WO2020049110A1 - Dispositif pour l'élimination d'une élévation, en particulier une excroissance, faisant saillie d'une surface de peau d'un être vivant - Google Patents

Dispositif pour l'élimination d'une élévation, en particulier une excroissance, faisant saillie d'une surface de peau d'un être vivant Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2020049110A1
WO2020049110A1 PCT/EP2019/073721 EP2019073721W WO2020049110A1 WO 2020049110 A1 WO2020049110 A1 WO 2020049110A1 EP 2019073721 W EP2019073721 W EP 2019073721W WO 2020049110 A1 WO2020049110 A1 WO 2020049110A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
guide
elevation
loop
skin surface
protruding
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/EP2019/073721
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Bahar APTEKIN
Original Assignee
Aptekin Bahar
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Aptekin Bahar filed Critical Aptekin Bahar
Priority to EP19766209.1A priority Critical patent/EP3846704A1/fr
Publication of WO2020049110A1 publication Critical patent/WO2020049110A1/fr

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/12Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for ligaturing or otherwise compressing tubular parts of the body, e.g. blood vessels, umbilical cord
    • A61B17/12009Implements for ligaturing other than by clamps or clips, e.g. using a loop with a slip knot
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/00234Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets for minimally invasive surgery
    • A61B2017/00358Snares for grasping
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B2017/00743Type of operation; Specification of treatment sites
    • A61B2017/00747Dermatology
    • A61B2017/00761Removing layer of skin tissue, e.g. wrinkles, scars or cancerous tissue
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B17/00Surgical instruments, devices or methods, e.g. tourniquets
    • A61B17/32Surgical cutting instruments
    • A61B17/3209Incision instruments
    • A61B2017/32096Incision instruments for slowly cutting through tissue, e.g. stent like temporary implants having sharp edges

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for removing a protruding, in particular growth-like, elevation from a skin surface of a living being.
  • a protrusion in particular a growth-like protrusion from a skin surface of a living being
  • a removal of one from a skin surface of a living being ie. H. especially of a person, exciting, especially growth-like, d. H. e.g. B. a mole or birthmark is to be made.
  • the devices known and used for this purpose are regularly designed in terms of their application and handling on the skin surface of a living being by a user or / and comparatively in terms of their technical requirements, in particular due to the requirement of complex equipment, in comparison to acquisition and maintenance expensive.
  • the invention is therefore based on the object of a need for an improved device for removing a protruding, in particular growth-like, elevation from a skin surface of a living being.
  • the object is achieved by a device for removing a protuberance, in particular a growth-like protrusion protruding from a skin surface of a living being.
  • the dependent claims relate to possible or expedient embodiments of the device.
  • the device described here is designed to remove an elevation projecting from a skin surface of a living being, ie in particular a human being.
  • a corresponding survey it can be z. B. is a tumor or a growth.
  • a specific example of a corresponding survey is a mole or a birthmark or a wart.
  • the term “elevation” can be understood to mean all elevations that protrude from a skin surface to be regarded as a reference plane, as mentioned, in particular tumor-like or growth-like.
  • a corresponding elevation can typically be delimited from the rest of the skin surface in such a way that its exposed upper side is raised or raised compared to the exposed upper side of the other skin surface.
  • the device is typically set up to remove corresponding elevations from all parts of the skin of a living being or human, so that reference should only be made, by way of example, to the area of the upper body or limbs of a living being or human.
  • the device can be used to remove corresponding elevations, for example in the field of cosmetics or medicine. In principle, however, the device can be used in any area in which the removal of corresponding elevations is necessary or desired.
  • the device is characterized by a clamping means.
  • the tensioning device is designed to form a loop-like structure or loop-like structure, in short a loop or a loop, that surrounds an elevation that protrudes circumferentially from a skin surface of a living being.
  • the tensioning means can therefore also be referred to or regarded as a looping or wrapping means.
  • the tensioning means has deformable properties, at least in sections, in particular completely.
  • the tensioning means for the removal of a corresponding elevation, it is essential that the tensioning means - in particular if it forms a corresponding loop or loop-shaped structure - into several different tensioned states, in each of which an elevation to be removed by means of the device, in particular constricting or constricting , acting force (clamping force) can be formed or developed, can be transferred.
  • a force can be formed which constricts or constricts an elevation to be removed by means of the device and which serves to reduce or prevent the blood supply to the elevation due to a constriction or constriction, so that the elevation after sufficient exposure to the force due to lack of blood flow for the living being can be removed painlessly from the skin surface.
  • it falls due to the force exerted by the tensioning device the blood supply does not flow (adequately) from the skin surface after a while.
  • the tensioning means can thus be converted or formed into at least a first tension state, in which a first force acting on an elevation to be removed by means of the device, in particular constricting or constricting, can be formed and at least one second tension state different from the first tension state , in which a second force that acts on an elevation to be removed by means of the device, in particular constricting or constricting, and different from the first force, can be formed or formed.
  • a first tension state in which a first force acting on an elevation to be removed by means of the device, in particular constricting or constricting, can be formed and at least one second tension state different from the first tension state
  • a second force that acts on an elevation to be removed by means of the device, in particular constricting or constricting, and different from the first force can be formed or formed.
  • the tensioning means can typically also be secured in the respective tension states.
  • a backup of the clamping device in a respective voltage state can in a simple case by a, for. B. positively and / or non-positively or frictionally, fastening or linking two different sections of the clamping device, in particular two sections of the clamping device arranged in the region of respective free ends of the clamping device, to one another.
  • a force exerted on the corresponding elevation by means of the clamping device in a respective tension state can be applied over a longer period of time, i. H. especially until the respective state of tension is released.
  • the force that can be formed or formed by means of the clamping means acts in particular circumferentially around the circumferential surface of the cylindrical elevation or radially inward, which results in the described narrowing or constriction of the elevation.
  • the device thus has a simple structure, which nevertheless works or works very reliably with regard to the removal of corresponding elevations, so that it has a complex design compared to the initially mentioned and / or with regard to its technical requirements, in particular due to the requirement of complex equipment Acquisition and maintenance of comparatively expensive known devices improved device is present.
  • the tensioning device In order to be able to form a corresponding loop or loop-shaped structure, the tensioning device typically has an elongated geometric shape or geometry.
  • the tensioning device typically has a longitudinal axis along which it can be deformed to form a corresponding loop or loop-shaped structure.
  • the tensioning means at least in sections, if appropriate completely, of a material having elastic properties and / or a material structure having elastic properties, ie. H. e.g. B. a chain link-like material structure is formed.
  • a material which forms the tensioning means and has elastic properties can in particular be a natural or synthetic polymer or plastic material.
  • the material forming the tensioning means or the material structure forming the tensioning means in all cases has a sufficiently high tensile strength to be able to absorb and transmit the forces acting in the respective tensioning states.
  • the tensioning means can be formed at least in sections with an adhesion and / or friction increasing surface, in particular an adhesion and / or friction increasing surface coating.
  • an improved transmission of force to an elevation to be removed or removed by means of the device can be realized, which increases the efficiency of the device.
  • a corresponding surface with increased adhesion and / or friction can e.g. B. can be realized by chemical or physical roughening of the surface of the clamping device.
  • a corresponding surface coating can be formed from or comprise any coating material which enables increased friction between the clamping means and an elevation to be removed or removed.
  • a corresponding surface coating can consist of wax or comprise wax. Basically, sticky surface coatings are also possible.
  • the device can comprise a guide device assigned to the clamping means.
  • the guide device is set up for guiding the tensioning means to form a loop or loop of the tensioning means which surrounds the circumference or which projects from a skin surface of a living being. It is therefore possible that the aforementioned formation of a corresponding, in particular geometrically defined, loop or loop-shaped structure is made possible by a corresponding guide device or is supported.
  • the handling of the clamping device can be improved or simplified in this way.
  • the or a corresponding guide device can comprise at least one guide body which has at least one, in particular opening-like or -shaped, ie. H. e.g. B. eyelet-like or -shaped, guide element for guiding at least a portion of the tensioning means to form a circumferential loop or snare which protrudes from one or a skin surface of a living being.
  • a corresponding loop or loop-shaped structure can thus be formed by guiding the tensioning means along at least one or by at least one corresponding guide element arranged or formed on the guide body side.
  • the guide device can comprise at least two, in particular opening-like or -shaped, guide elements for the respective guidance of a section of the tensioning means for the formation of a loop or loop looping around the circumference which projects from a skin surface of a living being.
  • the at least two guide elements can be arranged or designed to guide two different sections of the clamping means through the guide body in the same or different orientation, in particular in a parallel or non-parallel orientation.
  • different courses of the loop or loop-like tensioning means can result, at least in sections, so that different forces can also be developed from a corresponding elevation depending on the specific loop or loop shape of the tensioning means.
  • Corresponding guide elements can in particular be guide openings which penetrate the guide body at least in sections, in particular completely.
  • a respective guide element can thus be designed as a guide opening passing through a guide body.
  • the tensioning means can typically also be secured in the respective tension states.
  • the device can comprise a securing device which is set up for fixing or securing the tensioning means in the at least one tensioned state.
  • a corresponding securing device can in particular be set up to exert a securing force on the clamping means in a respective tension state, which prevents an undesired release of the respective voltage state.
  • a corresponding securing device can thus be set up to exert a securing force securing the clamping device in a respective voltage state on the clamping device.
  • a corresponding securing force can in particular be a clamping force; a corresponding securing device can thus be designed as a clamping device or at least include one.
  • a corresponding guiding device and a corresponding securing device can form a combined assembly.
  • a corresponding safety device can thus be in a corresponding guide device, ie. H. in particular, be integrated into a corresponding guide body, or vice versa, so that there is a module that is highly integrated from a functional point of view.
  • the invention also relates to the use of a tensioning means, which is set up to form a loop that projects from a skin surface of a living being, in particular a growth-like elevation that wraps around the circumference, the tensioning means being able to be converted into a plurality of differently tensioned tension states, in each of which one an elevation to be removed by means of the device, in particular constricting, acting force can be formed or embodied, comprehensive device for removing an elevation protruding, in particular growth-like, from a skin surface of a living being. All statements in connection with the device described herein apply analogously to the use of the device.
  • a corresponding device for removing a corresponding elevation does not constitute a method for the surgical or therapeutic treatment of the human or animal body; this is because the use of a corresponding device can also take place routinely outside the field of human or veterinary medicine and thus in a non-medical, commercial environment. Furthermore, the use of a corresponding device does not include any invasive intervention.
  • 1 - 3 each show a schematic representation of a device for removing one of
  • FIG. 4 shows a basic illustration of a device for removing an elevation protruding from a skin surface according to an exemplary embodiment during its use.
  • FIG. 1 to 3 each show a basic illustration of a device 1 for removing an elevation 3 protruding from a skin surface 2 according to an exemplary embodiment.
  • the device 1 shown in the exemplary embodiments shown in the figures is thus for removing a from a skin surface 2 of a living being, ie. H. especially of a person, protruding survey 3 set up (see. Fig. 4).
  • a corresponding survey 3 it can be z. B. is a tumor or a growth.
  • a specific example of a corresponding survey 3 is a mole or a birthmark or a wart.
  • a corresponding elevation 3 can be delimited from the remaining skin surface 2 in such a way that its exposed upper side is raised or raised compared to the exposed upper side of the remaining skin surface 2.
  • the device 1 can be used to remove corresponding elevations 3, for example in the field of cosmetics or medicine.
  • the device 1 comprises a clamping means 4.
  • the tensioning means 4 is designed to form a loop-shaped or loop-shaped structure, in short a loop or a loop, projecting from a skin surface of a living being, elevation 3 encircling the circumference.
  • the tensioning means 4 can therefore also be referred to or regarded as a looping or looping means.
  • the tensioning means 4 has deformable properties.
  • the tensioning means 4 for the removal of a corresponding elevation 3, it is essential that the tensioning means 4 - in particular if it forms a corresponding loop or loop-shaped structure, as shown in FIGS. 1-3 - in several different tensioned states, in each of which one on one Elevation 3 to be removed, in particular constricting or constricting, acting force (clamping force) can be formed or developed, can be transferred.
  • the tensioning means 4 By means of the tensioning means 4, a force which acts on a protrusion 3 to be removed or constricted can be formed, which serves to reduce or prevent the blood supply to the protrusion 3 due to a constriction or contraction, so that the elevation 3 after a sufficient period of exposure to the force due to lack of blood flow from the skin surface 2 can be removed.
  • the elevation 4, which is no longer (adequately) perfused due to the action of force via the tensioning means 4 falls off from the skin surface 2 by itself after a certain time.
  • the tensioning means 4 can thus be formed or formed in at least one first tension state, in which a first force acting on an elevation 3 to be removed, in particular constricting or constricting, can be formed, and in at least one second tension state different from the first tension state which a second force that acts on a protrusion 3 to be removed, in particular constricting or constricting, that is different from the first force can be formed or designed. It is therefore possible to increase the force to be exerted on the elevation 3 to be removed for the purpose of constriction or constriction at given times in order to increase the degree of constriction or constriction.
  • the tensioning means 4 In order to be able to form a corresponding loop or loop-shaped structure, the tensioning means 4, as can be seen from the figure, has an elongated geometric shape or geometry.
  • the tensioning means 4 thus has a longitudinal axis along which it can be deformed to form a corresponding loop or loop-shaped structure.
  • FIG. 4 The direction of action of the force which can be exerted or acted on the elevation 3 by means of the clamping means 4 is indicated in FIG. 4 by the arrows F. Furthermore, the elevation 3 is shown in dashed lines in FIG. 4 without the action of the tensioning means 4.
  • the force that can be formed or developed by means of the clamping means 4 acts in particular circumferentially around the lateral surface of the cylindrical elevation 3 or radially inward, which is shown in the described removal or Constriction of survey 3 results.
  • the clamping means 4 can be secured in the respective voltage states.
  • a backup of the clamping means 4 in a respective voltage state can in a simple case by a, for. B. positive and / or non-positive or frictional, fastening or linking two different sections of the clamping means 4, in particular two sections of the clamping means 4 arranged in the region of free ends of the clamping means 4, to each other.
  • a force exerted by means of the tensioning means 4 in a respective tension state on a corresponding elevation 3 can be maintained over a longer period of time, ie in particular until the respective tension state is released.
  • the device 1 thus has a simple structure which nevertheless works or acts very reliably with regard to the removal of corresponding elevations 3.
  • the tensioning means 4 can be made of a material having elastic properties or a material structure having elastic properties, i. H. e.g. B. a chain link-like material structure.
  • a material which forms the tensioning means 4 and has elastic properties can in particular be a natural or synthetic polymer or plastic material.
  • the material forming the tensioning means 4 or the material structure forming the tensioning means 4 in all cases has a sufficiently high tensile strength to be able to absorb and transmit the forces acting in the respective tension states.
  • the clamping means 4 can be formed at least in sections with an adhesion and / or friction-increasing surface, in particular an adhesion and / or friction-increasing surface coating.
  • an improved transmission of force to an elevation 3 to be removed can be realized.
  • a corresponding increased surface in its adhesion and / or friction can e.g. B. can be realized by chemical or physical roughening of the surface of the clamping means 4.
  • a corresponding surface coating can be formed from or comprise any coating material which enables increased friction between the clamping means 4 and an elevation 4 to be removed.
  • a corresponding surface coating can consist of wax or comprise wax. Basically, sticky surface coatings are also possible.
  • the device 1 can comprise a guide device 5 (optional) assigned to the clamping means 4.
  • the guide device 5 is set up for guiding the tensioning means 4 to form a loop or loop that surrounds a protrusion 3 protruding from a skin surface 2. It is therefore possible that the aforementioned formation of a corresponding, in particular geometrically defined, loop or loop-shaped structure is made possible or supported by a corresponding guide device 5.
  • a corresponding guide device 5 can comprise one or more guide bodies 6 which have at least one opening-like or Shaped, ie, for example, eyelet-like or -shaped, guide element 7 for guiding at least a portion of the tensioning means 4 to form a loop or snare circumferentially encircling one or a protrusion 3 protruding from a skin surface 2.
  • a corresponding loop or loop-shaped structure can thus be formed by guiding the tensioning means 4 along at least one or by at least one corresponding guide element 7 arranged or formed on the guide body side.
  • the guide device 5 has at least two, in particular opening-like or -shaped, guide elements 7 for the respective guidance of a section of the clamping means 4 to form an elevation 3 protruding from a skin surface 2 can encompass loop or loop.
  • the at least two guide elements 7 can be arranged or designed to guide two different sections of the clamping means 4 through a guide body 6 in the same or different orientation, in particular in a parallel or non-parallel orientation.
  • different courses of the loop or loop-like tensioning means 4 can be realized at least in sections, so that different forces can also be formed from a corresponding elevation depending on the specific loop or loop shape of the tensioning means.
  • Corresponding guide elements 7, as shown in FIGS. 1-3, can be guide openings 6 which penetrate at least in sections, in particular completely, regardless of the arrangement and orientation, regardless of the arrangement and orientation.
  • a respective guide element 7 can thus be designed as a guide opening passing through a guide body 6.
  • FIGS. 1, 2 each show a guide device 5 comprising a (single) guide body 6, whereas in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 3, a guide device comprising two guide bodies 6 5 is shown.
  • the two guide bodies 6 can, for. B. on positive and / or non-positive fastening principles, d. H. e.g. B. notches, clamps, clamps, etc., (detachable without damage or destruction) can be attached to each other. Magnetic fastening of the two guide bodies 6 is also conceivable.
  • the tensioning means 4 can also be secured in the respective tension states.
  • device 1 can comprise a securing device (not shown), which is set up to fix or secure the clamping means 4 in a respective voltage state.
  • a corresponding securing device can in particular be set up to exert a securing force on the tensioning means 4 in a respective tension state, which prevents an undesired release of the respective tension state.
  • a corresponding securing device can thus be set up to exert a securing force securing the clamping device 4 in a respective voltage state on the clamping device 4.
  • a corresponding securing force can in particular be a clamping force; the securing device can thus be designed as a clamping device or at least comprise one.
  • a corresponding guide device 5 and a corresponding securing device can form a combined assembly.
  • a corresponding safety device can thus be in a corresponding guide device 5, d. H. in particular, be integrated into a corresponding guide body 6, or vice versa, so that there is a module that is highly integrated from a functional point of view.
  • the device 1 shown in the figures can therefore be used to remove a protuberance 3, in particular a growth-like protrusion that protrudes from a skin surface 2 of a living being.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)

Abstract

Dispositif (1) pour l'élimination d'une élévation (3), en particulier une excroissance, faisant saillie d'une surface de peau (2) d'un être vivant, comprenant un moyen de serrage (4), lequel est configuré pour former un collet entourant périphériquement une élévation (3), en particulier une excroissance, faisant saillie d'une surface de peau (2) d'un être vivant, le moyen de serrage (3) pouvant être passé dans plusieurs états de serrage à serrage différent, dans lesquels une force agissant, en particulier en serrage, sur une élévation (3) à éliminer est ou peut être créée.
PCT/EP2019/073721 2018-09-06 2019-09-05 Dispositif pour l'élimination d'une élévation, en particulier une excroissance, faisant saillie d'une surface de peau d'un être vivant WO2020049110A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP19766209.1A EP3846704A1 (fr) 2018-09-06 2019-09-05 Dispositif pour l'élimination d'une élévation, en particulier une excroissance, faisant saillie d'une surface de peau d'un être vivant

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102018121761.7A DE102018121761A1 (de) 2018-09-06 2018-09-06 Vorrichtung zum Entfernen einer von einer Hautoberfläche eines Lebewesens abragenden, insbesondere wucherungsartigen, Erhebung
DE102018121761.7 2018-09-06

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2020049110A1 true WO2020049110A1 (fr) 2020-03-12

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/EP2019/073721 WO2020049110A1 (fr) 2018-09-06 2019-09-05 Dispositif pour l'élimination d'une élévation, en particulier une excroissance, faisant saillie d'une surface de peau d'un être vivant

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3846704A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102018121761A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2020049110A1 (fr)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2322802A (en) * 1997-03-05 1998-09-09 John Joseph Gaffney Apparatus and device for the removal of skin tags
WO2006067743A2 (fr) * 2004-12-21 2006-06-29 Tagaway Devices Aps Dispositif permettant d'enlever les acrochordons
US20170273705A1 (en) * 2016-03-28 2017-09-28 Mona Zallum Skin tag remover
US20180092646A1 (en) * 2016-10-05 2018-04-05 Gene Copenspire Skin Tag Removal Assembly

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5681329A (en) * 1991-12-16 1997-10-28 Callicrate; Michael P. Method and apparatus for castration using an endless elastic loop
US5846248A (en) * 1995-04-13 1998-12-08 Boston Scientific Corporation Method and apparatus for severing and capturing polyps
US6162209A (en) * 1998-11-17 2000-12-19 Scimed Life Systems, Inc. Multi-function surgical instrument tool actuator assembly
WO2009021104A2 (fr) * 2007-08-08 2009-02-12 Cavanaugh Brian J Procédé et appareil pour former une suture ligaturante
EP2413815B1 (fr) * 2009-04-01 2018-12-12 Sentreheart, Inc. Dispositifs de ligature tissulaire et leurs commandes

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2322802A (en) * 1997-03-05 1998-09-09 John Joseph Gaffney Apparatus and device for the removal of skin tags
WO2006067743A2 (fr) * 2004-12-21 2006-06-29 Tagaway Devices Aps Dispositif permettant d'enlever les acrochordons
US20170273705A1 (en) * 2016-03-28 2017-09-28 Mona Zallum Skin tag remover
US20180092646A1 (en) * 2016-10-05 2018-04-05 Gene Copenspire Skin Tag Removal Assembly

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DE102018121761A1 (de) 2020-03-12
EP3846704A1 (fr) 2021-07-14

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