述纺丝原液中，低分子量多糖类聚电解质的质量百分比浓度为5～60％，优选为5～40％，更优选为5～25％，还更优选为5～20％，例如5～10％；和/或
    在步骤2中，在所述凝固浴中，高分子量多糖类聚电解质的质量百分比浓度为0.5～5％，优选为0.5～3％，更优选为0.5～2％，最优选为0.5％～1％。
  7. 根据权利要求2所述的制备方法，其特征在于，
    在不分散惰性导电材料时，
    在步骤2中，将纺丝原液的pH调至2～6，优选将纺丝原液的pH调至3.5～5；和/或
    在步骤2中，加入NaCl，优选加入0.1～1MNaCl溶液，更优选加入0.2～0.5M NaCl溶液；
    在步骤3中，当采用注射器时，采用一个或多个注射器同时进行，分别得到单腔或多腔纤维；
    在步骤3中，当采用喷丝板时，采用单孔或多孔喷丝板进行，分别得到单腔或多腔纤维。
  8. 根据权利要求2所述的制备方法，其特征在于，
    在分散惰性导电材料时，
    在步骤3中，纺丝液的挤出速率为300～600mL/min，优选为400～500mL/min。
  9. 根据权利要求1至8之一所述制备方法得到的空间结构纤维，所述空间结构纤维包括中空多层结构纤维和核壳多层结构纤维，
    所述中空多层结构纤维为单腔或多腔结构，优选每个腔体包括一层或多层囊壁结构，更优选每层囊壁都呈多孔状，并且，当为多层结构时，由内到外，每层囊壁的孔径逐渐增大；
    所述核壳结构纤维以惰性导电材料为核、多糖类聚电解质为壳。
  10. 根据权利要求9所述的空间结构纤维用于组织工程或用于制造超级电容器的应用，
    优选地，中空多层结构纤维用于组织工程应用，在纤维腔内或者每层表面培养细胞，
    优选地，核壳结构纤维用于制造超级电容器的应用。
  11. 根据权利要求10所述的应用，所述超级电容器的制作如下：
    步骤1、将水与磷酸混合均匀，得到溶液A；
    步骤2、将PVA溶解到水中，得到溶液B；
    步骤3、将溶液B与溶液A混合，搅拌得到溶液C；
    步骤4、将溶液C涂于所述核壳结构纤维上，制得所述超级电容器。
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