WO2019193450A1 - 負極活物質、二次電池、及び電子機器 - Google Patents
負極活物質、二次電池、及び電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019193450A1 WO2019193450A1 PCT/IB2019/052418 IB2019052418W WO2019193450A1 WO 2019193450 A1 WO2019193450 A1 WO 2019193450A1 IB 2019052418 W IB2019052418 W IB 2019052418W WO 2019193450 A1 WO2019193450 A1 WO 2019193450A1
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
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- H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
- H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
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- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
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- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/0071—Oxides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material, a secondary battery, and an electronic device.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- the technical field of the invention disclosed in this specification and the like relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing method.
- one embodiment of the present invention relates to a process, a machine, a manufacture, or a composition (composition of matter). Therefore, the technical field of one embodiment of the present invention disclosed in this specification more specifically includes a semiconductor device, a display device, a liquid crystal display device, a light-emitting device, a power storage device, an imaging device, a memory device, a processor, an electronic device, A system, a driving method thereof, a manufacturing method thereof, or an inspection method thereof can be given as an example.
- a lithium-ion secondary battery having particularly high output and high energy density is a mobile phone such as a smartphone, or a portable information terminal such as a notebook computer, a portable music player, a digital camera, a medical device, or a hybrid vehicle (HEV),
- a mobile phone such as a smartphone
- a portable information terminal such as a notebook computer, a portable music player, a digital camera, a medical device, or a hybrid vehicle (HEV)
- HEV hybrid vehicle
- next-generation clean energy vehicles such as electric vehicles (EV) or plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEV)
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicles
- Characteristics required for lithium ion secondary batteries include further increase in energy density, improvement in cycle characteristics, safety in various operating environments, and improvement in long-term reliability.
- Patent Document 1 improvement of the positive electrode active material aimed at improving the cycle characteristics and increasing the capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery has been studied.
- Patent Documents 2 to 4 Studies on the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material have also been conducted.
- the electrode of the secondary battery In order to increase the discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery, it is preferable to use a material having a large theoretical capacity as the electrode of the secondary battery.
- the negative electrode material for example, silicon (Si) can be applied.
- the theoretical capacity of silicon in lithium ions is 3.6 ⁇ 10 3 mA / g, which is larger than the theoretical capacity of general graphite (C) (3.7 ⁇ 10 2 mA / g) as an electrode material.
- An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material which is not easily damaged even after repeated charge and discharge cycles. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material in which a decrease in capacity in a charge / discharge cycle is suppressed by being used for a lithium ion secondary battery. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a high-capacity secondary battery. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a secondary battery with excellent charge / discharge characteristics. Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a secondary battery with high safety and / or reliability.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a method for manufacturing a novel negative electrode active material.
- problems of one embodiment of the present invention are not limited to the problems listed above.
- the problems listed above do not disturb the existence of other problems.
- Other issues are issues not mentioned in this section, which are described in the following description. Problems not mentioned in this item can be derived from descriptions of the specification or drawings by those skilled in the art, and can be appropriately extracted from these descriptions.
- one embodiment of the present invention solves at least one of the above-described problems and other problems. Note that one embodiment of the present invention does not have to solve all of the problems listed above and other problems.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a negative electrode active material including particles, a solid electrolyte, and a graphene compound, the particles include silicon, and the solid electrolyte is a negative electrode active material including lithium, titanium, phosphorus, and oxygen. is there.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is the above structure (1), in which the solid electrolyte is a negative electrode active material containing aluminum.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a negative electrode active material having the above structure (1) or (2), in which the size of the primary particles is 10 nm to 100 nm.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is the negative electrode active material in which the graphene compound includes graphene oxide in any one of the above structures (1) to (3).
- Another embodiment of the present invention is the negative electrode active material in any one of the above structures (1) to (4), in which the graphene compound includes reduced graphene oxide.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is a secondary battery including the negative electrode active material according to any one of (1) to (5) above.
- Another embodiment of the present invention is an electronic device including the secondary battery according to (6).
- a negative electrode active material that is not easily damaged even when a charge / discharge cycle is repeated can be provided.
- a negative electrode active material in which a decrease in capacity in a charge / discharge cycle is suppressed can be provided by using the lithium ion secondary battery.
- a high-capacity secondary battery can be provided.
- a secondary battery with excellent charge / discharge characteristics can be provided.
- a secondary battery with high safety and / or reliability can be provided.
- a novel method for manufacturing a negative electrode active material can be provided.
- the effects of one embodiment of the present invention are not limited to the effects listed above.
- the effects listed above do not preclude the existence of other effects.
- the other effects are effects not mentioned in this item described in the following description. Effects not mentioned in this item can be derived from the description of the specification or drawings by those skilled in the art, and can be appropriately extracted from these descriptions.
- one embodiment of the present invention has at least one of the effects listed above and other effects. Accordingly, one embodiment of the present invention may not have the above-described effects depending on circumstances.
- 4A and 4B illustrate a crystal structure of LTPO.
- the figure explaining an example of the preparation methods of solid electrolyte. 4A and 4B illustrate an example of a method for manufacturing a negative electrode active material.
- the figure explaining the charging method of a secondary battery The figure explaining the charging method of a secondary battery.
- the figure explaining the discharge method of a secondary battery The figure explaining a coin-type secondary battery.
- 10A and 10B each illustrate an example of an electronic device.
- 10A and 10B each illustrate an example of an electronic device.
- the theoretical capacity of the positive electrode active material refers to the amount of electricity when all of the lithium that can be inserted into and removed from the positive electrode active material is desorbed.
- the theoretical capacity of LiCoO 2 is 274 mAh / g
- the theoretical capacity of LiNiO 2 is 274 mAh / g
- the theoretical capacity of LiMn 2 O 4 is 148 mAh / g.
- the theoretical capacity of the negative electrode active material refers to the amount of electricity when all of the insertion / desorption lithium is inserted into the negative electrode active material.
- the theoretical capacity of Si is 4200 mAh / g
- the theoretical capacity of graphite is 372 mAh / g.
- the charging depth is 0 when all insertion / desorption lithium is inserted into the positive electrode active material, and the charging depth when all insertion / desorption lithium is released into the positive electrode active material. Is assumed to be 1.
- the charging depth is 1 when all the insertion-demountable lithium possessed by the negative electrode active material is inserted, and when the insertion-desorption lithium possessed by the negative electrode active material is all desorbed
- the charging depth is assumed to be 0.
- charging means moving lithium ions from the positive electrode to the negative electrode inside the battery.
- the release of lithium ions for the positive electrode active material or the insertion of lithium ions for the negative electrode active material is referred to as charging.
- discharging means moving lithium ions from the negative electrode to the positive electrode inside the battery.
- insertion of lithium ions or for the negative electrode active material desorption of lithium ions is referred to as discharge.
- FIG. 1A is an overhead view of the negative electrode
- FIG. 1B is an enlarged view of a cross section surrounded by a broken line in FIG.
- the negative electrode 100 has a structure in which a negative electrode active material layer 102 is provided in contact with the negative electrode current collector 101. 1A and 1B, the negative electrode active material layer 102 is provided on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 101. However, the negative electrode active material layer 102 is provided only on one surface of the negative electrode current collector 101. Also good.
- FIG. 1C is a cross-sectional view of a negative electrode active material layer 102 having particles 103 and a solid electrolyte 104.
- the particles 103 are surrounded by the solid electrolyte 104.
- the negative electrode active material layer 102 may have a conductive additive and / or a binder.
- the particles 103 and the solid electrolyte 104 function as active materials.
- An active material refers to a substance involved in insertion and desorption of ions that are carriers.
- the particles 103 are formed on the current collector as an active material layer by mixing the solid electrolyte 104 and other materials such as a solvent. Therefore, the active material and the active material layer are distinguished from each other.
- the negative electrode current collector 101 is made of metal such as gold, platinum, zinc, iron, copper, titanium, tantalum, manganese, and alloys thereof (stainless steel, etc.), and has high conductivity, and carrier ions such as lithium ions and alloys. It is possible to use a material that does not change. Alternatively, a metal element that forms silicide by reacting with silicon may be used. Examples of metal elements that react with silicon to form silicide include zirconium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, and the like.
- the negative electrode current collector 101 can have a foil shape, a plate shape (sheet shape), a net shape, a columnar shape, a coil shape, a punching metal shape, an expanded metal shape, or the like as appropriate.
- the negative electrode current collector 101 may have a thickness of 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, and more preferably a thickness of 8 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
- the negative electrode current collector 101 has a thickness of 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, more preferably 8 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m over the entire region. Note that one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this.
- the negative electrode current collector 101 may have a region having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, more desirably, a thickness of 8 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less, at least partially.
- the negative electrode current collector 101 preferably has a region having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more and 15 ⁇ m or less in a region of 50% or more of the negative electrode current collector 101. It is good to be.
- the negative electrode active material layer 102 described in this embodiment silicon is used as the particles 103, and lithium titanium phosphate (hereinafter referred to as LTPO) or lithium aluminum aluminum phosphate (hereinafter referred to as LTAP) is used as the solid electrolyte 104.
- LTPO lithium titanium phosphate
- LTAP lithium aluminum aluminum phosphate
- the negative electrode active material layer 102 includes at least one selected from graphene, graphene oxide (GO), multi-graphene, RGO (a compound obtained by reducing GO), and the like.
- the material 105 may be included. Note that in this specification and the like, LTPO and LATP are collectively referred to as lithium conductive ceramics, and GO, multi-graphene, and RGO are collectively referred to as graphene compounds.
- size of silicon it is preferable that it is a magnitude
- the secondary particles preferably have a size of about 8 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m.
- a primary particle refers to the particle
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- secondary particles refer to particles in which primary particles are aggregated by intermolecular force or the like. Moreover, what was sintered to such an extent that the shape of each primary particle can be observed may be called a secondary particle. Therefore, secondary particles are particles in which primary particles are aggregated, and thus may have voids. In some cases, aggregation of primary particles and / or voids can be observed by using a scanning electron microscope or the like for the secondary particles. Further, the secondary particles may be composed of two or more kinds of primary particles having different solid substances.
- the secondary particles composed of lithium conductive ceramic and silicon are preferably about 8 ⁇ m to 12 ⁇ m in size. This is because when the size of the lithium conductive ceramic is less than 8 ⁇ m, the particles may aggregate and the particles may not be dispersed. In particular, when lithium conductive ceramic particles are aggregated in a negative electrode active material layer having lithium conductive ceramic and silicon, deterioration of silicon due to repeated charge and discharge cannot be prevented. Further, if the particles are not dispersed, the coating on the negative electrode current collector 101 cannot be performed well, and if such a negative electrode is used, an abnormality such as a short circuit may occur during charging and discharging.
- FIG. 2 shows the crystal structure of LTPO.
- LTPO is a NASICON type compound having the structure of space group R-3cH.
- LTPO has an octahedral structure in which oxygen (O) is six-coordinated to titanium (Ti), and a tetrahedral structure in which oxygen is tetra-coordinated to phosphorus (P).
- oxygen coordinated to each of titanium and phosphorus is shared with each other to form the octahedral structure and the tetrahedral structure.
- LATP can be formed by replacing a part of the titanium site shown in FIG. 2 with aluminum (not shown).
- the electrical conductivity can be improved.
- a lithium source, a titanium source, and a phosphorus source are prepared as starting materials for producing LTPO.
- the lithium source for example, lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ) is preferably used.
- titanium oxide (TiO 2 ) is preferably used as the titanium source.
- the phosphorus source it is preferable to use ammonium hydrogen phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ). In this embodiment mode, description will be made assuming that lithium carbonate, titanium oxide, and ammonium hydrogen phosphate are prepared according to the stoichiometric ratio.
- Step S02 Mixing of starting materials
- a pulverizer can be used for mixing.
- a ball mill or bead mill is used as a pulverizer, a mixture having a desired particle size is adjusted by adjusting the material of the media, the size of the media, the mass of the media, the rotational speed of the container in which the raw material is placed, the processing time, etc.
- You may be able to get As the media for example, it is preferable to use zirconia balls.
- the mixture and media may be separated using a desired sieve.
- the prepared raw material is mixed as a wet method by adding an organic solvent such as ethanol or acetone and a liquid such as water to form a slurry (note that FIG. 3A does not describe a liquid such as an organic solvent or water used when a wet method is performed.
- the medium contained in the slurry is removed using a sieve having a desired opening, and the liquid is evaporated from the slurry from which the medium is removed using a laboratory hot plate or the like. It is preferable to obtain a mixture.
- a method may be used in which the liquid is first evaporated and then the slurry and the medium are separated using a sieve having a desired opening to obtain a mixture.
- the pulverizer may refer to, for example, a ball mill, a bead mill, or a jet mill.
- the pulverizer described in the present specification is not limited to a single type of pulverizer, and represents an arbitrary pulverizer.
- the pulverization process in each step may be performed by different pulverizers.
- the pulverizer may be changed for each pulverization process.
- Step S03 Temporary firing
- the material mixed in step S02 is heated.
- This step may be referred to as pre-baking or first heating.
- temporary baking is a nitrogen atmosphere and / or a dry atmosphere.
- Step S04 Temporary Crushing
- the fired product produced in step S03 is crushed with a mortar.
- This step may be referred to as provisional crushing or first crushing.
- a ball mill or a bead mill it is preferable to use, for example, zirconia balls as the media.
- zirconia balls it is preferable to use, for example, zirconia balls as the media.
- the crushing when the pulverizer is used refer to the description in step S02.
- Step S05 Main firing
- the material crushed in step S04 is heated.
- This step may be referred to as main baking or second heating.
- the main baking is preferably performed in a nitrogen atmosphere and / or a dry atmosphere.
- Step S06 Main Crushing and Recovery
- the fired product produced in step S05 is crushed with a mortar.
- This step may be referred to as main crushing or second crushing.
- a ball mill or a bead mill is used as the pulverizer, it is preferable to use, for example, zirconia balls as the media.
- the description in step S02 is referred to.
- an organic solvent such as ethanol or acetone
- the LTPO can be manufactured according to the above manufacturing example.
- a lithium source, a titanium source, a phosphorus source, and an aluminum source are prepared.
- the lithium source, the titanium source, and the phosphorus source the contents of the preparation of the LTPO raw material in step S01 are referred to.
- the aluminum source for example, aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) is preferably used. In this embodiment, it is assumed that aluminum oxide is prepared according to the stoichiometric ratio.
- Step S11 Crushing and mixing
- the silicon is preferably nanoparticles, for example (the nanoparticle silicon may be referred to as nanosilicon).
- a pulverizer can be used for the mixing.
- a ball mill or a bead mill is used as the pulverizer, it is preferable to use, for example, zirconia balls as the media.
- crushing of LTPO or LATP and silicon can be performed.
- the size of the silicon particles is preferably approximately the same size as the LTPO or LATPO particles.
- step S02 For the crushing when a ball mill or bead mill is used, the description in step S02 is referred to.
- a wet method it is preferable to crush and mix with the slurry which added acetone to the mixture of one of LTPO or LATP, and silicon.
- the media is removed from the slurry using a sieve with a desired opening, and acetone is removed using a laboratory hot plate or the like, A mixture of either LTPO or LATP and silicon can be obtained.
- Step S12 Tableting
- the mixture was molded using a tableting machine or the like.
- Step S13 Firing
- the molding produced in step S12 is heated.
- the firing temperature is preferably 400 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C. or lower
- the firing time is preferably 2 hours or longer and 20 hours or shorter.
- the firing is preferably performed in a nitrogen atmosphere and / or a dry atmosphere.
- Step S14 Disintegration and Recovery
- the fired product produced in step S13 is crushed with a mortar. After crushing, in order to collect only the fired product of a predetermined size, it is preferable to sieve the fired product.
- a mixture of one of LTPO or LATP and silicon can be produced by the above steps S11 to S14.
- a mixture of LTPO and silicon is referred to as a first mixture
- a mixture of LATP and silicon is referred to as a second mixture.
- a graphene compound may be further added to the first mixture or the second mixture.
- the graphene compound for example, GO, multi-graphene, RGO, or the like can be used.
- RGO multi-graphene
- RGO multi-graphene
- the method example corresponds to steps S21 to S29 in FIG.
- Step S21 Preparation of Raw Material
- Step S22 Stirring
- Water is added to the GO prepared in step S21 and stirred with a mixer. In addition, it is preferable to repeat addition of water and stirring several times.
- Step S23 Kneading
- Step S24 First Evaporation
- heat treatment or the like is performed on the mixture that has been kneaded to remove moisture contained in the mixture. Note that this step may be referred to as first evaporation.
- Step S25 Disintegration
- the mixture prepared in step S24 is crushed with a mortar. After crushing, in order to collect only a mixture of a predetermined size, the mixture is preferably sieved.
- Step S26 Chemical Reduction
- a reducing agent for example, ascorbic acid can be used.
- thermal reduction will be described in step S28 described later.
- Step S27 Second Evaporation
- heat treatment is performed on the mixture reduced in step S26 to remove water and / or organic solvent contained in the mixture. What is necessary is just to determine the temperature of heat processing suitably according to the water and / or organic solvent which are contained in the said mixture.
- This step may be referred to as second evaporation.
- Step S28 Thermal reduction
- thermal reduction may be performed in this step.
- the thermal reduction can be performed in combination with the second evaporation in the previous step S27.
- the GO contained in the mixture may be all reduced, or part of it may be reduced and the remaining part may not be reduced.
- Step S29 Disintegration and Recovery
- the mixture prepared in step S28 is crushed with a mortar. After crushing, in order to collect only a mixture of a predetermined size, the mixture is preferably sieved.
- the first mixture coated with RGO or the second mixture coated with RGO can be obtained by the above steps S21 to S29.
- a solvent and / or a binder is added to and mixed with the mixture prepared by the above method. These mixing ratios may be appropriately adjusted according to desired battery characteristics.
- the solvent a liquid in which the raw material does not dissolve and the raw material is dispersed in the solvent can be used.
- the solvent is preferably a polar solvent, for example, water, methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Any one kind or two or more kinds of mixed liquids can be used.
- a binder having high heat resistance such as polyimide
- the substance mixed in the mixing step is a polyimide precursor, and the precursor is imidized in the subsequent heating step to become polyimide.
- a conductive additive may be added to improve the characteristics of the electron conduction path in the negative electrode active material layer 102.
- the conductive aid include carbon particles such as acetylene black particles and carbon nanofibers.
- a kneader may be used as a method of mixing the above-mentioned compounds.
- the kneader include a planetary kneader.
- a slurry (mixture) can be prepared by combining the binder, the mixture, and the solvent and stirring the mixture using a kneader.
- the slurry (mixture) produced by the above method is applied by a blade method or the like to form the negative electrode active material layer 102.
- the negative electrode current collector 101 on which the negative electrode active material layer 102 is formed is subjected to an evaporation process or the like in a dry atmosphere environment and / or a reduced pressure environment, so that water contained in the negative electrode active material layer 102 or organic Evaporate the solvent.
- the evaporation treatment may be performed, for example, by holding at room temperature or 50 ° C. in a dry atmosphere environment and / or a reduced pressure environment for about 1 hour. Note that in the case where water or an organic solvent can be removed by a subsequent heating step, the evaporation treatment is not necessarily performed.
- the heating temperature is 200 ° C. or more and 500 ° C. or less, preferably 300 ° C. or more and 400 ° C. or less, and this is performed for 3 hours or more and 7 hours or less, preferably about 5 hours.
- the negative electrode 100 having the negative electrode active material layer 102 on the negative electrode current collector 101 can be manufactured.
- the method for manufacturing the negative electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above method.
- the steps of the manufacturing method are classified into a mixing process between materials, a separation process of a certain material, a chemical reaction process, and the like, and are shown as independent steps.
- it may be difficult to classify the processing shown in the above manufacturing method by classification and there may be cases where a single step involves multiple steps or a single step over multiple steps. . Therefore, each step of the method for manufacturing a negative electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to each of the above steps, and can be changed as appropriate. Specifically, depending on the situation, there are cases where the order of each step can be changed, steps can be added, and deleted.
- Embodiment 2 In this embodiment, examples of materials that can be used for the secondary battery including the negative electrode active material described in the above embodiment will be described. Specifically, a secondary battery in which a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an electrolytic solution are wrapped in an exterior body will be described as an example.
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer has at least a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material layer may include other materials such as a coating on the surface of the active material, a conductive additive, or a binder.
- an olivine type crystal structure for example, an olivine type crystal structure, a layered rock salt type crystal structure, or an oxide or composite oxide having a spinel type crystal structure can be used.
- the complex oxide having an olivine type crystal structure is represented by, for example, the general formula LiMPO 4 (M is one or more of Fe (II), Mn (II), Co (II), and Ni (II)).
- M is one or more of Fe (II), Mn (II), Co (II), and Ni (II)).
- a composite oxide can be used.
- Representative examples of the general formula LiMPO 4 include LiFePO 4 , LiNiPO 4 , LiCoPO 4 , LiMnPO 4 , LiFe a Ni b PO 4 , LiFe a Co b PO 4 , LiFe a Mn b PO 4 , LiNi a Co b PO 4 .
- LiNi a Mn b PO 4 (a + b is 1 or less, 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1), LiFe c Ni d Co e PO 4 , LiFe c Ni d M e PO 4 , LiNi c Co d Mn e PO 4 (c + d + e ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 1,0 ⁇ d ⁇ 1,0 ⁇ e ⁇ 1), LiFe f Ni g Co h Mn i PO 4 (f + g + h + i is 1 or less, 0 ⁇ f ⁇ 1,0 ⁇ Lithium compounds such as g ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ h ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ i ⁇ 1) can be used as the material.
- LiFePO 4 is preferable because it satisfies the requirements for the positive electrode active material in a well-balanced manner, such as safety, stability, high capacity density, high potential, and the presence of lithium ions extracted during initial oxidation (charging).
- Examples of the complex oxide having a layered rock salt type crystal structure include lithium cobaltate (LiCoO 2 ), LiNiO 2 , LiMnO 2 , and Li 2 MnO 3 .
- NiCo series such as LiNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 (general formula is LiNi x Co 1-x O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1)), LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.5 O 2 NiMn system such as LiNi x Mn 1-x O 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), LiNi 1/3 Mn 1/3 Co 1/3 O 2 and the like (also referred to as NMC).
- Examples of the formula include LiNi x Mn y Co 1-xy O 2 (x> 0, y> 0, x + y ⁇ 1)).
- Examples of the composite oxide having a spinel crystal structure include LiMn 2 O 4 , Li 1 + x Mn 2 ⁇ x O 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2), LiMn 2 ⁇ x Al x O 4 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 ), LiMn 1.5 Ni 0.5 O 4 and the like.
- Mixing is preferable because of advantages such as suppression of manganese elution and suppression of electrolyte decomposition.
- Li 2-j MSiO 4 is one or more of Fe (II), Mn (II), Co (II), Ni (II), 0 ⁇ j ⁇ 2), etc.
- Composite materials can be used.
- Representative examples of the general formula Li 2-j MSiO 4 include Li 2-j FeSiO 4 , Li 2-j NiSiO 4 , Li 2-j CoSiO 4 , Li 2-j MnSiO 4 , Li 2-j Fe k Ni l.
- NASICON type compounds include Fe 2 (MnO 4 ) 3 , Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , and Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
- Oxides, metal chalcogenides such as TiS 2 and MoS 2 (sulfides, selenides, tellurides), oxides having a reverse spinel crystal structure such as LiMVO 4 , vanadium oxides (V 2 O 5 , V 6 O 13 , LiV 3 O 8, etc.), manganese oxides, organic sulfur compounds, and the like can be used.
- a carbon material, a metal material, a conductive ceramic material, or the like can be used as the conductive assistant. Further, a fibrous material may be used as the conductive assistant.
- the content of the conductive additive relative to the total amount of the active material layer is preferably 1 wt% or more and 10 wt% or less, and more preferably 1 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less.
- a carbon material When a carbon material is used as the conductive additive, it can be selected from artificial graphite such as natural graphite and mesocarbon microbeads, carbon fiber, and the like.
- the carbon fibers for example, carbon fibers such as mesophase pitch-based carbon fibers and isotropic pitch-based carbon fibers can be used.
- carbon nanofiber, a carbon nanotube, etc. can be used as carbon fiber.
- other carbon materials include carbon black (acetylene black, etc.), graphite (graphite) particles, graphene, fullerene, and the like.
- metal fiber when using a metal fiber as a conductive support agent, it can select from metal powders, such as copper, nickel, aluminum, silver, gold
- the above-mentioned conductive aid can form an electric conduction network in the active material layer, and can maintain an electric conduction path between the active materials. That is, an active material layer having high electrical conductivity can be realized by adding a conductive additive to the active material layer.
- the binder it is preferable to use rubber materials such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene-isoprene-styrene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- fluororubber can be used as the binder.
- a water-soluble polymer for example, a water-soluble polymer.
- polysaccharides can be used as the water-soluble polymer.
- cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, diacetyl cellulose, regenerated cellulose, starch, and the like can be used. Further, it is more preferable to use these water-soluble polymers in combination with the rubber material described above.
- polystyrene polymethyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), sodium polyacrylate, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene oxide, polyimide, polyvinyl chloride, polytetrafluoro
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PEO polypropylene oxide
- polyimide polyvinyl chloride
- Ptetrafluoro It is preferable to use materials such as ethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyisobutylene, polyethylene terephthalate, nylon, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ethylene propylene diene polymer, polyvinyl acetate, and nitrocellulose.
- a plurality of binders may be used in combination.
- a material having a particularly excellent viscosity adjusting effect may be used in combination with another material.
- rubber materials and the like are excellent in adhesive strength and elastic force, viscosity adjustment may be difficult when mixed with a solvent.
- a water-soluble polymer may be used as a material having a particularly excellent viscosity adjusting effect.
- the aforementioned polysaccharides for example, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylcellulose, diacetylcellulose, cellulose derivatives such as regenerated cellulose, and starch are used. be able to.
- CMC carboxymethylcellulose
- methylcellulose methylcellulose
- ethylcellulose methylcellulose
- hydroxypropylcellulose diacetylcellulose
- cellulose derivatives such as regenerated cellulose
- starch starch
- cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose can be improved in solubility and easily exert an effect as a viscosity modifier by using, for example, a sodium salt or ammonium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose.
- solubility of the electrode is increased, the dispersibility with the active material and other components can be enhanced when the slurry of the electrode is produced.
- cellulose and cellulose derivatives used as an electrode binder include salts thereof.
- Water-soluble polymers can be dissolved in water to stabilize viscosity, and active materials and other materials combined as a binder, such as styrene butadiene rubber, can be stably dispersed in an aqueous solution. Moreover, since it has a functional group, it is expected to be easily adsorbed on the surface of the active material.
- cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose, for example, have many materials having functional groups such as hydroxyl groups and carboxyl groups, and have functional groups so that polymers interact with each other and widely cover the active material surface. There is expected.
- the binder covers the surface of the active material or is in contact with the surface to form a film
- it can be expected to serve as a passive film and suppress decomposition of the electrolyte.
- the passive film is a film having no electrical conductivity or a film having an extremely low electrical conductivity.
- the passive film suppresses electrical conductivity and can conduct lithium ions.
- Positive electrode current collector a highly conductive material such as a metal such as stainless steel, gold, platinum, aluminum, or titanium, or an alloy thereof can be used.
- the material used for the positive electrode current collector is preferably not eluted at the positive electrode potential.
- an aluminum alloy to which an element that improves heat resistance, such as silicon, titanium, neodymium, scandium, or molybdenum, is added can be used.
- a metal element that forms silicide by reacting with silicon may be used.
- metal elements that react with silicon to form silicide include zirconium, titanium, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, cobalt, nickel, and the like.
- a foil shape, a plate shape (sheet shape), a net shape, a punching metal shape, an expanded metal shape, or the like can be used as appropriate.
- one having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m may be used as the current collector.
- the electrolytic solution has a solvent and an electrolyte.
- an aprotic organic solvent is preferable, for example, ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, dimethyl carbonate.
- DMC diethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- methyl formate methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4 -One kind of dioxane, dimethoxyethane (DME), dimethyl sulfoxide, diethyl ether, methyl diglyme, acetonitrile, benzonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, sulfolane, sultone, or the like Two or more of these can be used in any combination and ratio.
- An ionic liquid consists of a cation and an anion, and contains an organic cation and an anion.
- organic cations used in the electrolyte include aliphatic onium cations such as quaternary ammonium cations, tertiary sulfonium cations, and quaternary phosphonium cations, and aromatic cations such as imidazolium cations and pyridinium cations.
- a monovalent amide type anion a monovalent metide type anion, a fluorosulfonate anion, a perfluoroalkylsulfonate anion, a tetrafluoroborate anion, a perfluoroalkylborate anion, a hexafluorophosphate anion Or perfluoroalkyl phosphate anions.
- the electrolytic solution used for the secondary battery it is preferable to use a highly purified electrolytic solution having a small content of elements other than the constituent elements of the granular dust and the electrolytic solution (hereinafter also simply referred to as “impurities”).
- the weight ratio of impurities to the electrolytic solution is preferably 1% or less, preferably 0.1% or less, and more preferably 0.01% or less.
- vinylene carbonate propane sultone (PS), tert-butylbenzene (TBB), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), lithium bis (oxalate) borate (LiBOB), dinitrile compounds such as succinonitrile, adiponitrile, etc.
- PS propane sultone
- TB tert-butylbenzene
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- LiBOB lithium bis (oxalate) borate
- dinitrile compounds such as succinonitrile, adiponitrile, etc.
- concentration of the material to be added may be, for example, 0.1 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less with respect to the entire solvent.
- a polymer gel electrolyte obtained by swelling a polymer with an electrolytic solution may be used.
- polymer gel electrolyte increases the safety against liquid leakage. Further, the secondary battery can be reduced in thickness and weight.
- silicone gel acrylic gel, acrylonitrile gel, polyethylene oxide gel, polypropylene oxide gel, fluorine polymer gel, or the like can be used.
- the polymer for example, a polymer having a polyalkylene oxide structure such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), PVDF, polyacrylonitrile and the like, and a copolymer containing them can be used.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PVDF-HFP which is a copolymer of PVDF and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) can be used.
- the formed polymer may have a porous shape.
- a solid electrolyte having an inorganic material such as sulfide or oxide, or a solid electrolyte having a polymer material such as PEO (polyethylene oxide) can be used.
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- the secondary battery preferably has a separator.
- a separator for example, paper, nonwoven fabric, glass fiber, ceramics, nylon (polyamide), vinylon (polyvinyl alcohol fiber), polyester, acrylic, polyolefin, synthetic fiber using polyurethane, or the like is used. Can do.
- the separator is preferably processed into an envelope shape and disposed so as to enclose either the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- the separator may have a multilayer structure.
- an organic material film such as polypropylene or polyethylene can be coated with a ceramic material, a fluorine material, a polyamide material, or a mixture thereof.
- the ceramic material for example, aluminum oxide particles, silicon oxide particles and the like can be used.
- PVDF, polytetrafluoroethylene, or the like can be used as the fluorine-based material.
- the polyamide-based material for example, nylon, aramid (meta-aramid, para-aramid) or the like can be used.
- Coating with a ceramic material improves the oxidation resistance, so that the deterioration of the separator during high-voltage charge / discharge can be suppressed and the reliability of the secondary battery can be improved.
- a fluorine-based material is coated, the separator and the electrode are easily adhered, and the output characteristics can be improved.
- a polyamide-based material, particularly aramid is coated, the heat resistance is improved, so that the safety of the secondary battery can be improved.
- a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid may be coated on both sides of a polypropylene film.
- a mixed material of aluminum oxide and aramid may be coated on the surface in contact with the positive electrode of the polypropylene film, and a fluorine-based material may be coated on the surface in contact with the negative electrode.
- the safety of the secondary battery can be maintained even when the thickness of the separator is thin, so that the capacity per volume of the secondary battery can be increased.
- a metal material such as aluminum or a resin material
- a film-shaped exterior body can also be used.
- a metal thin film having excellent flexibility such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, nickel, etc. is provided on a film made of a material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, ionomer, polyamide, etc.
- an exterior is provided on the metal thin film.
- a film having a three-layer structure provided with an insulating synthetic resin film such as polyamide resin or polyester resin can be used as the outer surface of the body.
- the secondary battery can be charged and discharged as follows, for example.
- CC charging is a charging method in which a constant current is supplied to the secondary battery throughout the charging period and charging is stopped when a predetermined voltage is reached.
- the secondary battery is assumed to be an equivalent circuit of an internal resistance R and a secondary battery capacity C as shown in FIG.
- the switch is turned on, and a constant current I flows through the secondary battery.
- the voltage V C applied to the secondary battery capacity C increases with time. Accordingly, the secondary battery voltage V B increases with time.
- the secondary battery voltage V B is has reached a predetermined voltage, for example 4.3 V, to stop the charging.
- a predetermined voltage for example 4.3 V
- FIG. 5C shows an example of the time variation of the secondary battery voltage V B and the charging current during the CC charging and in the CC charging stop state. Battery voltage V B between the had risen doing the CC charging, how to decrease slightly after stopping the CC charging is shown.
- CCCV charging is a charging method in which charging is first performed up to a predetermined voltage by CC charging, and then charging is performed until the current flowing through CV (constant voltage) charging is reduced, specifically until the end current value is reached. .
- the constant current power source switch is turned on, the constant voltage power source switch is turned off, and a constant current I flows to the secondary battery.
- the secondary battery voltage V B is has reached a predetermined voltage, for example 4.3 V, switching from CC charging to CV charging.
- a predetermined voltage for example 4.3 V
- the constant voltage power source switch is turned on, the constant current power source switch is turned off, and the secondary battery voltage V B becomes constant.
- CC discharge which is one of the discharge methods will be described.
- CC discharge constant current in all the discharge period flowed from the secondary battery, a discharge process for stopping the discharge when the secondary battery voltage V B is has reached a predetermined voltage, for example 2.5V.
- a secondary battery voltage V B of while performing CC discharge a discharge current, an example of a temporal change shown in FIG. According discharge proceeds, the secondary battery voltage V B is shown to continue to drop.
- the discharge rate is the relative ratio of the current during discharge to the battery capacity, and is expressed in units C.
- the current corresponding to 1 C is X (A).
- X (A) When discharged at a current of 2X (A), it is said that it was discharged at 2C, and when discharged at a current of X / 5 (A), it was discharged at 0.2C.
- the charging rate is also the same.
- FIG. 8A is an external view of a coin-type (single-layer flat type) secondary battery
- FIG. 8B is a cross-sectional view thereof.
- a positive electrode can 301 also serving as a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode can 302 also serving as a negative electrode terminal are insulated and sealed with a gasket 303 formed of polypropylene or the like.
- the positive electrode 304 is formed by a positive electrode current collector 305 and a positive electrode active material layer 306 provided so as to be in contact therewith.
- the negative electrode 307 is formed of a negative electrode current collector 308 and a negative electrode active material layer 309 provided so as to be in contact therewith.
- the active material layer included in each of the positive electrode 304 and the negative electrode 307 used in the coin-type secondary battery 300 may be formed only on one surface.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 a metal such as nickel, aluminum, titanium, or the like having corrosion resistance to the electrolytic solution, or an alloy thereof or an alloy of these with another metal (for example, stainless steel) is used. it can. In order to prevent corrosion due to the electrolytic solution, it is preferable to coat nickel, aluminum, or the like.
- the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are electrically connected to the positive electrode 304 and the negative electrode 307, respectively.
- the negative electrode 307, the positive electrode 304, and the separator 310 are impregnated in the electrolyte, and the positive electrode 304, the separator 310, the negative electrode 307, and the negative electrode can 302 are laminated in this order with the positive electrode can 301 facing down, as shown in FIG. 8B. Then, the positive electrode can 301 and the negative electrode can 302 are pressure-bonded via a gasket 303 to manufacture a coin-shaped secondary battery 300.
- a coin-type secondary battery 300 having high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the flow of current when the secondary battery is charged will be described with reference to FIG.
- a secondary battery using lithium is regarded as one closed circuit
- the movement of lithium ions and the flow of current are in the same direction.
- the anode (anode) and the cathode (cathode) are interchanged by charging and discharging, and the oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction are interchanged. Therefore, the electrode having a high reaction potential is called the positive electrode.
- An electrode having a low reaction potential is called a negative electrode. Therefore, in the present specification, the positive electrode is referred to as “positive electrode” or “whether the battery is being charged, discharged, a reverse pulse current is applied, or a charge current is applied.
- the positive electrode is referred to as a “positive electrode”, and the negative electrode is referred to as a “negative electrode” or a “ ⁇ electrode (negative electrode)”.
- the terms anode (anode) and cathode (cathode) related to the oxidation reaction or reduction reaction are used, the charge and discharge are reversed, which may cause confusion. Therefore, the terms anode (anode) and cathode (cathode) are not used in this specification. If the terms anode (anode) or cathode (cathode) are used, specify whether charging or discharging, and indicate whether it corresponds to the positive electrode (positive electrode) or the negative electrode (negative electrode). To do.
- a charger is connected to the two terminals shown in FIG. 8C, and the secondary battery 300 is charged. As charging of the secondary battery 300 proceeds, the potential difference between the electrodes increases.
- the cylindrical secondary battery 600 has a positive electrode cap (battery cover) 601 on the top surface and a battery can (outer can) 602 on the side surface and the bottom surface. Yes.
- the positive electrode cap and the battery can (outer can) 602 are insulated by a gasket (insulating packing) 610.
- FIG. 9B is a diagram schematically showing a cross section of a cylindrical secondary battery.
- a battery element in which a strip-like positive electrode 604 and a negative electrode 606 are wound with a separator 605 interposed therebetween is provided inside the hollow cylindrical battery can 602.
- the battery can 602 has one end closed and the other end open.
- a metal such as nickel, aluminum, titanium, or the like having corrosion resistance to the electrolytic solution, or an alloy thereof or an alloy of these with another metal (for example, stainless steel) can be used. .
- the battery element in which the positive electrode, the negative electrode, and the separator are wound is sandwiched between a pair of opposing insulating plates 608 and 609. Further, a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown) is injected into the inside of the battery can 602 provided with the battery element.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte the same one as a coin-type secondary battery can be used.
- a positive electrode terminal (positive electrode current collecting lead) 603 is connected to the positive electrode 604, and a negative electrode terminal (negative electrode current collecting lead) 607 is connected to the negative electrode 606. Both the positive electrode terminal 603 and the negative electrode terminal 607 can use a metal material such as aluminum.
- the positive terminal 603 is resistance-welded to the safety valve mechanism 612 and the negative terminal 607 is resistance-welded to the bottom of the battery can 602, respectively.
- the safety valve mechanism 612 is electrically connected to the positive electrode cap 601 via a PTC element (Positive Temperature Coefficient) 611.
- the safety valve mechanism 612 disconnects the electrical connection between the positive electrode cap 601 and the positive electrode 604 when the increase in the internal pressure of the battery exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
- the PTC element 611 is a heat-sensitive resistance element whose resistance increases when the temperature rises, and prevents abnormal heat generation by limiting the amount of current by increasing the resistance.
- barium titanate (BaTiO 3 ) -based semiconductor ceramics or the like can be used.
- the module 615 may be configured by sandwiching a plurality of secondary batteries 600 between the conductive plate 613 and the conductive plate 614.
- the plurality of secondary batteries 600 may be connected in parallel, may be connected in series, or may be further connected in series after being connected in parallel.
- FIG. 9D is a top view of the module 615.
- the conductive plate 613 is indicated by a dotted line.
- the module 615 may include a conductive wire 616 that electrically connects the plurality of secondary batteries 600.
- a conductive plate can be provided so as to overlap with the conductor 616.
- a temperature control device 617 may be provided between the plurality of secondary batteries 600. When the secondary battery 600 is overheated, it is cooled by the temperature control device 617, and when the secondary battery 600 is too cold, it can be heated by the temperature control device 617. Therefore, the performance of the module 615 is less affected by the outside air temperature.
- the heat medium included in the temperature control device 617 preferably has insulating properties and nonflammability.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating a positive electrode, a solid electrolyte, and a negative electrode of a solid battery.
- a secondary battery 700 illustrated in FIG. 10 includes a positive electrode 710, a solid electrolyte layer 720, and a negative electrode 730.
- the positive electrode 710 includes a positive electrode current collector 713 and a positive electrode active material layer 714.
- the positive electrode active material layer 714 includes a positive electrode active material 711 and a solid electrolyte 721. Further, the positive electrode active material layer 714 may have a conductive additive and a binder.
- the solid electrolyte layer 720 has a solid electrolyte 721.
- the solid electrolyte layer 720 is a region that is located between the positive electrode 710 and the negative electrode 730 and has neither the positive electrode active material 711 nor the negative electrode active material 731.
- the negative electrode 730 includes a negative electrode current collector 733 and a negative electrode active material layer 734.
- the negative electrode active material layer 734 includes a negative electrode active material 731 and a solid electrolyte 721.
- the negative electrode of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to the negative electrode 730 of the secondary battery 700 illustrated in FIG.
- the secondary battery 700 can have a structure in which a lithium conductive ceramic such as LTPO or LATP is applied as the solid electrolyte 721 and silicon is applied as the negative electrode active material 731.
- FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate an example of a tablet terminal that can be folded.
- a tablet terminal 9600 illustrated in FIGS. 11A and 11B includes a housing 9630a, a housing 9630b, a movable portion 9640 that connects the housing 9630a and the housing 9630b, a display portion 9631, and switches 9625 to 9627. , A fastener 9629, and an operation switch 9628.
- 11A shows a state where the tablet terminal 9600 is opened
- FIG. 11B shows a state where the tablet terminal 9600 is closed.
- the tablet terminal 9600 includes a power storage unit 9635 inside the housing 9630a and the housing 9630b.
- the power storage unit 9635 is provided across the housing 9630a and the housing 9630b through the movable portion 9640.
- the display portion 9631 can set all or a part of the region as a touch panel region, and can input data by touching the displayed operation key 9638.
- a keyboard button may be displayed on the display portion 9631 on the housing 9630a side, and characters, information, images, or the like may be displayed on the display portion 9631 on the housing 9630b side.
- a keyboard may be displayed on the display portion 9631 on the housing 9630b side, and characters, information, images, or the like may be displayed on the display portion 9631 on the housing 9630a side.
- a keyboard display switching button of the touch panel can be displayed on the display portion 9631 so that a keyboard button can be displayed on the display portion 9631 by touching the button with a finger, a stylus, or the like.
- the switch 9625, the switch 9626, and the switch 9627 may be not only an interface for operating the tablet terminal 9600 but also an interface capable of switching various functions.
- at least one of the switches 9625 to 9627 may function as a switch for switching on / off the power of the tablet terminal 9600.
- at least one of the switches 9625 to 9627 may have a function of switching a display direction such as a vertical display or a horizontal display, or a function of switching a monochrome display or a color display.
- at least one of the switches 9625 to 9627 may have a function of adjusting the luminance of the display portion 9631.
- the luminance of the display portion 9631 can be optimized according to the amount of external light in use detected by an optical sensor incorporated in the tablet terminal 9600.
- the tablet terminal may include not only an optical sensor but also other detection devices such as a gyroscope, an acceleration sensor, and other sensors that detect inclination.
- FIG. 11B illustrates a state in which the tablet terminal 9600 is folded in half, and the tablet terminal 9600 includes a charge / discharge control circuit 9634 including a housing 9630, a solar battery 9633, and a DCDC converter 9636. Further, as the power storage unit 9635, the secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention is used.
- the tablet terminal 9600 can be folded in half as described above, the housing 9630a and the housing 9630b can be folded when not in use. By folding, the display portion 9631 can be protected, so that durability of the tablet terminal 9600 can be improved. Further, since the power storage unit 9635 using the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention has high capacity and favorable cycle characteristics, the tablet terminal 9600 that can be used for a long time can be provided.
- the tablet terminal 9600 shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B has a function of displaying various information (still images, moving images, text images, etc.), a calendar, a date, a time, and the like. Can be displayed on the display unit, a touch input function for touch input operation or editing of information displayed on the display unit, a function for controlling processing by various software (programs), and the like.
- Power can be supplied to a touch panel, a display unit, a video signal processing unit, or the like by a solar battery 9633 attached to the surface of the tablet terminal 9600.
- the solar battery 9633 can be provided on one or both surfaces of the housing 9630 and the power storage unit 9635 can be charged efficiently.
- the power storage unit 9635 when a lithium ion battery is used, there is an advantage that the size can be reduced.
- FIG. 11C illustrates the solar battery 9633, the power storage unit 9635, the DCDC converter 9636, the converter 9637, the switches SW1 to SW3, and the display portion 9631.
- the power storage unit 9635, the DCDC converter 9636, the converter 9637, and the switch SW1 are shown.
- the switch SW3 corresponds to the charge / discharge control circuit 9634 illustrated in FIG.
- the power generated by the solar battery is boosted or lowered by the DCDC converter 9636 so as to be a voltage for charging the power storage unit 9635.
- the switch SW1 is turned on, and the converter 9637 increases or decreases the voltage required for the display portion 9631.
- the power storage unit 9635 may be charged by turning off the switch SW1 and turning on the switch SW2.
- the solar battery 9633 is described as an example of the power generation unit, but is not particularly limited, and the power storage unit 9635 is charged by another power generation unit such as a piezoelectric element (piezo element) or a thermoelectric conversion element (Peltier element). It may be.
- a non-contact power transmission module that wirelessly (contactlessly) transmits and receives power for charging and other charging means may be combined.
- FIG. 12 illustrates an example of another electronic device.
- a display device 8000 is an example of a home appliance using the secondary battery 8004 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the display device 8000 corresponds to a display device for receiving TV broadcasts, and includes a housing 8001, a display portion 8002, a speaker portion 8003, a secondary battery 8004, and the like.
- a secondary battery 8004 according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided in the housing 8001.
- the display device 8000 can receive power from a commercial power supply.
- the display device 8000 can use power stored in the secondary battery 8004.
- the display device 8000 can be used when the secondary battery 8004 according to one embodiment of the present invention is used as an uninterruptible power supply even when power cannot be supplied from a commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like.
- the display portion 8002 includes a liquid crystal display device, a light emitting device including a light emitting element such as an organic EL element, an electrophoretic display device, a DMD (Digital Micromirror Device), a PDP (Plasma Display Panel), and an FED (Field Emission Display).
- a semiconductor display device such as can be used.
- the display device includes all information display devices such as a personal computer and an advertisement display in addition to a TV broadcast reception.
- a stationary lighting device 8100 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8103 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the lighting device 8100 includes a housing 8101, a light source 8102, a secondary battery 8103, and the like.
- FIG. 12 illustrates the case where the secondary battery 8103 is provided inside the ceiling 8104 where the housing 8101 and the light source 8102 are installed.
- the secondary battery 8103 is provided inside the housing 8101. It may be done.
- the lighting device 8100 can receive power from a commercial power supply.
- the lighting device 8100 can use power stored in the secondary battery 8103.
- the lighting device 8100 can be used by using the secondary battery 8103 according to one embodiment of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply even when power cannot be supplied from a commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like.
- FIG. 12 illustrates the installation lighting device 8100 provided on the ceiling 8104; however, the secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention is not the ceiling 8104, for example, a sidewall 8105, a floor 8106, a window 8107, or the like. It can also be used for a stationary illumination device provided on the desk, or a desktop illumination device.
- an artificial light source that artificially obtains light using electric power can be used.
- discharge lamps such as incandescent bulbs and fluorescent lamps, and light emitting elements such as LEDs and organic EL elements are examples of the artificial light source.
- an air conditioner including an indoor unit 8200 and an outdoor unit 8204 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8203 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the indoor unit 8200 includes a housing 8201, an air outlet 8202, a secondary battery 8203, and the like.
- FIG. 12 illustrates the case where the secondary battery 8203 is provided in the indoor unit 8200, the secondary battery 8203 may be provided in the outdoor unit 8204. Alternatively, the secondary battery 8203 may be provided in both the indoor unit 8200 and the outdoor unit 8204.
- the air conditioner can receive power from a commercial power supply. Alternatively, the air conditioner can use power stored in the secondary battery 8203.
- the secondary battery 8203 when the secondary battery 8203 is provided in both the indoor unit 8200 and the outdoor unit 8204, the secondary battery 8203 according to one embodiment of the present invention can be used even when electric power cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like.
- an air conditioner By using as an uninterruptible power supply, an air conditioner can be used.
- FIG. 12 illustrates a separate type air conditioner composed of an indoor unit and an outdoor unit.
- an integrated air conditioner having the functions of the indoor unit and the outdoor unit in one housing is illustrated.
- the secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention can also be used.
- an electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 is an example of an electronic device using the secondary battery 8304 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 includes a housing 8301, a refrigerator door 8302, a refrigerator door 8303, a secondary battery 8304, and the like.
- the secondary battery 8304 is provided inside the housing 8301.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 can receive power from a commercial power supply.
- the electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 can use power stored in the secondary battery 8304. Therefore, the electric refrigerator-freezer 8300 can be used by using the secondary battery 8304 according to one embodiment of the present invention as an uninterruptible power supply even when electric power cannot be supplied from the commercial power supply due to a power failure or the like.
- high-frequency heating devices such as a microwave oven and electronic devices such as an electric rice cooker require high power in a short time. Therefore, by using the secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention as an auxiliary power source for assisting power that cannot be supplied by a commercial power source, the breaker of the commercial power source can be prevented from falling when the electronic device is used. .
- the power usage rate in a time zone when the electronic device is not used, particularly in a time zone where the ratio of the actually used power amount (referred to as the power usage rate) is low in the total power amount that can be supplied by the commercial power supply source.
- the secondary battery 8304 By storing electric power in the secondary battery, it is possible to suppress an increase in the power usage rate outside the above time period.
- the secondary battery 8304 In the daytime when the temperature rises and the refrigerator door 8302 and the freezer door 8303 are opened and closed, the secondary battery 8304 is used as an auxiliary power source, so that the daytime power usage rate can be kept low.
- the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery are improved and the reliability can be improved. Further, according to one embodiment of the present invention, a high-capacity secondary battery can be obtained, and thus the characteristics of the secondary battery can be improved. Therefore, the secondary battery itself can be reduced in size and weight. it can. Therefore, by mounting the secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention on the electronic device described in this embodiment, the electronic device can have a longer lifetime and a lighter weight.
- a next-generation clean energy vehicle such as a hybrid vehicle (HEV), an electric vehicle (EV), or a plug-in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) can be realized.
- HEV hybrid vehicle
- EV electric vehicle
- PHEV plug-in hybrid vehicle
- FIG. 13 illustrates a moving body using a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention.
- a car 8400 illustrated in FIG. 13A is an electric car using an electric motor as a power source for traveling. Alternatively, it is a hybrid vehicle that can appropriately select and use an electric motor and an engine as a power source for traveling. By using one embodiment of the present invention, a mobile object having a long cruising distance can be realized.
- the automobile 8400 includes a secondary battery.
- the secondary battery may be used by arranging the modules of the secondary battery shown in FIGS. 9C and 9D on the floor portion in the vehicle.
- the secondary battery not only drives the electric motor 8406 but can supply power to a light-emitting device such as a headlight 8401 or a room light (not shown).
- the secondary battery can supply power to a display device such as a speedometer or a tachometer that the automobile 8400 has.
- the secondary battery can supply power to a semiconductor device such as a navigation system included in the automobile 8400.
- An automobile 8500 shown in FIG. 13B can charge a secondary battery of the automobile 8500 by receiving power from an external charging facility by a plug-in method, a non-contact power supply method, or the like.
- FIG. 13B shows a state where the secondary battery 8024 mounted on the automobile 8500 is charged through the cable 8022 from the ground-installed charging device 8021.
- the charging method, connector standard, and the like may be appropriately performed by a predetermined method such as CHAdeMO (registered trademark) or a combo.
- the charging device 8021 may be a charging station provided in a commercial facility, or may be a household power source.
- the secondary battery 8024 mounted on the automobile 8500 can be charged by power supply from the outside by plug-in technology. Charging can be performed by converting AC power into DC power via a converter such as an ACDC converter.
- the power receiving device can be mounted on the moving body, and power can be supplied from the ground power transmitting device in a contactless manner and charged.
- charging can be performed not only when the vehicle is stopped but also during traveling by incorporating a power transmission device on a road or an outer wall.
- power may be transmitted and received between moving bodies using this non-contact power feeding method.
- a solar battery may be provided in the exterior part of the moving body, and the secondary battery may be charged when the vehicle stops or travels.
- An electromagnetic induction method or a magnetic field resonance method can be used for such non-contact power supply.
- FIG. 13C illustrates an example of a motorcycle using the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention.
- a scooter 8600 illustrated in FIG. 13C includes a secondary battery 8602, a side mirror 8601, and a direction indicator lamp 8603.
- the secondary battery 8602 can supply electricity to the direction indicator lamp 8603.
- the scooter 8600 shown in FIG. 13C can store the secondary battery 8602 in the under-seat storage 8604.
- the secondary battery 8602 can be stored in the under-seat storage 8604 even if the under-seat storage 8604 is small.
- the secondary battery 8602 can be removed.
- the secondary battery 8602 can be carried indoors, charged, and stored before traveling.
- the cycle characteristics of the secondary battery are improved, and the capacity of the secondary battery can be increased. Therefore, the secondary battery itself can be reduced in size and weight. If the secondary battery itself can be reduced in size and weight, the cruising distance can be improved since it contributes to the weight reduction of the moving body.
- the secondary battery mounted in the mobile body can also be used as a power supply source other than the mobile body. In this case, for example, it is possible to avoid using a commercial power source at the peak of power demand. If it can be avoided to use a commercial power source at the peak of power demand, it can contribute to energy saving and reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, since the secondary battery can be used for a long period if the cycle characteristics are good, the amount of rare metals such as cobalt can be reduced.
- sample preparation> A procedure for manufacturing the analyzed negative electrode active material will be described.
- a sample SP1 was prepared as a sample (first mixture) in which silicon was added to LTPO.
- Sample SP2 was prepared as a sample (second mixture) obtained by adding silicon to LATP, and sample SP3, which was a sample obtained by coating RGO on sample SP2, was prepared.
- Sample SP1 is manufactured using lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), and ammonium hydride phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ) as described in Step S01 of Embodiment 1. Each raw material was weighed so that the sample to be prepared was LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 .
- step S02 the starting materials were mixed using a ball mill. Specifically, as mixing conditions, dehydrated acetone was used as a wet, and zirconia balls having a diameter of 3 mm ⁇ were used for mixing and crushing at 300 rpm for 2 hours.
- the zirconia balls and the mixture were separated using a sieve having an opening of 1 mm.
- a sieve having an opening of 1 mm.
- dehydrated acetone was injected to separate the adhering mixture.
- the dehydrated acetone was evaporated on a hot plate at 60 ° C.
- step S03 the mixture obtained by evaporating dehydrated acetone was placed in an alumina crucible and heated in a muffle furnace under a nitrogen atmosphere at 400 ° C. for 10 hours. Note that the starting material, ammonium borohydride, is decomposed by the process.
- step S04 the fired product produced in step S03 was crushed with a mortar, and the crushed fired product was crushed more finely with a ball mill.
- crushing by a ball mill was performed for 2 hours at a rotation speed of 300 rpm using dehydrated acetone as a wet and zirconia balls as in the milling conditions in Step S02.
- step S02 above using a sieve with an opening of 1 mm, the zirconia balls and the crushed material are separated, and in order to remove dehydrated acetone contained in the separated crushed material, it is subjected to a hot plate at 60 ° C., Dehydrated acetone was evaporated.
- step S05 the pulverized product obtained by evaporating dehydrated acetone was placed in an alumina crucible and subjected to main firing in a muffle furnace under a nitrogen atmosphere at 900 ° C. for 12 hours.
- the fired product was crushed with a mortar as in step S06. Next, it was passed through a 32 ⁇ m sieve, and then the crushed fired product was finely crushed by a ball mill.
- the crushing with a ball mill was performed using dehydrated acetone as a wet type and zirconia balls at a rotational speed of 300 rpm for 6 hours.
- the zirconia balls and the crushed material were separated, and the dehydrated acetone was evaporated on a hot plate at 60 ° C. in order to remove dehydrated acetone contained in the separated crushed material.
- step S11 1 g each of the LTPO produced in step S06 and nanosilicon (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich) was prepared and mixed using a ball mill. Specifically, as mixing conditions, dehydrated acetone was used as a wet, and zirconia balls were used for mixing and crushing for 2 hours at a rotation speed of 300 rpm.
- Step S06 Thereafter, in the same manner as in Step S06 above, using a 20 ⁇ m sieve, the zirconia balls and the crushed material are separated, and in order to remove the dehydrated acetone contained in the separated mixture, the dehydrated acetone is applied to a 60 ° C. hot plate. Evaporated.
- step S12 the mixture from which acetone was removed was tableted using a tableting machine. Specifically, the mixture was packed in a pellet die having a diameter of 15 mm, and pressure was applied at 14.7 MPa for 5 minutes to produce a molded product.
- step S13 the molded product was placed in an alumina crucible and heated in a muffle furnace under a nitrogen atmosphere at 900 ° C. for 5 hours.
- the fired product produced above was crushed with a mortar, and further crushed using a ball mill.
- dehydrated acetone was used as a wet type, and a zirconia ball having a diameter of 3 mm was used for 2 hours at a rotation speed of 300 rpm.
- the crushed material was passed through a sieve having an opening of 1 mm to prepare a mixture of nanosilicon and LTPO (sample SP1).
- sample SP2 is composed of lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), ammonium hydride phosphate (NH 4 H 2 PO 4 ), and aluminum oxide. (Al 2 O 3 ) was used as a raw material. First, each raw material was weighed so that a sample to be produced was LiTi 1.7 Al 0.3 (PO 4 ) 3 .
- sample SP1 was taken into consideration. That is, the sample SP2 was produced in the same procedure as the sample SP1.
- sample SP3 is a sample obtained by coating RGO on the sample SP2 that is a mixture (second mixture) of nanosilicon and LATP.
- Example SP2 0.75 g of the second mixture (sample SP2) was prepared.
- 0.01526 g of GO manufactured by Nishina Material Co., Ltd. which was spray-dried using a spray drying apparatus, was prepared. Note that the mass of GO is such that the proportion of GO contained in the sample SP2 to be produced is 2 wt%.
- step S22 water was added to GO, and then GO was stirred using a mixer. Moreover, addition of water and stirring are repeated 9 times. Detailed conditions are shown in the table below. Further, as shown in the table below, stirring conditions were performed at 2000 rpm for 5 minutes in all of the first to ninth times.
- step S23 the stirred GO was added to the second mixture prepared in step S21 and kneaded using a mixer.
- the conditions were 2000 rpm and 5 minutes.
- step S24 the kneaded mixture prepared in step S23 was placed in a ventilation drying oven and dried at 50 ° C. for 12 hours to remove water from the mixture.
- step S25 the mixture prepared in step S24 was crushed with a mortar and passed through a 300 ⁇ m sieve.
- step S26 the mixture prepared in step S25 was reduced using ethanol, ascorbic acid, and lithium hydroxide hydrate (LiOH.H 2 O). Specifically, first, 0.0506 g of ascorbic acid and 0.0118 g of lithium hydroxide hexahydrate were dissolved in 15 ml of ethanol, the mixture was added to the solution, and the mixture was stirred at 60 ° C. for 3 hours. Went. Next, ascorbic acid and lithium hydroxide were washed away with ethanol, and further washed with acetone to recover the mixture. Moreover, after collection
- step S27 and step S28 the obtained mixture was dried in a glass tube oven in a vacuum at 250 ° C. for 10 hours.
- thermal reduction of GO contained in the mixture can be performed simultaneously with the removal of water and / or organic solvent.
- step S29 the mixture prepared in step S27 and step S28 was crushed with a mortar and passed through a 20 ⁇ m sieve to collect the mixture.
- the mixture was analyzed as sample SP3.
- FIG. 14 shows the results of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) observation of sample SP2 and the results of elemental analysis by SEM-EDX (Energy Diverse X-ray Spectroscopy).
- FIG. 14A is an SEM image of the sample SP2
- FIGS. 14B to 14E respectively show silicon (Si), oxygen (O), phosphorus (obtained by SEM-EDX using K ⁇ 1 line. It is a mapping image of P) and titanium (Ti).
- FIG. 14A shows that silicon and LATP of primary particles having a size of approximately 10 nm to 100 nm are aggregated to form secondary particles.
- 14B to 14E show that silicon and LATP are almost uniformly dispersed in the sample SP2.
- ⁇ XRD analysis of negative electrode active material The sample SP1 and sample SP2 which are the negative electrode active materials produced above were analyzed by powder XRD (X-ray Diffraction) using CuK ⁇ 1 wire. Note that Bruker D8 ADVANCE was used as the XRD apparatus. In addition, the conditions were measured by the out-of-plane method in the range of 2 ⁇ from 15 ° to 90 ° in increments of 0.01.
- FIGS. 15 and 16 show the measurement results of powder XRD for sample SP1 and sample SP2, respectively.
- the horizontal axis is 2 ⁇ (degree), and the vertical axis is Intensity (arb.units).
- FIG. 15 also shows XRD patterns of Si, LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , TiO 2 (rutile), and SiO 2 (cristolite).
- FIG. 16 shows Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) instead of LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 in addition to Si, TiO 2 (rutile), and SiO 2 (cristovalent). 3 XRD patterns are also shown.
- Each XRD pattern of Si, LiTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3 , TiO 2 (rutile), and SiO 2 (cristolite) is ICSD ( (Inorganic Crystal Structure Database).
- the XRD pattern was set such that the step width of 2 ⁇ was 0.01 °, the wavelength ⁇ 1 was 1.540562 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 m, and the wavelength ⁇ 2 was not used.
- a diffraction peak does not appear in the XRD pattern of the sample SP1 (or the diffraction peak is weak). From this, it is considered that the sample SP1 has a low ratio of LTPO and a high ratio of impurities.
- the sample SP2 since the XRD pattern of the sample SP2 has few diffraction peaks that cannot be identified from the XRD pattern of Si and Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3 , the sample SP2 has a high ratio of LATP, It is thought that the ratio of impurities is low.
- test cell Using the negative electrode active materials (samples SP1 to SP3) produced above, a coin type (Li half cell) test cell of CR2032 type (diameter 20 mm, height 3.2 mm) was produced.
- any one of Samples SP1 to SP3 (hereinafter referred to as SP), which is a negative electrode active material, acetylene black (AB), and polyimide (PI, precisely a polyimide precursor),
- SP negative electrode active material
- AB acetylene black
- PI polyimide
- any one of Samples SP1 to SP3 and acetylene black are mixed with a mixer, and then a polyimide precursor And NMP were further added and mixed with a mixer to prepare a slurry. And the said slurry was apply
- the slurry applied to the current collector was subjected to a heat treatment at 400 ° C. for 5 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere to produce a negative electrode.
- the gap between the blade and the current collector was set to two conditions of 50 ⁇ m and 100 ⁇ m in the blade method of the above fabrication example.
- the supported amount of the negative electrode using the samples SP1 in each condition, 0.67 mg / cm 2, became 1.31 mg / cm 2.
- Lithium metal was used for the counter electrode. Further, polypropylene was used for the separator.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- a test cell using the negative electrode with a loading amount of 0.67 mg / cm 2 using the sample SP1 is described as a cell CS1 [1], and the loading amount using the sample SP1 is 1.31 mg.
- a test cell using a negative electrode of / cm 2 is referred to as a cell CS1 [2].
- a test cell using a negative electrode with a loading amount of 0.77 mg / cm 2 using sample SP2 is referred to as cell CS2 [1]
- the loading amount using sample SP2 is 1.37 mg / cm 2.
- a test cell using the negative electrode is referred to as a cell CS2 [2].
- test cell using a negative electrode supported amount is 0.63 mg / cm 2 and wherein the cell CS3 [1], the sample SP3 was used, the amount of carrier is 1.18 mg / cm 2
- a test cell using the negative electrode is referred to as a cell CS3 [2].
- the results of measuring the cycle characteristics of the cell CS1 [1], the cell CS1 [2], the cell CS2 [1], the cell CS2 [2], the cell CS3 [1], and the cell CS3 [2] will be described.
- FIG. 17 shows the result of the cycle characteristics of the cell CS4 in addition to the cell CS1 [1], the cell CS1 [2], the cell CS2 [1], the cell CS2 [2], the cell CS3 [1], and the cell CS3 [2].
- the horizontal axis is the number of cycles, and the vertical axis is the discharge capacity (mAh / g).
- the cell CS4 is a test cell in which nanosilicon is formed as a negative electrode on a current collector with a supported amount of 0.83 mg / cm 2 .
- the charge / discharge method is constant current-constant voltage charge and constant current discharge at a rate of 0.1C only for the first charge / discharge, and constant current-constant voltage charge and constant current discharge at a rate of 0.2C for the second and subsequent times. Went.
- the charging / discharging upper limit voltage was 1.5 V
- the lower limit voltage was 0.01 V
- the measurement temperature was 25 ° C.
- the rate of the active material containing silicon was calculated based on 4190 mAh / g per supported amount in each cell.
- the cell CS1 [2] having a higher loading amount has a lower discharge capacity overall than the cell CS1 [1] having a lower loading amount.
- the discharge capacity of the cell CS2 [2] having a higher carrying amount is lower than that of the cell CS2 [1] having a lower carrying amount.
- the cell CS4 shows a higher discharge capacity than other test cells up to about 10 cycles. However, when the number of cycles exceeds 10, the discharge capacity rapidly decreases. . This is presumably because the nanosilicon contained in the negative electrode active material repeatedly expands and contracts according to the number of cycles, so that the nanosilicon peels off from the electrode current collector.
- nanosilicon is used as the negative electrode
- the area of nanosilicon in contact with the electrolytic solution is large, and thus the electrolytic solution in contact with nanosilicon may be decomposed by a chemical reaction.
- a reaction product of the decomposition solution and nanosilicon is formed on the surface of nanosilicon.
- the larger the reactant is formed the smaller the contact area between the nanosilicon and the electrolyte solution, so that the number of lithium that can be inserted and removed from the nanosilicon decreases. Therefore, as a result, it is considered that the discharge capacity of the cell CS4 using nanosilicon as a negative electrode has been lowered by repeating the cycle.
- FIG. 18A is a graph illustrating the discharge capacity with respect to each discharge rate in each case of the cell CS3 [2] and the cell CS5.
- FIG. 18B is a graph illustrating the cell CS3 [2] and the cell CS5. It is the graph which illustrated the discharge capacity ratio with respect to each discharge rate in each case with CS5.
- the cell CS5 is a test cell in which nanosilicon is formed as a negative electrode on a current collector with a supported amount of 0.73 mg / cm 2 .
- the measurement result of the rate characteristic of cell CS3 [2] and cell CS5 is shown, and the discharge capacity (mAh / g) in each of the 1st time to the 6th time is shown.
- the rates of the cells CS3 [2] and the cell CS5 were calculated at 1500 mA / g per on-duty amount.
- the charge rate for each time was 0.1 C
- the first to sixth discharge rates were 0.1 C, 0.2 C, 0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C, and 0.1 C, respectively. That is, the discharge rate is increased from the first time to the fifth time, and the sixth time is equal to the first discharge rate.
- the discharge capacities of the cell CS5 and the cell CS3 [2] were 377.35 mAh / g and 2118.26 mAh / g, respectively.
- the discharge capacity greatly decreases as the discharge rate is increased.
- the discharge capacity ratio is reduced by 70% or more (2700 mAh / g or more) from the first.
- the discharge capacity in the cell CS3 [2] although the discharge capacity is decreased every time the discharge rate is increased, it is understood that the amount of decrease in the discharge capacity is small compared to the cell CS5.
- the discharge capacity in the second discharge in the second discharge, the discharge capacity is reduced by about 30% (about 680 mAh / g) from the first time, but the change in the discharge capacity in the second to sixth discharges is about 10%. % Or less.
- the secondary battery has a deterioration in discharge capacity with respect to the number of cycles. Therefore, it is possible to provide a characteristic that the discharge capacity ratio does not substantially decrease even when the discharge rate is high.
- R internal resistance
- C secondary battery capacity
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Abstract
Description
本発明の一態様は、粒子と、固体電解質と、グラフェン化合物と、を有する負極活物質であり、粒子はシリコンを有し、固体電解質は、リチウム、チタン、リン、酸素を有する負極活物質である。
また、本発明の一態様は、上記(1)の構成において、固体電解質は、アルミニウムを含む負極活物質である。
また、本発明の一態様は、上記(1)、又は(2)の構成において、前記粒子の一次粒子の大きさが、10nm以上100nm以下である負極活物質である。
また、本発明の一態様は、上記(1)乃至(3)のいずれか一の構成において、グラフェン化合物は、酸化グラフェンを有する負極活物質である。
また、本発明の一態様は、上記(1)乃至(4)のいずれか一の構成において、グラフェン化合物は、還元された酸化グラフェンを有する、負極活物質である。
また、本発明の一態様は、上記(1)乃至(5)のいずれか一の負極活物質を有する二次電池である。
また、本発明の一態様は、上記(6)の二次電池を有する電子機器である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である、二次電池に用いることができる負極、当該負極の負極活物質層、及び当該負極活物質層に含まれる負極活物質について、説明する。
ここでは、本発明の一態様の負極活物質に含まれるLTPOの作製方法の一例について説明する。なお、LTPOの作製方法の手順については、図3(A)に簡易的に図示している。
初めに、LTPOを作製するための出発原料として、リチウム源、チタン源、リン源を用意する。リチウム源としては、例えば、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)を用いるのが好ましい。また、チタン源としては、酸化チタン(TiO2)を用いるのが好ましい。また、リン源としては、燐酸水素化アンモニウム(NH4H2PO4)を用いるのが好ましい。本実施の形態では、炭酸リチウム、酸化チタン、燐酸水素化アンモニウムを化学量論比通り用意するものとして説明する。
次に、用意した原料を混合する。混合には、例えば、粉砕機を用いることができる。粉砕機を用いることで、材料の解砕も兼ねて、材料を混合することができる。また、粉砕機としてボールミル又はビーズミルを用いた場合、メディアの材料、メディアの大きさ、メディアの質量、原料を入れる容器の回転数、処理時間などを調節することによって、所望の粒径を有する混合物を得ることができる場合がある。また、当該メディアとしては、例えば、ジルコニアボールを用いることが好ましい。混合後は、所望の篩を用いて、混合物とメディアとを分ければよい。
次に、ステップS02で混合した材料を加熱する。本ステップは、仮焼成、又は第1の加熱という場合がある。なお、仮焼成の温度は、200℃以上600℃以下で行うことが好ましく、仮焼成の時間は、2時間以上20時間以下であることが好ましい。更に、仮焼成は、窒素雰囲気及び/又は乾燥雰囲気であることが好ましい。
ステップS03で作製した焼成物を乳鉢で解砕する。本ステップは、仮解砕、又は第1の解砕という場合がある。更に、解砕した焼成物を、粉砕機を用いて、より細かく解砕してもよい。粉砕機としてボールミル又はビーズミルを用いる場合、メディアとしては、例えば、ジルコニアボールを用いることが好ましい。粉砕機を用いた場合の解砕は、ステップS02の記載の説明を参酌する。なお、湿式で解砕する場合、焼成物にエタノール、アセトンなどの有機溶剤を加えて、解砕するのが好ましい。
本ステップでは、ステップS04で解砕した材料を加熱する。本ステップは、本焼成、又は第2の加熱という場合がある。なお、本焼成の温度は、800℃以上1100℃以下で行うことが好ましく、本焼成の時間は、2時間以上20時間以下であることが好ましい。更に、本焼成は、窒素雰囲気及び/又は乾燥雰囲気であることが好ましい。
最後に、ステップS05で作製した焼成物を乳鉢で解砕する。本ステップは、本解砕、又は第2の解砕という場合がある。更に、解砕した焼成物を、粉砕機を用いて、より細かく解砕してもよい。粉砕機としてボールミル又はビーズミルを用いる場合、メディアとしては、例えば、ジルコニアボールを用いることが好ましい。ボールミル又はビーズミルを用いた場合の解砕は、ステップS02の記載の説明を参酌する。なお、湿式で解砕する場合、焼成物にエタノール、アセトンなどの有機溶剤を加えて、解砕するのが好ましい。本ステップにおいて、解砕したものがLTPOとなる。
次に、本発明の一態様の負極活物質に含まれるLATPの作製方法の一例について説明する。なお、LATPの作製方法の手順については、図3(B)に簡易的に図示している。
ここでは、LTPO、又はLATPの一方にシリコンを混合する方法の例について、説明する。なお、LTPO、又はLATPの一方にシリコンを混合する手順は、図4のステップS11乃至ステップS14に相当する。
上述した作製方法例によって作製されたLTPO又はLATPの一方と、シリコンと、を混合する。シリコンとしては、例えば、ナノ粒子であることが好ましい(ナノ粒子のシリコンをナノシリコンという場合がある。)。混合には、例えば粉砕機を用いることができる。粉砕機としてボールミル又はビーズミルを用いる場合、メディアとしては、例えば、ジルコニアボールを用いることが好ましい。また、この混合と同時に、LTPO又はLATPと、シリコンと、の解砕を兼ねることができる。また、当該解砕において、シリコンの粒子の大きさは、LTPO又はLATPOの粒子とほぼ同じ程度の大きさにするのが好ましい。また、ボールミル又はビーズミルを用いた場合の解砕は、ステップS02の記載の説明を参酌する。なお、湿式の方法を用いる場合、LTPO又はLATPの一方と、シリコンと、の混合物にアセトンを加えたスラリーで、解砕及び混合を行うことが好ましい。また、湿式の方法によって当該スラリーを解砕及び混合した後は、所望の目開きの篩を用いて当該スラリーからメディアを取り除いて、実験用ホットプレートなどを用いて、アセトンを除去することによって、LTPO又はLATPの一方と、シリコンと、の混合物を得ることができる。
ステップS11によって得られた混合物においてLTPO又はLATPの一方とシリコンとの焼結を促進するため、当該混合物を、打錠機等を用いて成型を行った。
本ステップでは、ステップS12で作製した成型物を加熱する。なお、焼成の温度は、400℃以上1100℃以下で行うことが好ましく、焼成の時間は、2時間以上20時間以下であることが好ましい。更に、焼成は、窒素雰囲気及び/又は乾燥雰囲気であることが好ましい。
最後に、ステップS13で作製した焼成物を乳鉢で解砕する。解砕後は、所定の大きさの焼成物のみを回収するために、当該焼成物を篩にかけるのが好ましい。
第1混合物、又は第2混合物に対して、更に、グラフェン化合物を加えてもよい。グラフェン化合物としては、例えば、GO、マルチグラフェン、RGOなどを用いることができる。ここでは、第1混合物、又は第2混合物に更にRGOを被膜する方法例について説明する。なお、当該方法例は、図4のステップS21乃至ステップS29に相当する。
GOと、先の作製方法例で作製した第1混合物、又は第2混合物の一方と、を適量準備する。
ステップS21で準備したGOに水を添加して、ミキサーで攪拌を行う。なお、水の添加と攪拌は、数回繰り返し行うのが好ましい。
次に、ステップS21で準備した第1混合物、又は第2混合物の一方に、ステップS22で攪拌したGOを加え、ミキサーで固練りを行う。
本ステップでは、固練りを行った混合物に対して加熱処理等を行って、当該混合物に含まれる水分の除去を行う。なお、本ステップは、第1の蒸発という場合がある。
ステップS24で作製した混合物を乳鉢で解砕する。解砕後は、所定の大きさの混合物のみを回収するために、当該混合物を篩にかけるのが好ましい。
次に、還元剤を用いて、解砕した混合物に含まれるGOを還元して、RGOにする。当該還元剤としては、例えば、アスコルビン酸を用いることができる。なお、還元後は、水、又はエタノール、アセトンなどの有機溶剤などを用いて洗浄及び濾過を行って、混合物から還元剤の除去を行うのが好ましい。
本ステップでは、ステップS26で還元された混合物に対して加熱処理を行って、当該混合物に含まれる水及び/又は有機溶剤の除去を行う。加熱処理の温度は、当該混合物に含まれる水及び/又は有機溶剤に応じて適宜温度を決めればよい。なお、本ステップは、第2の蒸発という場合がある。
ステップS26で行った化学還元だけでなく、さらに、解砕した混合物に含まれるGOの還元反応を促進したい場合、本ステップで熱還元を行えばよい。GOの熱還元を行う場合、ステップ27で得られた混合物に対して、真空中で、200℃以上300℃以下、8時間以上12時間以下の条件での加熱を行うのが好ましい。なお、熱還元は、先のステップS27の第2の蒸発と兼ねて行うことができる。なお、本ステップにおいて、混合物に含まれているGOは、全てが還元されていてもよいし、一部が還元され且つ残りの一部が還元されていなくてもよい。
ステップS28で作製した混合物を乳鉢で解砕する。解砕後は、所定の大きさの混合物のみを回収するために、当該混合物を篩にかけるのが好ましい。
次に、上記の方法により作製することができるLTPO又はLATPの一方とシリコンとの混合物、又はRGOが被膜された当該混合物を負極活物質層102として、負極100を作製する方法の一例について説明する。
本実施の形態では、先の実施の形態で説明した負極活物質を有する二次電池に用いることができる材料の例について、説明する。具体的には、正極、負極、及び電解液が外装体に包まれている二次電池を例にとって説明する。
正極は、正極活物質層と、正極集電体と、を有する。
正極活物質層は、少なくとも正極活物質を有する。また、正極活物質層は、正極活物質に加えて、活物質表面の被膜、導電助剤またはバインダなどの他の物質を含んでもよい。
正極集電体としては、ステンレス、金、白金、アルミニウム、チタン等の金属、及びこれらの合金など、導電性が高い材料を用いることができる。また正極集電体に用いる材料は、正極の電位で溶出しないことが好ましい。また、シリコン、チタン、ネオジム、スカンジウム、モリブデンなどの耐熱性を向上させる元素が添加されたアルミニウム合金を用いることができる。また、シリコンと反応してシリサイドを形成する金属元素で形成してもよい。シリコンと反応してシリサイドを形成する金属元素としては、ジルコニウム、チタン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、タンタル、クロム、モリブデン、タングステン、コバルト、ニッケル等がある。集電体は、箔状、板状(シート状)、網状、パンチングメタル状、エキスパンドメタル状等の形状を適宜用いることができる。集電体は、厚みが5μm以上30μm以下のものを用いるとよい。
電解液は、溶媒と電解質を有する。電解液の溶媒としては、非プロトン性有機溶媒が好ましく、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、γ‐ブチロラクトン、γ‐バレロラクトン、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸プロピル、酪酸メチル、1,3‐ジオキサン、1,4‐ジオキサン、ジメトキシエタン(DME)、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルエーテル、メチルジグライム、アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル、テトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン、スルトン等の1種、又はこれらのうちの2種以上を任意の組み合わせおよび比率で用いることができる。
また二次電池は、セパレータを有することが好ましい。セパレータとしては、例えば、紙、不織布、ガラス繊維、セラミックス、或いはナイロン(ポリアミド)、ビニロン(ポリビニルアルコール系繊維)、ポリエステル、アクリル、ポリオレフィン、ポリウレタンを用いた合成繊維等で形成されたものを用いることができる。セパレータはエンベロープ状に加工し、正極または負極のいずれか一方を包むように配置することが好ましい。
二次電池が有する外装体としては、例えばアルミニウムなどの金属材料や樹脂材料を用いることができる。また、フィルム状の外装体を用いることもできる。フィルムとしては、例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリカーボネート、アイオノマー、ポリアミド等の材料からなる膜上に、アルミニウム、ステンレス、銅、ニッケル等の可撓性に優れた金属薄膜を設け、さらに該金属薄膜上に外装体の外面としてポリアミド系樹脂、ポリエステル系樹脂等の絶縁性合成樹脂膜を設けた三層構造のフィルムを用いることができる。
二次電池の充放電は、たとえば下記のように行うことができる。
まず、充電方法の1つとしてCC充電について説明する。CC充電は、充電期間のすべてで一定の電流を二次電池に流し、所定の電圧になったときに充電を停止する充電方法である。二次電池を、図5(A)に示すように内部抵抗Rと二次電池容量Cの等価回路と仮定する。この場合、二次電池電圧VBは、内部抵抗Rにかかる電圧VRと二次電池容量Cにかかる電圧VCの和であり、つまりVB=VR+VCである。
次に、上記と異なる充電方法であるCCCV充電について説明する。CCCV充電は、まずCC充電にて所定の電圧まで充電を行い、その後CV(定電圧)充電にて流れる電流が少なくなるまで、具体的には終止電流値になるまで充電を行う充電方法である。
次に、放電方法の1つであるCC放電について説明する。CC放電は、放電期間のすべてで一定の電流を二次電池から流し、二次電池電圧VBが所定の電圧、例えば2.5Vになったときに放電を停止する放電方法である。
本実施の形態では、先の実施の形態で説明した負極100を有する二次電池の形状の例について説明する。本実施の形態で説明する二次電池に用いる材料は、先の実施の形態の記載を参酌することができる。
まずコイン型の二次電池の一例について説明する。図8(A)はコイン型(単層偏平型)の二次電池の外観図であり、図8(B)は、その断面図である。
次に円筒型の二次電池の例について図9を参照して説明する。円筒型の二次電池600は、図9(A)(B)に示すように、上面に正極キャップ(電池蓋)601を有し、側面および底面に電池缶(外装缶)602を有している。これら正極キャップと電池缶(外装缶)602とは、ガスケット(絶縁パッキン)610によって絶縁されている。
次に、固体電池の一例について説明する。本発明の一態様の負極は、固体電池に適用することができる。図10は、固体電池の正極、固体電解質、及び負極を示した図である。図10に示す二次電池700は、正極710、固体電解質層720および負極730を有する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である二次電池を電子機器に実装する例について説明する。
初めに、図11(A)および図11(B)に、2つ折り可能なタブレット型端末の一例を示す。図11(A)および図11(B)に示すタブレット型端末9600は、筐体9630a、筐体9630b、筐体9630aと筐体9630bを接続する可動部9640、表示部9631、スイッチ9625乃至スイッチ9627、留め具9629、操作スイッチ9628、を有する。表示部9631には、可撓性を有するパネルを用いることで、より広い表示部を有するタブレット端末とすることができる。図11(A)は、タブレット型端末9600を開いた状態を示し、図11(B)は、タブレット型端末9600を閉じた状態を示している。
図12に、他の電子機器の例を示す。図12において、表示装置8000は、本発明の一態様に係る二次電池8004を用いた家電製品の一例である。具体的に、表示装置8000は、TV放送受信用の表示装置に相当し、筐体8001、表示部8002、スピーカ部8003、二次電池8004等を有する。本発明の一態様に係る二次電池8004は、筐体8001の内部に設けられている。表示装置8000は、商用電源から電力の供給を受けることもできるし、二次電池8004に蓄積された電力を用いることもできる。よって、停電などにより商用電源から電力の供給が受けられない時でも、本発明の一態様に係る二次電池8004を無停電電源として用いることで、表示装置8000の利用が可能となる。
次に、車両などの移動体に本発明の一態様である二次電池を搭載する例を示す。
分析を行った負極活物質の作製手順について説明する。当該分析を行った負極活物質として、LTPOにシリコンを加えた試料(第1混合物)としてサンプルSP1を作製した。また、LATPにシリコンを加えた試料(第2混合物)としてサンプルSP2を作製し、更にサンプルSP2にRGOを被膜した試料であるサンプルSP3を作製した。
初めに、サンプルSP1の作製手順について説明する。サンプルSP1は、実施の形態1のステップS01で説明したとおり、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)、酸化チタン(TiO2)、燐酸水素化アンモニウム(NH4H2PO4)を原料としており、作製する試料がLiTi2(PO4)3となるように各原料を秤量した。
次に、サンプルSP2の作製手順について説明する。サンプルSP2は、実施の形態1のLATPの作製の説明の記載の通り、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)、酸化チタン(TiO2)、燐酸水素化アンモニウム(NH4H2PO4)、酸化アルミニウム(Al2O3)を原料としており、初めに、作製する試料がLiTi1.7Al0.3(PO4)3となるように各原料秤量した。
次に、サンプルSP3の作製手順について説明する。上述した通り、サンプルSP3は、ナノシリコンとLATPの混合物(第2混合物)であるサンプルSP2に、RGOを被膜したサンプルである。
図14に、サンプルSP2のSEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)観察の結果と、SEM‐EDX(Energy Dipersive X‐ray Spectroscopy)による元素分析結果を示す。図14(A)は、サンプルSP2のSEM像であり、図14(B)乃至(E)のそれぞれは、Kα1線によるSEM‐EDXで得られたシリコン(Si)、酸素(O)、燐(P)、チタン(Ti)のマッピング像である。図14(A)から、概ね10nm以上100nm以下の大きさを有する一次粒子の、シリコン及びLATPが互いに凝集して二次粒子を形成していることがわかる。また、図14(B)乃至(E)より、サンプルSP2は、シリコン及びLATPが概ね均一に分散していることがわかる。
上記で作製した負極活物質であるサンプルSP1及びサンプルSP2に対して、CuKα1線による粉末XRD(X‐ray Diffraction)により解析を行った。なお、XRD装置として、Bruker社製D8 ADVANCEを用いた。また、条件は、out‐of‐plane法で、2θの範囲を15°から90°まで0.01刻みで測定した。
上記で作製した負極活物質(サンプルSP1乃至サンプルSP3)を用いて、CR2032タイプ(直径20mm高さ3.2mm)のコイン型(Liハーフセル)のテストセルを作製した。
Claims (7)
- 粒子と、固体電解質と、グラフェン化合物と、を有する負極活物質であり、
前記粒子はシリコンを有し、
前記固体電解質は、リチウム、チタン、リン、酸素を有する、
負極活物質。 - 請求項1において、
前記固体電解質は、アルミニウムを含む、
負極活物質。 - 請求項1、又は請求項2において、
前記粒子の一次粒子の大きさが、10nm以上100nm以下である、
負極活物質。 - 請求項1乃至請求項3のいずれか一において、
前記グラフェン化合物は、酸化グラフェンを有する、
負極活物質。 - 請求項1乃至4のいずれか一において、
前記グラフェン化合物は、還元された酸化グラフェンを有する、
負極活物質。 - 請求項1乃至請求項5のいずれか一に記載の負極活物質を有する二次電池。
- 請求項6に記載の二次電池を有する電子機器。
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WO2021240292A1 (ja) * | 2020-05-29 | 2021-12-02 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 二次電池および二次電池を有する車両 |
WO2021240298A1 (ja) * | 2020-05-29 | 2021-12-02 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 二次電池および車両 |
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WO2021240292A1 (ja) * | 2020-05-29 | 2021-12-02 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 二次電池および二次電池を有する車両 |
WO2021240298A1 (ja) * | 2020-05-29 | 2021-12-02 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 二次電池および車両 |
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KR20200139716A (ko) | 2020-12-14 |
JP2023164587A (ja) | 2023-11-10 |
JPWO2019193450A1 (ja) | 2021-04-01 |
CN111937192A (zh) | 2020-11-13 |
US20210020928A1 (en) | 2021-01-21 |
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