WO2019189915A1 - 電気化学素子積層体、電気化学素子、電気化学モジュール、電気化学装置およびエネルギーシステム - Google Patents
電気化学素子積層体、電気化学素子、電気化学モジュール、電気化学装置およびエネルギーシステム Download PDFInfo
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
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- H01M8/0271—Sealing or supporting means around electrodes, matrices or membranes
- H01M8/0276—Sealing means characterised by their form
- H01M8/0278—O-rings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
- H01M8/0606—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants
- H01M8/0612—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues with means for production of gaseous reactants from carbon-containing material
- H01M8/0618—Reforming processes, e.g. autothermal, partial oxidation or steam reforming
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1213—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M8/1213—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material
- H01M8/1226—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte characterised by the electrode/electrolyte combination or the supporting material characterised by the supporting layer
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/241—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with solid or matrix-supported electrolytes
- H01M8/2425—High-temperature cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/2432—Grouping of unit cells of planar configuration
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2457—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells with both reactants being gaseous or vaporised
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/247—Arrangements for tightening a stack, for accommodation of a stack in a tank or for assembling different tanks
- H01M8/2475—Enclosures, casings or containers of fuel cell stacks
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2483—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by internal manifolds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/24—Grouping of fuel cells, e.g. stacking of fuel cells
- H01M8/2465—Details of groupings of fuel cells
- H01M8/2484—Details of groupings of fuel cells characterised by external manifolds
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M8/12—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes operating at high temperature, e.g. with stabilised ZrO2 electrolyte
- H01M2008/1293—Fuel cells with solid oxide electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrochemical element laminate, an electrochemical element, an electrochemical module, an electrochemical device, and an energy system.
- an electrochemical element laminate constituting an electrochemical device such as a fuel cell (electrochemical power generation cell) or an electrolysis cell includes a gas permeable region and covers the gas permeable region.
- a large number of substrates including a metal substrate formed with a chemical reaction portion, a metal substrate functioning as a spacer or a separator, and the like are hermetically stacked.
- an air flow path for air (oxidizing component gas) and a fuel gas flow path for fuel gas (reducing component gas) are demarcated along both surfaces of the metal substrate (electrochemical element) provided with the electrochemical reaction section.
- the air and the fuel gas are circulated through the respective flow paths. That is, a plurality of electrochemical elements are integrally formed as an electrochemical element laminate. As a result, an electrochemical output such as electric power is generated from the reaction between air and fuel gas in the electrochemical reaction section.
- the electrochemical element laminate as described above forms a plurality of substrates to form an air flow path and a fuel gas flow path, it is necessary to securely seal and fix a large number of metal substrates. Therefore, in order to produce such an electrochemical element or electrochemical element laminate, a great deal of man-hours and great care are required in order to fix it reliably and reliably. Therefore, the production cost for producing such an electrochemical element laminate is greatly increased, and the reliability of the produced electrochemical element laminate (eg, airtightness between metal substrates and reliability of electrical connection) is increased. It was supposed to decline.
- the present invention provides an electrochemical element laminate having a small number of parts and easy production in view of the above-mentioned situation, and an electrochemical element having an easy-to-handle structure in producing the electrochemical element laminate.
- the purpose is to provide.
- Another object is to provide an electrochemical module, an electrochemical device, and an energy system using the electrochemical element laminate at low cost.
- Each electrochemical element includes a conductive plate-like support having an internal flow path inside, The plate-like support covers a gas flow permissible portion capable of transmitting gas across the internal flow path and the outside, which are inside the plate-like support, and all or part of the gas flow permissible portion.
- An electrochemical reaction portion having at least a membrane electrode layer, a membrane electrolyte layer, and a membrane counter electrode layer in the order of description, an outer surface in the surface penetration direction of the plate-like support, and the internal flow path A first through portion that forms a supply path through which the first gas that is one of the reducing component gas and the oxidizing component gas flows,
- at least a first electrochemical element and a second electrochemical element are stacked adjacent to each other, The plate constituting the first electrochemical element in a form in which the plate-like support constituting the first electrochemical element and the plate-like support constituting the second electrochemical element are opposed to each other.
- An outer surface of the plate-like support on which the electrochemical reaction part is disposed and an outer surface different from the side on which the electrochemical reaction part of the plate-like support constituting the second electrochemical element is disposed are electrically connected. And a flow passage portion through which the second gas, which is the other of the reducing component gas and the oxidizing component gas, flows along the two outer surfaces between the two outer surfaces. It is in a formed point.
- the electrochemical element since the electrochemical element includes a plate-like support having an internal flow path, the first gas and the second gas can be distributed and distributed in a state of partitioning the internal flow path and the outside.
- the electrochemical element functions as a fuel cell (electrochemical power generation cell) that “converts chemical energy such as fuel into electric energy”
- the first gas is hydrogen gas consumed by the electrochemical reaction. Or the like, and the second gas is the other.
- the electrochemical element functions as an electrolytic cell that "converts electrical energy into chemical energy such as fuel”
- the first gas is a reducing component gas such as hydrogen gas generated by an electrochemical reaction, oxygen, etc.
- One of the oxidizing component gases and the second gas is the other.
- the plate-like support covers a gas flow permissible portion that can transmit gas across the internal flow path that is inside the plate-like support and the outside, and a state that covers all or part of the gas flow permissible portion.
- the electrochemical device functions as a fuel cell (electrochemical power generation cell).
- the first gas and the second gas include an electrochemical reaction section from a path from the outer side of the plate-shaped support and a path from the internal flow path to the gas flow allowing portion of the plate-shaped support.
- an electrochemical reaction such as generating electricity
- the electrochemical element functions as an electrolytic cell
- the first gas and the second gas are generated by an electrolysis reaction such as water by supplying electricity to the electrochemical reaction section, and the outside of the plate-like support It is possible to discharge from the side path and the path through the internal flow path from the gas flow allowing portion of the plate-like support.
- the plate-like support is electrically conductive because it is necessary to electrically extract the electrochemical output or supply electricity.
- Examples of such an electrically conductive material include metals and electrically conductive ceramics. Among these, a metal is preferable because a robust structure can be easily formed.
- the internal flow path may be defined between the opposing surfaces of the plate-like support, but it is not necessary to be hermetically formed in the electrochemical element. Any configuration that can form a simple flow path is sufficient.
- the gas flow allowing portion may be provided as a large number of through holes extending from the front to the back of the plate-like support, or may be provided as a porous structure.
- the gas flow allowing portion can be easily and selectively provided on the support, and the strength of the support can be further increased. Therefore, an electrochemical element that is superior in strength and durability can be realized more easily.
- the gas flow allowing portion can be formed more easily, and the surface of the gas permeable member can be easily formed flat, and the electrochemical reaction portion can be formed. Yield can be improved. That is, the electrochemical element can be manufactured more easily.
- the plate-like support body is provided with a first through-portion that forms a supply path through which the first gas flows between the outer side in the surface penetration direction of the plate-like support body and the internal flow path,
- the first gas can be passed through the internal flow path.
- the first penetration part opens to the space side through which the second gas flows, but the first gas is separated from the second gas flowing along the outer surface of the plate-like support. By flowing, the first gas and the second gas can be appropriately guided to the electrochemical reaction part or discharged from the electrochemical reaction part.
- the first gas can be supplied to the internal flow paths of all the laminated plate-like supports simply by laminating the plate-like supports and communicating the first through portions with each other. Can be distributed.
- This is an extremely simple configuration as compared to a configuration in which a supply path is individually formed for each plate-like support, and the electrochemical element laminate can be easily assembled, highly reliable, and inexpensively manufactured.
- the surface penetration direction of a plate-shaped support body is a direction which penetrates a plate-shaped support body, and a 1st penetration part is formed in the form which penetrates a plate-shaped support body.
- the electrochemical element can be handled as a plate-like support having a simple structure in which a gas flow allowing portion is provided on the plate-like support and an electrochemical reaction portion is formed. Perform electrochemical reactions.
- this electrochemical device since this electrochemical device has a simple configuration, it is highly convenient in handling when used in combination. Furthermore, since a simple structure in which the same structure is simply connected in communication in the first through portion can be employed when a large number of combinations are used, assembly is easy, reliable, and inexpensive.
- the electrochemical element laminate a plurality of electrochemical elements are stacked. Since the plate-like support constituting the first electrochemical element and the plate-like support constituting the second electrochemical element are opposed to each other, the first and second electrochemical elements are aligned. . Further, the outer surface on which the electrochemical reaction part in the plate-like support constituting the first electrochemical element is arranged and the side on which the electrochemical reaction part in the plate-like support constituting the second electrochemical element is arranged Since the electrochemical elements stacked in an aligned manner are electrically connected to another outer surface, the electrochemical reaction portions provided in each electrochemical element are stacked in series and electrically connected. It becomes a state.
- a flow passage portion through which the second gas flows is formed along the two outer surfaces between the two outer surfaces, it is formed on one of the electrode layer and the counter electrode layer in the electrochemical reaction portion.
- the first gas flows from the first through portion through the internal flow path and the gas flow allowing portion, and the second gas flows to the other of the electrode layer and the counter electrode layer via the flow portion. can do. Therefore, the electrochemical reaction portions of the electrochemical elements stacked in an aligned manner have the first gas corresponding to the respective electrode layers and counter electrode layers, while the respective electrochemical reaction portions are connected in series in the same direction.
- the electrochemical element When the second gas is circulated and the electrochemical element functions as a fuel cell (electrochemical power generation cell), the electrochemical outputs from the plurality of electrochemical elements are combined, for example, power as electrochemical output is obtained.
- the electrochemical element can function as an electrolytic cell, a large amount of reducing component gas such as hydrogen gas and oxidizing component gas such as oxygen generated from the plurality of electrochemical elements can be collected. Can be taken out.
- each electrochemical element is composed of a conductive plate-like support and an electrochemical reaction part, and can be configured to be integrated with each other.
- the electrochemical device laminate is easy to manufacture and highly reliable, and has a structure that is easy to handle when manufacturing the electrochemical device laminate.
- the electrochemical element laminate includes a first annular seal portion as an annular seal portion that partitions the first through portion formed on each of the outer surfaces from the flow portion in the flow portion,
- the supply passage through which the first gas flows can be formed between the first through portion and the first annular seal portion between the first passage and the internal passage.
- the first through portions of the electrochemical elements stacked in the electrochemical element stack can be separated from the flow part and can be connected to each other. Therefore, it is possible to connect each electrochemical element in a form that properly operates with the first gas and the second gas, with an extremely simple configuration in which the first through portions of adjacent electrochemical elements are closely connected. It is possible to produce an electrochemical element laminate that is easy to manufacture and highly reliable, and has a structure that is easy to handle when producing the electrochemical element laminate.
- the shape of the annular seal portion is not limited as long as it allows the through portions to communicate with each other to prevent gas leakage. That is, the annular seal portion may have an endless configuration having an opening communicating with the penetrating portion inside, and may be configured to seal between adjacent electrochemical elements.
- the annular seal portion is, for example, annular.
- the ring may have any shape such as a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, or a polygon.
- the plate-like support includes a second through portion that forms a discharge passage through which the first gas flowing through the internal flow channel flows through the plate-like support in the direction of surface penetration.
- a second annular seal portion serving as an annular seal portion that divides the second through portion formed on each of the outer surfaces from the flow portion within the flow portion; The second through portion and the second annular seal portion may form the discharge path through which the first gas flowing through the internal flow path flows.
- the first gas that has entered the internal flow path from the first through portion passes through the internal flow path and is allowed to pass gas.
- the remaining portion flows through the second through portion forming the discharge path while being distributed to the electrochemical reaction portion via the portion. Since the discharge path is formed in a state where the second through portion is partitioned from the second gas, the first gas can be recovered from the discharge path in a state distinguished from the second gas. Since this discharge path is composed of an annular seal portion as well as the supply path in the first through portion, it has a very simple configuration that only connects the second through portions of adjacent electrochemical elements in close contact with each other.
- each electrochemical element can be connected to a form in which each electrochemical element operates properly with the first gas and the second gas, and it becomes an easily manufactured and highly reliable electrochemical element laminate, In producing an electrochemical element laminate, the structure is easy to handle.
- the annular seal portion can be an insulating seal portion that electrically insulates adjacent electrochemical elements.
- the electrochemical reaction parts in the stacked electrochemical elements adjacent to each other are connected in series to recover the electric power as the electrochemical output or apply the voltage necessary for the electrolysis. It is necessary to insulate parts other than the chemical reaction part.
- the first and second annular seal portions are formed in an insulating seal portion that electrically insulates the adjacent electrochemical elements, the supply portion and the discharge portion are formed, and at the same time, the insulating function is exhibited.
- the characteristic configuration of the electrochemical element used in the electrochemical element laminate for achieving the above object is as follows: Comprising the plate-like support, The said plate-shaped support body exists in the point provided with the said gas flow permission part, the said electrochemical reaction part, and said 1st penetration part.
- the electrochemical element laminate can be formed by laminating the plate-like support. And since this plate-shaped support body is provided with a gas flow permission part, an electrochemical reaction part, and a first penetration part, for example, when making an electrochemical element function as a fuel cell (electrochemical power generation cell) Each electrochemical element to be stacked generates an electrochemical output in the electrochemical reaction part, and the electrochemical outputs from a plurality of electrochemical elements are combined to greatly amplify the electric power as the electrochemical output, for example. Can be taken out.
- the characteristic configuration of the electrochemical device according to the present invention is as follows: Provided with a conductive plate-like support having an internal channel inside, In the plate-like support, the plate-like support has a gas flow permissible portion capable of transmitting gas over the inner flow path and the outside which are inside the plate-like support, and the gas flow permissible portion.
- An electrochemical reaction part having at least a film-like electrode layer, a film-like electrolyte layer, and a film-like counter electrode layer in the order of description in a state where all or a part of the plate-like support is covered, and a surface penetration direction of the plate-like support
- a first through portion that forms a supply path through which the first gas, which is one of the reducing component gas and the oxidizing component gas, flows between the outside and the internal channel;
- the first penetrating portion and the internal flow path are separated from a second gas that is the other of the reducing component gas and the oxidizing component gas that flows along the outer surface of the plate-like support.
- the configuration is such that the first gas flows.
- the electrochemical element since the electrochemical element includes the conductive plate-like support body having the internal flow path inside, the plate-like support body is divided into the first gas in a state of partitioning the internal flow path and the outside. And the second gas can be distributed and distributed.
- the first gas is one of a reducing component gas such as hydrogen gas and an oxidizing component gas such as air
- the second gas is the other.
- the plate-like support covers a gas flow permissible portion that can transmit gas across the internal flow path that is inside the plate-like support and the outside, and a state that covers all or part of the gas flow permissible portion.
- the electrochemical reaction portion having the membrane electrode layer, the membrane electrolyte layer, and the membrane counter electrode layer in the order of description.
- the electrochemical element functions as a fuel cell (electrochemical power generation cell).
- the first gas and the second gas are electrochemically generated from the path from the outside of the plate-like support and the path from the internal flow path through the gas flow allowing portion of the plate-like support.
- an electrochemical reaction such as generation of electricity can be caused.
- the plate-like support is electrically conductive because it is necessary to electrically extract the electrochemical output or supply electricity.
- Examples of such an electrically conductive material include metals and electrically conductive ceramics.
- the metal when the metal is used, it is possible to easily ensure the strength and conductivity of the support and prevent gas flow between the inside and outside of the support in portions other than the gas flow allowing portion.
- the thermal conductivity of the plate-like support can be increased, the temperature distribution inside the plate-like support is reduced, and breakage due to the occurrence of stress distribution can be avoided. Therefore, it is preferable from the viewpoint that an electrochemical element superior in strength, reliability, durability and performance can be realized.
- the internal flow path is defined between the opposing surfaces of the plate-shaped support, but does not need to be hermetically formed in the electrochemical element, and is airtight when formed as an electrochemical element laminate. Any configuration that can form a path is sufficient.
- the gas flow allowing portion may be provided as a large number of through holes extending from the front to the back of the plate-like support, or may be provided as a porous structure.
- the plate-like support body is provided with a first penetration portion that forms a supply path for flowing the first gas from the outside in the surface penetration direction of the plate-like support body to the internal flow path
- the first gas can be passed through the flow path.
- the first penetrating portion opens to the space side through which the second gas flows, but the first penetrating portion and the internal flow path are the second gas flowing along the outer surface of the plate-like support.
- the first gas and the second gas can be appropriately guided to the electrochemical reaction section by allowing the first gas to flow in a state of being partitioned.
- the surface penetration direction of a plate-shaped support body is a direction which penetrates a plate-shaped support body, and a penetration part is formed in the form which penetrates a plate-shaped support body.
- a coaxial core on the opposing surface across the internal flow path of the plate-like support, as long as it penetrates the plate-like support so as to communicate with each other via the internal flow path.
- the supply path for flowing the first gas between adjacent electrochemical elements may be formed.
- the electrochemical element can be handled as a plate-like support having a simple structure in which a gas flow allowing portion is provided on the plate-like support and an electrochemical reaction portion is formed. Perform electrochemical reactions.
- this electrochemical device since this electrochemical device has a simple configuration, it is highly convenient in handling when used in combination. Furthermore, since a simple structure in which the same structure is simply connected in communication in the first through portion can be employed when a large number of combinations are used, assembly is easy, reliable, and inexpensive.
- the plate-like support has a second through-portion through which the first gas flowing through the internal flow path along the inner surface of the plate-like support flows through the plate-like support in the direction of surface penetration.
- the second penetrating portion is configured to flow the first gas in a state partitioned from the second gas
- the internal flow path may include a plurality of sub flow paths that lead from the first through part to the second through part.
- the first gas that is circulated from the first through portion to the electrochemical element and enters the internal flow path is It becomes the structure which flows toward two penetration parts, and is distribute
- the first gas moves along the inner surface of the plate-like support, but the first gas flows along the plurality of flow paths by flowing through the plurality of flow paths in the internal flow path. Divide and flow.
- the flow resistance of the first gas is different between the central portion and the peripheral portion of the plate-like support, and there may be a difference in the flow speed of the first gas.
- the first gas has a gas flow direction as compared with the case where the first gas flows through the internal flow channel where the plurality of sub-flow channels are not formed.
- the flow velocities at arbitrary points in the crossing direction of the intersecting flows are substantially constant.
- the gas flow velocity is substantially constant at any of a plurality of points including the center and both ends in the flow crossing direction. Therefore, the amount of gas flowing through the electrochemical reaction part can be made substantially constant at any of a plurality of points including the center part and both end parts in the flow crossing direction.
- the difference between the part where the gas is insufficient and the part where the gas is excessively circulated is reduced, and power generation is performed in the entire electrochemical element, thereby improving the power generation efficiency of the electrochemical element. It is possible to form a uniform reaction field over a wide region of the electrochemical reaction part, and to suppress the occurrence of the above problem.
- a distribution for distributing and communicating the first gas flowing through the first through portion to each of the sub flow channels between the first through portion and the internal flow channel inside the plate-like support. May be provided.
- a film-like intermediate layer may be disposed between the electrode layer and the electrolyte layer.
- a film-like reaction preventing layer may be disposed between the counter electrode layer and the electrolyte layer.
- the internal flow path includes a plurality of sub-flow paths that allow the first gas to flow in a predetermined flow direction, and an upstream side of the plurality of sub-flow paths in the flow direction of the first gas.
- a distribution unit provided, The plate-like support body temporarily stores the first gas in the distribution unit between the distribution unit and the plurality of sub-flow paths in the flow direction, and from the distribution unit to the plurality of sub-channels. You may have the supply structure which restrict
- the plate-like support has an internal flow path through which the first gas flows.
- the internal flow path has a distribution unit and a plurality of sub flow paths from the upstream side along the flow direction of the first gas.
- the plate-like support has a supply structure between the distribution section and the plurality of sub-flow paths in the flow direction.
- the supply structure distributes the first gas from the distribution unit to the plurality of sub-flow paths while temporarily storing the first gas in the distribution unit.
- the supply structure configured as described above is provided between the distribution unit and the plurality of sub-channels, and includes a barrier for the flow of the first gas from the distribution unit to the plurality of sub-channels. Become. Therefore, the pressure loss of the first gas when flowing from the distribution unit to the plurality of sub-flow paths becomes high, and the first gas introduced into the distribution unit spreads to fill the distribution unit and is temporarily stored. Is done. For this reason, the entire inside of the distribution section has a substantially uniform pressure (equal pressure). That is, the differential pressure between the distribution unit and each of the plurality of sub-channels is substantially the same.
- the first gas is supplied from the distribution unit to the plurality of sub-channels, the first gas is supplied to each sub-channel in a substantially uniform pressure state.
- the flow distribution (flow velocity, flow rate, pressure, etc.) of the first gas along the flow direction becomes substantially uniform between the sub-flow channels.
- the first gas flows separately from the distribution unit into a plurality of sub-flow channels. Even when the first gas flows through the internal flow path in which the plurality of flow paths are not formed, the flow distribution (flow velocity, flow rate, and pressure) of the first gas is also increased by the rectifying action caused by the flow divided into the plurality of flow paths. Etc.) is generally constant.
- the internal flow path has a merging portion provided on the downstream side of the plurality of sub flow paths in the predetermined flow direction of the first gas
- the plate-like support body has a discharge structure that restricts discharge of the first gas from the plurality of sub-flow paths to the merge section between the plurality of sub-flow paths and the merge section in the flow direction. You may have a body.
- the discharge structure is provided in the part to be made. Since the plurality of sub-flow paths are sandwiched between the supply structure and the discharge structure, the flow distribution (flow velocity, flow rate, pressure, etc.) of the first gas in the plurality of sub-flow paths is substantially uniform, The reaction efficiency of chemical reaction can be improved. More specifically, the discharge structure having the above-described configuration is provided between the plurality of sub flow paths and the merging section, and serves as a barrier for the flow of the first gas from the sub flow paths to the merging section.
- the pressure loss of the first gas when flowing from the plurality of sub-flow channels to the junction is increased.
- the first gas introduced into the plurality of sub-channels is unlikely to be immediately introduced from the plurality of sub-channels to the joining portion, and spreads to fill the plurality of sub-channels.
- the flow distribution (flow velocity, flow volume, pressure, etc.) of the 1st gas along a flow direction can be made substantially uniform.
- the electrochemical reaction is sufficiently performed in the plurality of sub-channels. By these, the reaction efficiency of an electrochemical reaction can be improved.
- the electrochemical module of the present invention has a characteristic configuration including a housing in which an electrochemical element laminate is housed, A first gas supply unit that distributes the first gas from the outside of the housing to the internal flow path via the supply path; And a second gas supply unit that circulates the second gas over the outside of the housing and the flow passage.
- the first gas supply unit supplies the first gas to the internal flow path from the outside of the housing via the supply path. Therefore, the first gas can be circulated to each electrochemical reaction part of the electrochemical element laminate. Moreover, since the second gas is circulated from the outside of the housing to the flow passage by the second gas supply section, the second gas can be circulated to the electrochemical reaction section via the flow passage. Then, in an electrochemical reaction part, an electrochemical output can be produced
- the output unit can integrate the outputs of the respective electrochemical elements and take out a large output.
- a further characteristic configuration of the electrochemical module of the present invention is that a distribution chamber for distributing the second gas flowing through the second gas supply section to the flow section is provided in the casing.
- the “supply section” means the first gas or the second gas when the electrochemical element functions as a fuel cell (electrochemical power generation cell) that “converts chemical energy such as fuel into electric energy”.
- the second gas is evenly distributed to the flow passage by the distribution chamber, the second gas is evenly distributed to each electrochemical element, and an electrochemical output is generated equally in each electrochemical element. Can be made.
- the electrochemical module can be easily configured by the casing in which the electrochemical element laminate is housed, and the first and second gas supply units and the distribution chamber in the casing. Therefore, the assembly of the electrochemical module is easy, the reliability is high, and the cost can be reduced. Further, when an output unit is provided for obtaining an output from the electrochemical element laminate, a large output can be taken out from the output unit.
- the distribution chamber is a space located on a side of the electrochemical element stack with respect to the electrochemical element stack,
- the flow passage portion may be configured to be open at the space side and communicate with the space.
- the electrochemical element functions as a fuel cell (electrochemical power generation cell)
- it is a space located on the side (side) that serves as the inlet or outlet of the circulation part of the electrochemical element laminate in the housing.
- the characteristic configuration of the electrochemical device of the present invention is as follows.
- the electrochemical element or the electrochemical module and a fuel converter at least, and a reducing component gas from a fuel converter is circulated to the electrochemical element or the electrochemical module, or the electrochemical element or It has the fuel supply part which distribute
- the electrochemical reaction unit When the electrochemical reaction unit is operated as an electrolytic cell, a gas containing water vapor or carbon dioxide is circulated through the electrode layer, and a voltage is applied between the electrode layer and the counter electrode layer. Then, in the electrode layer, electrons e ⁇ react with water molecules H 2 O and carbon dioxide molecules CO 2 to form hydrogen molecules H 2 , carbon monoxide CO, and oxygen ions O 2 ⁇ . Oxygen ions O 2 ⁇ move through the electrolyte layer to the counter electrode layer. In the counter electrode layer, oxygen ions O 2 ⁇ emit electrons and become oxygen molecules O 2 .
- water molecule H 2 O is electrolyzed into hydrogen H 2 and oxygen O 2, and when a gas containing carbon dioxide molecule CO 2 is circulated into carbon monoxide CO and oxygen O 2.
- a fuel converter for synthesizing various compounds such as hydrocarbons from hydrogen and carbon monoxide generated in the electrochemical reaction part by the above electrolysis is provided. be able to.
- the fuel supply unit allows hydrocarbons and the like generated by the fuel converter to be distributed to the electrochemical reaction unit, or taken out of the system / device and used separately as fuel or chemical raw material.
- the power converter takes out the electric power generated by the electrochemical reaction unit or distributes the electric power to the electrochemical reaction unit.
- an electrochemical reaction part acts as a fuel cell, or acts as an electrolysis cell. Therefore, according to the said structure, the electrochemical element etc. which can improve the efficiency which converts chemical energy, such as a fuel, into electrical energy, or converts electrical energy into chemical energy, such as a fuel, can be provided.
- the characteristic configuration of the energy system of the present invention is that it has an electrochemical device and an exhaust heat utilization unit that reuses the heat discharged from the electrochemical device or the fuel converter.
- the waste heat utilization part that reuses the heat discharged from the electrochemical device and the electrochemical device or the fuel converter, it has excellent durability, reliability, and performance, and energy efficiency Even an excellent energy system can be realized. It is also possible to realize a hybrid system with excellent energy efficiency in combination with a power generation system that generates power using the combustion heat of unused fuel gas distributed from an electrochemical device.
- an electrochemical element laminate having a small number of parts and easy to manufacture can be realized by an electrochemical element having an easy-to-handle structure.
- an electrochemical module, an electrochemical device and an energy system using the electrochemical element laminate can be provided at low cost.
- Enlarged view of the main part of the electrochemical reaction section Schematic diagram of the electrochemical module Schematic diagram of energy system Explanatory drawing of the electrochemical module which concerns on another form Schematic diagram of another electrochemical element XV-XV sectional view in FIG. XVI-XVI plane view in FIG. XVII-XVII sectional view in FIG. XVIII-XVIII sectional view in FIG.
- an electrochemical element laminate, an electrochemical element, an electrochemical module, an electrochemical device, and an energy system will be described with reference to FIGS.
- the side of the electrolyte layer as viewed from the electrode layer is referred to as “upper” and “upper side”
- the side of the first plate-like body is referred to as “lower” and “lower side”.
- the electrochemical element A has an internal flow path A1 formed between opposing surfaces of the conductive first plate 1 and the conductive second plate 2.
- a plate-like support 10 is provided, The plate-like support 10 includes an internal channel A1 that is inside the plate-like support 10 and at least a part of the first plate-like body 1 and the second plate-like body 2 constituting the plate-like support 10.
- a gas flow allowing portion 1A capable of transmitting gas over the outside, and a film-like electrode layer 31, a membrane-like electrolyte layer 32, and a film shape in a state of covering all or part of the gas flow allowing portion 1A
- the counter electrode layer 33 in the order of description (see FIGS. 5 to 9).
- a first gas that is one of a reducing component gas such as a fuel gas and an oxidizing component gas such as air is circulated through the plate-like support 10 from the outside in the surface penetration direction to the internal flow path A1.
- a first through part 41 that forms the supply path 4 is provided on one end side, and a discharge path 5 is formed through which the first gas that has flowed through the internal flow path A1 flows outward in the surface penetration direction of the plate-like support.
- a second penetrating portion 51 is provided on the other end side (see FIGS. 1, 3, 8, and 9; the supply path 4 and the discharge path 5 and the like may be symmetrical and have a similar structure. Understood).
- the first plate 1 supports the electrochemical reaction part 3 having the electrode layer 31, the electrolyte layer 32, and the counter electrode layer 33 and plays a role of maintaining the strength of the electrochemical element A.
- a material excellent in electron conductivity, heat resistance, oxidation resistance and corrosion resistance is used.
- ferritic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel, nickel base alloy, or the like is used.
- an alloy containing chromium is preferably used.
- the first plate-like body 1 uses an Fe—Cr-based alloy containing 18% by mass or more and 25% by mass or less of Cr, but an Fe—Cr-based alloy containing 0.05% by mass or more of Mn.
- Fe—Cr alloy containing 0.15% to 1.0% by mass of Ti Fe—Cr alloy containing Zr of 0.15% to 1.0% by mass
- a Cr alloy is particularly preferable.
- the peripheral edge portion 1a is welded and integrated to constitute the plate-like support body 10 (see FIGS. 2 to 9).
- the 2nd plate-shaped body 2 may be divided
- other means such as adhesion and fitting can be adopted instead of welding, and if the internal flow path can be partitioned from the outside, it is integrated at a portion other than the peripheral portion 1a. May be.
- the first plate-like body 1 is plate-like as a whole. And, it has a gas flow allowing portion 1A provided with a plurality of through holes 11 provided through the front side surface and the back side surface (see FIGS. 5 to 9).
- the through hole 11 can be provided in the first plate-like body 1 by laser processing or the like.
- the through hole 11 has a function of allowing gas to pass from the back side surface of the first plate-like body 1 to the front side surface.
- the gas flow allowing portion 1A is preferably provided in a region smaller than a region where the electrode layer 31 is provided in the first plate 1.
- the first plate-like body 1 is provided with a metal oxide layer 12 (described later, see FIG. 10) as a diffusion suppressing layer. That is, a diffusion suppression layer is formed between the first plate 1 and an electrode layer 31 described later.
- the metal oxide layer 12 is provided not only on the surface exposed to the outside of the first plate-like body 1 but also on the contact surface (interface) with the electrode layer 31. It can also be provided on the inner surface of the through hole 11. This metal oxide layer 12 can suppress elemental interdiffusion between the first plate 1 and the electrode layer 31.
- the metal oxide layer 12 is mainly chromium oxide.
- the metal oxide layer 12 which has a chromium oxide as a main component suppresses that the chromium atom etc. of the 1st plate-shaped body 1 diffuse to the electrode layer 31 or the electrolyte layer 32.
- the thickness of the metal oxide layer 12 may be any thickness that can achieve both high diffusion prevention performance and low electrical resistance.
- the metal oxide layer 12 can be formed by various methods, but a method of oxidizing the surface of the first plate 1 to form a metal oxide is preferably used. Further, a metal oxide layer 12 is spray coated on the surface of the first plate 1 (spraying method, aerosol deposition method, aerosol gas deposition method, powder jet deposition method, particle jet deposition method, cold spray). For example, a sputtering method, a PVD method such as a PLD method, a CVD method, or the like, or a plating and oxidation treatment. Further, the metal oxide layer 12 may include a spinel phase having high conductivity.
- the first plate-like body 1 When a ferritic stainless steel material is used as the first plate-like body 1, thermal expansion with YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia), GDC (also referred to as gadolinium-doped ceria, CGO), etc., which are materials of the electrode layer 31 and the electrolyte layer 32 The coefficients are close. Therefore, even when the temperature cycle of low temperature and high temperature is repeated, the electrochemical element A is hardly damaged. Therefore, the electrochemical element A having excellent long-term durability can be realized, which is preferable.
- the 1st plate-shaped body 1 has the several through-hole 11 provided by penetrating the surface on the front side, and the surface on the back side.
- the through-hole 11 can be provided in the first plate-like body 1 by mechanical, chemical or optical drilling.
- the through hole 11 has a function of allowing gas to pass from the back side surface of the first plate-like body 1 to the front side surface.
- a porous metal In order to give gas permeability to the first plate-like body 1, it is possible to use a porous metal.
- the first plate-like body 1 can also use a sintered metal, a foam metal, or the like.
- the second plate-like body 2 includes a plurality of sub-channels A11, A11,... Directed from one end side to the other end side in a region facing the gas flow allowing portion 1A of the first plate-like body 1. Further, it is formed in a corrugated shape that forms the internal flow path A1 (see FIGS. 1 and 5). Further, the second plate-like body 2 is formed in a corrugated shape on both the front and back surfaces, and the surface opposite to the surface forming the internal flow path A1 is electrically connected to the electrochemical reaction part 3 of the adjacent electrochemical element A.
- auxiliary flow paths A11 are provided in parallel along the long side of the plate-like support body 10 formed in a rectangular shape, and the supply path 4 provided at one end is connected to the discharge path 5 provided at the other end.
- the connection location of the 1st penetration part 41 and internal flow path A1 is made to bulge below from the contact part with the 1st plate-shaped body 1, and the 1st gas distribute
- a distribution portion A12 that distributes to each of the sub-channels A11 is provided (see FIG. 1), and the connection portion between the second through portion 51 and the internal channel A1 bulges downward from the contact portion with the first plate-like body 1.
- the supply path 4 and the discharge path 5 and the like are symmetrical and have the same structure).
- the material of the second plate-like body is preferably a heat-resistant metal, and from the viewpoint of reducing the difference in thermal expansion from the first plate-like body and ensuring the reliability of the joining properties such as welding. If it is the same material as the one plate-like body 1, it is more preferable.
- the electrode layer 31 can be provided in a thin layer state on a surface on the front side of the first plate-like body 1 and larger than the region where the through holes 11 are provided.
- the thickness can be, for example, about 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m. With such a thickness, it is possible to ensure sufficient electrode performance while reducing the amount of expensive electrode layer material used and reducing costs.
- the entire region where the through hole 11 is provided is covered with the electrode layer 31. That is, the through hole 11 is formed inside the region where the electrode layer 31 is formed in the first plate-like body 1. In other words, all the through holes 11 are provided facing the electrode layer 31.
- the electrode layer 31 has a plurality of pores inside and on the surface in order to provide gas permeability. That is, the electrode layer 31 is formed as a porous layer.
- the electrode layer 31 is formed, for example, so that the density thereof is 30% or more and less than 80%.
- As the size of the pores a size suitable for a smooth reaction to proceed during the electrochemical reaction can be appropriately selected.
- the fine density is the ratio of the material constituting the layer to the space, and can be expressed as (1-porosity), and is equivalent to the relative density.
- the electrode layer 31 As a material of the electrode layer 31, for example, a composite material such as NiO—GDC, Ni—GDC, NiO—YSZ, Ni—YSZ, CuO — CeO 2 , Cu — CeO 2 can be used. In these examples, GDC, YSZ, and CeO 2 can be referred to as composite aggregates.
- the electrode layer 31 may be formed by a low-temperature baking method (for example, a wet method using a baking process in a low temperature range that does not perform a baking process in a high temperature range higher than 1100 ° C.) or a spray coating method (a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas).
- It is preferably formed by a deposition method, a powder jet deposition method, a particle jet deposition method, a cold spray method or the like), a PVD method (such as a sputtering method or a pulse laser deposition method), a CVD method or the like.
- the intermediate layer 34 can be formed in a thin layer on the electrode layer 31 while covering the electrode layer 31.
- the thickness can be, for example, about 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, preferably about 2 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably about 4 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m. With such a thickness, it is possible to secure sufficient performance while reducing the cost by reducing the amount of material used for the expensive intermediate layer 34.
- Examples of the material of the intermediate layer 34 include YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia), SSZ (scandium-stabilized zirconia), GDC (gadlium-doped ceria), YDC (yttrium-doped ceria), and SDC (samarium-doped ceria). Ceria) or the like can be used. In particular, ceria-based ceramics are preferably used.
- the intermediate layer 34 is formed by a low-temperature baking method (for example, a wet method using a baking process in a low temperature range in which a baking process is not performed in a high temperature range higher than 1100 ° C.) or a spray coating method (a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition). It is preferably formed by a method such as a method such as a powder jet deposition method, a particle jet deposition method, or a cold spray method), a PVD method (such as a sputtering method or a pulse laser deposition method), or a CVD method.
- a low-temperature baking method for example, a wet method using a baking process in a low temperature range in which a baking process is not performed in a high temperature range higher than 1100 ° C.
- a spray coating method a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition. It is preferably formed by a method such as a method such as
- the intermediate layer 34 can be obtained without using firing in a high temperature range higher than 1100 ° C., for example. Therefore, elemental interdiffusion between the first plate 1 and the electrode layer 31 can be suppressed without damaging the first plate 1, and the electrochemical element A having excellent durability can be realized. Further, it is more preferable to use a low-temperature baking method because handling of raw materials becomes easy.
- the intermediate layer 34 preferably has oxygen ion (oxide ion) conductivity. Further, it is more preferable to have mixed conductivity of oxygen ions (oxide ions) and electrons. The intermediate layer having these properties is suitable for application to the electrochemical element A.
- the aggregate ratio, density, and strength of the aggregate of the cermet material may be continuously increased from the lower side to the upper side of the electrode layer 31.
- the electrode layer 31 may not have a region that can be clearly distinguished as a layer.
- the content ratio of the aggregate of the cermet material in the part (upper part) adjacent to the electrolyte layer 32, compared to the part (lower part) adjacent to the first plate 1 in the electrode layer 31 It is also possible to increase the density and strength.
- the electrolyte layer 32 is formed in a thin layer on the intermediate layer while covering the electrode layer 31 and the intermediate layer 34. Moreover, it can also form in the state of a thin film whose thickness is 10 micrometers or less. Specifically, the electrolyte layer 32 is provided over (over the) the intermediate layer 34 and the first plate 1. By comprising in this way and joining the electrolyte layer 32 to the 1st plate-like body 1, it can be made the thing excellent in robustness as the whole electrochemical element.
- the electrolyte layer 32 is provided in a region that is a surface on the front side of the first plate-like body 1 and is larger than a region in which the through hole 11 is provided. That is, the through hole 11 is formed inside the region where the electrolyte layer 32 is formed in the first plate 1.
- gas leakage from the electrode layer 31 and the intermediate layer can be suppressed around the electrolyte layer 32.
- gas is supplied from the back side of the first plate 1 to the electrode layer 31 through the through hole 11 when the SOFC is activated.
- gas leakage can be suppressed without providing another member such as a gasket.
- the entire periphery of the electrode layer 31 is covered with the electrolyte layer 32.
- the electrolyte layer 32 may be provided above the electrode layer 31 and the intermediate layer, and a gasket or the like may be provided around the electrode layer 31.
- YSZ yttria stabilized zirconia
- SSZ scandium stabilized zirconia
- GDC gadolinium doped ceria
- YDC yttrium doped ceria
- SDC sinarium doped ceria
- An electrolyte material that conducts oxygen ions such as LSGM (strontium / magnesium-added lanthanum gallate), or an electrolyte material that conducts hydrogen ions, such as a perovskite oxide, can be used.
- LSGM sinrontium / magnesium-added lanthanum gallate
- hydrogen ions such as a perovskite oxide
- zirconia ceramics are preferably used.
- the operating temperature of the SOFC using the electrochemical element A can be made higher than ceria ceramics and various hydrogen ion conductive materials.
- the material of the electrolyte layer 32 is a material such as YSZ that can exhibit high electrolyte performance even in a high temperature range of about 650 ° C. or higher.
- the electrolyte layer 32 is formed by a low-temperature baking method (for example, a wet method using a baking process in a low temperature range that does not perform a baking process in a high temperature range exceeding 1100 ° C.) or a spray coating method (a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition). Or powder jet deposition method, particle jet deposition method, cold spray method, etc.), PVD method (sputtering method, pulse laser deposition method, etc.), CVD (chemical vapor deposition) method, etc. preferable.
- a low-temperature baking method for example, a wet method using a baking process in a low temperature range that does not perform a baking process in a high temperature range exceeding 1100 ° C.
- a spray coating method a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition.
- powder jet deposition method, particle jet deposition method, cold spray method, etc. PVD method (sputtering method, pulse laser deposition
- a dense electrolyte layer 32 having high gas tightness and gas barrier properties can be obtained without firing in a high temperature region exceeding 1100 ° C., for example. Therefore, damage to the first plate-like body 1 can be suppressed, and elemental interdiffusion between the first plate-like body 1 and the electrode layer 31 can be suppressed, and the electrochemical element A having excellent performance and durability can be obtained. realizable.
- it is preferable to use a low-temperature firing method or a spray coating method because a low-cost element can be realized.
- it is more preferable to use a spray coating method because a dense electrolyte layer having a high gas tightness and gas barrier property can be easily obtained in a low temperature range.
- the electrolyte layer 32 is densely configured to shield the gas leakage of the anode gas and the cathode gas and to exhibit high ion conductivity.
- the density of the electrolyte layer 32 is preferably 90% or more, more preferably 95% or more, and further preferably 98% or more.
- the density is preferably 95% or more, and more preferably 98% or more.
- the electrolyte layer 32 is configured in a plurality of layers, it is preferable that at least a part thereof includes a layer (dense electrolyte layer) having a density of 98% or more, and 99% It is more preferable that the above layer (dense electrolyte layer) is included.
- the reaction preventing layer 35 can be formed in a thin layer on the electrolyte layer 32.
- the thickness can be, for example, about 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, preferably about 2 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, more preferably about 3 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m. With such a thickness, it is possible to secure sufficient performance while reducing the cost by reducing the amount of expensive reaction preventing layer material used.
- the material for the reaction preventing layer may be any material that can prevent the reaction between the component of the electrolyte layer 32 and the component of the counter electrode layer 33. For example, a ceria material or the like is used.
- the material for the reaction preventing layer 35 a material containing at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sm, Gd and Y is preferably used. Note that it is preferable that at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sm, Gd, and Y is contained, and the total content of these elements is 1.0% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less.
- the formation of the reaction preventing layer 35 is appropriately performed using a method that can be formed at a processing temperature of 1100 ° C. or less, the damage to the first plate 1 is suppressed, and the first plate 1 and the electrode layer 31 This is preferable because the electrochemical element E having excellent performance and durability can be realized.
- low-temperature firing methods for example, wet methods using a firing treatment in a low temperature range that does not perform a firing treatment in a high temperature range exceeding 1100 ° C.
- spray coating methods thermal spraying method, aerosol deposition method, aerosol gas deposition method, powder
- a PVD method a sputtering method, a pulse laser deposition method, or the like
- CVD method or the like
- it is preferable to use a low-temperature firing method or a spray coating method because a low-cost element can be realized.
- it is more preferable to use a low-temperature firing method because handling of raw materials becomes easy.
- the counter electrode layer 33 can be formed in a thin layer on the electrolyte layer 32 or the reaction preventing layer 35.
- the thickness can be, for example, about 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, preferably 5 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m. With such a thickness, it is possible to secure sufficient electrode performance while reducing the cost by reducing the amount of expensive counter electrode layer material used.
- composite oxides such as LSCF and LSM, ceria-based oxides, and mixtures thereof can be used.
- the counter electrode layer 33 preferably contains a perovskite oxide containing two or more elements selected from the group consisting of La, Sr, Sm, Mn, Co, and Fe.
- the counter electrode layer 33 configured using the above materials functions as a cathode.
- the formation of the counter electrode layer 33 is appropriately performed using a method that can be formed at a processing temperature of 1100 ° C. or less, damage to the first plate 1 is suppressed, and the first plate 1 and the electrode layer It is preferable because the elemental interdiffusion with the element 31 can be suppressed and the electrochemical element A having excellent performance and durability can be realized.
- low-temperature firing methods for example, wet methods using a firing treatment in a low temperature range that does not perform a firing treatment in a high temperature range exceeding 1100 ° C.
- spray coating methods thermal spraying method, aerosol deposition method, aerosol gas deposition method, powder
- a method such as a jet deposition method, a particle jet deposition method, or a cold spray method
- a PDV method a sputtering method, a pulse laser deposition method, etc.
- CVD method or the like
- it is preferable to use a low-temperature firing method or a spray coating method because a low-cost element can be realized.
- it is more preferable to use a low-temperature firing method because handling of raw materials becomes easy. *
- a fuel gas containing hydrogen as the first gas is circulated from the back surface of the first plate 1 through the through hole 11 to the electrode layer 31, Air as the second gas is circulated to the counter electrode layer 33 serving as a counter electrode of the layer 31 and is maintained at an operating temperature of, for example, 500 ° C. or more and 900 ° C. or less.
- an electrolyte material that conducts oxygen ions is used for the electrolyte layer 32, oxygen O 2 contained in the air reacts with the electrons e ⁇ in the counter electrode layer 33 to generate oxygen ions O 2 ⁇ .
- the oxygen ions O 2 ⁇ move to the electrode layer 31 through the electrolyte layer 32.
- the electrode layer 31 hydrogen H 2 contained in the circulated fuel gas reacts with oxygen ions O 2 ⁇ to generate water H 2 O and electrons e ⁇ .
- an electrolyte material that conducts hydrogen ions is used for the electrolyte layer 32
- hydrogen H 2 contained in the fuel gas circulated in the electrode layer 31 releases electrons e ⁇ to generate hydrogen ions H + .
- the hydrogen ions H + move to the counter electrode layer 33 through the electrolyte layer 32.
- oxygen O 2 contained in the air reacts with hydrogen ions H + and electrons e ⁇ to produce water H 2 O. Due to the above reaction, an electromotive force is generated as an electrochemical output between the electrode layer 31 and the counter electrode layer 33.
- the electrode layer 31 functions as a fuel electrode (anode) of the fuel cell
- the counter electrode layer 33 functions as an air electrode (cathode).
- the electrochemical reaction unit 3 includes an intermediate layer 34 between the electrode layer 31 and the electrolyte layer 32. Further, a reaction preventing layer 35 is provided between the electrolyte layer 32 and the counter electrode layer 33.
- the electrode layer 31 is formed in a thin film in a region wider than the region where the through holes 11 on the front side surface of the first plate-like body 1 are provided.
- the through hole 11 of the first plate-like body 1 can be provided by laser processing or the like.
- the electrode layer 31 is formed by a low-temperature baking method (wet method in which baking is performed at a low temperature of 1100 ° C.
- a spray coating method (a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition method, A method such as a powder jet deposition method, a particle jet deposition method, or a cold spray method), a PVD method (such as a sputtering method or a pulse laser deposition method), or a CVD method can be used.
- a thermal spraying method a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition method, A method such as a powder jet deposition method, a particle jet deposition method, or a cold spray method
- a PVD method such as a sputtering method or a pulse laser deposition method
- CVD method a chemical vapor deposition method
- the electrode layer forming step is performed by a low-temperature firing method, specifically, it is performed as in the following example.
- the material powder of the electrode layer 31 and a solvent (dispersion medium) are mixed to prepare a material paste, which is applied to the surface on the front side of the first plate 1 and fired at 800 ° C. to 1100 ° C.
- the metal oxide layer 12 (diffusion suppression layer) is formed on the surface of the first plate 1.
- the firing process includes a firing process in which the firing atmosphere is an atmospheric condition with a low oxygen partial pressure, a high-quality metal oxide layer 12 (diffusion restraint) having a high element interdiffusion suppression effect and a low resistance value. Layer) is preferable.
- a separate diffusion suppression layer forming step may be included, including the case where the electrode layer forming step is a coating method without firing. In any case, it is desirable to carry out at a processing temperature of 1100 ° C. or lower that can suppress damage to the first plate-like body 1.
- the intermediate layer 34 is formed in a thin layer on the electrode layer 31 so as to cover the electrode layer 31.
- the intermediate layer 34 is formed by a low-temperature baking method (wet method in which baking is performed in a low temperature region of 1100 ° C. or lower), a spray coating method (a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition method, A method such as a powder jet deposition method, a particle jet deposition method, or a cold spray method), a PVD method (such as a sputtering method or a pulse laser deposition method), or a CVD method can be used. Whichever method is used, it is desirable to carry out at a temperature of 1100 ° C. or lower in order to suppress the deterioration of the first plate-like body 1.
- the intermediate layer forming step is performed by a low-temperature firing method, specifically, it is performed as in the following example.
- the material powder of the intermediate layer 34 and a solvent (dispersion medium) are mixed to prepare a material paste, which is applied to the front side surface of the first plate 1.
- the intermediate layer 34 is compression-molded (intermediate layer smoothing step) and fired at 1100 ° C. or less (intermediate layer baking step).
- the rolling of the intermediate layer 34 can be performed by, for example, CIP (Cold Isostatic Pressing), roll press forming, RIP (Rubber Isostatic Pressing) forming, and the like.
- the intermediate layer 34 is preferably fired at a temperature of 800 ° C. or higher and 1100 ° C.
- the intermediate layer 34 having high strength can be formed while suppressing damage and deterioration of the first plate-like body 1 at such a temperature.
- the intermediate layer 34 is more preferably baked at 1050 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 1000 ° C. or lower. This is because the electrochemical element A can be formed while further suppressing damage and deterioration of the first plate-like body 1 as the firing temperature of the intermediate layer 34 is lowered. Further, the order of the intermediate layer smoothing step and the intermediate layer firing step can be switched.
- the intermediate layer smoothing step can also be performed by lapping, leveling, surface cutting / polishing, or the like.
- the electrolyte layer 32 is formed in a thin layer on the intermediate layer 34 while covering the electrode layer 31 and the intermediate layer 34. Moreover, you may form in the state of a thin film whose thickness is 10 micrometers or less. As described above, the electrolyte layer 32 is formed by a low-temperature baking method (wet method in which baking is performed in a low temperature region of 1100 ° C.
- a spray coating method (a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition method, A method such as a powder jet deposition method, a particle jet deposition method, or a cold spray method), a PVD method (such as a sputtering method or a pulse laser deposition method), or a CVD method can be used.
- a thermal spraying method a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition method, A method such as a powder jet deposition method, a particle jet deposition method, or a cold spray method
- a PVD method such as a sputtering method or a pulse laser deposition method
- CVD method a chemical vapor deposition method
- the electrolyte layer forming step In order to form a high-quality electrolyte layer 32 that is dense and airtight and has high gas barrier performance in a temperature range of 1100 ° C. or lower, it is desirable to perform the electrolyte layer forming step by a spray coating method. In that case, the material of the electrolyte layer 32 is sprayed toward the intermediate layer 34 on the first plate 1 to form the electrolyte layer 32.
- reaction prevention layer formation step In the reaction preventing layer forming step, the reaction preventing layer 35 is formed in a thin layer on the electrolyte layer 32. As described above, the reaction preventing layer 35 is formed by a low-temperature baking method (wet method in which baking is performed in a low temperature region of 1100 ° C. or lower), a spray coating method (a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition method). , Powder jet deposition methods, particle jet deposition methods, cold spray methods, etc.), PVD methods (sputtering methods, pulsed laser deposition methods, etc.), CVD methods, etc. can be used. Whichever method is used, it is desirable to carry out at a temperature of 1100 ° C.
- a low-temperature baking method wet method in which baking is performed in a low temperature region of 1100 ° C. or lower
- a spray coating method a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition method.
- a leveling process or a surface may be subjected to a cutting / polishing process after the formation of the reaction preventing layer 35, or a press process may be performed after the wet formation and before firing. Good.
- the counter electrode layer 33 is formed in a thin layer on the reaction preventing layer 35.
- the counter electrode layer 33 is formed by a low-temperature baking method (wet method in which baking is performed in a low temperature region of 1100 ° C. or lower), a spray coating method (a thermal spraying method, an aerosol deposition method, an aerosol gas deposition method). , Powder jet deposition methods, particle jet deposition methods, cold spray methods, etc.), PVD methods (sputtering methods, pulsed laser deposition methods, etc.), CVD methods, etc. can be used. Whichever method is used, it is desirable to carry out at a temperature of 1100 ° C. or lower in order to suppress the deterioration of the first plate-like body 1.
- the electrochemical reaction part 3 can be manufactured as described above.
- the intermediate layer 34 and the reaction preventing layer 35 may have either one or both. That is, a form in which the electrode layer 31 and the electrolyte layer 32 are formed in contact with each other, or a form in which the electrolyte layer 32 and the counter electrode layer 33 are formed in contact with each other is possible. In this case, in the manufacturing method described above, the intermediate layer forming step and the reaction preventing layer forming step are omitted. Note that a step of forming another layer can be added, or a plurality of layers of the same type can be stacked. In any case, it is preferable to perform the step at a temperature of 1100 ° C. or lower.
- the electrochemical element laminate S has a plurality of electrochemical elements A, Regarding the adjacent electrochemical element A, the plate-like support 10 constituting one electrochemical element A and the plate-like support 10 constituting another electrochemical element A are opposed to each other, and The outer surface of the second plate-like body 2 different from the first plate-like body 1 on which the electrochemical reaction part 3 is disposed in the plate-like support 10 constituting one electrochemical element A, and another electrochemical element In the form in which the outer surface of the first plate-like body 1 in the plate-like support body 10 constituting A is electrically connected, and between the two outer surfaces, the second gas flows along both the outer surfaces.
- a plurality of electrochemical elements A are stacked and arranged in a form in which a flow passage portion A2 is formed.
- methods such as applying a contact pressure to the contact surface or lowering the contact resistance by interposing a highly electrically conductive material are adopted. Is possible.
- the electrochemical reaction part of each electrochemical element faces upward.
- the first and second through-holes 41 and 51 are interposed between the first through-holes 41 and the second through-holes 51 to form the above configuration. .
- the plate-like support 10 has a first through portion that forms a supply passage 4 through which the first gas, which is one of reducing component gas and oxidizing component gas, flows from the outside in the surface penetration direction to the internal passage A1.
- 41 is provided on one end side in the longitudinal direction of the rectangular plate-shaped support 10, and the first through-portion 41 is formed on both outer surfaces of the plate-shaped support 10 in the flow-through portion A 2.
- a first annular seal portion 42 is provided as an annular seal portion to be partitioned, and the first through portion 41 and the first annular seal portion 42 form a supply path 4 through which the first gas flows into the internal flow path A1.
- annular bulging portion a is provided on a side surface of the first plate 1 opposite to the internal flow path A1 around a portion where the first annular seal portion 42 contacts. Positioning in the direction along the surface of the first plate-like body 1 of the first annular seal portion 42 is facilitated.
- the plate-like support 10 has the other end of the second through portion 51 that forms the discharge passage 5 through which the first gas flowing through the internal flow path A1 flows outward in the surface penetration direction of the plate-like support 10.
- the second penetrating portion 51 is configured to allow the first gas to flow in a state partitioned from the second gas, and is formed on both outer surfaces of the plate-like support 10 in the flowing portion A2.
- the second through-hole 51 is provided with a second annular seal portion 52 as an annular seal portion that separates from the through-flow portion A2, and the second through-hole 51 and the second annular seal portion 52 flow through the internal flow path A1.
- a discharge path 5 through which the first gas flows is formed.
- the first and second annular seal portions 42 and 52 are made of an insulating ceramic material such as alumina, a metal coated therewith, or a material such as mica fiber or glass, and electrically insulate adjacent electrochemical elements from each other. It functions as an insulating seal part.
- the electrochemical module M includes a casing B made of an insulator that houses the electrochemical element stack S, and a first internal channel A1 from the outside of the casing B via the supply path 4.
- a first gas supply unit 61 that distributes the gas
- a first gas discharge unit 62 that distributes the first gas after reaction
- a second gas supply that distributes the second gas from the outside of the housing B to the flow unit A2.
- a distribution chamber 9 for distributing and distributing the second gas flowing from the second gas supply section 71 to the flow section A2 is provided in the housing B.
- the distribution chamber 9 is a space located on the side (side) that serves as the inlet and outlet of the flow part of the electrochemical element stack S with respect to the electrochemical element stack S.
- the communication portion A2 is formed in an opening on the space side and communicates with the space.
- the electrochemical element laminate S is housed in a state of being sandwiched between a pair of current collectors 81 and 82 with respect to the casing B, and the output unit 8 extends from the current collectors 81 and 82.
- the power collector 81 and 82 are connected to a power supply destination outside the housing B so that power can be freely supplied.
- the current collectors 81 and 82 contain the electrochemical element stack S in an airtight manner with respect to the housing B, and the current collectors 81 and 82. Is provided so as to function as a buffer material for each electrochemical element A.
- the electrochemical module M circulates the fuel gas from the first gas supply unit 61 and circulates the air from the second gas supply unit 71, so that the fuel gas enters as shown by the broken line arrow in FIG. Air enters as shown by the arrow.
- the fuel gas circulated from the first gas supply part 61 is guided to the supply path 4 from the first through part 41 of the uppermost electrochemical element A of the electrochemical element stack S, and is partitioned by the first annular seal part 42. From the supply path 4 to be conducted, the flow passes through the internal flow paths A1 of all the electrochemical elements A.
- the air circulated from the second gas supply unit 71 temporarily flows into the distribution chamber 9 and then flows into the flow passage A2 formed between the electrochemical elements A.
- the first plate-like body 1 and the second plate-like body 2 are portions where the corrugated second plate-like body 2 bulges from the first plate-like body 1.
- the internal flow path A1 is formed between the two and the electrochemical reaction part 3 of the adjacent electrochemical element A to enable electrical connection.
- the portion where the corrugated second plate-like body 2 is in contact with the first plate-like body 1 is electrically connected to the first plate-like body 1, and the electric power of the electrochemical element A adjacent to the second plate-like body 2 is obtained.
- a flow passage A ⁇ b> 2 is formed between the chemical reaction portion 3.
- the electrochemical element A in which the cross section including the internal flow path A1 appears and the electrochemical element A in which the cross section including the flow passage A2 appears are arranged side by side for convenience.
- the fuel gas circulated from the part 61 reaches the distribution part A12 (see FIGS. 1, 4 and 7), flows through the distribution part A12 along the width direction on one end side, and flows in the internal flow path A1.
- Each subchannel A11 is reached (see FIGS. 1, 3 and 7). Then, the fuel gas that has entered the internal flow path A1 can enter the electrode layer 31 via the gas flow allowing portion 1A.
- the fuel gas together with the fuel gas that has undergone electrochemical reaction, further travels through the internal flow path A1, and enters the discharge path 5 formed by the second annular seal portion 52 via the merge portion A13 and the second through portion 51. Then, the fuel gas having undergone electrochemical reaction from the other electrochemical element A is circulated from the first gas discharge part 62 to the outside of the housing B.
- the air circulated from the second gas supply unit 71 enters the flow passage A ⁇ b> 2 through the distribution chamber 9 and can enter the counter electrode layer 33.
- the air further travels along the electrochemical reaction unit 3 along the flow passage A ⁇ b> 2 and is circulated from the second gas discharge unit 72 to the outside of the housing B.
- the combined output is taken out from the output unit 8.
- the electrochemical device 100 and the energy system Z can be constructed using the electrochemical module M described above.
- FIG. 12 shows an outline of the energy system Z and the electrochemical device 100.
- the energy system Z includes an electrochemical device 100 and a heat exchanger 200 as an exhaust heat utilization unit that reuses heat circulated from the electrochemical device 100.
- the electrochemical device 100 includes an electrochemical module M, a desulfurizer 101 and a reformer 102 which is a kind of fuel converter, and distributes fuel gas containing a reducing component to the electrochemical module M. It has the fuel supply part 103 and the inverter 104 which is a kind of power converter as the output part 8 which takes out electric power from the electrochemical module M.
- FIG. 1 shows an outline of the energy system Z and the electrochemical device 100.
- the energy system Z includes an electrochemical device 100 and a heat exchanger 200 as an exhaust heat utilization unit that reuses heat circulated from the electrochemical device 100.
- the electrochemical device 100 includes an electrochemical module M, a desulfurizer 101 and a reformer 102 which is a kind of fuel converter, and distributes fuel gas containing
- the electrochemical device 100 includes a desulfurizer 101, a reformed water tank 105, a vaporizer 106, a reformer 102, a blower 107, a combustion unit 108, an inverter 104, a control unit 110, and an electrochemical module M.
- the desulfurizer 101 removes (desulfurizes) sulfur compound components contained in hydrocarbon-based raw fuel such as city gas. When the raw fuel contains a sulfur compound, by providing the desulfurizer 101, adverse effects of the sulfur compound on the reformer 102 or the electrochemical element A can be suppressed.
- the vaporizer 106 generates steam from the reformed water circulated from the reformed water tank 105.
- the reformer 102 steam-reforms the raw fuel desulfurized by the desulfurizer 101 using the steam generated by the vaporizer 106 to generate a reformed gas containing hydrogen.
- the electrochemical module M uses the reformed gas circulated from the reformer 102 and the air circulated from the blower 107 to generate an electrochemical reaction to generate power.
- the combustion unit 108 mixes the reaction exhaust gas circulated from the electrochemical module M and air, and combusts the combustible component in the reaction exhaust gas.
- the inverter 104 adjusts the output power of the electrochemical module M so as to have the same voltage and the same frequency as the power received from the commercial system (not shown).
- the controller 110 controls the operation of the electrochemical device 100 and the energy system Z.
- the reformer 102 performs the reforming process of the raw fuel using the combustion heat generated by the combustion of the reaction exhaust gas in the combustion unit 108.
- Raw fuel is circulated to the desulfurizer 101 through the raw fuel supply path 112 by the operation of the booster pump 111.
- the reforming water in the reforming water tank 105 is circulated to the vaporizer 106 through the reforming water supply path 114 by the operation of the reforming water pump 113.
- the raw fuel supply path 112 is joined to the reformed water supply path 114 at a site downstream of the desulfurizer 101, and the reformed water and raw fuel merged outside the casing B are vaporized. 106.
- the reformed water is vaporized by the vaporizer 106 and becomes steam.
- the raw fuel containing steam generated by the vaporizer 106 is circulated to the reformer 102 through the steam-containing raw fuel supply path 115.
- the raw fuel is steam reformed in the reformer 102 to generate a reformed gas (first gas having a reducing component) mainly containing hydrogen gas.
- the reformed gas generated in the reformer 102 is circulated to the electrochemical module M through the fuel supply unit 103.
- the reaction exhaust gas is combusted in the combustion unit 108, becomes combustion exhaust gas, and is sent from the combustion exhaust gas discharge path 116 to the heat exchanger 200.
- a combustion catalyst unit 117 (for example, a platinum-based catalyst) is disposed in the combustion exhaust gas discharge passage 116 to burn and remove reducing components such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen contained in the combustion exhaust gas.
- the heat exchanger 200 exchanges heat between the combustion exhaust gas generated by the combustion in the combustion unit 108 and the circulated cold water to generate hot water. That is, the heat exchanger 200 operates as an exhaust heat utilization unit that reuses the heat exhausted from the electrochemical device 100.
- reaction exhaust gas utilization part which utilizes the reaction exhaust gas distribute
- at least a part of the reaction exhaust gas circulated from the first gas discharge unit 62 to the outside of the casing B is joined to any part of 100, 101, 103, 106, 112, 113, 115 in FIG. You may do it.
- the reaction exhaust gas contains residual hydrogen gas that has not been used for the reaction in the electrochemical element A. In the reaction exhaust gas utilization section, the remaining hydrogen gas is used to use heat by combustion, or to generate power by a fuel cell or the like, thereby effectively using energy.
- FIG. 32 shows an example of the energy system Z and the electrochemical device 100 when the electrochemical reaction unit 3 is operated as an electrolytic cell.
- the supplied water and carbon dioxide are electrolyzed in the electrochemical reaction unit 3 to generate hydrogen, carbon monoxide and the like.
- hydrocarbons and the like are synthesized in the fuel converter 25.
- the heat exchanger 24 in FIG. 32 operates as an exhaust heat utilization unit that exchanges and vaporizes reaction heat generated by the reaction that occurs in the fuel converter 25 and water, and the heat exchanger 23 in FIG. Energy efficiency can be improved by adopting a configuration in which the exhaust heat generated by the chemical element A is exchanged with water vapor and carbon dioxide to operate as an exhaust heat utilization unit for preheating.
- the power converter 104 (converter) distributes power to the electrochemical element A.
- the electrochemical element A acts as an electrolysis cell as described above. Therefore, according to the said structure, the electrochemical apparatus 100, energy system Z, etc. which can improve the efficiency which converts electrical energy into chemical energy, such as a fuel, can be provided.
- the electrochemical element A is used in the solid oxide fuel cell as the electrochemical device 100.
- the electrochemical element A uses a solid oxide electrolytic cell or a solid oxide. It can also be used for an oxygen sensor or the like.
- the electrochemical element A is not limited to a combination of a plurality of electrochemical element stacks S or electrochemical modules M, and can be used alone.
- the electrode layer 31 is made of a composite material such as NiO ⁇ GDC, Ni ⁇ GDC, NiO ⁇ YSZ, Ni ⁇ YSZ, CuO ⁇ CeO 2 , and Cu ⁇ CeO 2 , and the counter electrode
- a composite oxide such as LSCF or LSM was used as the material of the layer 33.
- the thus configured electrochemical device A has a solid oxide form in which hydrogen gas is passed through the electrode layer 31 as a fuel electrode (anode), and air is passed through the counter electrode layer 33 as an air electrode (cathode). It can be used as a fuel cell.
- the electrochemical element A can be configured so that the electrode layer 31 can be an air electrode and the counter electrode layer 33 can be a fuel electrode. That is, a composite oxide such as LSCF or LSM is used as the material of the electrode layer 31, and NiO ⁇ GDC, Ni ⁇ GDC, NiO ⁇ YSZ, Ni ⁇ YSZ, CuO ⁇ CeO 2 , Cu is used as the material of the counter electrode layer 33, for example. - a composite material such as CeO 2.
- air is passed through the electrode layer 31 as an air electrode
- hydrogen gas is passed through the counter electrode layer 33 as a fuel electrode
- the electrochemical device A is in a solid oxide form. It can be used as a fuel cell.
- the electrode layer 31 is disposed between the first plate 1 and the electrolyte layer 32, and the counter electrode layer 33 is disposed on the side opposite to the first plate 1 as viewed from the electrolyte layer 32.
- a configuration in which the electrode layer 31 and the counter electrode layer 33 are disposed in reverse is also possible.
- a configuration is possible in which the counter electrode layer 33 is disposed between the first plate 1 and the electrolyte layer 32 and the electrode layer 31 is disposed on the side opposite to the first plate 1 as viewed from the electrolyte layer 32. . In this case, it is necessary to change the flow of gas to the electrochemical element A.
- the electrode layer 31 and the counter electrode layer 33 are used. If it arrange
- the electrochemical reaction unit 3 is provided on the opposite side of the first plate 1 from the second plate 2 so as to cover the gas flow allowing portion 1A. It may be provided on the second plate 2 side of the one plate 1. That is, even if the electrochemical reaction part 3 is the structure arrange
- a pair of the first penetrating portion 41 and the second penetrating portion 51 are provided at both end portions of the rectangular plate-shaped support, but the present invention is not limited to the embodiment provided at both end portions, Two or more pairs may be provided. Moreover, the 1st penetration part 41 and the 2nd penetration part 51 do not need to be provided in a pair. Accordingly, one or more first through portions 41 and second through portions 51 can be provided. Furthermore, the plate-like support is not limited to a rectangular shape, and various forms such as a square shape and a circular shape can be adopted.
- the first and second annular seal portions 42 and 52 may have any shape as long as the first and second through portions 41 and 51 are communicated with each other to prevent gas leakage. That is, the first and second annular seal portions 42 and 52 may have an endless configuration having an opening communicating with the penetrating portion therein, and may seal between the adjacent electrochemical elements A.
- the first and second annular seal portions 42 and 52 are, for example, annular.
- the ring may have any shape such as a circle, an ellipse, a rectangle, or a polygon.
- the plate-like support body 10 is composed of the first plate-like body 1 and the second plate-like body 2.
- the 1st plate-like body 1 and the 2nd plate-like body 2 may be comprised from the plate body of a different body, and as shown in FIG. 13, it is comprised from one plate-like body. Also good.
- the first plate 1 and the second plate 2 are overlapped by bending one plate.
- the 1st plate-shaped body 1 and the 2nd plate-shaped body 2 are integrated by welding the peripheral part 1a.
- the first plate-like body 1 and the second plate-like body 2 may be composed of a series of seamless plate-like bodies, and are molded as shown in FIG. 13 by bending the series of plate-like bodies.
- the 2nd plate-shaped body 2 may be comprised from one member, and may be comprised from two or more members.
- the 1st plate-shaped body 1 may be comprised from one member, and may be comprised from two or more members.
- Said 2nd plate-shaped body 2 forms internal flow path A1 with the 1st plate-shaped body 1.
- FIG. The internal flow path A1 has a distribution part A12, a plurality of sub flow paths A11, and a merging part A13.
- the first gas supplied to the distribution unit A12 is distributed and supplied to each of the plurality of sub-channels A11, and merges at the junction A13 at the outlets of the plurality of sub-channels A11. Therefore, the first gas flows along the gas flow direction from the distributor A12 toward the merger A13.
- the plurality of sub-channels A11 are configured by forming a portion of the second plate-like body 2 other than the distribution part A12 to the joining part A13 in a corrugated plate shape.
- the some subchannel A11 is comprised by the corrugated plate shape in the cross sectional view in the flow crossing direction which cross
- the plurality of sub-channels A11 are formed by corrugated plates extending in the gas flow direction shown in FIG.
- the plurality of sub-channels A11 may be formed from a series of corrugated plate-like bodies between the distribution part A12 and the merging part A13, or may be composed of two or more corrugated plate-like bodies. .
- the plurality of sub-channels A11 may be composed of, for example, two or more corrugated plates separated along the direction along the gas flow direction, or 2 separated along the direction along the flow intersecting direction. You may be comprised from the above corrugated plate-shaped object.
- the plurality of sub-channels A11 are formed in a waveform by repeatedly forming peaks and valleys having the same shape as shown in FIG.
- the 2nd plate-shaped body 2 may have a plate-shaped part in the area
- the plurality of sub-channels A11 may be configured by alternately forming plate-like portions and protruding portions.
- the projecting portion can be a portion through which a fluid such as the first gas flows.
- the portion corresponding to the plurality of sub-channels A11 in the second plate-like body 2 does not need to be entirely formed in a corrugated plate shape, and at least a part thereof is formed in a corrugated plate shape. That's fine.
- a part of the second plate-like body 2 in the gas flow direction may be a flat plate shape and the rest may be a corrugated plate shape between the distribution portion A12 and the merging portion A13.
- the second plate-like body 2 may have a plate shape in a part in the flow intersecting direction and the remaining plate shape in a corrugated plate shape.
- the internal flow path A1 can be provided with a structure capable of improving power generation efficiency. Such a configuration will be described below. The description overlapping with the above embodiment is simplified or omitted.
- the electrochemical module M includes an electrochemical element stack S shown in FIG.
- the stacking directions of the electrochemical element stack S are the + Z direction and the ⁇ Z direction (Z direction). Further, the direction in which the first gas flows from the first gas supply unit 61 side to the first gas discharge unit 62 side between the first plate body 1 and the second plate body 2, similarly, the first plate body.
- the direction in which the second gas flows from the second gas supply part 71 side to the second gas discharge part 72 side between the first and second plate-like bodies 2 intersects the + Z direction and the ⁇ Z direction (Z direction).
- the directions intersecting the + Z direction, the ⁇ Z direction (Z direction), the + X direction, and the ⁇ X direction (X direction) are the + Y direction and the ⁇ Y direction (Y direction).
- the XZ plane, the XY plane, and the YZ plane are substantially orthogonal to each other.
- the electrochemical module M discharges the first gas after the reaction, and the first gas supply unit 61 that supplies the first gas to the internal flow path A1 through the supply path 4.
- a first gas discharge part 62 that performs the second gas supply part 71 that supplies the second gas from the outside to the flow-through part A2, a second gas discharge part 72 that discharges the second gas after the reaction, and an electrochemical reaction
- a distribution chamber 9 that distributes and supplies the second gas supplied from the second gas supply unit 71 to the flow-through portion A2 in the housing B. I have.
- the electrochemical module M supplies fuel gas (sometimes referred to as first gas) from the first gas supply unit 61 and also supplies air (sometimes referred to as second gas) from the second gas supply unit 71.
- first gas fuel gas
- second gas air
- the fuel gas enters as shown by the broken line arrows in FIGS. 11 and 14, and the air enters as shown by the solid line arrows.
- the fuel gas supplied from the first gas supply part 61 is guided to the supply path 4 from the first through part 41 of the uppermost electrochemical element A of the electrochemical element stack S, and is partitioned by the first annular seal part 42. From the supply path 4 to be conducted, the flow passes through the internal flow paths A1 of all the electrochemical elements A. In addition, the air supplied from the second gas supply unit 71 temporarily flows into the distribution chamber 9 and then flows into the flow part A2 formed between the electrochemical elements A.
- the flow direction in which the fuel gas flows through the internal flow path A1 along the plane of the plate-like support 10 is the direction from the + X direction to the ⁇ X direction.
- the flow direction in which air flows through the flow passage portion A2 along the plane of the plate-like support 10 is the direction from the + X direction to the ⁇ X direction.
- the corrugated second plate-like body 2 portion is the first plate-like body 1 (a part of the plate-like support 10).
- Bulges from the first plate-like body 1 and the second plate-like body 2 and an internal flow path A1 is formed and in contact with the electrochemical reaction part 3 of the adjacent electrochemical element A Enable electrical connection.
- the portion where the corrugated second plate-like body 2 is in contact with the first plate-like body 1 is electrically connected to the first plate-like body 1, and the electric power of the electrochemical element A adjacent to the second plate-like body 2 is obtained.
- a flow passage A ⁇ b> 2 is formed between the chemical reaction portion 3.
- FIG. 30 and the like there is a portion in which the electrochemical element A in which the cross section including the internal flow path A1 appears and the electrochemical element A in which the cross section including the flow passage A2 appears are arranged side by side for convenience.
- the fuel gas supplied from the supply unit 61 reaches the distribution unit A12 (see FIGS. 14 to 17 and the like), flows through the distribution unit A12 along the width direction on one end side, and flows in the internal flow path A1. Of these, it reaches each sub-channel A11 (see FIG. 14 to FIG. 17 etc.).
- the internal flow path A1 includes a distribution section A12, a plurality of sub flow paths A11, and a merging section A13 described later. Further, the internal flow path A1 includes a supply buffer section 144 between the distribution section A12 and the plurality of sub flow paths A11, and a discharge buffer section 154 between the plurality of sub flow paths A11 and the merge section A13. ing.
- the internal flow path A1 is formed by a space where the first plate-like body 1 and the second plate-like body 2 face each other. In this embodiment, the 1st plate-shaped body 1 is flat form, and the below-mentioned gas flow permission part 1A is formed.
- the second plate-like body 2 has a portion protruding upward with respect to the stacking direction and a portion recessed downward. Therefore, when the first plate-like body 1 and the second plate-like body 2 are combined so as to face each other, a portion protruding upward of the second plate-like body 2 comes into contact with the first plate-like body 1. And by the part and the 1st plate-like body 1 which are dented in the downward direction of the 2nd plate-like body 2, distribution part A12, supply buffer part 144, several subchannel A11, discharge buffer part 154, merge part A13, etc. A space in which each part is partitioned is formed.
- a supply structure 140 is provided between the distribution unit A12 and the plurality of sub-channels A11 in the direction along the fuel gas flow direction (the + X direction and the -X direction (X direction)). It has been.
- the supply structure 140 temporarily stores the fuel gas in the distribution unit A12 and restricts the supply of the fuel gas from the distribution unit A12 to the plurality of sub flow paths A11.
- a discharge structure 150 is provided between the plurality of sub-channels A11 and the merging portion A13 in the direction along the fuel gas flow direction. The discharge structure 150 restricts the discharge of the fuel gas from the plurality of sub flow paths A11 to the junction A13.
- the fuel gas flows through the first gas supply part 61, the first annular seal part 42, the first through part 41, etc., and is supplied to the distribution part A12 of each electrochemical element A.
- the fuel gas supplied to the distribution unit A12 is temporarily stored in the distribution unit A12 by the supply structure 140. Thereafter, the fuel gas is introduced into the plurality of sub flow paths A11 from the distribution part A12.
- the fuel gas that has entered each sub-channel A11 flows through each sub-channel A11 and also enters the electrode layer 31 and the electrolyte layer 32 via the gas flow allowing portion 1A. Further, the fuel gas further travels through the auxiliary flow path A11 together with the fuel gas that has undergone electrochemical reaction.
- the fuel gas that has reached the end in the flow direction of the plurality of sub-channels A11 proceeds to the merge portion A13 in a state where the flow to the merge portion A13 is partially restricted by the discharge structure 150.
- the fuel gas that has advanced to the merging portion A13 flows through the merging portion A13, the second through portion 51, the second annular seal portion 52, and the like. And it is discharged
- the air supplied from the second gas supply part 71 enters the flow part A2 via the distribution chamber 9 and can enter the counter electrode layer 33 and the electrolyte layer 32.
- the air further travels along the flow passage A ⁇ b> 2 along the electrochemical reaction unit 3 and is discharged out of the second gas discharge unit 72.
- the combined output is taken out from the output unit 8.
- the configuration of the electrochemical element laminate S will be described in detail later.
- the configuration of the internal channel A1 formed by facing the first plate-shaped body 1 and the second plate-shaped body 2 will be further described.
- the first flat plate-like body 1 and the projections and depressions so as to protrude upward (+ Z direction) along the stacking direction or to be recessed downward ( ⁇ Z direction) along the stacking direction.
- the internal flow path A1 is formed on the inner surface where the second plate-like body 2 formed in the above is combined to face each other.
- the internal flow path A1 includes a distribution section A12, a supply buffer section 144, a plurality of sub flow paths A11, a discharge buffer section 154, and a merging section A13.
- the internal flow path A1 also includes a supply passage 141 (a part of the supply structure 140) and a discharge passage 151 (a part of the discharge structure 150) through which the first gas passes.
- the structure is symmetrical with respect to the discharge path 5 side where the portion 51 and the like are provided.
- 15-17, 19-22, etc. show sectional views on the discharge path 5 side where the first gas discharge part 62, the second annular seal part 52, the second through part 51, etc. are provided.
- FIGS. 23 to 29 and the like show sectional views on the supply path 4 side where the first gas supply part 61, the first annular seal part 42, the first through part 41 and the like are provided.
- the first gas is discharged from the plurality of sub-channels A11 to the second through portion 51 and the like through the merging portion A13. Flow in the direction.
- the first gas flows through the first penetration part 41 and the like in the direction in which it is supplied from the distribution part A12 to the plurality of sub flow paths A11.
- the distribution unit A12 is provided corresponding to each electrochemical element A.
- the distribution unit A12 is provided on the supply path 4 side, and is a buffer unit for supplying the first gas to each electrochemical element A.
- the distributor A12 is provided on the upstream side of the plurality of sub-channels A11 in the internal channel A1 in the flow direction of the first gas (the direction from the + X direction to the ⁇ X direction).
- the distribution unit A12 has crossing directions (+ Y direction and ⁇ Y direction (Y direction)) and flow directions (+ X direction and ⁇ X direction (X direction) with the flow direction. )),
- a first through portion 41 penetrating the second plate-like body 2 is formed at a substantially central portion.
- the first gas flows through the first gas supply part 61, the first annular seal part 42, the first through part 41, and the like, and is supplied to the distribution part A12 of each electrochemical element A.
- the first plate-like body 1 and the second plate-like body 2 have a peripheral edge portion between the edge of the first plate-like body 1 and the edge of the second plate-like body 2. It is integrated by welding in 1a.
- the distribution portion A12 is formed by processing the second plate-like body 2 so as to be recessed below the peripheral portion 1a in the stacking direction ( ⁇ Z direction). Furthermore, the distribution unit A12 is formed so that the position in the stacking direction is different in the supply blocking unit 142 (a part of the supply structure 140). That is, as illustrated in FIG. 26 and the like, the upper surface of the distribution unit A12 is positioned below the upper surface of the supply blocking unit 142 in the stacking direction.
- the upper surface of the supply blocking unit 142 is in contact with the lower surface of the first plate-like body 1. Accordingly, the first gas introduced into the distribution unit A12 is restricted from being discharged from the distribution unit A12 by the supply blocking unit 142 protruding upward in the stacking direction, and temporarily stored in the distribution unit A12 formed in a concave shape. Is done.
- the distribution unit A12 is long in the + Y direction and the ⁇ Y direction (Y direction) as shown in FIG.
- the length in the Y direction of the distribution unit A12 corresponds to the length in the Y direction of the regions of the plurality of sub-channels A11 that are arranged in parallel with an interval in the Y direction.
- the plurality of sub flow paths A11 through which the first gas flows extend along the flow direction, that is, along the + X direction and the ⁇ X direction (X direction). .
- the plurality of sub-channels A11 are arranged side by side in parallel in the Y direction as described above.
- the second plate-like body 2 is formed between a plurality of sub-channel forming portions 160 that form a plurality of sub-channels A11 and an adjacent sub-channel forming portion 160. And a plurality of partitioning portions 161 that partition the adjacent sub-channels A11. As shown in FIG.
- the secondary flow path forming portion 160 is formed in a concave shape having a bottom surface, and the upper surface of the partitioning portion 161 is located above the bottom surface of the secondary flow path forming portion 160 in the stacking direction. .
- the upper surface of the partition 161 is in contact with the lower surface of the first plate-like body 1.
- the auxiliary flow path A11 extends in the flow direction from the vicinity of the supply structure 140 to the vicinity of the discharge structure 150.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and the sub-channel A11 may be formed only in a part from the vicinity of the supply structure 140 to the vicinity of the discharge structure 150. That is, the sub flow path forming part 160 that forms the sub flow path A ⁇ b> 11 may be disposed only in a part from the vicinity of the supply structure 140 to the vicinity of the discharge structure 150.
- the length L3 of the partition 161 is larger than the length L4 of the sub flow path forming part 160.
- Small L3 ⁇ L4.
- the contact area between the upper surface of the partition 161 and the lower surface of the first plate-like body 1 can be reduced as shown in FIG. That is, the space of the secondary flow path A11 facing the first plate-like body 1 where the gas flow allowing portion 1A is formed can be increased, and the amount of the first gas flowing from the secondary flow path A11 toward the electrochemical reaction portion 3 is increased. it can.
- the second plate-like body 2 has a distribution section A12 and a plurality of substreams in the direction along the flow direction (+ X direction and ⁇ X direction (X direction)).
- a supply structure 140 is provided between the passage A11. The supply structure 140 temporarily stores the first gas in the distribution unit A12 and restricts the supply of the first gas from the distribution unit A12 to the plurality of sub flow paths A11.
- the supply structure 140 has a plurality of supply passage portions 141 and a plurality of supply blocking portions 142.
- the supply passage unit 141 allows the first gas to pass from the distribution unit A12 to the plurality of sub flow paths A11.
- the supply blocking unit 142 blocks the passage of the first gas from the distributing unit A12 to the plurality of sub flow paths A11.
- the upper surface of the supply blocking unit 142 is located above the upper surface of the supply passage unit 141 in the stacking direction, and is in contact with the lower surface of the first plate 1. Therefore, the first gas in the distribution part A12 is prevented from flowing in the flow direction by the supply blocking part 142, but flows in the flow direction via the supply passing part 141, and the plurality of sub flow paths A11. To flow.
- each supply blocking portion 142 is formed in a generally rectangular shape as shown in FIGS.
- the rectangular supply blocking portions 142 are arranged along the Y direction so that the long sides are along the + Y direction and the ⁇ Y direction (Y direction).
- a supply passage portion 141 is provided between the adjacent supply blocking portions 142. That is, the supply passage portion 141 is provided in a section where the short sides of the adjacent supply blocking portions 142 face each other.
- the length L2 of the supply blocking unit 142 is larger than the length L1 of the supply passage unit 141 (L2 > L1). Moreover, it is preferable that the length L1 of the supply passage part 141 is smaller than the length L3 of the partition part 161 (L1 ⁇ L3). As a result, the first gas pushed out from the distribution unit A12 through the supply passage unit 141 can collide with the end portion on the + X direction side of the partitioning unit 161, and temporarily stored in the supply buffer unit 144 described later.
- L1 and L2 are, for example, the amount of the first gas supplied to the distribution unit A12 per unit time, the amount of the first gas to be supplied to the plurality of sub-channels A11 per unit time, and the supply blocking unit 142 Number, the length L3 of the partition 161 in the Y direction, the length L4 of the sub-channel A11 in the Y direction, and the like.
- each sub-channel A11 is partitioned by each partition 161.
- one of the plurality of partition portions 161 is arranged corresponding to the supply passage portion 141.
- at least one sub-channel A11 among the plurality of sub-channels A11 is arranged corresponding to the supply blocking unit 142.
- the first gas is led from the distribution part A12 to the plurality of sub-flow paths A11 through the supply passage part 141.
- the first gas pushed out from the distribution portion A12 to the supply passage portion 141 is not allowed to pass through.
- the partition 161 projecting upward in the stacking direction Due to the collision with the partition 161, the first gas proceeds in the intersecting direction intersecting the flow direction. That is, the first gas flowing from the distribution unit A12 through the supply passage unit 141 does not immediately be introduced into the plurality of sub-channels A11, but collides with the partition 161 before the sub-channel A11.
- the first gas that has advanced in the intersecting direction does not return to the distribution unit A12 by the supply blocking unit 142 protruding upward in the stacking direction, but temporarily between the supply structure 140 and the plurality of sub-channels A11.
- the first gas is introduced into the plurality of sub-channels A11 formed by the plurality of sub-channel formation units 160 along the extrusion from the distribution unit A12.
- a region where the first gas is temporarily stored between the supply structure 140 and the plurality of sub flow paths A11 is the supply buffer unit 144.
- one partition 161 is arranged corresponding to one supply passage 141 in the flow direction.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and a plurality of partition portions 161 may be arranged corresponding to one supply passage portion 141.
- the partition part 161 may not be arrange
- a supply blocking unit 142 is provided corresponding to the first through portion 41 in the flow direction. Thereby, it can suppress that the 1st gas introduced into distribution part A12 from the 1st penetration part 41 goes to a plurality of subchannels A11 immediately. Therefore, the first gas can be temporarily stored in the distributor A12.
- the number of the supply prevention parts 142 is not limited to this, For example, it is two or more. In addition, it is preferable that the number of supply blocking units 142 is set according to the number of the plurality of sub flow paths A11. Further, in the above description, the supply blocking units 142 are arranged in a line in the crossing direction of the flow direction. However, the arrangement is not limited to this arrangement as long as the first gas can be temporarily stored in the distributor A12 and the first gas can be supplied to the plurality of sub-channels A11 substantially uniformly.
- the plurality of supply blocking units 142 may be arranged so as to be shifted from the crossing direction. Further, the plurality of supply blocking units 142 may be arranged along the crossing direction or shifted from the crossing direction.
- the supply blocking unit 142 has a rectangular shape.
- the shape of the supply blocking unit 142 is not limited to this as long as the gas can be uniformly supplied from the distribution unit A12 to the plurality of sub-channels A11.
- the supply blocking unit 142 may be formed in various shapes such as a square shape, a circular shape, an elliptical shape, and a triangular shape.
- two of the plurality of supply blocking units 142 are the end in the + Y direction and the end in the ⁇ Y direction of the distribution unit A12. It is preferable to be provided at a position corresponding to each part.
- the first gas reaches the distribution unit A12 so as to expand the space of the distribution unit A12 from the first through portion 41 of the distribution unit A12, and collides with the end surface of the distribution unit A12. Therefore, the first gas that has collided with the end surface of the distributor A12 may change its direction at the end surface and flow toward the plurality of sub-channels A11.
- the supply blocking unit 142 at a position corresponding to the end of the distribution unit A12, it is possible to suppress the first gas from immediately flowing out from the distribution unit A12 to the plurality of sub flow paths A11. Thereby, as will be described later, the first gas can be supplied from the distribution section A12 to each sub-channel A11 substantially uniformly.
- the merge part A13 and the discharge structure 150 have the same configurations as the distribution part A12 and the supply structure 140, respectively.
- the merging portion A13 is provided on the discharge path 5 side, and is a buffer portion for discharging the first gas that has flowed through the plurality of sub flow paths A11.
- the junction A13 is provided on the downstream side of the plurality of sub-channels A11 in the internal channel A1 in the flow direction of the first gas.
- the second penetration part 51 which penetrates the 2nd plate-shaped body 2 is formed in the confluence
- the first gas that has passed through the plurality of sub-channels A11 is introduced into the merging portion A13 and discharged to the outside through the second through portion 51, the second annular seal portion 52, the first gas discharge portion 62, and the like.
- the merging portion A13 is formed so that the position is different in the stacking direction in the discharge prevention portion 152 (a part of the discharge structure 150). That is, as shown in FIG. 19 and the like, the upper surface of the merging portion A13 is positioned below the upper surface of the discharge preventing portion 152 in the stacking direction. The upper surface of the discharge prevention unit 152 is in contact with the lower surface of the first plate-like body 1. As a result, the discharge of the first gas from the plurality of sub-flow paths A11 toward the merge section A13 to the merge section A13 is restricted by the discharge prevention section 152 protruding upward in the stacking direction. Stored temporarily.
- junction A13 is long in the + Y direction and the ⁇ Y direction (Y direction) as shown in FIG.
- the length in the Y direction of the merging portion A13 corresponds to the length in the Y direction of the regions of the plurality of sub-channels A11 that are arranged in parallel with a gap in the Y direction.
- the second plate-like body 2 has a plurality of sub-flow paths in the direction along the flow direction (+ X direction and ⁇ X direction (X direction)).
- a discharge structure 150 is provided between A11 and the merging portion A13. The discharge structure 150 restricts the discharge of the first gas from the plurality of sub-flow paths A11 to the junction A13.
- the discharge structure 150 has a plurality of discharge passage portions 151 and a plurality of discharge prevention portions 152.
- the discharge passage 151 passes the first gas from the plurality of sub flow paths A11 to the junction A13.
- the discharge blocking unit 152 blocks the passage of the first gas from the plurality of sub flow paths A11 to the merging unit A13.
- the upper surface of the discharge preventing portion 152 is located above the upper surface of the discharge passage portion 151 in the stacking direction, and is in contact with the lower surface of the first plate-like body 1. Therefore, the first gas in the plurality of sub-channels A11 is prevented from flowing in the flow direction by the discharge blocking portion 152, but flows in the flow direction via the discharge passage portion 151, and the merge portion A13. To flow.
- the discharge blocking unit 152 is formed in a generally rectangular shape as shown in FIGS.
- the rectangular discharge blocking portions 152 are arranged along the Y direction so that the long sides are along the + Y direction and the ⁇ Y direction (Y direction).
- a discharge passage portion 151 is provided between the adjacent discharge prevention portions 152. That is, the discharge passage portion 151 is provided in a section where the short sides of the adjacent discharge prevention portions 152 face each other.
- the length L12 of the discharge blocking portion 152 is larger than the length L11 of the discharge passage portion 151 (L12). > L11). Further, it is preferable that the length L12 of the discharge prevention portion 152 is larger than the length L4 of the sub flow path forming portion 160 (L12> L3).
- L11 and L12 is, for example, the amount of the first gas supplied to the plurality of sub-channels A11 per unit time, the amount of the first gas that should be discharged from the merging portion A13 per unit time, Number, the length L3 of the partition 161 in the Y direction, the length L4 of the sub-channel A11 in the Y direction, and the like.
- At least one sub-channel A11 among the plurality of sub-channels A11 is disposed corresponding to the discharge prevention unit 152.
- any one of the plurality of partition portions 161 is arranged corresponding to the discharge passage portion 151.
- the first gas pushed out from the plurality of sub-channels A11 collides with the discharge prevention unit 152 protruding upward in the stacking direction by traveling along the flow direction. Due to the collision with the discharge prevention unit 152, the first gas proceeds in the crossing direction that intersects the flow direction. That is, the first gas that has flowed from the plurality of sub flow paths A11 is not immediately introduced into the merging portion A13, but collides with the discharge prevention portion 152 before the merging portion A13 and proceeds in the crossing direction. Thereafter, the first gas passes through the discharge passage 151 along the extrusion from the plurality of sub-channels A11, and is introduced into the junction A13. A region where the first gas is temporarily stored between the plurality of sub-flow paths A11 and the discharge structure 150 is the discharge buffer unit 154.
- a discharge prevention unit 152 is provided corresponding to the second through portion 51. Thereby, it is possible to suppress the first gas flowing through the plurality of sub-channels A ⁇ b> 11 from being immediately introduced into the joining portion A ⁇ b> 13 and being discharged from the second through portion 51. Therefore, the first gas can be temporarily stored in the plurality of sub flow paths A11.
- the shape, size, arrangement, number, and the like of the discharge passage 151 and the discharge prevention unit 152 are the same as those of the supply passage 141 and the supply prevention unit 142.
- the length L12 of the discharge prevention unit 152 and the length L11 of the discharge passage unit 151 in the + Y direction and the ⁇ Y direction (the Y direction, the crossing direction intersecting the flow direction)
- the length L1 of the portion 142 and the length L2 of the supply passage portion 141 are the same.
- the shape, size, arrangement, number, and the like of the discharge passage portion 151 and the discharge prevention portion 152 may be different from those of the supply passage portion 141 and the supply prevention portion 142.
- the size of the discharge passage 151 may be larger than that of the supply passage 141.
- the discharge pressure from the plurality of sub-channels A11 to the junction A13 may be made lower than the supply pressure when the first gas is supplied from the distribution unit A12 to the plurality of sub-channels A11.
- the first gas is smoothly discharged. It can be introduced into the junction A13.
- the supply blocking unit 142 of the supply structure 140 configured as described above is provided between the distribution unit A12 and the plurality of sub-channels A11, and the flow of the first gas from the distribution unit A12 to the plurality of sub-channels A11. It becomes a barrier. Therefore, the pressure loss of the first gas when flowing from the distribution unit A12 to the plurality of sub-channels A11 increases, and the first gas introduced into the distribution unit A12 spreads to fill the distribution unit A12. Stored temporarily. For this reason, the entire inside of the distributor A12 has a substantially uniform pressure (equal pressure).
- the differential pressure between the distributor A12 and each of the plurality of sub-channels A11 is substantially the same.
- the first gas is supplied from the distribution unit A12 to the plurality of sub-channels A11 via the supply passage unit 141, the first gas is supplied to each sub-channel A11 in a substantially equal pressure state. .
- the flow distribution (flow velocity, flow rate, pressure, etc.) of the first gas along the flow direction becomes substantially uniform between the sub-channels A11.
- the first gas flows separately from the distribution unit A12 into the plurality of sub flow paths A11.
- the flow distribution of the first gas along the flow direction is substantially uniform between the sub-channels A11.
- the flow velocity, flow rate, pressure, etc. of the first gas in each sub flow path A11 are in the crossing direction intersecting the one position. It is almost constant.
- the difference between the part where the first gas is insufficient and the part where the first gas is excessively passed is reduced, and the utilization rate of the first gas in the entire electrochemical element A is improved.
- the reaction efficiency of the electrochemical reaction can be improved.
- the flow distribution of the first gas in each sub flow path A11 is different, and a certain sub flow path A11 has a first flow.
- the gas flow rate is fast, and the flow rate of the first gas may be slow in another sub-flow path A11.
- the first gas is consumed by the electrochemical reaction, and the first gas is insufficient. Thereby, the density
- A11 is discharged before the first gas is consumed in the electrochemical reaction in the sub-flow channel where the flow rate of the first gas is high. That is, when the first gas is a fuel gas such as hydrogen, the first gas with a high concentration is discharged, and the fuel utilization rate decreases.
- the first gas is a fuel gas such as hydrogen
- the first gas with a high concentration is discharged, and the fuel utilization rate decreases.
- the auxiliary flow path A11 where the flow rate of the first gas is fast the amount of the first gas discharged before being consumed in the electrochemical reaction further increases, and the fuel utilization rate further decreases.
- the flow distribution (flow velocity, flow rate, pressure, etc.) of the first gas in the plurality of sub flow paths A11 is substantially uniform.
- the reaction efficiency of the electrochemical reaction can be improved.
- the discharge preventing portion 152 of the discharge structure 150 having the above-described configuration is provided between the plurality of sub flow paths A11 and the merge section A13, and the sub flow paths A11 to the merge section A13. It becomes a barrier for the flow of the first gas. Therefore, the pressure loss of the first gas when flowing from the plurality of sub flow paths A11 to the merging portion A13 is increased.
- the first gas introduced into the plurality of sub-channels A11 is difficult to be immediately introduced from the plurality of sub-channels A11 to the junction A13, and spreads to fill the plurality of sub-channels A11.
- the flow distribution (flow velocity, flow volume, pressure, etc.) of the 1st gas along a flow direction can be made substantially uniform.
- the electrochemical reaction is sufficiently performed in the plurality of sub-channels A11. By these, the reaction efficiency of an electrochemical reaction can be improved.
- the electrochemical device includes an electrochemical module M including a plurality of electrochemical elements A.
- the electrochemical device of the above-described embodiment can also be applied to a configuration including one electrochemical element.
- the present invention can be used as an electrochemical element and a solid oxide fuel cell.
- Electrochemical reaction part 4 Supply path 5: Discharge path 8: Output part 9: Distribution chamber 10: Plate-shaped support body 31 : Electrode layer 32: Electrolyte layer 33: Counter electrode layer 41: First penetration part 42: First annular seal part 51: Second penetration part 52: Second annular seal part 61: First gas supply part 71: Second gas Supply unit 100: Electrochemical device 102: Reformer 103: Fuel supply unit 104: Inverter 140: Supply structure 141: Supply passage unit 142: Supply blocking unit 144: Supply buffer unit 150: Discharge structure 151: Discharge passage unit 152: Discharge prevention part 154: Discharge buffer part 160: Sub-flow path forming part 161: Partition part A: Electrochemical element A1: Internal flow path A11: Sub-flow path A12: Distributing part A13: Confluence part A2: Flow section B: housing M: Electrochemical module S: electrochemical element stack Z: Energy System
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Abstract
Description
各電気化学素子は、内部に内部流路を有する導電性の板状支持体を備え、
板状支持体は、当該板状支持体の内側である前記内部流路と外側とに亘って気体を透過できる気体通流許容部と、前記気体通流許容部の全部又は一部を被覆する状態で、少なくとも膜状の電極層と膜状の電解質層と膜状の対極電極層とを記載順に有する電気化学反応部と、前記板状支持体の表面貫通方向外方と前記内部流路とに亘って還元性成分ガス及び酸化性成分ガスのうちの一方である第一ガスが流通する供給路を形成する第一貫通部とを備え、
前記複数の電気化学素子では、少なくとも第1電気化学素子と第2電気化学素子とが互いに隣接して積層されており、
前記第1電気化学素子を構成する前記板状支持体と、前記第2電気化学素子を構成する前記板状支持体とが対向する形態で、且つ、前記第1電気化学素子を構成する前記板状支持体における前記電気化学反応部が配置される外面と、前記第2電気化学素子を構成する前記板状支持体における前記電気化学反応部が配置される側とは別の外面とが電気的に接続される形態で、且つ、これら両外面どうしの隣接間に、当該両外面に沿って還元性成分ガス及び酸化性成分ガスのうちの他方である第二ガスが通流する通流部が形成されている点にある。
前記第一貫通部及び前記第一環状シール部により、前記内部流路との間に前記第一ガスを流通する前記供給路が形成される形態とすることができる。
前記通流部内において、前記両外面に夫々形成される前記第二貫通部を前記通流部と区画する環状シール部としての第二環状シール部を備え、
前記第二貫通部及び前記第二環状シール部により、前記内部流路を通流する前記第一ガスが流通する前記排出路が形成される構成とすることができる。
前記板状支持体を備え、
前記板状支持体は、前記気体通流許容部と、前記電気化学反応部と、前記第一貫通部とを備える点にある。
内部に内部流路を有する導電性の板状支持体を備え、
前記板状支持体は、当該板状支持体において、当該板状支持体の内側である前記内部流路と外側とに亘って気体を透過できる気体通流許容部と、前記気体通流許容部の全部又は一部を被覆する状態で、少なくとも膜状の電極層と膜状の電解質層と膜状の対極電極層とを記載順に有する電気化学反応部と、前記板状支持体の表面貫通方向外方と前記内部流路とに亘って還元性成分ガス及び酸化性成分ガスのうちの一方である第一ガスが流通する供給路を形成する第一貫通部とを備え、
前記第一貫通部及び前記内部流路は、前記板状支持体の外面に沿って通流する還元性成分ガス及び酸化性成分ガスのうちの他方である第二ガスと区画された状態で前記第一ガスを通流させる構成である点にある。
前記内部流路は、前記第一貫通部から前記第二貫通部に通じる複数の副流路を有するものとすることができる。
前記板状支持体は、前記通流方向における前記分配部と前記複数の副流路との間において、前記分配部に前記第一ガスを一時的に貯留させ、前記分配部から前記複数の副流路への前記第一ガスの供給を制限する供給構造体を有していてもよい。
また、第一ガスは、分配部から複数の副流路に分かれて流れる。このように複数の流路に分かれて流れることによる整流作用によっても、第一ガスは、複数の流路が形成されていない内部流路を流れる場合に比べて、流れ分布(流速、流量及び圧力等)が概ね一定となる。
前記板状支持体は、前記通流方向における前記複数の副流路と前記合流部との間において、前記複数の副流路から前記合流部への前記第一ガスの排出を制限する排出構造体を有していてもよい。
より具体的に説明すると、上記構成の排出構造体は、複数の副流路と合流部との間に設けられており、副流路から合流部への第一ガスの流れの障壁となる。よって、複数の副流路から合流部に通流する際の第一ガスの圧力損失が高くなる。そのため、複数の副流路に導入された第一ガスは、複数の副流路から即座に合流部に導入されにくく、複数の副流路に充満するように行き亘る。これにより、各副流路間において、通流方向に沿う第一ガスの流れ分布(流速、流量及び圧力等)を概ね均一にできる。また、第一ガスが複数の副流路に充満するように行き亘るため、複数の副流路内において電気化学反応が十分に行われる。これらにより、電気化学反応の反応効率を向上できる。
前記筐体の外部から前記供給路を介して前記内部流路に前記第一ガスを流通する第一ガス供給部と、
前記筐体の外部と前記通流部とに亘って前記第二ガスを流通する第二ガス供給部と、を備えた点にある。
前記通流部は、前記空間側に開口形成されて当該空間と連通する構成とすることができる。
上記電気化学素子もしくは上記電気化学モジュールと燃料変換器とを少なくとも有し、前記電気化学素子もしくは前記電気化学モジュールに対して燃料変換器からの還元性成分ガスを流通する、あるいは前記電気化学素子もしくは前記電気化学モジュールから燃料変換器に還元性成分ガスを流通する燃料供給部を有する点にある。また、前記電気化学素子もしくは前記電気化学モジュールから電力を取り出す、あるいは電気化学モジュールに電力を流通する電力変換器を有してもよい。
つまり、電気化学モジュールと燃料変換器を有し電気化学モジュールに対して還元性成分を含有する燃料ガスを流通する燃料供給部を有するので、電気化学反応部を燃料電池として動作させる場合、都市ガス等の既存の原燃料供給インフラを用いて供給される天然ガス等より改質器などの燃料変換器により水素を生成する構成とすると、耐久性、信頼性および性能に優れた電気化学モジュールから電力を取り出すことができ、耐久性、信頼性および性能に優れた電気化学装置を実現することができる。また、電気化学モジュールから流通される未利用の燃料ガスをリサイクルするシステムを構築し易くなるため、高効率な電気化学装置を実現することができる。電気化学反応部を電解セルとして動作させる場合は、電極層に水蒸気や二酸化炭素を含有するガスが流通され、電極層と対極電極層との間に電圧が印加される。そうすると、電極層において電子e-と水分子H2Oや二酸化炭素分子CO2が反応し水素分子H2や一酸化炭素COと酸素イオンO2-となる。酸素イオンO2-は電解質層を通って対極電極層へ移動する。対極電極層において酸素イオンO2-が電子を放出して酸素分子O2となる。以上の反応により、水分子H2Oが水素H2と酸素O2とに、二酸化炭素分子CO2を含有するガスが流通される場合は一酸化炭素COと酸素O2とに電気分解される。
水蒸気と二酸化炭素分子CO2を含有するガスが流通される場合は上記電気分解により電気化学反応部で生成した水素及び一酸化炭素等から炭化水素などの種々の化合物を合成する燃料変換器を設けることができる。燃料供給部により、この燃料変換器が生成した炭化水素等を電気化学反応部に流通したり、本システム・装置外に取り出して別途燃料や化学原料として利用することができる。
図1~図9に示すように、電気化学素子Aは、導電性の第一板状体1と導電性の第二板状体2との対向面間に形成された内部流路A1を有する板状支持体10を備え、
板状支持体10は、当該板状支持体10を構成する第一板状体1及び第二板状体2の少なくとも一部において、当該板状支持体10の内側である内部流路A1と外側とに亘って気体を透過できる気体通流許容部1Aと、気体通流許容部1Aの全部又は一部を被覆する状態で、膜状の電極層31と膜状の電解質層32と膜状の対極電極層33とを記載順に有する電気化学反応部3とを備える(図5~図9参照)。また、板状支持体10には、表面貫通方向外方から内部流路A1にたとえば燃料ガス等の還元性成分ガス及びたとえば空気等の酸化性成分ガスのうちの一方である第一ガスを流通する供給路4を形成する第一貫通部41を一端部側に備え、内部流路A1を通流した第一ガスを板状支持体の表面貫通方向外方へ流通する排出路5を形成する第二貫通部51を他端部側に備える(図1、図3,図8,図9参照、尚、供給路4等と排出路5等とは対称形にて同様の構造であることも理解される)。
第一板状体1は、電極層31と電解質層32と対極電極層33とを有する電気化学反応部3を支持して電気化学素子Aの強度を保つ役割を担う。第一板状体1の材料としては、電子伝導性、耐熱性、耐酸化性および耐腐食性に優れた材料が用いられる。例えば、フェライト系ステンレス、オーステナイト系ステンレス、ニッケル基合金などが用いられる。特に、クロムを含む合金が好適に用いられる。本実施形態では、第一板状体1は、Crを18質量%以上25質量%以下含有するFe-Cr系合金を用いているが、Mnを0.05質量%以上含有するFe-Cr系合金、Tiを0.15質量%以上1.0質量%以下含有するFe-Cr系合金、Zrを0.15質量%以上1.0質量%以下含有するFe-Cr系合金、TiおよびZrを含有しTiとZrとの合計の含有量が0.15質量%以上1.0質量%以下であるFe-Cr系合金、Cuを0.10質量%以上1.0質量%以下含有するFe-Cr系合金であると特に好適である。
(電極層)
電極層31は、図5~10に示すように、第一板状体1の表側の面であって貫通孔11が設けられた領域より大きな領域に、薄層の状態で設けることができる。薄層とする場合は、その厚さを、例えば、1μm~100μm程度、好ましくは、5μm~50μmとすることができる。このような厚さにすると、高価な電極層材料の使用量を低減してコストダウンを図りつつ、十分な電極性能を確保することが可能となる。貫通孔11が設けられた領域の全体が、電極層31に覆われている。つまり、貫通孔11は第一板状体1における電極層31が形成された領域の内側に形成されている。換言すれば、全ての貫通孔11が電極層31に面して設けられている。
すなわち電極層31は、多孔質な層として形成される。電極層31は、例えば、その緻密度が30%以上80%未満となるように形成される。細孔のサイズは、電気化学反応を行う際に円滑な反応が進行するのに適したサイズを適宜選ぶことができる。なお緻密度とは、層を構成する材料の空間に占める割合であって、(1-空孔率)と表すことができ、また、相対密度と同等である。
中間層34は、電極層31を覆った状態で、電極層31の上に薄層の状態で形成することができる。薄層とする場合は、その厚さを、例えば、1μm~100μm程度、好ましくは2μm~50μm程度、より好ましくは4μm~25μm程度とすることができる。このような厚さにすると、高価な中間層34の材料の使用量を低減してコストダウンを図りつつ、十分な性能を確保することが可能となる。中間層34の材料としては、例えば、YSZ(イットリア安定化ジルコニア)、SSZ(スカンジウム安定化ジルコニア)やGDC(ガドリウム・ドープ・セリア)、YDC(イットリウム・ドープ・セリア)、SDC(サマリウム・ドープ・セリア)等を用いることができる。特にセリア系のセラミックスが好適に用いられる。
図5~図10に示すように、電解質層32は、電極層31および中間層34を覆った状態で、前記中間層の上に薄層の状態で形成される。また、厚さが10μm以下の薄膜の状態で形成することもできる。詳しくは、電解質層32は、中間層34の上と第一板状体1の上とにわたって(跨って)設けられる。このように構成し、電解質層32を第一板状体1に接合することで、電気化学素子全体として堅牢性に優れたものとすることができる。
反応防止層35は、電解質層32の上に薄層の状態で形成することができる。薄層とする場合は、その厚さを、例えば、1μm~100μm程度、好ましくは2μm~50μm程度、より好ましくは3μm~15μm程度とすることができる。このような厚さにすると、高価な反応防止層材料の使用量を低減してコストダウンを図りつつ、十分な性能を確保することが可能となる。前記反応防止層の材料としては、電解質層32の成分と対極電極層33の成分との間の反応を防止できる材料であれば良いが、例えばセリア系材料等が用いられる。また反応防止層35の材料として、Sm、GdおよびYからなる群から選ばれる元素のうち少なくとも1つを含有する材料が好適に用いられる。なお、Sm、GdおよびYからなる群から選ばれる元素のうち少なくとも1つを含有し、これら元素の含有率の合計が1.0質量%以上10質量%以下であるとよい。反応防止層35を電解質層32と対極電極層33との間に導入することにより、対極電極層33の構成材料と電解質層32の構成材料との反応が効果的に抑制され、電気化学素子Aの性能の長期安定性を向上できる。反応防止層35の形成は、1100℃以下の処理温度で形成できる方法を適宜用いて行うと、第一板状体1の損傷を抑制し、また、第一板状体1と電極層31との元素相互拡散を抑制でき、性能・耐久性に優れた電気化学素子Eを実現できるので好ましい。例えば、低温焼成法(例えば1100℃を越える高温域での焼成処理をしない低温域での焼成処理を用いる湿式法)、スプレーコーティング法(溶射法やエアロゾルデポジション法、エアロゾルガスデポジッション法、パウダージェットデポジッション法、パーティクルジェットデポジション法、コールドスプレー法などの方法)、PVD法(スパッタリング法、パルスレーザーデポジション法など)、CVD法などを適宜用いて行うことができる。特に、低温焼成法やスプレーコーティング法などを用いると低コストな素子が実現できるので好ましい。更に、低温焼成法を用いると、原材料のハンドリングが容易になるので更に好ましい。
図5~図10に示すように、対極電極層33を、電解質層32もしくは反応防止層35の上に薄層の状態で形成することができる。薄層とする場合は、その厚さを、例えば、1μm~100μm程度、好ましくは、5μm~50μmとすることができる。このような厚さにすると、高価な対極電極層材料の使用量を低減してコストダウンを図りつつ、十分な電極性能を確保することが可能となる。対極電極層33の材料としては、例えば、LSCF、LSM等の複合酸化物、セリア系酸化物およびこれらの混合物を用いることができる。特に対極電極層33が、La、Sr、Sm、Mn、CoおよびFeからなる群から選ばれる2種類以上の元素を含有するペロブスカイト型酸化物を含むことが好ましい。以上の材料を用いて構成される対極電極層33は、カソードとして機能する。
次に、電気化学反応部3の製造方法について説明する。尚、図5~図9においては、下記中間層34及び反応防止層35を省略した記述としているので、ここでは、主に図10を用いて説明する。
電極層形成ステップでは、第一板状体1の表側の面の貫通孔11が設けられた領域より広い領域に電極層31が薄膜の状態で形成される。第一板状体1の貫通孔11はレーザー加工等によって設けることができる。電極層31の形成は、上述したように、低温焼成法(1100℃以下の低温域での焼成処理を行う湿式法)、スプレーコーティング法(溶射法やエアロゾルデポジション法、エアロゾルガスデポジッション法、パウダージェットデポジッション法、パーティクルジェットデポジション法、コールドスプレー法などの方法)、PVD法(スパッタリング法、パルスレーザーデポジション法など)、CVD法などの方法を用いることができる。いずれの方法を用いる場合であっても、第一板状体1の劣化を抑制するため、1100℃以下の温度で行うことが望ましい。
上述した電極層形成ステップにおける焼成工程時に、第一板状体1の表面に金属酸化物層12(拡散抑制層)が形成される。なお、上記焼成工程に、焼成雰囲気を酸素分圧が低い雰囲気条件とする焼成工程が含まれていると元素の相互拡散抑制効果が高く、抵抗値の低い良質な金属酸化物層12(拡散抑制層)が形成されるので好ましい。電極層形成ステップを、焼成を行わないコーティング方法とする場合を含め、別途の拡散抑制層形成ステップを含めても良い。いずれにおいても、第一板状体1の損傷を抑制可能な1100℃以下の処理温度で実施することが望ましい。
中間層形成ステップでは、電極層31を覆う形態で、電極層31の上に中間層34が薄層の状態で形成される。中間層34の形成は、上述したように、低温焼成法(1100℃以下の低温域での焼成処理を行う湿式法)、スプレーコーティング法(溶射法やエアロゾルデポジション法、エアロゾルガスデポジッション法、パウダージェットデポジッション法、パーティクルジェットデポジション法、コールドスプレー法などの方法)、PVD法(スパッタリング法、パルスレーザーデポジション法など)、CVD法などの方法を用いることができる。いずれの方法を用いる場合であっても、第一板状体1の劣化を抑制するため、1100℃以下の温度で行うことが望ましい。
まず、中間層34の材料粉末と溶媒(分散媒)とを混合して材料ペーストを作製し、第一板状体1の表側の面に塗布する。そして中間層34を圧縮成形し(中間層平滑化工程)、1100℃以下で焼成する(中間層焼成工程)。中間層34の圧延は、例えば、CIP(Cold Isostatic Pressing 、冷間静水圧加圧)成形、ロール加圧成形、RIP(Rubber Isostatic Pressing)成形などにより行うことができる。また、中間層34の焼成は、800℃以上1100℃以下の温度で行うと好適である。このような温度であると、第一板状体1の損傷・劣化を抑制しつつ、強度の高い中間層34を形成できるためである。また、中間層34の焼成を1050℃以下で行うとより好ましく、1000℃以下で行うと更に好ましい。これは、中間層34の焼成温度を低下させる程に、第一板状体1の損傷・劣化をより抑制しつつ、電気化学素子Aを形成できるからである。また、中間層平滑化工程と中間層焼成工程の順序を入れ替えることもできる。
なお、中間層平滑化工程は、ラップ成形やレベリング処理、表面の切削・研磨処理などを施すことによって行うことでもできる。
電解質層形成ステップでは、電極層31および中間層34を覆った状態で、電解質層32が中間層34の上に薄層の状態で形成される。また、厚さが10μm以下の薄膜の状態で形成されても良い。電解質層32の形成は、上述したように、低温焼成法(1100℃以下の低温域での焼成処理を行う湿式法)、スプレーコーティング法(溶射法やエアロゾルデポジション法、エアロゾルガスデポジッション法、パウダージェットデポジッション法、パーティクルジェットデポジション法、コールドスプレー法などの方法)、PVD法(スパッタリング法、パルスレーザーデポジション法など)、CVD法などの方法を用いることができる。いずれの方法を用いる場合であっても、第一板状体1の劣化を抑制するため、1100℃以下の温度で行うことが望ましい。
反応防止層形成ステップでは、反応防止層35が電解質層32の上に薄層の状態で形成される。反応防止層35の形成は、上述したように、低温焼成法(1100℃以下の低温域での焼成処理を行う湿式法)、スプレーコーティング法(溶射法やエアロゾルデポジション法、エアロゾルガスデポジッション法、パウダージェットデポジッション法、パーティクルジェットデポジション法、コールドスプレー法などの方法)、PVD法(スパッタリング法、パルスレーザーデポジション法など)、CVD法などの方法を用いることができる。いずれの方法を用いる場合であっても、第一板状体1の劣化を抑制するため、1100℃以下の温度で行うことが望ましい。なお反応防止層35の上側の面を平坦にするために、例えば反応防止層35の形成後にレベリング処理や表面を切削・研磨処理を施したり、湿式形成後焼成前に、プレス加工を施してもよい。
対極電極層形成ステップでは、対極電極層33が反応防止層35の上に薄層の状態で形成される。対極電極層33の形成は、上述したように、低温焼成法(1100℃以下の低温域での焼成処理を行う湿式法)、スプレーコーティング法(溶射法やエアロゾルデポジション法、エアロゾルガスデポジッション法、パウダージェットデポジッション法、パーティクルジェットデポジション法、コールドスプレー法などの方法)、PVD法(スパッタリング法、パルスレーザーデポジション法など)、CVD法などの方法を用いることができる。いずれの方法を用いる場合であっても、第一板状体1の劣化を抑制するため、1100℃以下の温度で行うことが望ましい。
図11に示すように、電気化学素子積層体Sは、電気化学素子Aを複数有し、
隣接する電気化学素子Aに関して、一つの電気化学素子Aを構成する板状支持体10と、他の一つの電気化学素子Aを構成する板状支持体10とが対向する形態で、且つ、一つの電気化学素子Aを構成する板状支持体10における電気化学反応部3が配置される第一板状体1とは別の第二板状体2の外面と、他の一つの電気化学素子Aを構成する板状支持体10における第一板状体1の外面とが電気的に接続される形態で、且つ、これら両外面どうしの隣接間に、当該両外面に沿って第二ガスが通流する通流部A2が形成される形態で、複数の電気化学素子Aが積層配置されている。電気的に接続させるためには、電気伝導性表面部同士を単純に接触させる他、接触面に面圧を印可したり、高電気伝導性の材料を介在させて接触抵抗を下げる方法などが採用可能である。具体的には、長方形状の各電気化学素子が一端部の第一貫通部41と他端部の第二貫通部51とを揃えた状態で、それぞれの電気化学素子の電気化学反応部が上向きになる状態で整列して、各第一貫通部41、第二貫通部51同士の間に第一環状シール部、第二環状シール部を介在して、積層されることにより、上記構成となる。
図11に示すように、電気化学モジュールMは、電気化学素子積層体Sを内装する絶縁体からなる筐体Bと、筐体Bの外部から供給路4を介して内部流路A1に第一ガスを流通する第一ガス供給部61と、反応後の第一ガスを流通する第一ガス排出部62と、筐体Bの外部から通流部A2に第二ガスを流通する第二ガス供給部71と、反応後の第二ガスを流通する第二ガス排出部72と、電気化学反応部3における電気化学反応に伴う出力を得る出力部8とを備え、
筐体B内に、第二ガス供給部71から流通される第二ガスを通流部A2に分配流通する分配室9を備えている。
分配室9は、電気化学素子積層体Sに対して当該電気化学素子積層体Sの流通部の入口や出口となる側(側方)に位置する空間であり、
通流部A2は、空間側に開口形成されて当該空間と連通している。
ちなみに、第二板状体2を基準にすると、波板状の第二板状体2部分が第一板状体1から膨出する部分で第一板状体1と第二板状体2との間に内部流路A1が形成されるとともに、隣接する電気化学素子Aの電気化学反応部3に接触して電気接続可能にする。一方、波板状の第二板状体2が第一板状体1と接触する部分が第一板状体1と電気接続し、第二板状体2と隣接する電気化学素子Aの電気化学反応部3との間に通流部A2を形成する。
図10の一部に内部流路A1を含む断面の現れる電気化学素子Aと、通流部A2を含む断面の現れる電気化学素子Aとを便宜的に並べて示す部分があるが、第一ガス供給部61から流通された燃料ガスは、分配部A12に達し(図1,4,7参照)、分配部A12を介して一端部側の幅方向に沿って広がって流れ、内部流路A1のうち各副流路A11に達する(図1,図3,図7参照)。すると、内部流路A1に進入した燃料ガスは気体通流許容部1Aを介して電極層31に進入できる。また、燃料ガスは、電気化学反応済みの燃料ガスとともに、さらに内部流路A1を進み、合流部A13、第二貫通部51を介して、第二環状シール部52によって形成される排出路5に進み、他の電気化学素子Aからの電気化学反応済みの燃料ガスとともに第一ガス排出部62より筐体B外に流通される。一方、第二ガス供給部71から流通された空気は、分配室9を介して通流部A2に進入し、対極電極層33に進入できる。また、空気は、電気化学反応済みの空気とともに、さらに電気化学反応部3に沿って通流部A2を進み第二ガス排出部72より筐体B外に流通される。
図12には、エネルギーシステムZおよび電気化学装置100の概要が示されている。
エネルギーシステムZは、電気化学装置100と、電気化学装置100から流通される熱を再利用する排熱利用部としての熱交換器200とを有する。
電気化学装置100は、電気化学モジュールMと、脱硫器101と燃料変換器の一種である改質器102とを有し、電気化学モジュールMに対して還元性成分を含有する燃料ガスを流通する燃料供給部103と、電気化学モジュールMから電力を取り出す出力部8として電力変換器の一種であるインバータ104とを有する。
また、電力変換器104(コンバータ)は、電気化学素子Aに電力を流通する。これにより、上記のように電気化学素子Aは電解セルとして作用する。
よって、上記構成によれば、電気エネルギーを燃料等の化学的エネルギーに変換する効率を向上できる電気化学装置100及びエネルギーシステムZ等を提供することができる。
(1)上記の実施形態では、電気化学素子Aを電気化学装置100としての固体酸化物形燃料電池に用いたが、電気化学素子Aは、固体酸化物形電解セルや、固体酸化物を利用した酸素センサ等に利用することもできる。また、電気化学素子Aは、電気化学素子積層体Sや電気化学モジュールMとして複数組み合わせて用いるのに限らず、単独で用いることも可能である。
すなわち、電極層31と対極電極層33の順や第一ガス、第二ガスのいずれが還元性成分ガス及び酸化性成分ガスの一方または他方であるかについては、電極層31と対極電極層33に対して第一ガス、第二ガスが適正に反応する形態で流通されるよう配置されていれば、種々形態を採用しうる。
さらに、板状支持体は長方形状に限らず、正方形状、円形状等種々形態を採用することができる。
また、後述しているが、第二板状体2が一の部材から構成されていてもよいし、2以上の部材から構成されていてもよい。同様に、第一板状体1が一の部材から構成されていてもよいし、2以上の部材から構成されていてもよい。
複数の副流路A11は、第二板状体2のうち分配部A12から合流部A13以外の部分を波板状に形成することで構成されている。そして、図5に示すように、複数の副流路A11は、第一ガスのガス流れ方向に交差する流れ交差方向での断面視において波板状に構成されている。このような複数の副流路A11は、図1に示すガス流れ方向に沿って波板が延びて形成されている。複数の副流路A11は、分配部A12と合流部A13との間で一連の波状の板状体から形成されていてもよいし、2以上の波状の板状体から構成されていてもよい。複数の副流路A11は、例えば、ガス流れ方向に沿う方向に沿って分離した2以上の波状の板状体から構成されていてもよいし、流れ交差方向に沿う方向に沿って分離した2以上の波状の板状体から構成されていてもよい。
上記の内部流路A1には、発電効率の向上が可能な構造体を設けることができる。このような構成について以下に説明する。上記実施形態と重複する部分は記載を簡略化するか省略する。
次に、図14~図31等を用いて、電気化学モジュールMの具体的構成について説明する。電気化学モジュールMには図11に示す電気化学素子積層体Sが含まれる。
ここで、図14~図31等に示すように、電気化学素子積層体Sの積層方向は+Z方向及び-Z方向(Z方向)である。また、第一板状体1及び第二板状体2の間において第一ガスが第一ガス供給部61側から第一ガス排出部62側に通流する方向、同様に第一板状体1及び第二板状体2の間において第二ガスが第二ガス供給部71側から第二ガス排出部72側に通流する方向は、+Z方向及び-Z方向(Z方向)に交差する+X方向及び-X方向(X方向)である。また、+Z方向及び-Z方向(Z方向)及び+X方向及び-X方向(X方向)に交差する方向は、+Y方向及び-Y方向(Y方向)である。そして、XZ平面とXY平面とYZ平面とは互いに概ね直交している。
この内部流路A1は、第一板状体1と第二板状体2とが対向する空間により形成されている。本実施形態では、第一板状体1は平板状であり、後述の気体通流許容部1Aが形成されている。第二板状体2は、積層方向に対して上方向に突出する部分と、下方向に凹む部分とを有している。よって、第一板状体1と第二板状体2とが対向して組み合わされることで、第二板状体2の上方向に突出する部分が第一板状体1と当接する。そして、第二板状体2の下方向に凹む部分と第一板状体1とにより、分配部A12、供給バッファ部144、複数の副流路A11、排出バッファ部154及び合流部A13等の各部が仕切られた空間が形成される。
また、燃料ガスの通流方向に沿う方向において、複数の副流路A11と合流部A13との間に排出構造体150が設けられている。排出構造体150は、複数の副流路A11から合流部A13への燃料ガスの排出を制限する。
各副流路A11に進入した燃料ガスは、各副流路A11を通流するとともに、気体通流許容部1Aを介して電極層31、電解質層32に進入する。また、燃料ガスは、電気化学反応済みの燃料ガスとともに、さらに副流路A11を進む。複数の副流路A11の通流方向の終端にまで到達した燃料ガスは、排出構造体150により合流部A13への通流が部分的に制限された状態で、合流部A13に進む。合流部A13に進んだ燃料ガスは、合流部A13、第二貫通部51、第二環状シール部52等を通流する。そして、他の電気化学素子Aからの電気化学反応済みの燃料ガスとともに第一ガス排出部62より外に排出される。
電気化学素子積層体Sの構成については、後で詳述する。
第一板状体1と第二板状体2とが対向して形成される内部流路A1の構成についてさらに説明する。
本実施形態では、平板状の第一板状体1と、積層方向に沿って上方(+Z方向)に突出するように、あるいは、積層方向に沿って下方(-Z方向)に凹むように凹凸に形成された第二板状体2とが互いに対向して組み合わされた内面に内部流路A1が形成される。内部流路A1には、分配部A12、供給バッファ部144、複数の副流路A11、排出バッファ部154及び合流部A13が含まれる。また、内部流路A1には、第一ガスが通過する、供給通過部141(供給構造体140の一部)及び排出通過部151(排出構造体150の一部)も含まれる。
L1とL2との関係は、例えば、分配部A12に単位時間に供給される第一ガスの量、複数の副流路A11に単位時間に供給すべき第一ガスの量、供給阻止部142の数、仕切部161のY方向の長さL3、副流路A11のY方向の長さL4等によって決まる。
また、通流方向において、供給阻止部142には、複数の副流路A11のうち少なくとも1つの副流路A11が対応して配置されている。
なお、第一ガスが供給構造体140と複数の副流路A11との間で一時的に貯留される領域が、供給バッファ部144である。
また、供給阻止部142は、上記では、通流方向の交差方向に一列に配置されている。しかし、第一ガスを分配部A12に一時的に貯留し、複数の副流路A11に概ね均一に第一ガスを供給できるのであれば、この配置に限定されない。例えば、複数の供給阻止部142は、交差方向からずれて配置されてもよい。また、複数の供給阻止部142が交差方向に沿って、あるいは交差方向からずれて配置されてもよい。
また、上記では、供給阻止部142は長方形状である。しかし、分配部A12から複数の副流路A11に均一にガスを供給できるのであれば、供給阻止部142の形状はこれに限定されない。例えば、供給阻止部142は、正方形状、円形状、楕円形状、三角形状など種々の形状に形成されていてもよい。
合流部A13は、排出路5側に設けられており、複数の副流路A11を通流した第一ガスを排出するためのバッファ部である。合流部A13は、第一ガスの通流方向において、内部流路A1のうち複数の副流路A11の下流側に設けられている。図14、図31等に示すように、合流部A13には、通流方向及びその交差方向の概ね中央部に、第二板状体2を貫通する第二貫通部51が形成されている。複数の副流路A11を通過した第一ガスは、合流部A13に導入され、第二貫通部51、第二環状シール部52、第一ガス排出部62等を介して外部に排出される。
L11とL12との関係は、例えば、複数の副流路A11に単位時間に供給される第一ガスの量、合流部A13から単位時間に排出すべき第一ガスの量、排出阻止部152の数、仕切部161のY方向の長さL3、副流路A11のY方向の長さL4等によって決まる。
また、通流方向において、排出通過部151には、複数の仕切部161のうちいずれかの仕切部161が対応して配置されている。
なお、第一ガスが複数の副流路A11と排出構造体150との間で一時的に貯留される領域が、排出バッファ部154である。
ただし、排出通過部151及び排出阻止部152の形状、大きさ、配置、数等は、供給通過部141及び供給阻止部142と異ならせてもよい。例えば、排出通過部151の大きさを供給通過部141よりも大きくしてもよい。これにより、分配部A12から複数の副流路A11に第一ガスを供給する際の供給圧よりも、複数の副流路A11から合流部A13への排出圧を小さくしてもよい。分配部A12から複数の副流路A11にある程度の供給圧で第一ガスを供給して複数の副流路A11間での流れ分布を一定にしつつ、第一ガスを排出する際にはスムーズに合流部A13に導入できる。
(b1)供給構造体の作用
次に、供給構造体140の作用について説明する。
上記構成の供給構造体140の供給阻止部142は、分配部A12と複数の副流路A11との間に設けられており、分配部A12から複数の副流路A11への第一ガスの流れの障壁となる。よって、分配部A12から複数の副流路A11に通流する際の第一ガスの圧力損失が高くなり、分配部A12に導入された第一ガスは分配部A12に充満するように行き亘り、一時的に貯留される。そのため、分配部A12内全体が概ね均一な圧力(均圧)となる。つまり、分配部A12と複数の副流路A11それぞれとの差圧が略同一となる。その上で、分配部A12から供給通過部141を介して複数の副流路A11に第一ガスが供給されるため、第一ガスが各副流路A11に概ね均圧な状態で供給される。これにより、各副流路A11間において、通流方向に沿う第一ガスの流れ分布(流速、流量及び圧力等)が概ね均一となる。
また、第一ガスは、分配部A12から複数の副流路A11に分かれて流れる。このように複数の流路に分かれて流れることによる整流作用によっても、第一ガスは、複数の流路が形成されていない内部流路を流れる場合に比べて、流れ分布(流速、流量及び圧力等)が概ね一定となる。
(b2)排出構造体の作用
次に、排出構造体150の作用について説明する。
上記構成によれば、分配部A12から複数の副流路A11に第一ガスを概ね均一な流れ分布で供給するための供給構造体140だけでなく、複数の副流路A11から第一ガスを合流部A13に合流させる部分に排出構造体150が設けられている。複数の副流路A11が供給構造体140と排出構造体150とに挟まれているため、複数の副流路A11内での第一ガスの流れ分布(流速、流量及び圧力等)を概ね均一にしつつ、電気化学反応の反応効率を向上できる。
より具体的に説明すると、上記構成の排出構造体150の排出阻止部152は、複数の副流路A11と合流部A13との間に設けられており、副流路A11から合流部A13への第一ガスの流れの障壁となる。よって、複数の副流路A11から合流部A13に通流する際の第一ガスの圧力損失が高くなる。そのため、複数の副流路A11に導入された第一ガスは、複数の副流路A11から即座に合流部A13に導入されにくく、複数の副流路A11に充満するように行き亘る。これにより、各副流路A11間において、通流方向に沿う第一ガスの流れ分布(流速、流量及び圧力等)を概ね均一にできる。また、第一ガスが複数の副流路A11に充満するように行き亘るため、複数の副流路A11内において電気化学反応が十分に行われる。これらにより、電気化学反応の反応効率を向上できる。
1A :気体通流許容部
2 :第二板状体
3 :電気化学反応部
4 :供給路
5 :排出路
8 :出力部
9 :分配室
10 :板状支持体
31 :電極層
32 :電解質層
33 :対極電極層
41 :第一貫通部
42 :第一環状シール部
51 :第二貫通部
52 :第二環状シール部
61 :第一ガス供給部
71 :第二ガス供給部
100 :電気化学装置
102 :改質器
103 :燃料供給部
104 :インバータ
140 :供給構造体
141 :供給通過部
142 :供給阻止部
144 :供給バッファ部
150 :排出構造体
151 :排出通過部
152 :排出阻止部
154 :排出バッファ部
160 :副流路形成部
161 :仕切部
A :電気化学素子
A1 :内部流路
A11 :副流路
A12 :分配部
A13 :合流部
A2 :通流部
B :筐体
M :電気化学モジュール
S :電気化学素子積層体
Z :エネルギーシステム
Claims (18)
- 複数の電気化学素子が積層配置されている電気化学素子積層体であって、
各電気化学素子は、内部に内部流路を有する導電性の板状支持体を備え、
前記板状支持体は、当該板状支持体の内側である前記内部流路と外側とに亘って気体を透過できる気体通流許容部と、前記気体通流許容部の全部又は一部を被覆する状態で、少なくとも膜状の電極層と膜状の電解質層と膜状の対極電極層とを記載順に有する電気化学反応部と、前記板状支持体の表面貫通方向外方と前記内部流路とに亘って還元性成分ガス及び酸化性成分ガスのうちの一方である第一ガスが流通する供給路を形成する第一貫通部とを備え、
前記複数の電気化学素子では、少なくとも第1電気化学素子と第2電気化学素子とが互いに隣接して積層されており、
前記第1電気化学素子を構成する前記板状支持体と、前記第2電気化学素子を構成する前記板状支持体とが対向する形態で、且つ、前記第1電気化学素子を構成する前記板状支持体における前記電気化学反応部が配置される外面と、前記第2電気化学素子を構成する前記板状支持体における前記電気化学反応部が配置される側とは別の外面とが電気的に接続されており、且つ、これら両外面どうしの隣接間に、当該両外面に沿って還元性成分ガス及び酸化性成分ガスのうちの他方である第二ガスが通流する通流部が形成されている、電気化学素子積層体。 - 前記通流部内において、前記両外面に夫々形成される前記第一貫通部を前記通流部と区画する環状シール部としての第一環状シール部を備え、
前記第一貫通部及び前記第一環状シール部により、前記内部流路との間に前記第一ガスを流通する前記供給路が形成される請求項1に記載の電気化学素子積層体。 - 前記板状支持体は、前記内部流路を通流する前記第一ガスを前記板状支持体の表面貫通方向外方と流通させる排出路を形成する第二貫通部を備え、
前記通流部内において、前記両外面に夫々形成される前記第二貫通部を前記通流部と区画する環状シール部としての第二環状シール部を備え、
前記第二貫通部及び前記第二環状シール部により、前記内部流路を通流する前記第一ガスが流通する前記排出路が形成される請求項1又は2に記載の電気化学素子積層体。 - 前記環状シール部が、隣接する電気化学素子どうしを電気的に絶縁する絶縁シール部である請求項2又は3に記載の電気化学素子積層体。
- 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子積層体に用いられる電気化学素子であって、
前記板状支持体を備え、
前記板状支持体は、前記気体通流許容部と、前記電気化学反応部と、前記第一貫通部とを備える電気化学素子。 - 内部に内部流路を有する導電性の板状支持体を備え、
前記板状支持体は、当該板状支持体において、当該板状支持体の内側である前記内部流路と外側とに亘って気体を透過できる気体通流許容部と、前記気体通流許容部の全部又は一部を被覆する状態で、少なくとも膜状の電極層と膜状の電解質層と膜状の対極電極層とを記載順に有する電気化学反応部と、前記板状支持体の表面貫通方向外方と前記内部流路とに亘って還元性成分ガス及び酸化性成分ガスのうちの一方である第一ガスが流通する供給路を形成する第一貫通部とを備え、
前記第一貫通部及び前記内部流路は、前記板状支持体の外面に沿って通流する還元性成分ガス及び酸化性成分ガスのうちの他方である第二ガスと区画された状態で前記第一ガスを通流させる構成である電気化学素子。 - 前記板状支持体は、前記内部流路を通流する前記第一ガスが前記板状支持体の表面貫通方向外方と流通する第二貫通部を備え、
前記内部流路は、前記第一貫通部から前記第二貫通部に通じる複数の副流路を有する請求項5または6に記載の電気化学素子。 - 前記板状支持体の内部における前記第一貫通部と前記内部流路との間には、前記第一貫通部を流通する前記第一ガスを前記副流路の夫々に分配連通する分配部を備える請求項7に記載の電気化学素子。
- 前記電極層と前記電解質層との間に、膜状の中間層が配置される請求項5~8のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子。
- 前記対極電極層と前記電解質層との間に、膜状の反応防止層が配置される請求項5~9のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子。
- 前記内部流路は、前記第一ガスを所定の通流方向に通流させる複数の副流路と、前記第一ガスの前記通流方向において前記複数の副流路よりも上流側に設けられている分配部とを有しており、
前記板状支持体は、前記通流方向における前記分配部と前記複数の副流路との間において、前記分配部に前記第一ガスを一時的に貯留させ、前記分配部から前記複数の副流路への前記第一ガスの供給を制限する供給構造体を有している、請求項5~10のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子。 - 前記内部流路は、前記第一ガスの所定の通流方向において前記複数の副流路よりも下流側に設けられている合流部を有しており、
前記板状支持体は、前記通流方向における前記複数の副流路と前記合流部との間において、前記複数の副流路から前記合流部への前記第一ガスの排出を制限する排出構造体を有している、請求項5~11のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子。 - 請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子積層体を内装する筐体と、
前記筐体の外部から前記供給路を介して前記内部流路に前記第一ガスを流通する第一ガス供給部と、
前記筐体の外部と前記通流部とに亘って前記第二ガスを流通する第二ガス供給部と、を備えた電気化学モジュール。 - 前記筐体内に、前記第二ガス供給部を流通する前記第二ガスを前記通流部に分配流通する分配室を備えた請求項13に記載の電気化学モジュール。
- 前記筐体内において、前記分配室は、前記電気化学素子積層体に対して当該電気化学素子積層体の側方に位置する空間であり、
前記通流部は、前記空間側に開口形成されて当該空間と連通する請求項14に記載の電気化学モジュール。 - 請求項5~12のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子もしくは請求項13~15のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学モジュールと燃料変換器とを少なくとも有し、前記電気化学素子もしくは前記電気化学モジュールに対して燃料変換器からの還元性成分ガスを流通する、あるいは前記電気化学素子もしくは前記電気化学モジュールから燃料変換器に還元性成分ガスを流通する燃料供給部を有する電気化学装置。
- 請求項5~12のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学素子もしくは請求項13~15のいずれか一項に記載の電気化学モジュールと、前記電気化学素子もしくは前記電気化学モジュールから電力を取り出す、あるいは、前記電気化学素子もしくは前記電気化学モジュールに電力を流通する電力変換器とを少なくとも有する電気化学装置。
- 請求項16または17に記載の電気化学装置と、電気化学装置もしくは燃料変換器から排出される熱を再利用する排熱利用部を有するエネルギーシステム。
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