Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
  • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
  • A61K47/54—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an organic compound
  • A61K47/547—Chelates, e.g. Gd-DOTA or Zinc-amino acid chelates; Chelate-forming compounds, e.g. DOTA or ethylenediamine being covalently linked or complexed to the pharmacologically- or therapeutically-active agent
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
  • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
  • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
  • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
  • A61K31/198—Alpha-amino acids, e.g. alanine or edetic acid [EDTA]
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/06—Aluminium, calcium or magnesium; Compounds thereof, e.g. clay
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
  • A61K33/30—Zinc; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K33/00—Medicinal preparations containing inorganic active ingredients
  • A61K33/24—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof
  • A61K33/34—Copper; Compounds thereof
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
  • A61K47/42—Proteins; Polypeptides; Degradation products thereof; Derivatives thereof, e.g. albumin, gelatin or zein
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
  • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
  • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
  • A61K47/52—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an inorganic compound, e.g. an inorganic ion that is complexed with the active ingredient
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
  • A61P5/14—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the thyroid hormones, e.g. T3, T4
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F3/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 2 or 12 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F3/003—Compounds containing elements of Groups 2 or 12 of the Periodic Table without C-Metal linkages

Definitions

• the invention generally relates to supramolecular metal coordinated liothyronine compositions, methods of preparing such compositions, methods of purifying and formulating supramolecular metal coordinated liothyronine, and methods of treatment hypothyroidism and other disease states using such
• Thyroid homeostasis has evolved to produce an intricately complicated, but not wholly understood, system in which hypothalamic and pituitary feedback loops participate.
• Thyroid homeostasis has evolved to produce an intricately complicated, but not wholly understood, system in which hypothalamic and pituitary feedback loops participate.
• T3 has been commercially available as a drug product
• T4 does not mimic the thyroid hormone production of a healthy thyroid gland, which normally releases enough T3 to account for 15-20% of the T3 circulating in blood.
• T4 does not convert enough T4 to T3 to compensate for the lack of naturally secreted T3, some patients do not. These patients often experience residual hypothyroid symptoms and report higher rates of weight gain, depression and lethargy.
• T3 T3 plasma concentrations remain relatively steady.
• T3 is rapidly absorbed leading initially to high peak concentrations followed by low trough levels.
• Multiple low doses more closely simulate natural T3 blood levels but introduce significant compliance issues.
• a slow release formulation is more likely to fulfill the unmet medical need for a T3 product that would provide normal 24-hour levels with once-a-day dosing.
• A“euthyroid-mimetic” dosage form of liothyronine for use in thyroid hormone replacement and other therapies would be an improvement over existing regimens.
• T4 levothyroxine
• T3, Cytomel® levothyroxine
• the broad, long-term objective of this product is to provide patients a new thyroid hormone drug product that can produce euthroid-like T3 levels with once daily oral dosing.
• the metallo-T3 complexes are designed to extend the transit time through the gastrointestinal tract where T3 molecules gradually break free from the metal complex and enter the blood stream. This modulates the rate of delivery and thereby the rate of absorption
• M is a metal atom
• D is a biologically active moiety that comprises at least two functional groups that are capable of coordinating to a divalent metal
• A is a second biologically active moiety or adjuvant
• W is H 2 0;
• x is an integer from 1 to 10;
• o is an integer from 1 to 10;
• q is zero or an integer from 1 to 20;
• n is an integer greater than or equal to 2.
• the complex of formula I is insoluble in water. In another embodiment, the complex of formula I is in the form of a polymeric structure. In another embodiment, the biologically active moiety (D) demonstrates a controlled release from the complex when administered to a patient. In one aspect, the functional groups of the biologically active moiety (D) comprises a heteroatom that forms a metal coordination bond. In another aspect, the heteroatom of that forms a metal coordination bond is selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. [0013] In another embodiment, the metal atom (M) of formula I is selected from s- block elements, transition metals, p-block metals, lanthanides, and actinides. In one aspect, the metal atom is selected from zinc, copper, magnesium, calcium, strontium, sodium, nickel, and bismuth.
• the biologically active moiety (D) includes a first functional group and a second functional group. In another embodiment, the biologically active moiety (D) includes comprises a first functional group, a second functional group, and a third functional group.
• the adjuvant (A) is selected from aromatic dicarboxylic acids, phenols, and catechols. In one aspect, the adjuvant is tyrosine.
• x and o of formula I are the same value. In another embodiment, x and o of formula I are different values.
• the biologically active moiety (D) is selected from triiodothyronine (T3), amoxicillin, cefotetan, furosemide, methotrexate, valsartan, chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, doxycycline, meclocycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, difloxacin, enoxacin, enrofloxacin, fleroxacin, lomefloxacin, marbofloxacin, norfloxacine, perfloxacin, pipemidic acid, ofloxacin, and sarafloxacin and combinations thereof.
• T3 triiodothyronine
• amoxicillin cefotetan
• furosemide methotrexate
• methotrexate valsartan
• chlortetracycline demeclocycline
• the biologically active moiety (D) is triiodothyronine (T3).
• the complex according to formula I is [Zn(T3)(H 2 0)] n , [Zn 6 (T3)(tyr) 5 ]n, [Cu(T3)(H 2 0)] n , [Mg(T3)-2H 2 0] n ,
• compositions including the complex of formula I and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the composition demonstrates a controlled release of the biologically active moiety.
• Another embodiment is a method of treating a patient having a disease including administering a therapeutically effective amount of a complex according to formula I to the patient in need thereof.
• the disease is hypothyroidism
• Another embodiment is a method of increasing a mucoadhesive property of a biologically active moiety including forming a metal coordination complex according to formula I BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
• FIG. 1 is an illustration of how endogenous ligands in the upper Gl tract can affect hydrolysis rate. These include HCI (stomach), bile acids and carbonate buffers (upper intestines).
• FIG. 2 is an illustration showing triiodothyronine ionizable functional groups with experimentally determined pKa values (Sirius). Species are written as HsT3 + ; H 2 T3; HT3-; T3 2
• FIG. 3 is a coordination mode for discrete mononuclear T3 complexes.
• An octahedral geometry is shown for the metal center.
• Square planar geometries are also embodied for some of the metals studied.
• FIG. 4 is an example of discrete (top) vs. supramolecular (bottom) zinc complexes of T3.
• FIG. 5 is an illustration of a coordination mode highlighting Head-Tail/T3- T3 orientation, and secondary coordination bonding interactions between iodine and Sr, in the polynuclear complex. This is a theoretical repeating unit for the
• polynuclear complex Although it is shown for a linear system, 2- and 3-dimensional motifs are possible. Also shown is an example of a metal-halogen bond between Sr and I3 of T3.
• FIG. 6 is an illustration of strong bonding interactions (coordinate covalent bonds) between Zn and ligand donor atoms of T3 2_ are shown in black; Weak bonding interactions (halogen bonds) between iodine and X-bond acceptor atoms of T3 2 are shown in dashed red. Both bonding modes contribute to polymer formation and stabilization. Two- and 3-D structures, including metal organic frameworks, are possible.
• FIG. 7 Is a graph showing the concentration of T3 over time after oral administration of d-T3 Zn Bis ((HT3-d3) 2 ), d-T3 Zn Poly ([Zn(T3-d3)n], and d-T3 Na (Na(HT3-d3)) to male Sprague Dawley rats.
• FIG. 8 is a theoretical structure showing a coordination motif between amoxicillin and a divalent metal cation leading to the repeating unit of a coordination polymer.
• the charge on amoxicillin is -2, obtained by deprotonation of two acidic groups.
• the pK a of the carboxylic acid is 6.71 ; the pK a of the phenol is 9.41.
• the pK a values may be shifted as much as 2 log units due to the chelation effect. This arises by the metal cation stabilizing the incipient negative charge during deprotonation.
• FIG. 9 is a theoretical structure showing a coordination motif between the dianion of cefotetan and a divalent metal cation leading to the repeating unit of a coordination polymer.
• the charge on cefotetan is -2, obtained by deprotonation of two carboxylic acid groups.
• the pK a of the carboxylic acids is estimated as 2-3.
• FIG. 10 is a theoretical structure showing a coordination motif between the dianion of furosemide and a divalent metal cation leading to the repeating unit of a coordination polymer.
• the pK a of the carboxylic acids is 3.8; the pK a of the sulfonamide is 7.5.
• FIG. 11 is a theoretical structure showing a coordination motif between the dianion of methotrexate and a divalent metal cation leading to the repeating unit of a coordination polymer.
• the pK a of the carboxylic acids are 4.8 and 5.6.
• FIG. 12 is a theoretical structure showing a coordination motif between the dianion of tetracycline and a divalent metal cation leading to the repeating unit of a coordination polymer.
• the pK a of enol of ring A is 7.8; the pK a of the phenol is 9.6.
• FIG. 13 is a theoretical structure showing a coordination motif between the dianion of valsartan and a divalent metal cation leading to the repeating unit of a coordination polymer.
• the pK a of the carboxylic acid is 3.9; the pK a of the tetrazole is 9.6.
• the term“patient” refers to any subject including mammals and humans.
• the patient may have a disease or suspected of having a disease and as such is being treated with a drug.
• the patient is a mammal, such as a dog, chicken, cat, horse, or primate.
• the term“patient,” as used herein refers to a human (e.g., a man, a woman, or a child).
• the term“patient,” as used herein refers to laboratory animal of an animal model study.
• the patient or subject may be of any age, sex, or combination thereof.
• bioactive agent “biologically active moiety,” or“therapeutic agent” as used herein refer to a pharmaceutical agent, active ingredient, compound, substance or drug, compositions, or mixtures thereof, that provide a pharmacological, often beneficial, effect.
• the active ingredient may be any pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, crystalline form or polymorph thereof.
• composition refers to the active ingredient or drug in combination with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients.
• dose denote any form of the active ingredient formulation that contains an amount sufficient to produce a therapeutic effect with a single administration.
• ligand exchange or“ligand exchange reaction” as used herein are intended to encompass all forms of ligand exchange reactions, including hydrolysis, where the exchanging ligand is water.
• controlled release refers to a composition that releases an active ingredient at a slower rate than does an immediate release formulation under physiological conditions or in an in vitro test.
• immediate release refers to a composition that releases the majority of an active ingredient following administration (e.g., greater than 50% of the active ingredient).
• sustained release refers to a composition that releases an active ingredient over an extended period of time, for example minutes, hours, or days, such that less than all the active ingredient is released initially.
• a sustained release rate may provide, for example, a release of a certain specified amount of a drug or active ingredient from a dosage form, over a certain period, under physiological conditions or in an in vitro test.
• treating refers to administering a therapy in an amount, manner, or mode effective to improve a condition, symptom, or parameter
• the compound described herein is used to treat a patient having a disease in need of treatment thereof.
• M is a metal atom
• D is a biologically active moiety that comprises at least two functional groups that are capable of coordinating to a divalent metal
• A is a second biologically active moiety or adjuvant
• W is H20
• x is an integer from 1 to 10;
• o is an integer from 1 to 10;
• a ratio of p to x is from about 1/1000 to about 1000/1 ;
• q is zero or an integer from 1 to 20;
• n is an integer greater than or equal to 2.
• A is a second biologically active moiety, which is any suitable active biologically active moiety that is further described herein.
• A is a suitable adjuvant that is further described herein.
• x is 1. In another embodiment, x is 2. In another embodiment, x is 3. In another embodiment, x is 4. In another embodiment, x is 5. In another embodiment, x is 6. In another embodiment, x is 7. In another
• x is 8. In another embodiment, x is 9. In another embodiment, x is 10.
• o is 1. In another embodiment, o is 2. In another embodiment, o is 3. In another embodiment, o is 4. In another embodiment, o is 5. In another embodiment, o is 6. In another embodiment, o is 7. In another
• o is 8. In another embodiment, o is 9. In another embodiment, o is 10. [0050] In another embodiment, p is 0. In another embodiment, p is an integer greater than or equal to 1. In another embodiment, p is 1. In another embodiment, p is 2. In another embodiment, p is 3. In another embodiment, p is 4. In another embodiment, p is 5. In another embodiment, p is 6. In another embodiment, p is 7. In another embodiment, p is 8. In another embodiment, p is 9. In another embodiment, p is 10.
• q is 0. In another embodiment, q is an integer greater than or equal to 1. In another embodiment, q is 1. In another embodiment, q is 2. In another embodiment, q is 3. In another embodiment, q is 4. In another embodiment, q is 5. In another embodiment, q is 6. In another embodiment, q is 7. In another embodiment, q is 8. In another embodiment, q is 9. In another embodiment, q is 10. In another embodiment, q is 11. In another embodiment, q is 12. In another embodiment, q is 13. In another embodiment, q is 14. In another embodiment, q is 15. In another embodiment, q is 16. In another embodiment, q is 17. In another embodiment, q is 18. In another embodiment, q is 19. In another embodiment, q is 20.
• n is an integer greater than or equal to 1. In another embodiment, n is an integer greater than or equal to 2. In another embodiment, n is an integer greater than or equal to 5. In another embodiment, n is an integer greater than or equal to 10. In another embodiment, n is an integer greater than or equal to 50. In another embodiment, n is an integer greater than or equal to 100. In another embodiment, n is an integer greater than or equal to 100.
• n is an integer greater than or equal to 500. In another embodiment, n is an integer greater than or equal to 1000.
• a ratio of p to x is from about 1 :750 to about 750: 1. In another embodiment, a ratio of p to x is from about 1 :500 to about 500: 1.
• a ratio of p to x is from about 1 :100 to about 100:1. In another embodiment, a ratio of p to x is from about 1 : 10 to about 10:1. In another embodiment, a ratio of p to x is from about 1 :5 to about 5:1. In another embodiment, a ratio of p to x is from about 1 :1.
• T3 complexes triiodothyronine (T3) complexes according to formula I. These complexes produce T3 plasma concentrations similar to the normal (euthroid) state with once daily dosing.
• the metallo-T3 complexes are designed to extend the transit time through the gastrointestinal tract where T3 molecules are gradually released from the metal complex through a ligand exchange reaction and absorbed into the blood stream. The ligand exchange process modulates the rate of delivery and thereby the rate of absorption.
• This modulated absorption is accomplished by forming polymeric complexes composed of di- and trivalent metals ions with a polydentate dianion of T3.
• amino acids can bind to cations as a monodentate, bidentate, or tridentate ligand
• the tridentate coordination mode is sterically unfavorable when it involves only the three ligand atoms of the amino acid group.
• Tyr and T3 can act as tridentate ligands via additional participation of the phenol group.
• the phenol group is a potential metal binding site and therefore can be involved in cation coordination. When the phenol group is deprotonated, it both influences coordination mode and favors formation of supramolecular vs. discrete structures.
• the stability of the former, and thus the hydrolysis kinetics is controlled by choice of metal and the phenomenon of significant inter-T3 interactions as described below.
• the phenol of T3 (pKa 8.94) can be deprotonated generating a dianionic ligand.
• another ligand atom is available for the coordination of cations.
• T3 -2 dianions are divalent, with negative charges at opposite ends, which allows connection of units to chains, and higher ordered 2- and 3- dimensional species.
• T3 -2 dianions act as bridging ligands via the functional groups at the a-carbon at the head of the molecule, and the phenolate oxygen at the tail ( see figures 4 & 5). This coordination motif has been observed for the amino acid tyrosine with various metals.
• T3 2_ tridentate form of T3 capable of bonding with metal ions.
• This tridentate form of T3 (T3 2_ ) generated via the two ionizable functional groups (amino acid and phenol) can form two coordinate covalent bonds with a metal, resulting in 1-, 2-, and 3-D-supramolecular species.
• Complexes of this type, where the polymer is composed of covalently coordinated monomers are superior to supramolecular compounds assembled via non-covalent interactions between discrete complexes to deliver orally delivered T3 in a controlled pharmacokinetic fashion.
• M s 1 - and s 2 -block elements; transition metals; p-block elements, including but not limited to Sn, Pb, and Bi;
• T3 is the dianion of triiodothyronine (T3 2_ ). It is a further embodiment of this invention that these supramolecular complexes of the form [M(T3)] n have superior mucoadhesive properties. It is a further embodiment of this invention that the mucoadhesive and ligand exchange properties inherent in the [M(T3)] n complexes translate into an SR formulation of T3 capable of producing euthyroid conditions in hypothyroid patients.
• Mucoadhesion is the phenomenon by which two surfaces, one of which is mucus or a mucous membrane, and the other the surface of a drug or drug delivery system, are held together for extended periods of time by interfacial forces.
• mucoadhesive drug delivery has been developed due to the ability of these dosage forms to adhere to a mucosal surface, enabling prolonged retention at the site of a drug’s application, and providing a controlled rate of drug release for improved therapeutic outcome.
• (2) Mucoadhesion results in slower transit time in the gut, which confers sustained period of absorption in the Gl tract.
• Mucoadhesives are generally macromolecules containing numerous hydrogen bond forming groups capable of interacting with the negatively charged mucosal surface.
• the mucosal surface is enriched in glycoproteins and oligosaccharides, ligands with electron donating functionality. These include sialic acid, sialoglycoproteins, uronates, and amino acids such as histidine
• MCP Metal Coordinated Pharmaceutical
• Mucoadhesives are generally macromolecules containing numerous hydrogen bond forming groups capable of interacting with the negatively charged mucosal surface.
• the mucosal surface is enriched in glycoproteins and
• oligosaccharides include sialic acid, sialoglycoproteins, uronates, and amino acids such as histidine (imidazole), and cysteine (thiolate).
• Metal Coordinated Pharmaceuticals have mucoadhesive properties when they (1 ) are polymeric or form clusters; or (2) interact with the mucosal membrane.
• Coordination polymers, polymer networks and clusters are made from neutral or anionic ligands having at least two donor sites (i.e. multitopic ligands). These ligands coordinate to metal ions or aggregates having at least two acceptor sites, so that at least a one-dimensional arrangement is possible. Depending on the number of donor atoms and their orientation in the linker, and on the coordination number of the node, different one (1 D)-, two (2D)- and three (3D)-dimensional constructs can be synthesized. Coordination polymers can also form when a ligand has multiple coordination sites that act as bridges between multiple metal centers.
• tyrosine possesses three functional groups capable of forming metal coordination bonds; two sites of coordination are possible (amino acid and phenolate); and coordination polymers of tyrosine are known.
• T3 not only satisfies this requirement, but possesses the identical coordination motif (amino acid and phenol).
• T3 unlike tyrosine, can also form metal-halogen bonds introducing another mode of bonding which can contribute to supramolecular structures.
• insoluble polymeric metal coordinated complexes of T3 are produced.
• the insoluble nature of such metallo-T3 complexes provides a means for oral delivery of metal coordinated T3 (MC-T3) to the Gl tract, where it is adsorbed and released via ligand exchange.
• MC-T3 metal coordinated T3
• the MC-T3 complex has a polymeric or supramolecular structure.
• Mucoadhesion is a property of many metal complexes due to the interaction of the metal, which acts as a Lewis acid, with anionic components of the mucosa. Mucoadhesion depends on the metal, the structure of the complex, and the size and charge of the drug particles. Mucoadhesion prolongs the residence time of a drug in the Gl tract.
• MC-T3 interacts with the mucosa by a variety of additional mechanisms, including, but not limited to: coordinate covalent bonding, hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, metal-halogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and particle size.
• 2b Hydrogen bonding. Glycoproteins in general, including the mucosal glycoprotein layer possess hydrogen bond donors capable of bonding with hydrogen bond acceptors of T3 (O, N, I). Solid state crystal packing of thyroid hormones shows extensive H-bonding generally involving the amine group, 4'-OH group, carboxylic acid group and H2O of crystallization. These T3 moieties interact with the mucosa as an embodiment of this invention.
• halogen bonding The mucosa layer is composed of many halogen bond acceptors (O, N, S) capable of forming halogen bonds with the iodines of T3. (Mugesh, 2016) These interactions are called halogen bonding because the negative potential of one acceptor interacts with the positively charged s-hole of a halogen atom.
• halogen bond acceptors O, N, S
• I I noncovalent interactions where the halogen may act as both halogen bond acceptor and donor.
• two different kinds of X X interactions have been proposed. Type II contacts are generally recognized by the perpendicular
• Metal-halogen bonding describes a non- covalent weak-bond (on the order of hydrogen bonding). The bond is formed between the positive charge on a metal interacting with the induced negative charge on a halogen. The positive charge on a halogen is highly localized in the area known as the sigma-hole. The rest of the atom has a net negative charge, due to the electronegativity of halogens.
• a metal-halogen bond would be expected to be strongest in molecular networks where the metal is not shielded by solvent molecules, i.e. a coordination complex. In a salt, water molecules are in the inner coordination sphere of the metal minimizing the strength of the metal-halogen bond.
• Mucoadhesion is a consequence of interactions between the mucus layer on mucosa and mucoadhesive polymers. It is greatly dependent on mucus and polymer structure including their charges. It is also known that the glycosaminoglycan layer, which covers the intestinal mucosa surface, is highly negatively charged.
• g +17 mV
• supramolecular metal coordination complex which is an embodiment of this invention.
• Particle size Generally, the smaller the particle, the greater the surface area of the particle relative to its mass and, therefore, the greater the mucoadhesion
• mucoadhesive properties to the polymeric metal T3 complex.
• Non-covalent bonding interactions between MC-T3 molecules and biological mucosa are responsible for the mucoadhesive properties of these materials.
• polymeric structures such as what is embodied in this invention, have stronger mucoadhesive properties than their discrete mononuclear congeners. It is an embodiment of this invention that mucoadhesion and formation of larger structures have a major impact on T3 absorption and the rate of absorption when the MC-T3 compound is delivered to the gut.
• T3 is an amino acid.
• Amino acids offer a great deal of flexibility as ligands, as each molecule possesses at least three highly electronegative atoms (two oxygen atoms in the carboxylate group plus one nitrogen atom in the amino group) which can act as ligand donor atoms. This allows for coordination of cations with different chemical properties (such as charge or ionic radius). Several coordination modes with metals are known.
• Amino acids can act as monodentate, bidentate, tridentate, and bridging ligands. As a bridging ligand, they can bond via one bridging atom (denoted as O, O) or two different bridging atoms (denoted as O,
• the range of different connectivities within the coordination polyhedra of the metal cations is considerable. Discrete units are frequent, e.g. mono-, di-, tri- nuclear complexes, etc.
• the coordination polyhedron of the metal plus surrounding ligands can form a chemical building block from which higher ordered structures arise. These units are comprised of discrete coordination complexes, which can assemble into infinite coordinate covalent structures such as one- dimensional chains, two-dimensional layers, or three-dimensional frameworks.
• Triiodothyronine has a similar coordiphore to L-tyrosine.
• L-tyrosinates several complexes have been reported, all of which comprise divalent cations in combination with two monovalent Tyr 1 anions.
• Most species comprise isolated units, as in the nickel and the palladium complexes, although bis-(L-tyrosinato)-copper has a chain structure.
• tyrosine acts as a bridging ligand.
• the coordination polymer is created as an unstranded chain with trans coordination of the carboxylate group.
• [Cu(tyr)2]n has a lefthanded helical arrangement.
• the most important reason for the unstranded structure formation of Zn-Tyr and the helical structure of Cu-Tyr is a different stereo geometry of the bridging carboxylate group in the coordination sphere of the Zn 2+ and Cu 2+ ions.
• a trans coordination results in the unstranded chain, whereas the cis coordination facilitates the helical structure.
• the compounds described in this invention may constitute Metal Organic Materials (MOMs) and/or Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs). It is further embodiment of this invention that inherent in these MOM's and/or MOF's many mixed-ligand complexes of T3 with structurally similar molecules such as tyrosine can be made.
• Mixed ligand, or ternary complexes are complexes in which the metal ion has two or more types of ligands in its coordination sphere.
• drugs that possess two functional groups capable of coordinating to a divalent metal can form supramolecular structures as described in this document.
• Additional and non-limiting examples of drugs that are bidentate, and therefore, can form supramolecular complexes with divalent or multivalent metals are amoxicillin, cefotetan, furosemide, methotrexate, tetracycline and valsartan ( see figures 8-13).
• valsartan exists as solution at physiological pH values as the undissociated acid, the mono-anion and the di-anion.
• the solubility of valsartan increases by a factor of about 1000, but it favors the anionic form and decreases lipophilicity, hence the rate of absorption of valsartan is influenced by intestinal pH along the (Gl)tract.
• valsartan In vitro dissolution is complete and rapid at pH 5.0 and above.
• valsartan has pH dependent solubility it belongs to a special case in a proposed general classification system that categorizes drugs with respect to their biopharmaceutical and absorption properties.
• valsartan In the biopharmaceutical classification system, valsartan has been classified as Class III drug with low permeability, poor metabolism and high solubility.
• the pKa of Valsartan varies with the percentage of acetonitrile in
• Valsartan has bioavailability of about 25% due to its acidic nature. Being acidic in nature it is poorly soluble in the acidic environment of GIT and is absorbed from the upper part of GIT that is acidic in nature and Valsartan is 0.18 g/L soluble in water at 25 ° C. ln a buffered solution a dianion salt is formed due to which its solubility is increased. In phosphate buffer (pH 8.0), valsartan is 16.8 g/L soluble at 25 ° C.
• Quinolones represent another exemplary class of compounds, which may be used to form a supramolecular metal coordination complex described here.
• the piperazinium group is deprotonated at pKa1 leaving a neutral amine.
• these compounds can still form coordination polymers through bonding of the neutral amine N and carboxylate O with transition metals.
• the following drugs are also bidentate and can form supramolecular structures with divalent or multivalent metals, and therefore are also, another embodiment of this invention, which are provided in table 1 below.
• H2T3 and NaHT3 are obtained from Aldrich and used without further purification.
• H2T3 assay Assay for H2T3 (HPLC) is 92.2% (theoretical for Zn(HT3)2 -MeOH is 93.1 %).
• Note 1 A methanolic solution of ZnCb (61 .6 mM) was prepared by adding 440 pL (308 pmol) of 0.7 M ZnCb in THF to a 2 dram vial; drying under nitrogen; then redissolving in 5 mL of methanol.
• Note 2 The compound was not visibly soluble in MeOH, DMSO, or H2O.
• the solubility of Na2T3 in MeOH is greater than 50.0 mg/mL (71 .9 mM; 695 g/mol).
• the methanolic solubility of ZnCb is greater than 8.40 mg/mL (61 .6 mM; 136.4 g/mol).
• H 2 T3 assay Assay for H 2 T3 (HPLC) is 87.3% (theoretical for Zn (T3)(H20) is 88.6%).
• Zn(T3)(H 2 0) observed (theory): C 24.41 (24.60); H 1.45 (1.65); N 1.79 (1.91 ); Zn 8.20 (8.93).
• the methanolic ZnC solution was prepared by concentrating a THF solution of ZnCb (0.7 M, 3296 pL, 2307 pmol) in a vial and adding methanol (20.0 mL).
• Zinc content The zinc content by the Hach titration method is 8.95% (theoretical for Zn(T3)(H 2 0) is 8.93%).
• H2T3 assay Assay for H2T3 (HPLC) is 92.6%
• the compound was not visibly soluble in MeOH, DMSO, or H2O.
• the solubility of K2T3 in MeOH is greater than 50 mg/mL (68.9 mM; 727g/mol).
• the methanolic solubility of CaCl2-2H20 is > 6.8 mg/mL (61 .4 mM; 147.0 g/mol).
• the calcium content by the Hach titration method is 5.3% (theoretical for Ca(T3)-4(H 2 0), 761 .1 g/mol, is 5.3%).
• H 2 T3 assay Assay for H 2 T3 (HPLC) is 84.0% (theoretical for Ca(T3)-4(H 2 0), 761 .1 g/mol, is 85.3%).
• the compound was not visibly soluble in MeOH, DMSO, or H2O.
• the solubility of K2T3 in MeOH is greater than 50 mg/mL (68.9 mM; 727g/mol).
• the methanolic solubility of SrCl2-6H20 is > 16.3 mg/mL (61 .2 mM; 266.5 g/mol).
• Strontium content The strontium content by the Hach titration method is 10.8% (theoretical for Sr(T3)-4(H20), 808.6 g/mol, is 10.8%).
• H2T3 assay Assay for H 2 T3 (HPLC) is 79.6% (theoretical for Sr(T3)-4(H 2 0), 808.6 g/mol, is 80.3%).
• Sr(T3)-1 .3H2O observed (theory) C 23.80 (23.71 ); H 1.66 (1.67); N 1 .74 (1 .84); Sr 10.19 (1 1 .53).
• Sr(T3)- 4H 2 0 Sr 10.19 (10.84).
• 1 H NMR (de-DMSO, D2O, CDCh, CDsOD) Compound is insoluble.
• Plasma concentration vs time curves were obtained using deuterium labelled liothyronine compounds in male Sprague Dawley rats after oral administration. _Labeled liothyronine was used to differentiate administered drug from endogenous hormone.
• the deuterated material H2T3-d3 was used to prepare metal coordinated T3-d3 samples as in Examples 1 and 2: Zn(HT3-d3)2; and [Zn(T3-d3)n].
• Na(HT3-d3) was prepared as simulated Cytomel to allow for comparison with metal coordinated liothyronine test compounds.
• test articles were dosed orally (PO) into male Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein catheter (JVC) and plasma samples were generated for analysis. None of the animals exhibited adverse reactions to the study treatment. Sprague-Dawley male rats were obtained from Hilltop Lab Animals, Scottdale, PA 15683; surgical catheters were implanted by ASLP. Deuterated T3 (H2T3-d3) was prepared by a modification of the procedure of Hashimoto. (Makoto Hashimoto, 2013)
• the dosing capsules (Torpac, size 9 rat capsules) were prepared by Synthonics. To simulate Cytomel®, Na(HT3-d3) was not coated; while the complexes were coated with Eudragit L100-55 to avoid premature acid hydrolysis of the metal coordinated complexes in the stomach, and release their contents in the duodenum.
• Rats ranged in weight from 345 to 354 g. Animals were supplied with water and a commercial rodent diet ad libitum prior to study initiation. Food was withheld from the animals for a minimum of twelve hours before the study and during the study, until four hours post-dose, when food was returned. Water was supplied ad libitum. Animals were dosed PO at time 0 on the appropriate day. The animals were euthanized with carbon dioxide (CO2) after the final blood samples were collected.
• CO2 carbon dioxide
• Blood samples ( ⁇ 400 pL) were collected via JVC and placed into chilled blood collection tubes containing sodium heparin as the anticoagulant, and kept on ice until centrifugation. Blood samples were centrifuged at a temperature of 2 to 8°C, at 3,000g, for 5 minutes. Plasma samples were collected after centrifugation. Plasma samples were immediately frozen on dry ice and stored at -60°C to -80°C until shipped to Sponsor for analysis. Plasma samples were shipped frozen on dry ice to Synthonics where they analyzed to determine d-T3 concentrations using a validated LC-MS-MS method. The study design is shown in Table 2 and the resulting pharmacokinetic parameters are shown in Table 3.
• plasma concentration vs time curves were generated for Na(HT3), Zn(HT3)2, and [Zn(T3)] n in male Sprague Dawley rats after oral administration.
• Duodenum targeting is accomplished by hand coating caps with Eudragit L100-55 (Acryl-Eze, water solvent) designed to dissolve in the duodenum at pH ca. 5.5.
• Stomach targeting is by using uncoated gel caps.
• the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWFIM), where Width is measured along the time axis, and Half Maximum is 1 ⁇ 2 Cmax, is a parameter used to evaluate the degree of extended release of drug absorption. Both zinc coordinated liothyronine compounds tested display a longer absorption phase than simulated Cytomel.
• Zn(FIT3)2 displays a blunted Cmax with respect to simulated Cytomel with a comparable AUC.

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