WO2019238992A1 - Protesis de cadera o de hombro e instrumental de colocacion - Google Patents

Protesis de cadera o de hombro e instrumental de colocacion Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2019238992A1
WO2019238992A1 PCT/ES2019/070399 ES2019070399W WO2019238992A1 WO 2019238992 A1 WO2019238992 A1 WO 2019238992A1 ES 2019070399 W ES2019070399 W ES 2019070399W WO 2019238992 A1 WO2019238992 A1 WO 2019238992A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
component
nail
handle
introducer
femoral
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/ES2019/070399
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Javier CORTES CUBERO
Carlos M. ATIENZA VICENTE
Andres PEÑUELAS HERRAIZ
Fernando Garcia Torres
Original Assignee
Desarrollos Biomecánicos Innovasan S.L.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Desarrollos Biomecánicos Innovasan S.L. filed Critical Desarrollos Biomecánicos Innovasan S.L.
Priority to CN201980034741.2A priority Critical patent/CN112165918A/zh
Priority to KR1020207037028A priority patent/KR20210018853A/ko
Priority to JP2020568783A priority patent/JP2021527477A/ja
Priority to CA3102694A priority patent/CA3102694A1/en
Priority to AU2019286808A priority patent/AU2019286808B2/en
Priority to EP19820476.0A priority patent/EP3804662A4/en
Publication of WO2019238992A1 publication Critical patent/WO2019238992A1/es
Priority to US16/766,863 priority patent/US11717413B2/en
Priority to US16/883,086 priority patent/US11737785B2/en
Priority to US18/331,205 priority patent/US20230390072A1/en

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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    • A61B17/1613Component parts
    • A61B17/1615Drill bits, i.e. rotating tools extending from a handpiece to contact the worked material
    • A61B17/1617Drill bits, i.e. rotating tools extending from a handpiece to contact the worked material with mobile or detachable parts
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    • A61B17/1668Bone cutting, breaking or removal means other than saws, e.g. Osteoclasts; Drills or chisels for bones; Trepans for particular parts of the body for the hip for the upper femur
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    • A61F2/46Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor
    • A61F2/4657Measuring instruments used for implanting artificial joints
    • A61F2002/4668Measuring instruments used for implanting artificial joints for measuring angles
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
    • A61F2/46Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor
    • A61F2002/4677Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor using a guide wire
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
    • A61F2/46Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor
    • A61F2002/4681Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor by applying mechanical shocks, e.g. by hammering
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61FFILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/30Joints
    • A61F2/46Special tools or methods for implanting or extracting artificial joints, accessories, bone grafts or substitutes, or particular adaptations therefor
    • A61F2002/4687Mechanical guides for implantation instruments

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a prosthesis (or arthroplasty) of the hip or shoulder, to replace the head of the femur or humerus, in any necessary case, and which can be installed with a little aggressive procedure for the patient.
  • hip or shoulder joint replacement that is, remove the head of the femur or humerus, and place a device restoring the function of the joint, what is called a prosthesis or arthroplasty Hip or shoulder. This may be due to different reasons: fractures, osteoarthritis, neoplasms, etc.
  • the invention consists of:
  • a hip or shoulder prosthesis formed by several pieces that are assembled with each other inside the human body, according to the claims.
  • this hip or shoulder prosthesis is to reduce the complications caused by prosthetic surgery in any case that its placement is necessary. For this reason, in the design of this prosthesis has prevailed that its placement requires a little aggressive surgical technique against the biomechanical requirements once implanted.
  • the design of the prosthesis and its instruments allow its placement in a minimally invasive, percutaneous way, minimizing the aggressiveness of the surgery by comparing it with a standard prosthetic surgery.
  • the hip or shoulder prosthesis for the replacement of the femoral or humeral head, comprises several components:
  • a spherical component in the case of the hip prosthesis is the substitute for the head of the femur, and in the case of the shoulder is the substitute for the head of the humerus) substantially hemispherical. It has a rear face with a drill and hooks that facilitate its introduction into the patient's body.
  • a metaphyseal component formed by a straight element with an approximately central transverse hole is fixed in the hole.
  • the metaphyseal component has a stem that is fixed to the spherical component bore. It also has a longitudinal perforation that crosses the hole, and whose opening is on the opposite side of the stem.
  • This nail comprises a diaphyseal nail, intended for insertion into the femoral or humeral canal.
  • This nail has a first section where one or more fixing holes are located for one or several distal fixing screws to the femur or humerus, and that can pass through the hole of the metaphyseal component. It also has a second section partially arranged in the hole of the metaphyseal component.
  • the metaphyseal component has a groove in its entire surface.
  • the interlock completely pierces the diaphyseal nail and is threaded into its tip.
  • the nail has a bracket in the second section, above the metaphyseal component and supported on it, on the side opposite the stem.
  • the invention relates to several instruments that assist in the placement of the prosthesis.
  • a cannulated femoral or humeral head extractor comprising a tubular piece with a fist at one end and a drill bit at the opposite.
  • the drill which can be conical or cylindrical, allows the passage, adjusted and by its tip or center, of a first Kirschner needle.
  • the cannulated extractor can be guided to the femoral or humeral head without the tolerance in that step affecting the result.
  • it is necessary that the fist has the corresponding hole.
  • the drill can be formed by several convergent and somewhat flexible elements.
  • the internal diameter of the tubular part is greater than that of the first Kirschner needle so that it is possible, if desired, to insert a broach spreader that separates the converging elements and helps the interlocking of the drill bit in the head Femoral or humeral.
  • the centering nail is intended to be inserted into the femoral or humeral canal, and has a vertical opening in its lower part.
  • the guide handle that remains on the outside of the body once the centering nail is inserted inside the femur or humerus, also has a vertical opening in its lower part whose upper edge is aligned with the upper edge of the vertical nail opening centering This alignment can be through a sheath disposed in the vertical opening of the guide handle. That sheath has an overpass, for a first Kirschner needle, aligned with the upper edge of the vertical opening of the centering nail.
  • the vertical opening can be straight or comprise a shape complementary to that of the sheath.
  • the sheath may have another step for a second Kirschner needle.
  • the invention also relates to an introducer of the spherical component that also has an inverted "U" shape, with a handle with a slit open at the bottom edge, and with an upper edge facing the bore of the spherical component that is mounted in the introducer
  • the spherical component introducer has a support compatible with the spherical component hooks, and releasable by an actuator accessible from the outside (from the handle itself, for example).
  • the invention comprises an introducer of the metaphyseal component, which consists of a straight hollow rod, with a releasable fastener of the metaphyseal component at one end and a handle at the opposite.
  • the fastener is formed by turrets, in the outer tubular body, of a bayonet closure for the corresponding grips of the metaphyseal component: It also comprises a thread close to the relative movement blocking handle between the two. tubular bodies
  • the invention also relates to a diaphyseal nail introducer, usable with the nail, which has an inverted "U" shape, with a handle with a groove open towards its bottom at a first end and a detachable coupling for the diaphyseal nail at the opposite end.
  • This groove is intended to embrace the introducer of the metaphyseal component.
  • the handle can be the same element as the guide handle of the Kirschner needle center, only the centering nail being replaced by the detachable coupling.
  • it may also be the spherical component introducer handle by placing the spherical component support.
  • the centering guide handle, the spherical component introducer handle and the diaphyseal nail introducer handle can have two sets of marks with an X-ray transparency different from the rest of the center, with different development angles. That is, they have a transverse depth that is oriented at different angles.
  • Figure 1 Perspective view of an example of a spherical component located in an introducer of the appropriate spherical component.
  • Figure 2 Perspective view of an embodiment of the metaphyseal component near the spherical component.
  • FIG. 3 Perspective view of the diaphyseal nail and the prosthesis mounted according to the embodiment examples of Figures 1 and 2.
  • Figure 4 Perspective view of the anterior spherical component introducer.
  • Figure 5 Perspective view of a Kirschner needle centering (centering nail + guide handle).
  • Figure 6 Perspective view of a Kirschner needle centering with an example of a sheath placed on a patient's body (in this case on the hip), indicating the incisions to be made.
  • Figure 7 Perspective view of a first version of the femoral or humeral head extractor.
  • Figure 8 Perspective view of the introducer of the metaphyseal component.
  • Figure 9 Details of the introducer of the metaphyseal component.
  • Figure 10 Perspective view of the inserted spherical component and metaphyseal component introductors.
  • Figure 11 Perspective view of the diaphyseal nail together with an example of the diaphyseal nail introducer
  • Figure 12 Detail view of the orientation marks.
  • Figure 13 Interlock view.
  • Figure 14 View of a second embodiment of the femoral or humeral head extractor.
  • Figure 15 Longitudinal section of the femoral or humeral head extractor of Figure 14.
  • the prosthesis of the invention is formed by three independent bodies, which in the embodiment shown in the figures correspond to:
  • a spherical component (1) generally hemispherical. It can be bipolar / biarticular or unipolar.
  • a metaphyseal component (2) supporting the spherical component (1), to which it joins within the patient's body. It will be prepared in different lengths for femoral offset control.
  • a diaphyseal nail (3) which crosses a hole (21) of the metaphyseal component (2) to fix it in position. It will be prepared with different diameters and lengths.
  • Figure 1 shows the spherical component (1), which has a spherical face (11), which is generally equivalent to half a sphere, although it may be somewhat larger or somewhat lower than the half sphere. It also has a rear face (12) fixing to the metaphyseal component (2), for which it comprises a hole (13), which in the example shown is threaded. Ideally the thread is conical.
  • the back face (12) of the spherical component (1) which has a spherical face (11), which is generally equivalent to half a sphere, although it may be somewhat larger or somewhat lower than the half sphere. It also has a rear face (12) fixing to the metaphyseal component (2), for which it comprises a hole (13), which in the example shown is threaded. Ideally the thread is conical.
  • the spherical component (1) it has hooks (14) for a first instrument that is the introducer of the spherical component (300).
  • the spherical component (1) will be manufactured in different dimensions so that the surgeon selects the most suitable one.
  • the metaphyseal component (2) of Figure 2 is attached to the spherical component (1) by means of a rod (22) that can be threaded or include another type of fixation according to the hole (13). It also has the transverse hole (21) through which the diaphyseal nail (3) is inserted, which is placed inside the femoral canal, and which allows the immobilization of both components (1, 2). It also comprises a longitudinal perforation (23), on the opposite side of the rod (22), where an interlock (24) is inserted to jointly join the metaphyseal component (2) to the diaphyseal nail (3).
  • the interlocker (24) will normally be a threaded screw whose tip crosses, totally or partially, the diaphyseal nail (3).
  • the metaphyseal component (2) has a groove in its entire surface to improve the support in the femur. Other types of finishing are also possible.
  • the diaphyseal nail (3) is intended for insertion into the femoral canal and has a first section (31) of increasing section, where one or more fixing holes (32) for one or more fixing screws to the femur is located .
  • the second section (33) of the diaphyseal nail (3) is the one that is partially inserted into the metaphyseal component
  • figure 3 it has been represented with a support bracket (34) on the edge of the hole (21) of the metaphyseal component (2), which helps to stop the introduction of the diaphyseal nail (3) and transmit the created moments with the movements of the joint and the load when walking when the patient rests on the operated leg.
  • the angle that is formed between the metaphyseal component (2) and the diaphyseal nail (3) (cervical-diaphyseal angle) will be of the order of 125 ° (may be greater or lesser, for example between 120 ° and 130 °).
  • This instrument is part of the invention, as it is the most suitable way to place the elements of the prosthesis of the invention or other similar prostheses.
  • the prosthesis placement procedure requires two or three incisions (Figure 6):
  • Lower incision (not shown) that will be determined by the placement of the distal screws.
  • the lower incision may be unnecessary as it may coincide with the middle incision (IM).
  • the femoral head resection is performed. It is performed using a cannulated extractor (200) of the femoral or humeral head, which is inserted into the middle incision (IM). To remove the femoral head, the cannulated femoral head extractor (200) should penetrate as perpendicular and as centered as possible on the spongy bone of the femoral head.
  • a first Kirschner needle (102) is used as a guide, which is inserted through the middle incision (IM).
  • a second Kirschner needle (102 ’) can also be applied through the middle incision (IM), as indicated below.
  • This Kirschner needle that guides the cannulated femoral head extractor (200) should be centered on the diaphysis, neck and femoral head.
  • the interlocking of the Kirschner needles (102, 102 ’) in the correct position is done by means of a Kirschner needle centering (100) with a general inverted“ U ”shape.
  • the Kirschner needle centering (100) has a Kirschner needle centering nail (101) at one end and a guide handle (104) that forms the rest of the Kirschner needle centering (100).
  • the centering nail (101) is intended for Insert into the femoral canal through the upper incision (IS), while the guide handle (104) is disposed outside the patient's body.
  • Both the centering nail (101) and the guide handle (104) have vertical openings (105, 105 ') in their lower part that allows the Kirschner needle centering (100) to be removed once the Kirschner needles (102) , 102 '). The upper edges of both openings will be aligned.
  • the centered placement of the first Kirschner needle (102) is essential, so the surgeon should check its position using the image intensifier generally arranged in operating rooms or another similar method.
  • FIGs 5 and 6 show the Kirschner needle center (100) arranged in its use position, with the Kirschner needles (102, 102 ’) placed.
  • a sheath (103) can be used to help align the two Kirschner needles (102, 102 ’), and which will be removable from the guide handle (104). When the sheath (103) is used, it will have an overpass for the first Kirschner needle (102), which will be the one that is actually aligned with the upper edge of the vertical opening (105) of the centering nail (101). The sheath (103) may have more steps for more Kirschner needles (102, 102 ’).
  • the centering (100) and the sheath (103) are removed if used.
  • FIG. 7 A preferred model of cannulated extractor is shown in Figure 7. It comprises a tubular part (201), that is, cannulated, with a fist (202) at one end and a drill bit (203), which can be conical or cylindrical in the opposite.
  • the drill bit (203) allows the passage, adjusted, through its center of the first Kirschner needle (102). In this way, the cannulated extractor (200) can be guided to the femoral head without the tolerance in that step affecting the result.
  • the drill bit (203) can be formed by several internally convergent and somewhat flexible elements.
  • the internal diameter of the tubular part (201) is greater than that of the first Kirschner needle (102) so that it is possible, if desired, to insert a stretcher (not shown) of the drill bit (203) that separates the convergent elements and help the interlocking of the drill bit (203) in the femoral head.
  • the second Kirschner needle (102 ’) will serve as an anchor for the femoral head to prevent rotation of the latter when the cannulated femoral head extractor (200) is being introduced into the femoral head. Therefore, it is optional. In Figure 6 it has been shown below the first Kirschner needle (102), but the exact position may vary.
  • FIG 14 shows a second example of a cannulated extractor (200), which also includes the tubular part (201), the cuff (202) and the drill bit (203).
  • this solution has a handle (204) that acts on retractable claws (205) that protrude or are collected next to the drill bit (203).
  • the handle (204) is a nut on an inner screw (206) to the tubular part (201), also cannulated for the passage of the Kirschner needle (102).
  • the inner screw (206) is the one who pushes or retracts the retractable claws (205), as they are attached to them, as shown in Figure 15.
  • the tip of the retractable claws (205) is arranged to open when exiting through holes provided for that purpose near or in the drill bit (203). For example, as shown, it can have a curved inner part (oriented towards the drill) to make an inclined plane that initially helps to exit the tubular part (201).
  • the cannulated femoral head extractor (200) Before inserting the cannulated femoral head extractor (200) through the middle incision (IM), it is necessary to have the lateral cortex of the femur broached from the same middle incision with a drill of sufficient diameter to allow the passage of the cannulated extractor (200) through the hole made. For this brocade a cannulated drill bit will be used that will use the same Kirschner needle as a guide. The next step is to introduce the cannulated femoral head extractor (200) from the middle incision (IM) to the femoral head.
  • the second needle prevents rotation of the head inside the acetabulum by introducing the cannulated extractor (200).
  • the Kirschner needles (102, 102 ') are removed and adduction of the affected limb is performed, and with the help of the cannulated femoral head extractor (200) the femoral head is dislocated from the top of the joint (For the opening already made in the upper area of the joint capsule) for its extraction by the upper incision (IS).
  • the cannulated extractor (200) can be removed through the middle incision (IM).
  • the spherical component introducer (300) is used, on which the spherical component (1) will be mounted.
  • the spherical component introducer (300) is quite similar to the Kirschner needle center (100), in that it has an arcuate handle (301) and a support (302) of the spherical component (1).
  • This support (302) can be connected to the hooks (14) of the spherical component (1), sufficiently rigid, and in turn release the hooks (14) when desired by means of an external actuator (303), which in The case represented is a screw that separates the arms from the support (302).
  • the handle (301) of the spherical component introducer (300) has a groove (304) that is oriented towards the borehole (13) of the spherical component (1). That is, any straight material that is introduced through the slit (304) will contact the hole (13) without the need for further operations.
  • the slit (304) It will be open at the bottom to allow the handle (301) to be removed regardless of the presence of an element in the groove (304).
  • an introducer of the metaphyseal component (400) can be used, consisting of two elongated and coaxial hollow rods (401, 402).
  • the tubular outer rod (401) comprises a fastener (403) of the metaphyseal component (2) at one end and the inner rod (402) a handle (404) at the opposite end.
  • the outer rod (401) will have the appropriate outer diameter so that the alignment with the hole (13) is perfect when placed in the slit (304) (figure 10).
  • the surgeon will introduce the metaphyseal component (2) through the middle incision (IM) and fix it to the hole (13) in the appropriate way, usually threaded.
  • An indication in the introducer of the metaphyseal component (400) will indicate when it is in the correct position so that the hole (21) is perfectly prepared to receive the diaphyseal nail (3).
  • Figure 9 shows two details of the introducer of the preferred metaphyseal component (400).
  • the relative movement between both rods (401, 402) will allow the fastener (403) to be released or kept fixed.
  • the fastener (403) is formed by turrets (406) of a bayonet closure in the outer tubular body, for the corresponding grips of the metaphyseal component (2).
  • the inner rod (402) there are two projections (405) that must enter the corresponding notches (25) of the metaphyseal component (2). If both rods (401, 402) rotate in solidarity, the projections (405) ensure that the metaphyseal component (2) is screwed into the hole (13).
  • a thread (407) close to the handle (404) supports the movement between both coaxial rods (401, 402) by pressing, against the outer rod (401), a latch (408) that can slide with respect to the rods (401, 402 ), but which cannot rotate with respect to the inner rod (402). Teeth, or any other method will cause the proximity of the latch (408) to prevent the rotation of the outer rod (401).
  • the spherical component introducer (300) can be removed, releasing the hooks (14) thanks to the actuator (303).
  • diaphyseal nail (3) is placed by means of a diaphyseal nail introducer (500), as shown in Figure 11.
  • This diaphyseal nail introducer (500) has a handle (501) that can be identical to the handle (301) of the spherical component introducer (300). Specifically, it will have a groove (503) in its lower part that can embrace the introducer of the metaphyseal component (400).
  • the diaphyseal nail (3) is arranged in any removable manner.
  • This diaphyseal nail introducer (500) will have a release (504) of the diaphyseal nail (3) accessible from the outside. For example, a screw that holds or releases the diaphyseal nail (3).
  • the diaphyseal nail introducer (500) has been shown with an eyelet (506) of the distal screw or the corresponding tool. As can be seen in Figure 6, the middle incision (IM) is used to place it.
  • the diaphyseal nail (3) is inserted through the upper incision (IS) until it crosses the hole (21) of the metaphyseal component (2). At that time the diaphyseal nail (3) is blocked because the size of its second section (33) is related to that of the hole (21). Even more so if the diaphyseal nail (3) has a bracket (34).
  • the interlocker (24) is inserted through the inner recess to the inner rod (402) of the metaphyseal component introducer (400), and it is screwed or fixed properly. It is preferred that the interlocker (24) terminate in a threaded area.
  • the interlocker (24) can be pre-installed in the metaphyseal component (2), or in the introducer of the metaphyseal component (400) so that the fixation only needs to introduce the fixing or screwing tool.
  • the metaphyseal component of the metaphyseal component introducer is disengaged. At that time, the anteversion of the hip arthroplasty device with respect to the femur is chosen.
  • the guide handle (104) have two series of orientation marks (505) that allow the surgeon to know the angular orientation (anteversion) of the spherical component introducer (300) or the Kirschner needle centering (100) .
  • They consist of objects (holes, inserts, ...) with an X-ray transparency different from the rest of the instrument. Each of them will have a different angle (“0 o , 8 o and 16 o ”; “0 o , 10 ° and 20 o ”; “0 o , 5 o , 10 ° and 15 o ”; ...)
  • the mark (505) that is not deformed will indicate the angle of anteversion applied to the femur.
  • Figure 12 has been made with an angle corresponding to the first mark (505), so that it is not deformed but the others are.
  • the handle (301), the guide handle (104) or the handle (501) can be identical or even be the same element.
  • the diaphyseal nail (3) is fixed to the femur by placing the distal screws.
  • the distal screws In the lower part of the diaphyseal nail (3) one or several distal screws are arranged in each fixing hole (32).
  • This introduction can be by any method known in the art, either by the lower incision or by the middle incision (IM), depending on the position or orientation of the fixing holes (32).
  • the diaphyseal nail introducer (500) is removed, leaving the hip replacement device already in its final position.
  • the invention comprises, in addition to the prosthesis, a whole series of preferred instruments that are designed to assist in its placement and to remove the femoral head:
  • a cannulated femoral or humeral head extractor (200)
  • a spherical component introducer (300)
  • the first two introductors (300, 400) serve as a guide for the introduction of the next introducer. That is, the spherical component introducer (300) serves as a guide for introducing the metaphyseal component introducer (400), and this in turn serves as a guide for introducing the diaphyseal nail introducer (500) (figure 10), so that the error is minimized and manipulation by the surgeon is facilitated.
  • the spherical component introducer (300) serves as a guide for introducing the metaphyseal component introducer (400), and this in turn serves as a guide for introducing the diaphyseal nail introducer (500) (figure 10), so that the error is minimized and manipulation by the surgeon is facilitated.
  • the transmission of the load from the prosthesis to the femur is distributed in several points: the metaphyseal component (2) transmits its load to the calcar, while the diaphyseal nail (3) transmits it to the diaphysis and to each distal screw by the corresponding fixing hole (32). All this provides sufficient stability, so it is not mandatory to cement, avoiding all complications of cementation of hip replacement.
  • the metaphyseal component (2) and / or the diaphyseal nail (3) may have a path that will allow cement to be introduced from the outside, once they are placed, through a cannula, syringe, etc. in order to increase the contact between the different parts of the prosthesis and the femur.

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
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Abstract

La prótesis comprende un componente esférico (1) semiesférico soportado por un componente metafisario (2) recto con un orificio (21) transversal para el paso de un clavo diafisario (3), previsto para su inserción en el canal femoral o humeral. El componente metafisario (2) se une al clavo diafisario (3) por un enclavador (24) longitudinal que atraviesa el clavo diafisario (3). El instrumental comprende un centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100) que permite colocar adecuadamente agujas de Kirschner (102, 102'), un extractor canulado (200) de la cabeza femoral o humeral, y sendos introductores (300, 400, 500) para los elementos de la prótesis.

Description

DESCRIPCIÓN
Prótesis de cadera o de hombro e instrumental de colocación.
SECTOR DE LA TÉCNICA
La presente invención se refiere a una prótesis (o artroplastia) de cadera o de hombro, para sustituir la cabeza del fémur o del húmero, en cualquier caso necesario, y que puede ser instalada con un procedimiento poco agresivo para el paciente.
Igualmente se refiere al instrumental utilizado en la colocación de la prótesis, todo ello de forma mínimamente invasiva.
ESTADO DE LA TÉCNICA
En ocasiones, en la practica medica habitual es necesario realizar un reemplazo articular de cadera o de hombro, es decir, retirar la cabeza del fémur o del húmero, y colocar un dispositivo restaurando la función de la articulación, lo que se denomina prótesis o artroplastia de cadera o de hombro. Ello puede deberse a distintos motivos: fracturas, artrosis, neoplasias etc.
Sin embargo, los procedimientos de colocación de prótesis, ya sea de cadera o de hombro, son muy agresivos y su aplicación quirúrgica conlleva riesgos muy importantes.
Cualquier planteamiento de sustituir la prótesis (o artroplastia) de cadera o de hombro en cualquier casos necesario, con el objetivo de minimizar la agresión quirúrgica, tiene que resolver dos grandes problemas:
- 1. ¿Cómo retirar la cabeza femoral/humeral de forma mínimamente invasiva, reduciendo los daños al paciente?
- 2. ¿Qué tipo de dispositivo podemos implantar de forma sencilla y poco agresiva una vez retirada la cabeza femoral/humeral? Para este segundo problema, en el caso de la articulación de la cadera, se conocen las prótesis de las patentes US2003060889, US2016256281 y US2002095214. Estas comprenden sendas prótesis sustitutivas del acetábulo o de la cabeza del fémur formadas por elementos de menor tamaño que se unen in situ.
En el caso de la articulación de hombro, la extracción de la cabeza del húmero ofrece problemas similares, aunque algo diferentes por el tamaño de la articulación y de sus componentes.
El solicitante no conoce ninguna prótesis ni herramientas que puedan ser consideradas similares a la invención para resolver estas dos preguntas iniciales.
BREVE EXPLICACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN
La invención consiste en:
Una prótesis de cadera o de hombro formada por varias piezas que se ensamblan unas con otras en el interior del cuerpo humano, según las reivindicaciones.
El instrumental de aplicación de esta prótesis según las reivindicaciones correspondientes.
Esta prótesis de cadera o de hombro y el instrumental descrito, en sus diferentes realizaciones, resuelven los problemas del estado de la técnica.
A lo largo de la memoria se debe considerar que la utilización de los adjetivos“superior” e“inferior” se utilizan de modo no limitativo. Su uso pretende facilitar la comprensión de la invención sin requerir explicaciones complejas. En concreto, se debe considerar que “superior” se refiere a la zona del elemento que, en el momento concreto de su utilización, está más cerca de la cabeza del paciente. Por oposición,“inferior” se refiere a la parte más alejada de la cabeza del paciente.
El objetivo de esta prótesis de cadera o de hombro es disminuir las complicaciones ocasionadas por la cirugía protésica en cualquier caso que sea necesaria su colocación. Por este motivo, en el diseño de esta prótesis ha primado que su colocación requiera una técnica quirúrgica poco agresiva frente a los requerimientos biomecánicos una vez implantado.
El diseño de la prótesis y su instrumental permiten su colocación de forma mínimamente invasiva, percutánea, minimizando al máximo la agresividad de la cirugía comparándolo con una cirugía protésica estándar.
En el caso de cadera, para su colocación se realizan las mismas incisiones que para un enclavado proximal de fémur estándar tipo clavo Gamma (Stryker) o clavo PFNa (Synthes). En el hombro también será posible su colocación con dos incisiones.
La prótesis de cadera o de hombro, para la sustitución de la cabeza femoral o humeral, comprende varios componentes:
1. Un componente esférico (en el caso de la prótesis de cadera es el sustituto de la cabeza del fémur, y en el caso del hombro es el sustituto de la cabeza del húmero) de forma sustancialmente semiesférica. Tiene una cara posterior con un taladro y unos enganches que facilitan su introducción en el cuerpo del paciente.
2. En el taladro se fija un componente metafisario formado por un elemento recto con un orificio transversal, aproximadamente central. El componente metafisario posee un vástago que es quien está fijado al taladro del componente esférico. También posee una perforación longitudinal que atraviesa el orificio, y cuya abertura está en el lado opuesto al vástago.
3. En tercer lugar, comprende un clavo diafisario, previsto para su inserción en el canal femoral o humeral. Este clavo tiene un primer tramo donde se sitúa uno o más orificios de fijación para uno o varios tornillos distales de fijación al fémur o al húmero, y que puede pasar por el orificio del componente metafisario. También tiene un segundo tramo parcialmente dispuesto en el orificio del componente metafisario.
4. Finalmente, tiene un enclavador dispuesto en la perforación y atravesando el segundo tramo del clavo diafisario.
En una primera realización preferida, el componente metafisario posee una ranuración en toda su superficie. Preferiblemente, el enclavador atraviesa totalmente el clavo diafisario y está roscado en su punta.
Más preferiblemente, el clavo posee una ménsula en el segundo tramo, por encima del componente metafisario y apoyado en él, en el lado opuesto al vástago.
Además, la invención se refiere a varios instrumentos que asisten en la colocación de la prótesis.
En primer lugar, se refiere a un extractor canulado de la cabeza femoral o humeral que comprende una pieza tubular con un puño en un extremo y una broca en el opuesto. La broca, que puede ser cónica o cilindrica, permite el paso, ajustado y por su punta o centro, de una primera aguja de Kirschner. De esta forma, el extractor canulado podrá ser guiado a la cabeza femoral o humeral sin que la tolerancia en ese paso afecte al resultado. Para poder pasar la aguja de Kirschner, es necesario que el puño tenga el orificio correspondiente.
En una realización preferida, la broca puede estar formada por varios elementos convergentes y algo flexibles. En esa realización, el diámetro interno de la pieza tubular es superior al de la primera aguja de Kirschner para que sea posible, si se desea, insertar un ensanchador de la broca que separe los elementos convergentes y ayude al enclavamiento de la broca en la cabeza femoral o humeral.
También se refiere a un centrador de agujas de Kirschner en la diáfisis, cuello y cabeza femoral o humeral, que tiene una forma general de“U” invertida. Esta“U” invertida está compuesta por dos elementos: un clavo centrador en un extremo, y un mango-guía en el extremo opuesto.
El clavo centrador está previsto para ser insertado en el canal femoral o humeral, y presenta una abertura vertical en su parte inferior.
El mango-guía que queda en el exterior del cuerpo una vez introducido el clavo centrador en el interior del fémur o del húmero, también presenta una abertura vertical en su parte inferior cuyo borde superior está alineado con el borde superior de la abertura vertical del clavo centrador. Esta alineación puede ser a través de una vaina dispuesta en la abertura vertical del mango-guía. Esa vaina tiene un paso superior, para una primera aguja de Kirschner, alineado con el borde superior de la abertura vertical del clavo centrador.
Por lo tanto, la abertura vertical puede ser recta o comprender una forma complementaria a la de la vaina. La vaina puede poseer otro paso para una segunda aguja de Kirschner.
La invención también se refiere a un introductor del componente esférico que también posee forma de“U” invertida, con un mango con una hendidura abierta por el borde inferior, y con un borde superior orientado hacia el taladro del componente esférico que se monta en el introductor. Para este montaje, el introductor del componente esférico tiene un soporte compatible con los enganches del componente esférico, y liberable mediante un actuador accesible desde el exterior (desde el propio mango, por ejemplo).
Además, la invención comprende un introductor del componente metafisario, que consiste en una varilla hueca recta, con una sujeción liberable del componente metafisario en un extremo y un asa en el opuesto.
Preferiblemente, comprende dos cuerpos tubulares coaxiales, y la sujeción está formada por unas torretas, en el cuerpo tubular exterior, de un cierre en bayoneta para los correspondientes agarres del componente metafisario: También comprende una rosca cercana al asa de bloqueo del movimiento relativo entre ambos cuerpos tubulares.
Finalmente, la invención se refiere igualmente a un introductor del clavo diafisario, utilizable con el clavo, que posee una forma de“U” invertida, con un asidero con un surco abierto hacia su parte inferior en un primer extremo y un acoplamiento desmontable para el clavo diafisario en el extremo opuesto. Este surco está previsto para abrazar el introductor del componente metafisario. El asidero puede ser el mismo elemento que el mango-guía del centrador de agujas de Kirschner, cambiando únicamente el clavo centrador por el acoplamiento desmontable. Más aún, podrá ser también el mango del introductor del componente esférico colocando el soporte del componente esférico.
El mango-guía del centrador, el mango del introductor del componente esférico y el asidero del introductor del clavo diafisario pueden poseer sendos juegos de marcas con una transparencia a los rayos X diferente del resto del centrador, con diferentes ángulos de desarrollo. Es decir, que tienen una profundidad transversal que está orientada en diferentes ángulos.
Otras variantes de la prótesis y de los diferentes instrumentos se mostrarán más adelante.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOS
Para una mejor comprensión de la invención, se incluyen las siguientes figuras de un ejemplo no limitativo de realización.
Figura 1 : Vista en perspectiva de un ejemplo de componente esférico situado en un introductor del componente esférico apropiado.
Figura 2: Vista en perspectiva de una realización del componente metafisario próximo al componente esférico.
Figura 3: Vista en perspectiva del clavo diafisario y de la prótesis montada según los ejemplos de realización de las figuras 1 y 2.
Figura 4: Vista en perspectiva del introductor del componente esférico anterior.
Figura 5: Vista en perspectiva de un centrador de las agujas de Kirschner (clavo centrador + mango-guía).
Figura 6: Vista en perspectiva de un centrador de las agujas de Kirschner con un ejemplo de vaina colocado en el cuerpo de un paciente (en este caso en la cadera), indicando las incisiones a realizar.
Figura 7: Vista en perspectiva de una primera versión del extractor de la cabeza femoral o humeral.
Figura 8: Vista en perspectiva del introductor del componente metafisario. Figura 9: Detalles del introductor del componente metafisario.
Figura 10: Vista en perspectiva de los introductores del componente esférico y del componente metafisario acoplados.
Figura 11 : Vista en perspectiva del clavo diafisario junto con un ejemplo del introductor de clavo diafisario
Figura 12: Vista de detalle de las marcas de orientación.
Figura 13: Vista del enclavador.
Figura 14: Vista de un segundo ejemplo de realización del extractor de cabeza femoral o humeral.
Figura 15: Corte longitudinal del extractor de cabeza femoral o humeral de la figura 14.
MODOS DE REALIZACIÓN DE LA INVENCIÓN
A continuación se pasa a describir de manera breve un modo de realización de la invención, como ejemplo ilustrativo y no limitativo de ésta. Se describirá aplicado a una prótesis de cadera, aunque como se ha indicado, es aplicable en una prótesis de hombro.
La prótesis de la invención está formada por tres cuerpos independientes, que en la realización mostrada en las figuras corresponden a:
- Un componente esférico (1), de forma generalmente semiesférica. Puede ser bipolar/biarticular o unipolar.
- Un componente metafisario (2), de soporte del componente esférico (1), al que se une dentro del cuerpo del paciente. Se preparará en diferentes longitudes para control del offset femoral. - Un clavo diafisario (3), que atraviesa un orificio (21) del componente metafisario (2) para fijarlo en posición. Se preparará con distintos diámetros y longitudes.
En la figura 1 se aprecia el componente esférico (1), que posee una cara esférica (11), que equivale generalmente a media esfera, aunque podrá ser algo mayor o algo inferior a la media esfera. Igualmente posee una cara posterior (12) de fijación al componente metafisario (2), para lo que comprende un taladro (13), que en el ejemplo mostrado está roscado. Idealmente la rosca es cónica. La cara posterior (12) del componente esférico
(1) posee unos enganches (14) para un primer instrumento que es el introductor del componente esférico (300). El componente esférico (1) se fabricará en diferentes dimensiones para que el cirujano seleccione el más adecuado.
El componente metafisario (2) de la figura 2 se une al componente esférico (1) mediante un vástago (22) que puede estar roscado o incluir otro tipo de fijación acorde con el taladro (13). También posee el orificio (21) transversal por donde se introduce el clavo diafisario (3), que se coloca dentro del canal femoral, y que permite la inmovilización de ambos componentes (1 ,2). También comprende una perforación (23) longitudinal, en el lado opuesto al vástago (22), donde se inserta un enclavador (24) para unir de forma solidaria el componente metafisario (2) al clavo diafisario (3). El enclavador (24) normalmente será un tornillo roscado cuya punta atraviesa, total o parcialmente, el clavo diafisario (3). En las realizaciones mostradas, el componente metafisario (2) presenta una ranuración en toda su superficie para mejorar el apoyo en el femúr. Otros tipos de acabado son también posibles.
Finalmente, el clavo diafisario (3) está previsto para su inserción en el canal femoral y posee un primer tramo (31) de sección creciente, donde se sitúa uno o más orificios de fijación (32) para uno o varios tornillos de fijación al fémur. El segundo tramo (33) del clavo diafisario (3) es el que queda introducido en parte en el componente metafisario
(2) y que sobresale por su parte superior. Por lo tanto, está preparado para recibir al enclavador (24). En la figura 3 se ha representado con una ménsula (34) de apoyo en el borde del orificio (21) del componente metafisario (2), que ayuda a hacer de tope en la introducción del clavo diafisario (3) y a transmitir los momentos creados con los movimientos de la articulación y la carga al andar cuando el paciente se apoya sobre la pierna operada. El ángulo que se forma entre el componente metafisario (2) y el clavo diafisario (3) (ángulo cérvico-diafisario) será del orden de 125° (puede mayor o menor, por ejemplo entre 120° y 130°).
A continuación, se va a describir el procedimiento preferido de colocación de la prótesis de cadera aprovechando para describir el instrumental necesario. Este instrumental forma parte de la invención, pues es la forma más adecuada de colocar los elementos de la prótesis de la invención u otras prótesis similares.
El procedimiento de colocación de la prótesis requiere de dos o tres incisiones (figura 6):
Incisión superior (IS) ligeramente proximal al trocánter mayor
Incisión media (IM) que vendrá determinada por el lugar por donde entran las agujas de Kirschner según el centrador de agujas de Kirschner
Incisión inferior (no representada) que vendrá determinada por la colocación de el/los tornillos distales. La incisión inferior puede ser innecesaria ya que puede coincidir con la incisión media (IM).
En primer lugar se realiza la resección de la cabeza femoral. Se realiza mediante un extractor canulado (200) de cabeza femoral o humeral, que es insertado en la incisión media (IM). Para retirar la cabeza femoral, el extractor canulado (200) de cabeza femoral debe penetrar lo más perpendicular y lo más centrado posible en el hueso esponjoso de la cabeza femoral.
Para ello, se utiliza una primera aguja de Kirschner (102) como guía, que se introduce por la incisión media (IM). Se puede aplicar una segunda aguja Kirschner (102’) también por la incisión media (IM), como se indicará más adelante.
Esta aguja de Kirschner que sirve de guía al extractor canulado (200) de cabeza femoral debe estar centrada en la diáfisis, cuello y cabeza femoral. El enclavamiento de las agujas de Kirschner (102, 102’) en la posición correcta se realiza por medio de un centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100) con forma general de“U” invertida.
El centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100) posee un clavo centrador de agujas de Kirschner (101) en un extremo y un mango-guía (104) que conforma el resto del centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100). El clavo centrador (101) está previsto para insertarse en el canal femoral a través de la incisión superior (IS), mientras que el mango-guía (104) se dispone por fuera del cuerpo del paciente.
A través de esta incisión superior (IS) se habrá realizado previamente a la introducción del clavo centrador (101) una entrada en la punta del trocánter mayor con una broca de diámetro adecuado, y también se habrá realizado una abertura en la zona superior de la cápsula articular de la cadera que permita la extracción de la cabeza femoral posteriormente por esta abertura usando el extractor canulado (200) de la cabeza femoral.
Tanto el clavo centrador (101) como el mango-guía (104) poseen sendas aberturas verticales (105, 105’) en su parte inferior que permite extraer el centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100) una vez colocadas las agujas de Kirschner (102, 102’). Los bordes superiores de ambas aberturas estarán alineados.
La colocación centrada de la primera aguja de Kirschner (102) es esencial, por lo que el cirujano deberá comprobar su posición mediante el intensificador de imágenes dispuesto generalmente en los quirófanos u otro método similar.
En las figuras 5 y 6 se aprecia el centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100) dispuesto en su posición de uso, con las agujas de Kirschner (102, 102’) colocadas. Se puede utilizar una vaina (103) que ayude a alinear las dos agujas de Kirschner (102, 102’), y que será extraíble del mango-guía (104). Cuando se utilice la vaina (103), ésta tendrá un paso superior para la primera aguja de Kirschner (102), que será el que esté realmente alineado con el borde superior de la abertura vertical (105) del clavo centrador (101). La vaina (103) puede tener más pasos para más agujas de Kirschner (102, 102’).
Tras la colocación de las agujas de Kirschner (102, 102’) utilizadas, se retira el centrador (100) y la vaina (103) si se ha utilizado.
Un modelo preferido de extractor canulado se representa en la figura 7. Comprende una pieza tubular (201), es decir, canulada, con un puño (202) en un extremo y una broca (203), que puede ser cónica o cilindrica en el opuesto. La broca (203) permite el paso, ajustado, por su centro de la primera aguja de Kirschner (102). De esta forma, el extractor canulado (200) podrá ser guiado a la cabeza femoral sin que la tolerancia en ese paso afecte al resultado. En una realización, la broca (203) puede está formada por varios elementos interiormente convergentes y algo flexibles. En esa realización, el diámetro interno de la pieza tubular (201) es superior al de la primera aguja de Kirschner (102) para que sea posible, si se desea, insertar un ensanchador (no representado) de la broca (203) que separe los elementos convergentes y ayude al enclavamiento de la broca (203) en la cabeza femoral.
La segunda aguja de Kirschner (102’) servirá de anclaje de la cabeza femoral para evitar la rotación de esta última cuando el extractor canulado (200) de cabeza femoral se esté introduciendo en la cabeza femoral. Por lo tanto, es opcional. En la figura 6 se ha mostrado situada por debajo de la primera aguja de Kirschner (102), pero la posición exacta puede variar.
En la figura 14 se muestra un segundo ejemplo de extractor canulado (200), que igualmente comprende la pieza tubular (201), el puño (202) y la broca (203). Además, esta solución posee una manija (204) que actúa sobre garras retráctiles (205) que sobresalen o se recogen junto a la broca (203). En la realización mostrada la manija (204) es una tuerca sobre un tornillo interior (206) a la pieza tubular (201), igualmente canulado para el paso de la aguja de Kirschner (102). El tornillo interior (206) es quien empuja o retrae las garras retráctiles (205), por estar unido a ellas, como se aprecia en la figura 15.
La punta de las garras retráctiles (205) está dispuesta para abrirse al salir por orificios previstos a ese efecto cerca o en la broca (203). Por ejemplo, como se ha representado, puede tener una parte interior (orientada hacia la broca) curva para hacer de plano inclinado que ayude inicialmente a salir de la pieza tubular (201).
De esta forma, el cirujano puede aumentar el agarre sobre la cabeza femoral o humeral una vez enclavada la broca sobre ésta, evitando el giro relativo.
Antes de introducir el extractor canulado (200) de cabeza femoral por la incisión media (IM), es necesario haber brocado la cortical lateral del fémur desde la misma incisión media con una broca de diámetro suficiente para permitir el paso del extractor canulado (200) a través del orificio realizado. Para este brocado se usará una broca canulada que usará la misma aguja de Kirschner como guía. El siguiente paso es introducir el extractor canulado (200) de cabeza femoral desde la incisión media (IM) hasta la cabeza femoral. Al llegar al hueso esponjoso de la cabeza femoral, conforme se va endureciendo el hueso al acercarnos al hueso subcondral, se consigue mayor agarre con las rotaciones del extractor canulado (200). La segunda aguja evita la rotación de la cabeza dentro del acetábulo al introducir el extractor canulado (200).
Una vez asegurada la cabeza femoral al extractor, se extraen las agujas de Kirschner (102, 102’) y se realiza aducción del miembro afectado, y con ayuda del extractor canulado (200) de cabeza femoral se luxa la cabeza femoral por la parte superior de la articulación (Por la abertura ya realizada en la zona superior de la cápsula articular) para su extracción por la incisión superior (IS). Una vez extraída, se puede retirar el extractor canulado (200) por la incisión media (IM).
Con esta técnica de resección de la cabeza femoral la cápsula articular y el labrum acetabular se conservan íntegros. Esto implica que la cadera conserve sus elementos estabilizadores propios, proporcionando al dispositivo una correcta estabilidad evitando luxaciones. También necesita una menor incisión y menor disección de tejidos blandos respecto a cualquier abordaje de prótesis (artroplastia de cadera), por lo que disminuye el sangrado durante la cirugía.
A continuación, se utiliza el introductor del componente esférico (300), en el cual estará montado el componente esférico (1). Se puede apreciar que, en la realización de las figuras 1 y 4, es bastante similar al centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100), en tanto posee un mango (301) arqueado y un soporte (302) del componente esférico (1). Este soporte (302) se puede conectar a los enganches (14) del componente esférico (1), de forma suficientemente rígida, y a su vez liberar los enganches (14) cuando se desea por medio de un actuador (303) externo, que en el caso representado es un tornillo que separa los brazos del soporte (302).
Se puede apreciar que el mango (301) del introductor del componente esférico (300) posee una hendidura (304) que está orientada hacia el taladro (13) del componente esférico (1). Es decir, cualquier material recto que se introduzca por la hendidura (304) contactará con el taladro (13) sin necesidad de más operaciones. La hendidura (304) estará abierta por la parte inferior para permitir extraer el mango (301) independientemente de la presencia de un elemento en la hendidura (304).
Por lo tanto, se puede utilizar un introductor del componente metafisario (400), que consiste en dos varillas (401 ,402) huecas alargadas y coaxiales. La varilla exterior (401), tubular, comprende una sujeción (403) del componente metafisario (2) en un extremo y la varilla interior (402) un asa (404) en el extremo opuesto. La varilla exterior (401) tendrá el diámetro exterior adecuado para que la alineación con el taladro (13) sea perfecta al colocarlo en la hendidura (304) (figura 10). El cirujano introducirá por la incisión media (IM) el componente metafisario (2) y lo fijará al taladro (13) por la forma adecuada, generalmente roscado. Una indicación en el introductor del componente metafisario (400) le indicará cuándo está en la posición correcta para que el orificio (21) esté perfectamente preparado para recibir el clavo diafisario (3).
En la figura 9 se aprecian dos detalles del introductor del componente metafisario (400) preferido. El movimiento relativo entre ambas varillas (401 ,402) permitirá liberar la sujeción (403) o mantenerla fija. Se aprecia que la sujeción (403) está formada por unas torretas (406) de un cierre en bayoneta en el cuerpo tubular exterior, para los correspondientes agarres del componente metafisario (2). Por otro lado, en la varilla interior (402) se disponen dos salientes (405) que deben entrar en las correspondientes muescas (25) del componente metafisario (2). Si ambas varillas (401 ,402) rotan solidarias, los salientes (405) aseguran que el componente metafisario (2) se enrosca en el taladro (13). Si rotan independientemente, los salientes (405) pueden hacer que se desconecte la sujeción (403) en bayoneta. Una rosca (407) cercana al asa (404) solidariza el movimiento entre ambas varillas (401 ,402) coaxiales al apretar, contra la varilla exterior (401), un pestillo (408) que puede deslizar respecto de las varillas (401 , 402), pero que no puede rotar respecto de la varilla interior (402). Unos dientes, o cualquier otro método harán que la proximidad del pestillo (408) impida el giro de la varilla exterior (401).
Una vez fijado el componente esférico (1) al componente metafisario (2), se puede retirar el introductor del componente esférico (300), liberando los enganches (14) gracias al actuador (303).
En ese momento se coloca el clavo diafisario (3) mediante un introductor del clavo diafisario (500), como el mostrado en la figura 11. Este introductor del clavo diafisario (500) posee un asidero (501) que puede ser idéntico al mango (301) del introductor del componente esférico (300). En concreto tendrá un surco (503) en su parte inferior que puede abrazar el introductor del componente metafisario (400). En el otro extremo del introductor del clavo diafisario (500) se dispone el clavo diafisario (3) de cualquier forma desmontable. Este introductor del clavo diafisario (500) tendrá un liberador (504) del clavo diafisario (3) accesible desde el exterior. Por ejemplo, un tornillo que sostiene o libera el clavo diafisario (3).
Se ha representado el introductor del clavo diafisario (500) con un ojal (506) de paso del tornillo distal o de la herramienta correspondiente. Como se aprecia en la figura 6, así se utiliza la incisión media (IM) para colocar éste.
El clavo diafisario (3) se introduce por la incisión superior (IS) hasta que atraviesa el orificio (21) del componente metafisario (2). En ese momento el clavo diafisario (3) se bloquea pues el tamaño de su segundo tramo (33) está relacionado con el del orificio (21). Más aún si el clavo diafisario (3) posee una ménsula (34).
Una vez colocado el clavo diafisario (3) se introduce el enclavador (24) a través del hueco interior a la varilla interior (402) del introductor del componente metafisario (400), y se atornilla o fija de la manera adecuada. Se prefiere que el enclavador (24) termine en una zona roscada. El enclavador (24) puede estar preinstalado en el componente metafisario (2), o en el introductor del componente metafisario (400) para que la fijación sólo necesite introducir la herramienta de fijación o atornillado.
Una vez colocado el enclavador (24), se desengancha el componente metafisario del introductor del componente metafisario. En ese momento se procede a elegir la anteversión del dispositivo de artroplastia de cadera respecto al fémur.
En las figuras, especialmente en la figura 12, se aprecia que el mango (301), el asidero
(501) y el mango-guía (104) poseen sendas series de marcas (505) de orientación que permiten conocer al cirujano la orientación angular (anteversión) del introductor del componente esférico (300) o del centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100). Consisten en unos objetos (orificios, insertos, ...) con una transparencia a los rayos X diferente del resto del instrumento. Cada uno de ellos tendrá un ángulo diferente (“0o, 8o y 16o”;“0o, 10° y 20o”;“0o, 5o, 10° y 15o”; ...) Así, cuando el cirujano utilice el intensificador de imágenes, la marca (505) que no se encuentre deformada indicará el ángulo de anteversión aplicado respecto al fémur. La figura 12 se ha realizado con un ángulo correspondiente a la primera marca (505), de forma que ésta no queda deformada pero las demás sí.
El mango (301), el mango-guía (104) o el asidero (501) pueden ser idénticos o incluso ser el mismo elemento.
Una vez elegida la anteversión, se procede a fijar el clavo diafisario (3) al fémur colocando el/los tornillos distales. En la parte inferior del clavo diafisario (3) se dispone uno o varios tornillos distales en cada orificio de fijación (32). Esta introducción puede ser por cualquier método conocido en la técnica, ya sea por la incisión inferior o por la incisión media (IM), según la posición u orientación de los orificios de fijación (32).
Una vez hecho esto, se procede a retirar el introductor del clavo diafisario (500), dejando el dispositivo de artroplastia de cadera ya colocado en su posición definitiva.
Por lo tanto, la invención comprende, además de la prótesis, toda una serie de instrumentos preferidos que están diseñados para asistir en su colocación y para retirar la cabeza femoral:
Un centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100)
Un extractor canulado (200) de cabeza femoral o humeral Un introductor del componente esférico (300)
Un introductor del componente metafisario (400)
Un introductor del clavo diafisario (500)
Se aprecia que los dos primeros introductores (300, 400) sirven de guía para la introducción del siguiente introductor. Es decir, el introductor del componente esférico (300) sirve de guía para introducir el introductor del componente metafisario (400), y éste a su vez sirve de guía para introducir el introductor del clavo diafisario (500) (figura 10), por lo que se minimiza el error y se facilita la manipulación por parte del cirujano. Sin embargo, es posible utilizar algunos instrumentos diferentes que permitirían ensamblar la prótesis en su lugar de utilización, pero sin facilitar el trabajo al cirujano. Por ejemplo, usando siempre introductores rectos.
Por otro lado, la transmisión de la carga desde la prótesis al fémur se reparte en varios puntos: el componente metafisario (2) transmite su carga al cálcar, mientras que el clavo diafisario (3) la transmite a la diáfisis y a cada tornillo distal por el orificio de fijación (32) correspondiente. Todo ello proporciona estabilidad suficiente, por lo que no es obligatorio cementar, evitando todas las complicaciones de la cementación de la artroplastia de cadera.
Sin embargo, si se prefiere cementar el componente metafisario (2) y/o el clavo diafisario (3) pueden disponer de una vía que permitirá introducir cemento desde el exterior, una vez estén colocados, a través de una cánula, jeringa, etc. con el fin de aumentar el contacto entre las distintas partes de la prótesis y el fémur.
Todos los materiales deberán ser biocompatibles, en especial los que se mantengan dentro del cuerpo del paciente.

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES
1- Prótesis de cadera o de hombro, para sustitución de la cabeza femoral o húmeral, caracterizada por que comprende: un componente esférico (1), de forma sustancialmente semiesférica con una cara posterior (12) con un taladro (13) y unos enganches (14); un componente metafisario (2) formado por un elemento recto con un orificio (21) transversal, aproximadamente central, y un vástago (22) fijado al taladro (13) del componente esférico (1), y una perforación (23) longitudinal que atraviesa el orificio (21), cuya abertura está en el lado opuesto al vástago (22); un clavo diafisario (3), previsto para su inserción en el canal femoral o humeral, con un primer tramo (31), donde se sitúa uno o más orificios de fijación (32) para sendos tornillos distales de fijación al fémur y un segundo tramo (33) dispuesto parcialmente en el orificio (21) del componente metafisario (2); y un enclavador (24) dispuesto en la perforación (23) y atravesando el segundo tramo (33) del clavo diafisario (3).
2- Prótesis, según la reivindicación 1 , cuyo componente metafisario (2) posee una ranuración en toda su superficie.
3- Prótesis, según la reivindicación 1 , cuyo enclavador (24) atraviesa totalmente el clavo diafisario (3) y está roscado en su punta.
4- Prótesis, según la reivindicación 1 , cuyo clavo diafisario (3) posee una ménsula (34) en el segundo tramo (33), por encima del componente metafisario (2) y apoyado en él, en el lado opuesto al vástago (22).
5- Extractor canulado de la cabeza femoral o humeral, utilizable en la colocación de la prótesis de la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado por que comprende una pieza tubular (201) con un puño (202) en un extremo y una broca (203), cónica o cilindrica, en el opuesto, teniendo la broca (203) un paso en su punta configurado para permitir atravesar ajustadamente una aguja de Kirschner (102, 102’), y el puño (202) un orificio de paso alineado con el orificio de la pieza tubular (201).
6- Extractor canulado de la cabeza femoral o humeral, según la reivindicación 5, cuya broca (203) está formada por varios elementos interiormente convergentes flexibles, y el diámetro interno de la pieza tubular (201) es superior al paso realizado en la broca (203).
7- Extractor canulado de la cabeza femoral o humeral, según la reivindicación 5, que posee una manija (204) de comanda de unas garras retráctiles (205) junto a la broca (203).
8- Extractor canulado de la cabeza femoral o humeral, según la reivindicación 7, cuya manija (204) es una tuerca sobre un tornillo interior (206) a la pieza tubular (201), canulado para el paso de la aguja de Kirschner (102), unido a las garras retráctiles (205).
9- Centrador de agujas de Kirschner, utilizable en la colocación de la prótesis de la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado por que tiene una forma general de“U” invertida, con: un clavo centrador (101) en un extremo, previsto para ser insertado en el canal femoral o humeral, con una abertura vertical (105) en su parte inferior; y un mango-guía (104) en el opuesto, con una abertura vertical (105’) en su parte inferior cuyo borde superior está alineado con el borde superior de la abertura vertical del clavo centrador (101).
10- Centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100), según la reivindicación 9, que posee una vaina (103) en la abertura vertical (105’) del mango-guía (104) con un paso superior para una primera aguja de Kirschner (102), alineado con el borde superior de la abertura vertical (105) del clavo centrador (101).
11- Centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100), según la reivindicación 10, cuya vaina (103) posee otro paso para una segunda aguja de Kirschner (102’). 12- Centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100), según la reivindicación 9, cuyo mango- guía (104) posee unas marcas (505) con una transparencia a los rayos X diferente del resto del centrador de agujas de Kirschner (100), con diferentes ángulos de desarrollo.
13- Introductor del componente esférico (300), utilizable con el componente esférico (1) de la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado por que posee forma de“U” invertida, con: un mango (301) con una hendidura (304) abierta por el borde inferior, y con un borde superior orientado hacia el taladro (13) del componente esférico (1); y un soporte (302) compatible con los enganches (14) del componente esférico (1), y liberable mediante un actuador (303).
14- Introductor del componente esférico (300), según la reivindicación 13, cuyo mango (301) posee unas marcas (505) con una transparencia a los rayos X diferente del resto del Introductor del componente esférico (300), con diferentes ángulos de desarrollo.
15- Introductor del componente metafisario (400), utilizable con el componente metafisario (2) de la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado por que consiste en una varilla hueca recta, con una sujeción (403) del componente metafisario (2) en un extremo y un asa (404) en el opuesto.
16- Introductor del componente metafisario, según la reivindicación 15, que comprende dos cuerpos tubulares coaxiales, y la sujeción (403) está formada por unas torretas (406), en el cuerpo tubular exterior, de un cierre en bayoneta para los correspondientes agarres del componente metafisario (2), y también comprende una rosca (407) cercana al asa (404) de bloqueo del movimiento relativo entre ambos cuerpos tubulares.
17- Introductor del clavo diafisario (500), utilizable con el clavo diafisario (3) de la reivindicación 1 , caracterizado por que posee una forma de“U” invertida, con un asidero (501) con un surco (503) abierto hacia su parte inferior en un primer extremo y un acoplamiento desmontable para el clavo (3) en el extremo opuesto.
18- Introductor del clavo diafisario (500), según la reivindicación 17, cuyo asidero (501) posee unas marcas (505) con una transparencia a los rayos X diferente del resto del introductor del clavo metafisario (500), con diferentes ángulos de desarrollo.
PCT/ES2019/070399 2018-06-11 2019-06-10 Protesis de cadera o de hombro e instrumental de colocacion WO2019238992A1 (es)

Priority Applications (9)

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CN201980034741.2A CN112165918A (zh) 2018-06-11 2019-06-10 髋关节或肩关节假体及其放置装置
KR1020207037028A KR20210018853A (ko) 2018-06-11 2019-06-10 둔부 또는 어깨 보철 및 배치 기구
JP2020568783A JP2021527477A (ja) 2018-06-11 2019-06-10 股関節または肩関節プロテーゼ、及び位置付け器具
CA3102694A CA3102694A1 (en) 2018-06-11 2019-06-10 Hip or shoulder prosthesis and placement instruments
AU2019286808A AU2019286808B2 (en) 2018-06-11 2019-06-10 Hip or shoulder prosthesis and positioning instrument
EP19820476.0A EP3804662A4 (en) 2018-06-11 2019-06-10 HIP OR SHOULDER PROSTHESIS AND INSTRUMENT SET FOR INSTALLATION
US16/766,863 US11717413B2 (en) 2018-06-11 2020-05-26 Hip or shoulder prosthesis and placement instruments
US16/883,086 US11737785B2 (en) 2018-06-11 2020-05-26 Hip or shoulder prosthesis and placement instruments
US18/331,205 US20230390072A1 (en) 2018-06-11 2023-06-08 Hip or Shoulder Prosthesis and Placement Instruments

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ES201830565A ES2735007B2 (es) 2018-06-11 2018-06-11 Prótesis de cadera o de hombro e instrumental de colocación.

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US16/766,863 Continuation-In-Part US11717413B2 (en) 2018-06-11 2020-05-26 Hip or shoulder prosthesis and placement instruments
US16/883,086 Continuation US11737785B2 (en) 2018-06-11 2020-05-26 Hip or shoulder prosthesis and placement instruments

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